E

, 2011


......4

..............................................................................................................................5

ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................6

...........................................................................................................................7

.....8

1: ....................10

1.1 ......10

1.2 .........10

1.3 .............14

1.3.1 ..........16
1.3.2 ............................................................................17

1.4 - ..........................18

1.5
.........................................................................24

2: ..............32
2.1 EI .........32

2.2 ............33

2.3 ..37

3: .......................38

3.1 ...................................................................................................................38

3.2 ........................................................40

3.3 ....................43

4: CO2..........45

4.1 CO2..............45

1
 4.2 ................48

4.2.1 ..........49
4.2.2 ........50
4.2.3 ..50
4.2.4 ...51
4.2.5 ........51

4.3 .....51

4.4 .......53

4.5 META CO2..54

4.6 A CO2........56

5: CCS .............................................60

5.1 ...................................................................................................................60

5.2 CO2 ...............60

5.3
CO2..................................................................................63

5.4
CCS.................................69

5.5 ...........................75

5.6
CCS .......................................................................................76

5.7 CCS
................................................79

5.8 CCS
.....................................................................79

6:
20-20-20 ......81

6.1 20-20-20. ...........81

6.2 ...............................................................................................85

2
 6.3 20-20-
20 ...............................................................................................87

..89

:
:
:
:
:
..:
:
:
:
:
:
:
/:
CCS: Carbon Capture and Storage
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
IEA: International Energy Agency
IGCC: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
NGCC: Natural Gas Combined Cycle
RECCS: Renewable Energies (RE) in Comparison to Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

CO2,

.

CO2 .

.
.

.
CO2 .
,
CO2 .

CO2
. 6

20-20-20 .,

.

5
ABSTRACT

The purpose of this master thesis is the review of the developed and developing carbon
dioxide capture and storage technologies, which are suitable for application to existing and
new lignite power plants. Within the framework of this review, a long-term economic and
environmental comparison is made between renewable energy sources and CO2 capture
technologies.

The first chapter presents the energy problem in Greece resulting from the use of
conventional energy sources and its impact on the greenhouse effect. The second chapter
provides a description of renewable energy forms and their utilization in Greece.

The third chapter provides a brief overview of the role of lignite as basic fuel in the
electricity sector and highlights the environmental consequences of its use .The fourth chapter
analyzes the methods and technologies to capture CO2 from fossil fuels fired power plants .In
addition, several ways to transport captured CO2 and potential storage sites are also
presented in the same chapter.

The fifth chapter makes an economic and environmental comparison between CO2 capture
methods and renewable energy sources and analyzes its results. In Chapter 6 the results of the
energy planning project are displayed according to the implementation of the "20-20-20"
Community policy in Greece. Finally, in the same chapter the conclusions of this master
thesis and measures for the direct implementation of the energy and environmental policy are
also provided.

6
:

,

.

,

.
, , ,

. , ,
, .

,
, 58.3%
2008
5 .
[35].

,
, ,
, .
,
. ,
,
.

,
,
CO2, NOX, SO2 ,
. ,
,
CO2 ,
CCS, .
. ,
90%
.
CO2 25-30% 2030 2000 [1]

2020
,
,
. :

20%

8
 40%

10%

4%
,
.

,


. CCS
. ,
,
, , .

,
CCS ,
CO2
.

9
K 1:

1.1:

.
,
, , ,

: )
) .

. ,
, ,
.

20 ,
12 34 [2].


.

, ,
.

, ,
. ,
.
.

1.2:

, 2005
6,4 8.2
2030, 1%.
, 4,9 2005 6,6 2030.

, ,
1,46 1,09 , [3].

10

. ,
GDP. 1990 ,
: GDP 1% 0,5%
. ,
GDP, ,
[3].

2002 ,
. GDP
3,6% 2004-2030.

, .
5,5% .
2,6% .
, 5,6% [3].

, 2005-2030
1,8%. 2005
11,4
17,7 2030. 1.1
.

1.1: Mtoe [3]

11
 1.1 , ,
, .
, 81% 2005
82% 2030. 25%
28% 21% 22%, .
CO2 57% 2005-2030,
.
,
.

, ,
.
. , 2005-2030, 45%
. , 6%,
.... 20%. 2010,
, 1.1
, ... .
47% 2015
50% 2030, 41%.
.... 48% 43% 2015 38% 2030.
( ...., )
1.2.

1.1: [3]

12
 1.2: . ( A ,
, )(IEA 2006) [3]

.


. 2030 60%
45% 2005. , ,
32 . 25 .
.

1.8% 2005-2030
1,6% 1990-2005 ( 1.3).

.
,
.

1.3: [3]

13

, GDP
(, )
. 2030,
.
, ,
.

1.3:

50%
1990-2006
. 1995,
. 1995 2006,
3,9% (. 1.2)[4].

1.2: [4]

2006 31,5 toe

( 1.7). 40% 1990
22,3 toe 1995-2006,
2,7%.
1990-1994 15 ,
1995 . 1996, 6,5%
2,4%. 2006,
21,4 toe ( 1.4).

.

, ,
2/3 (68,5%)
1/5 (21%) .
(1,87%), ( ) (5%)
(3,2%) ( 1.5).[4]

14
 1.4: [4]

1990 .
2006
17,7 Wh, .
216% 1990.

1990
12,1 Wh, 2006 3 14,1 Wh
14% 1990.
17,6 Wh 2006, 9,1 Wh 1990, 93%
(
1.6).

, ,
2006 46% 1990 40%.
, 2006 4,2 toe
0,2 toe 5% 1990.
,
.

1.5: [4]
15
 1.6: [4]

-

.
15 4,4% 9,7%.
,
.

1.3.1:

, , 8 Mtoe 1990 (36% )

8,4 Mtoe (26,6% ) 2006 [4].
12,9 (57,8%) 1990, 18,2 Mtoe (57,8%) 2006.
0,14 Mtoe (0,6%) 1990 2,74 Mtoe 2006 (8,7%).
5-5,5% 1990 (1,1 Mtoe) 2006 (1,8 Mtoe)

. , 1.7,
2006 31,5 Mtoe 10
Mtoe 24,85 Mtoe.

16
 1.7: [4]

1.3.2:

1.8 1.9,
2020 .
2004
2008 .

.

. -
,

, [4].

1.8: [4]

17
 1.9: [4]

1.4: -

,
, , ,
,
(.. ).
,
.

, ,
, ,

.
, .
,
.
35 C , -20 C +15 C
,
. 1.10, ,
.

18
 1.10:
.[5]

.
'
. ,

.

, 1.3,
.

1.3: [5]

19
 (CO2)

.
.
3 - 4% 0,4 - 0,5%
[5]. ,
, CO2 2030 .
1.11 CO2.

1.11 : CO2
(1979-2008) [35]

CO2 1958 ,
,
.
, 200
ppm , , 15.000 ,
280 ppm.
10.000
, ,
.[5]

20
 CO2,

CO2
.
, CO2 4% .
,
. [5]

(CH4)

(
) ,
. 1 - 2%,

. 10
12 - 20%. 1.12
,
1985- 2010.

1.12:a) (1985-2010)

b) (1985-2010) [38]

21
 (2)

,
.
0,25 - 0,4%,
170 .
4 - 6%.[5]

(3)

75%
.
90% 10%
. ( )
1.13

1.13: [42]

2%,
3 .
10 - 12% [5]

22
 (CFCs)

, ,

.
6% , ,
.

.
. 15 - 25%.
1.14
1980-2010.

1.14: CFCs 1980-2010[35]

, , ,
,
.
.
,
.

. 0,8
C - ( 1.15)
4 C 2050
CO2 [6].

23
 2 C
.

1.15: 1880-
2010 [35]

1.5:

.
.
2007 .[7]

24
 (CO2)

CO2 83,15 1990

113,57 2007 , 36,58% ( 1.16).[7]

1.16: CO2 1990-2007[7]

C2 , 76,2
1990 105,5 2007,
38%.
2007 17% 1990. ,
5,5%
1990. , 2007
20 1990.[7]

(CH4)

1990 - 2007
1.17.
2001 ,
43,67% 2007.
2007 2,28% 1990.
2007 34,54%
31,96% 1990.
21,79% .[7]
25
 1.17: CH4 1990-2007[7]

(2)

1990 - 2007
1.18.

(82,2%
2007). 22,7% 1990,

.

.
( 9,13%
2007) 14,53% 1990. ,

(2004-2007),
.

N2 4,66% 2 2007.
60,37% 1990,
. N2O
26
 (4% ) 2007 5,97%
1990.[7]

1.18: 2 1990-2007[7]

, (CO2)
,

. 2025 CO2

1.19.

CO2 , ,
.
1.20 -1.21
Ts Tw 1955-2025.[8]

27
 1.19: CO2 .
1960 2001. 2002 2025, () , () , ()
95%.[8]

1.20: , s. 1955 2001.

2002 2025, () , () , () ,
95% [8]

1.21: , w 1955 2001.

2002 2025, () , () , () ,
95%.[8]

28
 1.20 1.21 2025

[8].

.
WWF ,

2020 2050 [9]:

, ,

( 1.22)

, :
,
,
, ,
. ( 1.23)

.
,

. ( 1.24)

,
- - . ( 1.25)

29
 1.22: [9]

1.23: [9]

1.24: [9]

30
 1.25: [9]

31
 2:

2.1:

(
) 4,3%
2008. ,
/, / [10].
2009, /
,
(200% 3 2009),
2012 [10].
,
2008 10,3%
.
4.293 MW.[10]

, 27 W 1997, 1022 W
2008. 158 W 2008
43 MW ( ) 1997.
, 5 W
9,7 W,
, 29,6 10,4 W .
2008, 6,6 Wh 63,2%
(4149 GWh), 34,1% (2242 MW), 2,6% (171 )
, 5 GW ( 0,1%) /.
63,7 TW [10].

2.1: [10]

32
 2.1 :
[10]

2.2:

.
.
,

.

2.2 : [11]

33


,
80
( 1982)
1990
(2244/94) . : ,
, , , , , .

331W
( 55 W)
2003.

, 17 .
17 360 GWh
, 2008
34,1%.

2.4:
2009 [12]

34


3.060,4 W .

,
. ,

, 2601 1998
40% .

.
30%
.
.
.

,
.

2.2 : [40]

35


: ()
()
() ()
(, ).
,
, , ,
, , ..
.

7.500.000 (, ,
, , , , ) 2.700.000
(, ).

,

.
.

,
.
( )
.



. ,


.
,

.

36
2.3:

EE.
:

1) .

,
.

2) .
( 3 5 ),
.

3) .
,
,
.

4) .
,
. ,
kWh , ,
,, ,
.

5) .

.

37
 3:

3.1:

( 3.1 3.2) ,
.H
1950. ,
900-2000 kcal/kg, 1300 kcal.
320-350 MW,
3 . 30 ,
100 .
10:1.
,
..

350 . 150 .
.[4]

3.1: ..
[25]

38
 3.2: [38]

1. ..
.
( - - ) ()

2. , .
.

3.
.

5 . [35] .
. -
, 4
550 . .
3.1
2008 .
39
 . 0,8-1,0
. - .

3.1 : (2008) [4]

3.2 :

O
. .

3.3 : [39]

, '
.
.
40
 540 C
170 atm, .
3.000 .
,
.
, . ,
20kV, 400 kV,
().

3.2 3.4

.

3.2: [40]

41
 3.4: .. .[28]

42
3.3 :

3.3: [13]

(CO2)

( / ).
,
33% ( 3.5)

3.5: CO2 [19]

43
 Greenpeace,
,
(CO2/kWh) ( 3.4. 3.5)
, 1,5501,593 kg CO2/kWh,
1,4201,656 kg CO2/kWh.
[13].

3.4: CO2
2005[13]

3.4: CO2 [13]

44
 4: CO2

4.1 CO2

CO2

. , ,

,
. , CO2
.
CO2
( 4.1):

1. :

.
( 3-15% ')
[14]

2. :
.

(IGCC).
(syngas)
.
, ,
CO2.
CO2 .
/ .
,
( 15-60% ' ) [14]
CO2.

3. :

CO2.
.

, 95-99% ,
.

.

45
 4.1: CO2 [14]

CO2
:

( CO2 )

( CO2 )

( )

( CO2 )

46


4.2: [14]

4.2
, . ,
,
, .
, CO2
CO2. , ,
,
(), .

.

.

47


( 4.2)
.

. ,
. (,
, ) ,
CO2 :1)2 , 2)
3) 2 .

. ,
.
, .


CO2, .

4.2 :

H CO2
.
, ,
.
, CO2, O2, . CO2
, , CO2
. , ( ,
)

CO2. CO2

. ,
CO2,
67 %
CO2 [15]

48
4.2.1

,
, CO2.

CO2,
.

4.3:A CO2 [14]

4.3

.

.
CO2, 40 60 C
[14] (
) (.. SOx, NOx, HCl, Hg),
.
( SOx NOx)

49
 .
100 140 C [14]
.

4.2.2

,
, :

- : - (),

- : - (DEA),

- : -- (MDEA)

- .

,
, ,
.

,
.

4.2.3:

H CO2
CO 2
.
- .
. CO2
.

50
4.2.4

CO2 ,,
. o
CO2 90% [14].
C2
.
CO2 ,
, , .

4.2.5:

,
.
, , , .
CO2,
C.
CO2 , .

4.3

,
.
(IGCC), .
1300
.
.
2
CO2. CO2 ,
CO2 2
. 2 .
4.4 4.5
CO2
.

,
,
, , CO
CO2.
51
 . ,
1273 , CO CO2 673 . CO2 CaO
1100 .
, , CO
CO2 CaCO3 CaO.
2 CO2
.
20-25%, [16].

4.4: CO2 [42]

4.5:A CO2 [42]

52
4.4:

,
,
.
, 2
CO2. ,
. ,

. ,
(, ).

.

. :

. 5,5 bar
1,013-1,53 bar , 1,53-2,35 bar, 2,35-
3,6 bar 3,6-5,5 bar 25 C [16]

11,5 C

(-180 C)

15%
.

.
99,7%. 95%,
, .
, 97%, ,
.
95%.,


[16]. 4.6
.

53
 4.6: CO2
[16]

4.5: META CO2

,
. CO2 ,
. CO2

:

) :
,
,

) :
CO2 ,

) : .

(38000-78000m3) CO2,

) : CO2 1980.
, ,
CO2.

, . 4.7.
, .
, .
, -
, -78,5 C.
54
 (-56,5 C, 5,2 bar)
(31,1 C, 73,9 bar),
-.
60 bar,
. 31,1 C 73,9 bar,
, .
. 4.8
.[14]

4.7: CO2 [14]

4.8: CO2
[14]

55
 , CO2
. CO2
,
.

.

4.6: A CO2

CO2 :

- /

.

CO2 .

56
 4.9 : CO2 [17]

CO2 ( >7.38 >60C )

,
[17]. CO2
, '
.
CO2 .
CO2 .
CO2 ,
.
'
.

CO2 ,

. ,
,
10% 15%.

.

. ,
.

57
 .
CO2,
.

CO2 ,
.

CO2
.
...

CO2
,
.

CO2 ,
CO2 . CO2
1.000 2.000 m. ,
CO2
500 m
.
CO2
. CO2
3.000 m, CO2
,
[17].

.
CO2,
,
[17].

58


CO2
. CO2
.
CO2 g
, .
.

CO2 [17].
CO2.
CO2
.

.

59
 5: CCS

5.1

,
(Wuppertal Institute for Climate,Environment and Energy)

(Renewable Energies (RE) in Comparison to Carbon Capture
and Storage (CCS)). RECCS
CO2 2020, 2025 2050.

.
CCS
2020, 2025 2050.[18]

5.2: CO2

RECCS
2020 2025:

: a) - (67 72 %),

b) (78 85 %),

c)

(IGCC) (67 68 %)

: a) - (78 81 %),

b) (87 95 %),

c)

(IGCC ) (83 84 %)

: a) - (67 75 %).

CCS
,
. (CO2,
CH4 N2O) 5.1.

60
 INAKA 5.1:
, 2020
2050[18]

. 5.1
CCS
2020 2025 2050 . ,
CO2

.
5.1
CO2
. , -
CO2
,
.

61
 5.1:
CO2 [18]

5.2
CCS
.

5..2:

( ,
2020 2025 2050). [18]

62
 CCS,
.
2025,
5 8 % CCS ,
11 18 % 14 24 %. 2050,
7 12 %
CCS ,
9 15 % 13 23 %.
, 5.2 CO2
CCS,
.

5.3
CO2

RECCS
, .
RECCS
2005.
RECCS, CO2,
CO2. ,
CO2 , ,
, . T
(. . 5.3.):

C ( ): T
50 60 $ /
2020 2030.

.

(): " "

.

A (): ,
,
.

5.3
CO2 ( 2005).
63

, .

5.3 : T ,
, C ( CO2 ) [18]

CO2 .
CO2 :

- C ( ): , CO 2
15 / 2010 20 / 2020 28 /
2050. ,
.

- (): ,
, 20 / t (2010), 30 / t (2020) 45 / t (2050).

64
- A (): , CO2
24 / t 2010 39 / t 2020 70 / t 2050.

5.4 CO2 (
2005)

5.4: CO2 A,B

C.[18]

,
CO2 . 5.4. ,
CO2 (.. / =
CO2).

65
 5.5 :T ,
A/A ,B/B C/C ( CO2 ) [18]

. 5.3,
.
CO2 ( CO2)
.
CO2 ,
" CO2"
. 5.6, .

A / C,
( A), CO2 (
C). , ,
.
CO2,
CO2.

, "C / A" ,
( C),

66
 CO2 ( ).

CO2.
.

5.6:
A/A ,/C ,B/B,C/A C/C ( CO2) [18]

67
 5.7:
A/A ,/C ,B/B,C/A C/C ( CO2)[18]

5.8 :
A/A ,/C ,B/B,C/A C/C ( CO2)[18]

68
 5.6 ,
, CO2 .
, ( 5.7)
CO2, CO2.
,
( 5.8).

5.4
CCS

A / C: /
CO2

C / A: /
CO2.

,
(NGCC),
(), (IGCC) ()
CCS.

A / C

5.9 . 5.10 A / C

CCS.

69
 CCS

,
.
,
CO2 , CO2
. ,
CO2 ,
.
, CO2
CO2.

CO2
. ,
, .

5.9: (
) ( ), (),
( ) ()
CCS [ A/C] [18]

70
 CCS

CCS, . ,
,
CO2, ( ) . CO2
CO2,
. 88 92
% , CO2 70 80 %.

, -
( 5.10) .
,
,
.

5.10 : (
) ( ), (),
(IGCC) () CCS [ A/C] [3]

CCS,
2020 2050 CCS :

(NGCC): 1,95 2,24 ct / kWhel

71
 (): 2,02 2,22 ct / kWhel

(IGCC): 1,73 2,73 ct / kWhel

(): 1,24 1,50 ct / kWhel

5.2 CO2
2020 2040.

5.2:
CO2 ( ) (
), () () CCS [
A/C] [3]

C / A:

A/C, 5.2 . 5.12

CO2

CCS

72

,
CO2. CO2
.
, , A / C.

CCS

C/ A CO2
, A / C. ,
CO2
CCS .

5.11: (
) ( ), (),
( ) ()
CCS [ A/C] [18]

73
 5.12 : (
) ( ), (),
( ) ()
CCS [ A/C] [18]

CCS CCS
.
5.15, 2020 ,
2030 2040 , 2040 .
, CCS
:

(NGCC): 0,99 0,15 ct / kWhel

(): 0,57 -0,85 ct / kWhel

(IGCC): 0,35 -0,62 ct / kWhel

(): 0,07 -1,52 ct / kWhel

5.3 ,
CO2 2020 2040.

74
 5.3:
CO2 ( ) (
),(),(
) () CCS [ A/C]
[18]

5.5

CCS
.

2050,
5 12 %: 10 %, 5 %,
11,5 % 9 %.
,
. 5.13

.

75
 5.13:M

(/ ) [18]

,
7 ct / kWhel . CCS 5,1 9,1 ct /
kWhel. 2010 2020.
2030
.

5.6
CCS

,
CCS
.
5.13 :

. 5.14 ,
2035 -
. ,

76
 ,
.

. 5.15 .
,

CCS
.

. ,


( CO2).

A / C C / A, ,
:

A / C: /
CO2

C / A: /
CO2.

5.14:

(/ CCS) A/C C/A [18]

77
 5.15:

(/ CCS) A/C C/A-
( ),
. [18]

78
5.7 CCS

5.14 , ,

CCS
.
( C / ),

2020-2025.
2025 ( CO2)

( / C),

2020 .
. ,
,
2035 2040 (
CO2).

5.8 CCS

( / C),
CCS 1,50 2
ct / kWhel. ( C / ),
:
CCS 2020 0,07 - 1 ct / kWhel ,
CCS,
2050 0 1,6 ct / kWhel. ,
CCS
,
CO2 ( CO2 )
CO2. ,

.

CCS ,
2020 .
, 2025
. CO2 ,

79
 CO2,
.

CCS 2020.
, 2020 ,
CCS (2025
2030).

CCS.

80
 6:
20-20-20

20-20-20
2020 .

,
CO2 . ,

20-20-20 .

6.1: 20-20-20

, ,
2020

. , 20-20-20 , [19]:

1. 20% (.. Green House Gases

-GHG) 1990,

2. 20% ()

3. 20%

20-20-20,
2010,
:

20%

40%

10%

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.

:1) , 2)
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COST ( KA)

. ,



.[19]

.,
2020,

.

82
 6.1: [19]

83
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[19]

6.3:
[9]

6.4: CO2
[19]

84
 6.5:
[19]

.
,
,
.
, 20%
40% .
, 6.000 MW , 2.000 MW
200 MW ,
26000 MW,
1500 MW 2010.
22 . . , 6.5
40% CO2
47%, .

6.2:

,


.
. ,

,

85
 ,
,

,
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, .

.

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. ,
, CO2

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,
.

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.
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.
,, .
CCS
, CO2
, CCS
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, ,

2020, CCS
86


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6.3: 20-20-20

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. ,
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.

:

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91