INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING STUDIES Volume VI /Issue 4 / AUG 2016

IMPLEMENTATION OF ITERATIVE COMPANDING TRANSFORM AND

FILTERING FOR PAPR REDUCTION FOR BETTER PERFORMANCE

PATNAM GAYATHRI (M.Tech.) 1

R. SHIVAJI, M.Tech, (Ph.D) 2

Dr. B.R. VIKRAM, M.E., Ph.D., MIEEE, LMISTE3

1
Department of ECE, Vijay Rural Engineering College, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503003, INDIA
2
Assistant professor, Vijay Rural Engineering College, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503003, INDIA
3
PRINCIPAl, Vijay Rural Engineering College, Nizamabad, Telangana, 503003, INDIA
1
gayathripatnam@gmail.com2shivaji147@gmail.com 3vikramom@gmail.com
Abstract

High data rate wireless communications in various
compatible applications are possible because of the
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) have two criterions required for the high
speed wireless communications i.e. high data rate and
mobility. Unlike traditional communication
techniques orthogonal frequency
multiplexing (OFDM) acts as both modulator as well
as multiplexer and from past one decade Multiple
Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
communication systems has gained tremendous
importance which has ability to boost the data rate
and channel capacity. Although orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) has more advantages
over conventional communications techniques but it
too suffers from inter carrier interference and inter
symbol interference when multiple carriers are used
and due to these interferences, loss of Orthogonality
is observed. In this paper, an efficient Iterative
Companding Transform and Filtering
technique is proposed for reducing the Peak-to-
Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal. By
means of a specially designed iterative procedure,
ICTF is able to obtain both an improved Bit Error
Rate (BER) and minimized Out-of-Band Interference
(OBI) while reducing the PAPR significantly. A
comprehensive theoretical analysis is presented, and
some important results such as the achievable PAPR
gain, impact of companding distortion, and selection
criteria for companding parameters and maximum
division iteration number are derived. Simulations show that
compared to the classic Iterative Clipping and
Filtering (ICF) technique, ICTF can dramatically
wireless decrease the number of required iterations to reach
the desired PAPR with low complexity.
Keywords: PAPR, OFDM, ICF, MIMO, OBI
1. INTRODUCTION
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
and compatible usage in wireless standards like
DVB, WIMAX, IEEE802.11a and LTE has been
gained interest from worldwide research
organizations. Recently an international meeting has
(ICTF)
conducted in order to discuss importance of
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
and its usage in advance wireless standards makes
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
as an emerging technology to meet the requirements

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in practical scenario. Orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) has high data rates compared
to traditional communications systems and it suited
well for frequency selective channels. Large delay
spreads is a drawback which commonly occurs in the
high speed wireless communication system and
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
modulation scheme has ability to transform the wide
frequency selective channel to narrow ones which
creates the robust environment to resists against
occurrence of the large delay spreads and preserves
the Orthogonality in perfect way in the frequency
domain. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) has one more unique advantage to reduce
the complexity in the system by introducing the
cyclic prefix at the transmitter end and performing
scalar equalization at the receiver end in the wireless
standards like WIFI and WIMAX [1].
st
In 21 century, the role of the technology to
offer high data rates and mobility is crucial and the
technology is changing its face every other because
of immense research work carried out on the advance
wireless communications. Actually the research on
parallel data transmission is traced out in the mid
1960s but it takes 25 long years to make it
compatible to real time applications. The OFDM
gradually seen its presence in the various application
and now various international standards consider it as
promising modulation scheme which initially
supports wireless standards like WIFI, WIMAX, LTE
etc. The two important parameters required better
transmission of data from one entity to another are
data rate and the modulation scheme should support
different channel conditions to obtain better spectral
efficiency.
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Volume VI /Issue 4 / AUG 2016
The evolution of the third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) development based on the
Long term evolution (LTE) supports two networks
namely Radio access network (RAN) and core
network. The transformation of the 3G to 4G
observes the changes in terms of data rate and
spectral efficiency. International Telecommunication
Union Radio communication Sector (ITU-R)
th
initialized a set of requirements for the 4 generation
cellular system and requirement of the high data rate
is specified by International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced project (IMT-
Advanced) for 4G. OFDM is a modulation scheme
which is one of the techniques employed in LTE to
enhance the data stream.
Transmission of the digital data through
multipath environments has been considered as area
of concern in the future wireless communication
system. Advancement in the technological aspects
paves way to design an advance modulation scheme
namely orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM). Orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme has ability
to transmit the information through multipath
environments [2].
The bandwidth utilization is called as
spectral efficiency and the bandwidth occupied by the
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
is directly relates to transmission data rate. The
commonly occurred question arise in the orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation
scheme is how to obtain better diversity levels and
mitigating the loss of signal in adverse fading
environments.
2. BASIC OFDM SYSTEM
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The block diagram of OFDM system is shown in
fig.1.The input high data rate streams are converted
into number of low data rate streams. This parallel
stream is then modulated using QPSK or QAM
modulation techniques, which is then applied as input
to IFFT block producing OFDM samples. These
samples are then converted into OFDM signal using
Parallel-to-Serial converter (P/S).The signal is then
encoded by adding Cyclic Prefix (CP) and is then
transmitted over the channel. The reverse process is
done at the receiver
S/P and IFFT P/S Add
modulation Converter CP
Channel
P/S and FFT S/P Rem
modulation Converter CP
Fig. 1: Block diagram of Basic OFDM system
3. PAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
3.1 Clipping
The clipping is one of the simplest distortion based
technique to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. It
reduces the peak of the OFDM signal by clipping the
signal to the desired level but it introduces both in-
band distortion and out-of-band radiation. To limit
out-of-band radiation and PAPR, Jean Armstrong
proposed iterative clipping and filtering scheme.
3.2 Companding
Companding is another popular distortion based
scheme for PAPR reduction in OFDM system. In
another work Wang et al. proposed a scheme based
on -law companding to reduce the PAPR of OFDM
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signal. In -law companding scheme the peak value
of the OFDM signal before and after companding
remains same, which keeps peak power of the OFDM
signal unchanged but the average power of the
OFDM signal after companding increases and
therefore the PAPR of the OFDM signal gets
decreased. But due to increase in the average power
of the OFDM signal the error performance of -law
companding scheme degrades.
3.3 Linear Companding Transform
Linear companding transform (LCT) has been
proposed by Aburakhia et al. to reduce the PAPR of
the OFDM signal. LCT also treats large and small
signals on different scale but has two inflexion points
to achieve more Flexibility in designing the
companding function. The abrupt change in the
transformed signal at inflexion point degrades the
power spectral density (PSD). Trapezoidal
companding (TC) proposed by Hou et al. is an
efficient method to reduce the PAPR of OFDM
signal with low BER. TC transforms the Rayleigh
distributed magnitude of original OFDM signal to a
trapezoidal distribution and called Trapezoidal
Companding. Trapezoidal companding utilizes a
piecewise function defined in three intervals of
OFDM signal magnitude.
3.4 Trapezium Distribution
Jeng et al. proposed trapezium distribution based
companding (TDBC) to transform the Rayleigh
distribution of original OFDM signal to biased linear
distribution called Trapezium distribution. All the
companding schemes distort the shape of the original
OFDM signal and PAPR reduction capability is
achieved at the cost of BER performance
degradation.
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4. PAPR OF OFDM SIGNAL the companding and filtering operations are rehashed
a few numbers to acquire a trade-off among PAPR
The PAPR of OFDM signal represented in (1) is reduction, BER and out-of-band performances.
given by:

| ( )|
PAPR= = [| ( )| ]
(1)
QAM input

Where E [] denotes expected value. The value of X

PAPR is required to be as low as possible else the IFFT

(JN-points)
orthogonality of signal gets destroyed.
1 x
5. COMPLEMENTARY CUMULATIVE
RF
DISTRIBUTIVE FUNCTION (CCDF)
CT
LST/TPW
The performance evaluation of PAPR is done using C

the parameter named as Complementary Cumulative HPA

Distributive Function (CCDF). CCDF is defined as FF

(JN-Points) Carrie
the probability by which the PAPR is greater than the r

threshold value of given PAPR0.

PAPR Calculation
D/A
Filtering
CCDF is mathematically represented as: CCDF = Pr (H) Converter

[PAPR > PAPR0]

IFFT Insert CP
(JN-Points)
6. PROPOSED METHOD
2

The basic procedure of ICTF technique is as follows 1

a) Companding and Filtering in ICTF

The target of ICTF strategy is to get a critical PAPR Fig. 2 shows the basic block diagram of an OFDM

reduction, yet to the detriment of a less measure of in transmitter utilizing ICTF strategy for PAPR

band distortion and out-of-band spectral regrowth. reduction.

Initially, the peaks of original symbol are compacted

The information complex vector is in
subject to a predetermined signal weakening level
frequency domain. So, firstly the given information is
(attenuation) created by the companding distortion,
converted using an over-sampled Inverse Fast Fourier
which is straightforwardly identified with the BER
Transform (IFFT). In the first iteration, if the
degradation. Second, a frequency-domain filtering is
iteration number = 1, the original time-domain
embraced for minimizing the OBI. Besides, to stifle
OFDM symbol is given as the input to ICTF
the peaks regeneration because of the filtering, both

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unit when switch enters the iterative loop. Then, both K1 and K2 are
K1 is set to 1. For every K1 switching, ICTF set to 2.
processes the input signal on a symbol-by-symbol
Step 3: if m=1, Let = : otherwise let =
basis. When both K1 and K2 are set to 2, the
companding and filtering operations are iteratively
performed for the same symbol. In the last iteration Step 4: is companded by CT capacity to create
( = ), both changes are come back to position 1
and the craved symbol is yield, where M is Step 5: convert to frequency domain to create

the preseted most extreme number of iterations. Let using NJ points FFT.

and speak to the recurrence

Step 6:
space OFDM image previously, then after the fact the
separating operation at the m-th iteration, Perform the frequency domain filtering on using
respectively. to null the out of band spectral components.

The Signal Attenuation Factor (SAF) can be utilized Step 7: Convert to time domain symbol using
to evaluate the level of companding distortion [10], NJ points IFFT calculate the PAPR of denoted by
and the time-invariant for the non-stationary .
Gaussian flag and is figured as
Step 8:If or m>M set k2 to 1

1 transmit and reset m=1, return to step 2 to process
= ( ) ( ) , (2)
the next original symbol otherwise let m=m+1,return
to step 3 to repeat the iteration for the current symbol.
Where ( ) is the companding function. A littler
In Step 6, to disable the out-of-band parts, CT is
SAF value compares to a larger companding
taken after by the separating, which is characterized
contortion, i.e. a diminished BER performance. In the
by a rectangular window with the recurrence reaction
ICTF system, the desired PAPR decrease
as follows
and SAF limit are presented to choose the
ideal parameters in companding capacity. The PAPR 1, 1 1
= (3)
of current image is recalculated in every iteration. 0, 1
The proposed ICTF procedure is summarized as
The separating operation is planned as = ,
follows
where administrator " * " signifies component by-
Step 1. Initialization settings. Set , component product.

and the maximum iteration number . Select

B. Companding Function
companding parameters.
The determination measure for companding
Step 2. Convert the frequency-domain symbol to
parameters in Step 1 is determined in this subsection.
oversampled time-domain OFDM symbol using NJ
Two average straight companding profiles are
-points IFFT. Set K1 to 1 and let = 1 , a new symbol
received in ICTF method to assess its in general

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execution. Note that, other understood direct and

nonlinear CT capacities can likewise be embraced to
where = max {| |}. Besides, the change
supplant them.
pick up G is characterized as the proportion of the
CT 1. Linear Symmetrical Transform PAPR of unique image to that of the companded
image, as takes after
Direct Symmetrical Transform (LST) is the most
straightforward CT profile, whose companding
( ) = 10
capacity is characterized as

= 20 (8)
( ) = ( . | | + ). ( ) (4) ( . + )

where sgn () is a sign capacity, and two parameters

0< k<1 what's more, b >0 are utilized to indicate the
CT 2. Two-Piecewise Companding
companding profile. All together to keep up an
unaltered normal force after CT, it yields + Among four general direct and nonlinear CT profiles,

/ + = 1. In this manner, once k was chosen, b it was demonstrated that the Linear Nonsymmetrical
Transform (LNST) is the best as far as PAPR
can also be determined, and vice versa. The
decrease and BER execution [9]. Besides, Two-
corresponding decompounding function is given by
Piecewise Companding (TPWC) [14] is an enhanced
| | LNST to cure the 'unexpected bounce' issue, and its
( )= . ( ) (5)
companding capacity is characterized as

From (5), the SAF of LST function can be calculated

( )
as
| |. ( ) | |
=
( | | + ). ( ), | | >
(9)
1
= . ( ). ( )

= + . (6)
2 Where > 1,0 < < 1, = ( ) >
0, 0 is the cutoff point with =
max {| |}. The de-companding function of
For a solitary LST-CT approach, a definitive PAPR TPWC is given by
of the companded image is diminished to

[ , ]| |
( ) = 10
1
| |

. +
= 20 (7)

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( ) critical that, however the PAPR lessening and BER

1 execution influence each other oppositely, a powerful
| |. ( ), | |
= (10) exchange off with moderate element range between
1 (| | ). ( ), | | > them is advertised. Once the fancied PAPR and SAF

are appointed, by selecting the ideal parameters based
on the shut structure expressions in (9), (10), (14) and
(15), it is desirable over make the undesired sign
Further, the SAF of TPWC capacity is ascertained as
mutilation as little as conceivable before entering the
= ( )(1 + ) ( ) ICTF methodology.

+ exp( ) (11) C. Computation Complexity

For a single TPWC-CT approach, Its achievable
PAPR is given by
+
( ) = 20
The crresponding transform gain G is written by
( ) = 20 (12)
+
Fig. 2 plots the change profiles of LST, NLST and
TPWC. As appeared, LST treats the extensive and
little flags with a same scale; generally, NLST and
TPWC pack the huge signals while in part improving
the little ones.
The hypothetical SAF estimations of LST and TPWC
are appeared in Fig. 3. As watched, SAFLST
diminishes rapidly alongside k diminishing.
Henceforth, LST can't offer an attractive PAPR and
BER execution because of the same-scale treatment
on all unique image and genuine sign bending. Be
The companding capacity can be numerically pre-
processed what's more, performed by utilizing a turn
upward table as a part of practice [13]. In this way,
(12) the calculation many-sided quality of ICTF strategy
is about the same as that of ICF [15], where M is the
greatest number of emphases. Clearly, the expanded
number of cycles means expanded calculation
unpredictability, particularly when the quantity of
subcarriers is huge. At the point when contrasted with
ICF technique, as this paper demonstrates later, ICTF
can significantly diminish the quantity of obliged
cycles to come to a sought PAPR. Its calculation
many-sided quality, in this manner, can be altogether
decreased. What's more, the improved ICF [17]
taking into account the curved advancement has a
high calculation many-sided quality, which
is ( +( + 1) )
IV. COMPANDING DISTORTION ANALYSIS
In this segment, the effects of the companding

that as it may, the signal lessening in TPWC may turn contortion on the BER execution in ICTF technique

out to be less obvious while or u2 expanding, i.e. are examined.

less flag bending. In Fig. 4, the hypothetical change

A. Companding Noise
increases of LST and TPWC are plotted. As
appeared, TPWC can offer a satisfactory adaptability In view of Bussgang hypothesis without a doubt and
by altering , u2 . From Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, it is complex Gaussian signal [18], the companded sign

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can be roughly disintegrated into two sections: the Where is the channel noise. The recuperation
lessened sign segment what's more, companding mistake is utilized to depict the sign mutilation of the
clamor , = + handled image, i.e

The transmitted symbol with m iterations using ICTF ( )

e = |x x | = |f (f(x ) + ) x |
can be approximately decomposed as = | /k| (20)

x = SAF . x + , (17) At the point when m >=1 , if m iterative de-

companding operations are performed symmetrically

Where is the collected companding commotion.
to recuperate the got image, the relating recuperation
Additionally, to keep up an unaltered normal sign
mistake is roughly given by
force after ICTF, i.e. = = , the force
( )
of
is given by =| / | (21)

= (1 ) , (18)

Considering 0 <1<=k, clearly the iterative de-

where signifies 2-standard. This recipe
companding operations altogether opens up the
demonstrates that a littler SAF implies heavier sign
channel clamor alongside m expanding. Thus, it is
lessening and bigger companding clamor.
desirable over forsake the de-companding at the
Specifically, it ought to be noticed that an excess of
recipient. It is essential this is entirely favorable for
emphases number improves the amassed companding
down to earth OFDM frameworks.
noise.

2. ICTF-TPWC
B. Channel Noise

Comparable examination is stretched out to ICTF-

In the spin-off, the issue of de-companding operation
TPWC. Accepting that m iterative de-companding
at the collector side is investigated. For examination
operations are performed at the recipient, the
effortlessness, an added substance white Gaussian
recuperation blunder is roughly given by
(AWGN) channel model is considered.

( ) | / |, ( )
1. ICTF-LST = (22)
| / |, ( )

In ICTF-LST, when the cycle number m = 1 , with

where ( ) = { , | _ | } and ( )=
the de-companding operation, they got signal
{ , | | > }. This recipe demonstrates that, for the
= + can be recuperated by the de-
little flags, the channel clamor is diminished because
companding capacity as takes after
of > 1 ; something else, the clamor is intensified
owing to (0 < < 1) . As indicated by the common
x =f (f(x ) + ) = x + (19)
k estimations of ( , ) recorded in Table I, it is
demonstrated that the clamor concealment is less
compelling; in any case, the intensification impact is

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huge. Along these lines, it is reasoned that ICTF

procedure without decompanding at the collector can
0
BER comparison for different PAPR-reduction schemes for QAM)
10
offer better BER execution than that of with de-
companding. In this manner, the companding
-1
10
commotion in ICTF is gathered just at the transmitter
instead of at the beneficiary. Moreover, in the

---BER
-2
10
multipath blurring channel, the companding
Original
commotion creates less BER debasement than that of LCT
-3
10 TPWC
Mu-law
the channel commotion, on the grounds that the ICT-LST
Exponential
companding clamor has the same blurring scale with -4
ICT-TPWC
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
the legitimate sign part. --Ebno(dB)

7. RESULTS Fig.5. BER comparison for different PAPR-reduction

schemes through AWGN channel for OFDM system
Profile of the Companding transforms
1
LST
(N=1024, 16-QAM).
0.9 LNST
TPWC
0.8
BER comparison
0
for different PAPR-reduction schemes for QPSK under Rician fading channel
10
0.7

0.6 -1
10
--f(x)

0.5

-2
0.4 10

0.3
---BER

-3
10
0.2

0.1 -4
Original
10 LCT
0 TPWC
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Mu-law
---x -5
10 ICT-LST
Fig.3. Transform profiles of LST, classic LNST, and Exponential
ICT-TPWC
-6
10
TPWC. 0 2 4 6 8 10
--Ebno(dB)
12 14 16 18

Theoretical transform Gain in PAPR.

10 Fig.6. BER comparison for different PAPR-reduction
LST
TPWC-Lam=1.2
8 TPWC-Lam=1.6
schemes through Rician fading channel for OFDM
TPWC-Lam=2
TPWC-Lam=2.4 system (N=1024, QPSK).
6
--Gain(dB)

-2
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
---u2(TPWC)/K(LST)

Fig.4. Theoretical transform Gain in PAPR

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10
0
BER comparison for different PAPR-reduction schemes for QPSK)
8. CONCLUSION

10
-1
In this paper, an ICTF technique has been proposed
-2
for reducing the PAPR of OFDM signal. In contrast
10

to existing CTs, by using an iterative procedure,

---BER

-3
10
ICTF is able to obtain both an improved BER and
-4
Original
10 LCT minimized OBI while reducing the PAPR
TPWC
Mu-law
10
-5
ICT-LST
significantly. Therefore, a favorable trade-off among
Exponential

-6
ICT-TPWC PAPR (power efficiency), BER and out-of-band
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
--Ebno(dB) performance (bandwidth efficiency) can be offered to
satisfy various design requirements. A
Fig.7. BER comparison for different PAPR-reduction comprehensive theoretical study is derived, and the
schemes through AWGN channel for OFDM system analytical results regarding the achievable PAPR gain
(N=1024, QPSK). G, impact of companding distortion, selection
Magnitude Response (dB)
criterion for companding parameters and iteration
Original
LST
-10

-20
TPWC
MU-law
number are presented. Simulations demonstrate that,
ICT-TPWC
-30

-40
ICT-LST
Exponential
compared to classic ICF method, the proposed ICTF
M agnitude ( dB)

-50

-60
technique not only obtains significant PAPR
-70

-80 reduction with improved BER and OBI performance,

-90

-100 but also dramatically decreases the iterations number.

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
In addition, ICTF procedure can also be extended to

Fig.8. Simulated PSDs of different PAPR-reduction other well known linear and nonlinear companding

schemes for OFDM system (N=1024, QPSK, and the profiles.

over-sampling ratio J=4).

REFERENCES
CCDF statistics of OFDM symbol for different PAPR-reduction for QPSK
0
10
proposed
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OFDM and its wireless application: A survey,
-1
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1673
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1694, May. 2009.

---CCDF

10
-2 [2] B. Ai, Z. Yang, C. Pan, T. Zhang, and J. Ge,
Effects of PAPR reduction on HPA predistortion,
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2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 11431147, Nov. 2005.
--PAPR(dB)

[3] Y. Rahmatallah, and S. Mohan. Peak-to-average

Fig.9. CCDF statistics of OFDM symbol for different
power ratio reduction in OFDM systems: A survey
PAPR-reduction schemes (N=1024, QPSK, and the
over-sampling ratio J=4).

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