1. Present Simple First form of the verb.

Subject + Verb + ()

USE 1 Repeated Actions

*daily routine: I wake up at 7 every day.

*habits: I usually swim at the weekend.
*likes and dislikes(preferences): I like horror movies.
I play tennis. She does not play tennis. Does he play tennis?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

Cats like milk.

Birds do not like milk. Do pigs like milk?

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Most commonly use when talking about public transportation or other scheduled events as well.
The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not
happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs(to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to
need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist ,to possess, to own, to belong,to like, to love, to hate, to
dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind) and certain Mixed Verbs(to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to
see, to weigh )
I am here now.
She is not here now.
He needs help right now.
Adverbs or time expressions that indicate frequency.

Always, never, usually ,regularly,

normally,often,sometimes, occasionally,rarely
every day = daily, every week = weekly, every month = monthly, every year = yearly
once a day, twice a week,three times a month,four times a year
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening,at night
on Mondays,on Thursdays,on Saturdays etc.

Interrogative
Do / Does + Subject + Verb I + (...) + ?

Present e.g.: Do I(subject)wake up(verb)at 7 every day?

I work Does she / he read daily ?
you work No, she doesn't
he/she/it works -reads- watches
we work Negative
you work Subject + Do Not / Does Not + Verb
I + (...)
they work e.g : I do not read daily. I don't read daily .
He does not read daily .

I usually go at work by bus.

He usually reads comic books.
I often go to school in the morning.
He doesn't like to talk to the boy.
These people always work on Sundays.
I like pop music.
 2.Present Continuous Form : am/is/are + [Verb + ING]
USE 1 Now

I am reading a book on the beach.

USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on.
He is studying to become a doctor.

USE 3 Near Future

Clara is meeting Ruby tomorrow.

USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always", "constantly"

He is always arriving late.

Adverbs of time

now What are you doing now? B: I am packing for the holiday.
right now.: They are getting on the plane right now.
in this (very) moment, at the moment: The plane is taking off in this very moment.
at present : At present, he is living with his friends, until he finds his own place.
Present continuous
Affirmative: I am walking on the beach. I am working
Interrogative: Am I walking on the beach? you are working
Negative : I am not walking on the beach. he/she/it is working
we are working
 you are working
they are working
I am opening the door. He is going home. These people are reading books.
We are visiting the church now. Mary is going to the shop now.
They are just reading magazines. He is driving to work at the moment.
They are just waiting for you. My father is eating a pie.
That girl I looking at this red house. They are just entering the room.
At the moment I'm taking my son to school. I am working at home now.
John is talking with Mary. Are we just going home? I'm not going home now.
Who is just writing a letter to his mother? My father isn't talking to George at the moment.
We are walking in the square at the moment. She is waiting for her mother at the moment.

Present simple VS Present continuous

We use the Present Simple
for regular actions or events : I watch TV most evenings.
Facts: The sun rises in the east
facts know about the future: The plane leaves at 5.00 in the morning.
thoughts and feelings about the time of speaking: I don't understand.

We use the Present Continuous

at the time of speaking ('now'): I'm watching a movie on TV.
things which are true at the moment but not always: I'm looking for a new job.
present plans for the future: I'm taking my husband to New York for his birthday.

Present continuous to talk about events which are temporary/limited in time

and the present simple to talk about events which are habits/permanent.

I usually don't drink coffee but I'm having one this morning because there is nothing else.
I often drive to work but I'm taking the train this morning because my car is in for repair.
I'm thinking about dying my hair blonde but I don't think my wife will be very happy about it.
My parents live in New York but I'm just visiting.

1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) drives her kids to football practice.

2. Usually, I (work) work as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study) am studying French at a
language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.
3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep)is sleeping.
4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) is raining.
5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) always rains.
6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say)are saying because everybody (talk) is talking so loudly.
7. Justin (write, currently) is currently writing a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can
find a good publisher when he is finished.
8. Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go)am going to a movie tonight with some friends.
 9. The business cards (be, normally ) are normally printed by a company in New York. Their
prices (be) are inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.

3.Present Perfect Simple Form: (to) have + the 3rd form of the verb
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We can use the PP with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never,once, many times, several times,
before, so far, already, yet NOT specific time as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a ..
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.

*Experience
I have been to Japan. I have seen this movie three times (up to now / so far).
*Change Over Time
She has cut her hair (since the last time I saw her).
*Accomplishments
To list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Man has walked on the Moon.
Our son has learned how to read.
*An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
Using the PPerf suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
James has not finished his homework yet. Bill has still not arrived.
Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

*Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the PPerf to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at
different times. PPerf suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
The army has attacked that city five times.
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the PPerf it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now.
Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with
expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

"Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past.
"In the last year"means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so requires PPerf.
I went to Mexico last year.(I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.)
 I have been to Mexico in the last year.(I have been to Mexico at least once at some point
between 365 days ago and now).

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Shows that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two
weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
I have had a cold for two weeks.
She has been in England for six months.
He has lived here for 10 years. (He still lives here.)

ADVERBS/preposition
just:: I have just eaten lunch. se foloseste n propoziii interogative i negative.
already: I have already eaten lunch. se foloseste n propoziii interogative i negative.
yet: I have not eaten lunch se foloseste n propoziii interogative i negative.
never/ever: I have never been to Canada./ I have not ever been to Canada.
so far / up to now: I have been to Canada two times so far / up to now.
recently: I have been to Canada recently.
For indicates the period between the starting point and the present: He has lived here for 10 years.
**cu sensul de timp de, arat durata aciunii, fr a preciza momentul de nceput i de final.
Since: indicates the starting point: He has lived here since 2002.
**cu sensul ncepnd din, arat momentul de nceput, fr a preciza durata sau momentul de final.

Affirmative: I have eaten lunch.

Interrogative: Have I eaten lunch?
Negative: I have not eaten lunch.

Present perfect

I have worked
you have worked
he/she/it has worked
we have worked
you have worked
they have worked

He's driven many fast cars. We have lived here for three years.
They have cancel(l)ed the meeting. She's taken my copy. I don't have one.
We've already talked about that. She hasn't arrived yet. I've just done it.
We've been to Singapore a lot over the last few years. She's done this type of project many times before.
Have you ever been to Argentina? Has he ever talked to you about the problem?
 4. Present Perfect Continuous FORM [has/have + been + present participle(ing)]

USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now - for five minutes, for two weeks, for a year

They have been talking for the last hour. ( Ei vorbesc de o ora- inca vorbesc)
She has been working at the company for three years.(Lucreaza la com.de 3 ani- inca lucreaza)

USE 2 Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of lately or recently.
We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.

Recently, I have been feeling really tired. (In ultima vreme m-am tot simtit obosita)
Lisa has not been practicing her English. (Lisa nu si-a mai exersat engleza)
What have you been doing? (Ce ai mai facut? (in ultima vreme)

ADVERBS :
always, only, never, ever, still, just, since, for, all week, for days, lately,
recently, over the last few months. (ca la Present Perfect simple)

Affirmative: She has been / She's been running.

Negative: She hasn't been running.
Interrogative: Has she been running?

Present perfect continuous

I have been working
you have been working
he/she/it has been working
we have been working
you have been working
they have been working
Oh, the kitchen is a mess. Who has been cooking?
You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly?
He's been phoning me all week for an answer.
 I've been wanting to do that for ten years.
They haven't been working all week. They're on strike
He hasn't been talking to me for weeks.
Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Simple scoate n eviden faptul c aciunea s-a terminat i/sau consecina
acesteia n prezent. Pune accent pe cantitate (ct de mult? ct de des?).
I have written 5 letters.
I have been to London twice.
They've been working here for a long time but Andy has worked here for even longer.
I've made fifteen phone calls this morning.(consecinta- sunt obosita, am facut factura mare)
He's written a very good report.(consecinta- a luat nota buna)
I've made fifteen phone calls this morning.
He's written a very good report.
Have you been to Mexico in the last year? I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
They have had three tests in the last week. My car has broken down three times this week.
I've lived here for 10 years and she has been living here for 12 years.

Present Perfect Continuous scoate n eviden durata aciunii (ct timp?).

I have been writing for an hour.
They've been working here for a long time but Andy has worked here for even longer.
I've lived here for 10 years and she has been living here for 12 years.

When an action is finished and you can see the results, use the continuous form.
The phone bill is enormous. You've been calling your boyfriend in Australia, haven't you?
You're red in the face. Have you been running?

When you use the words 'ever' or 'never', use the simple form:
I don't know them. I've never met them.
Have you ever heard anything so strange in your life?
 1.Past Simple (forma a 2-a a vb) Form :VERB+ed or irregular verbs
WHEN cere Past
Simple
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time
in mind.
I watched TV yesterday.
Did you have dinner last night . Have you had dinner last night?

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

I woke up, then I had breakfast and read the newspaper

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer
action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc
I lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
They sat at the beach all day.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

Used to describe a habit which stopped in the past .To make it clear that we are talking about a habit,
we often add expressions such as:always,often,usually,never,when I was a child,when I was younger,etc.
I studied French when I was a child.
He played the violin. He didn't play the piano.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As
in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
The Second World War started in 1939
He didn't like tomatoes before.

Adverbs or time expressions:

yesterday, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday

always, only, never, ever, still, just
last evening,last week, last month, last September, last summer, last year
one week ago,two months ago, three years ago
specific dates or months (if they are in the past):on the 1st of March,in May
implicit reference (it is obvious that we are referring to the past):As a teenager, he played
video games a lot.

Affirmative: I watched TV yesterday.

Negative: I did not watch TV yesterday.
Interrogative: Did I watch TV yesterday?

Simple past
I went
you went
he/she/it went
we went
you went
they went

When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.

She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.
You just called Julie. Did you just call Julie?
 2. Past Continuous Form : Was/Were + Verb-ING
WHILE cere Past Contin.
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

*He was talking to Jeremy when I took that photo.

He was talking to Jeremythe interrupted action (Past Continuous)
when I took that photo.the action that causes the interruption (Past Simple)

USE 2 A past action interrupted by a specific time

Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

USE 3 Parallel actions in the past

The girls were preparing the meat while the boys were chopping sticks for the fire.
I was studying while he was making dinner.
While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.

USE 4 Describe the atmosphere in the past:

When I arrived at Ruby's place, Ruby was playing,Clara was making a cake and B and J were
discussing.
She was always coming to class late.
He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. Past continuous
I was working
Affirmative: I was eating pizza. you were working
Negative: I wasn't/was not eating pizza he/she/it was working
Interrogative: Was I eating pizza? we were working
you were working
they were working
 Simple Past and Continuous Past

Both the past simple and the past continuous refer to completed actions in the past.
Most of the time when we are talking about such actions, we use the past simple-the most common way
of talking about the past.
I lived there for 6 years.
I only found out a few moments ago.
I asked her but she didn't know anything.
The company made 100 people redundant last year.

Only use the past continuous when you want to emphasize the continuity of the action.
Everybody was talking about it all evening.
They were really trying hard but couldn't do it.
I was thinking about you the other day.
Were you expecting that to happen?

When we use these two forms in the same sentence, we use the past continuous to talk about the
"background action" and the past simple to talk about the shorter completed action.
It was raining hard when we left the building.
I was reading the report when you rang.
He was going out to lunch when I saw him.
 3.Past Perfect FORM [had + past participle]

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can
also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that
something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.

USE 3 Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect.
Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect
when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens
first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

HOWEVER

If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare
the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a
specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.
She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
 She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct

ADVERBS : always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

4. Past Perfect Continuous FORM [had been + present participle]

USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past

We use the Past PerfCont to show that something started in the past and continued up until another
time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the
Past PerfCont. Notice that this is related to the PresPerfCont; however, the duration does not continue
until now, it stops before something else in the past.
They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?

USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.
Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?

Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous

If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many
English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be
careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence.
Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, where Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a
duration of time before something in the past .

He was tired because he was exercising so hard.

This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment.
He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.
This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of
time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished.