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THREE-PHASE
SYSTEMS
AN INTRODUCTION
May 2016
1. Advantages of the three-phase system
over the single-phase system
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2. Generation of three-phase e.m.f.s
(a) (b)
(a) Generation of three-phase e.m.f.s. (b) Loop RR1 at instant of
maximum e.m.f.
Figure 2.1.
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Generation of three-phase e.m.f.s (cont.)
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Generation of three-phase e.m.f.s (cont.)
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3. Delta connection of three-phase windings
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Delta connection of
three-phase windings (cont.)
(a) (b)
Figure 3.1. (a) Three-phase windings with six line conductors. (3-phase,
6-wire system) (b) Resultant e.m.f. in a delta-connected winding.
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Delta connection of
three-phase windings (cont.)
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Delta connection of
three-phase windings (cont.)
(a) (b)
Figure 4.1. (a) Three-phase windings with six line conductors. (b) Star
connection of three-phase windings (3-phase, 4-wire, star-connected
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Star connection of
three-phase windings (cont.)
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Star connection of
three-phase windings (cont.)
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Star connection of
three-phase windings (cont.)
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Star connection of
three-phase windings (cont.)
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Voltages and currents
in a star-connected system
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Voltages and currents
in a star-connected system (cont.)
From equation 5.2, it is seen that the line voltage leads the
phase voltage by 30.
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Voltages and currents
in a star-connected system (cont.)
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Voltages and currents
in a star-connected system (cont.)
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6. Voltages and Currents
in a Delta-connected System
Let IR-ph, IY-ph and IB-ph be the r.m.s. values of the phase
currents having their positive directions as indicated by the
arrows in Figure 6.1. Since the load is assumed to be
balanced, these currents are equal in magnitude and differ
in phase by 120, as shown in Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.1.
Delta-connected
system with
balanced load
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Voltages and Currents
in a Delta-connected System (cont.)
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Voltages and Currents
in a Delta-connected System (cont.)
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7. Power in a three-phase
system with a balanced load
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Power in a three-phase
system with a balanced load (cont.)
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Power in a three-phase
system with a balanced load (cont.)
Home work 1:
Study Example 33.3 very, very carefully.
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8. Measurement of active power in
a three-phase, three-wire system
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8. Measurement of active power in
a three-phase, three-wire system
Suppose vRN, vYN and vBN are the instantaneous values of the
p.d.s across the loads, these p.d.s being assumed positive
when the respective line conductors are positive in relation to
the neutral point.
Also, suppose iR, iY and iB are the corresponding
instantaneous values of the line (and phase) currents.
Therefore
instantaneous power in load L1 = iRvRN,
instantaneous power in load L2 = iYvYN
and
instantaneous power in load L3 = iBvBN .
Therefore
Total instantaneous power = iRvRN + iYvYN + iBvBN
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Balanced or unbalanced load, star- or delta-
connected. The two-wattmeter method (cont.)
Home work 2:
The above proof was derived for a star-connected load.
Prove that the same conclusion holds for a delta-
connected load.
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9. Power factor measurement by
means of two wattmeters
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Power factor measurement by
means of two wattmeters (cont.)
Figure 6.2.
Phasor diagram for
Figure 6.1.
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Power factor measurement by
means of two wattmeters (cont.)
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Power factor measurement by
means of two wattmeters (cont.)
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Power factor measurement by
means of two wattmeters (cont.)
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Power factor measurement by
means of two wattmeters (cont.)
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Power factor measurement by
means of two wattmeters (cont.)
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Power factor measurement by
means of two wattmeters (cont.)
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Power factor measurement by
means of two wattmeters (cont.)
eqn. 6.9.
Exercises 33
(Hughes Electrical and Electronic Technology 10th edition)
8. A three-phase, 400 V, star-connected motor has an output of
50 kW, with an efficiency of 90 per cent and a power factor of
0.85. Calculate the line current. Sketch a phasor diagram
showing the voltages and currents. If the motor windings were
connected in mesh, what would be the correct voltage of a
three-phase supply suitable for the motor?
10. The load connected to a three-phase supply comprises
three similar coils connected in star. The line currents are 25 A
and the apparent and active power inputs are 20 kVA and 11
kW respectively. Find the line and phase voltages, reactive
power input and the resistance and reactance of each coil. If the
coils are now connected in delta to the same three-phase
supply, calculate the line currents and the active power taken.
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THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS: AN INTRODUCTION
Exercises 33 (cont.)
12. A factory has the following load with power factor of 0.9
lagging in each phase. Red phase 40 A, yellow phase 50 A
and blue phase 60 A. If the supply is 400 V, three-phase,
four-wire, calculate the current in the neutral and the total
active power. Draw a phasor diagram for phase and line
quantities. Assume that, relative to the current in the red
phase, the current in the yellow phase lags by 120 and that
in the blue phase leads by 120.
15. (b) The load taken by a three-phase induction motor is
measured by the two-wattmeter method, and the readings
are 860 W and 240 W. What is the active power taken by the
motor and at what power factor is it working?
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THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS: AN INTRODUCTION
Exercises 33 (cont.)
25. Discuss the importance of power-factor correction in a.c.
systems. A 400 V, 50 Hz, three-phase distribution system
supplies a 20 kVA, three-phase induction motor load at a power
factor of 0.8 lagging, and a star-connected set of impedances,
each having a resistance of 10 and an inductive reactance of
8 . Calculate the capacitance of delta-connected capacitors
required to improve the overall power factor to 0.95 lagging.
26. State the advantages to be gained by raising the power
factor of industrial loads. A 400 V, 50 Hz, three-phase motor
takes a line current of 15.0 A when operating at a lagging power
factor of 0.65. When a capacitor bank is connected across the
motor terminals, the line current is reduced to 11.5 A. Calculate
the rating (in kVA) and the capacitance per phase of the
capacitor bank for: (a) star connection; (b) delta connection.
Find also the new overall power factor.
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