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Step 1:

Convert the % composition to easily usable units:

20% (v/v) = 20 mL/100 mL = 20 L/100 L

Step 2:

Calculate the volume of EtOH injected:

volume of EtOH injected = (volume injected)*(concentration)


(2 L)*(20 L/100 L) = 0.4 L

Step 3:

Calculate the mass of this volume of EtOH:

(volume)*(density) = mass

{ 0.789 g/mL = 0.789 mg/L}

(0.4 L)*(0.789 mg/L) = 0.3156 mg of EtOH injected


Sub-Rules for IUPAC Nomenclature

1. If there are two or more longest chains of equal length, the one having the largest
number of substituents is chosen.
2. If both ends of the root chain have equidistant substituents:
(i) begin numbering at the end nearest a third substituent, if one is present.
(ii) begin numbering at the end nearest the first cited group (alphabetical
order).

a) How are two different substituents ordered?

Answer:

Example of 3,4-dichloro-4-ethyl-5-methylheptane.

First, we draw a chain of seven carbon atoms to represent the root name "heptane". This
chain can be numbered from either end, since no substituents are yet attached. From the
IUPAC name we know there are two chlorine, one ethyl and one methyl substituents. The
numbers tell us where the substituents are located on the chain, so they can be attached, as
shown in the middle structure below. Finally, hydrogen atoms are introduced to satisfy the
tetravalency of carbon. The structural formula on the right can then be written in condensed
form as: CH3CH2CHClCCl(C2H5)CH(CH3)CH2CH3 or C2H5CHClCCl(C2H5)CH(CH3)C2H5

In naming this compound it should be noted that the seven carbon chain is numbered from the
end nearest the chlorine by applying rule (ii) above.
b) How are two of the same substituent named?

Answer:

When viewing a condensed formula of this kind, one must recognize that parentheses are
used both to identify repeating units, such as the two methylene groups on the left side, and
substituents, such as the methyl group on the right side. This formula is elaborated and named
as follows:

The condensed formula is expanded on the left. By inspection, the longest chain is seen to
consist of six carbons, so the root name of this compound will be hexane. A single methyl
substituent (colored red) is present, so this compound is a methylhexane. The location of the
methyl group must be specified, since there are two possible isomers of this kind. Note that if
the methyl group were located at the end of the chain, the longest chain would have seven
carbons and the root name would be heptane not hexane. To locate the substituent the hexane
chain must be numbered consecutively, starting from the end nearest a substituent. In this
case it is the right end of the chain, and the methyl group is located on carbon #3. The IUPAC
name is thus: 3-methylhexane
Part A
NaNO3 dissolves in benzoic acid,
NaNO3 + C6H5COOH C6H5COONa + HNO3
Solution is acidic

Part B
KC6H5CO2 dissolves in water to produce K+ and C6H5CO2-
C6H5CO2- is the conjugate base of a weak acid and is therefore a base. It has a Kb value of
1.5 x 10-10.
C6H5CO2- + H2O C6H5O2H + OH-
The hydroxide ion makes the solution basic

Part C
The Ka for benzoic acid is 6.4 x 10-5.
C6H5CO2H H+ + C6H5CO2-
Ka = 6.4 x 10-5 = [H+][C6H5CO2-]/[C6H5CO2H]
50:50 make the [H+] equal to 6.4 x 10-5, which is greater than 1.0 x 10-7. The solution would
be acidic.

Part D
(CH3NH3)Cl is the conjugate acid of a weak base, produces an acidic solution.
CH3NH3Cl CH3NH3+ + Cl- {in solution}
CH3NH3+ CH3NH2 + H+

Part E
The Kb for CH3NH2 is 4.4 x 10-4
CH3NH2 + H2O CH3NH3+ + OH-
4.4 x 10-4 = [CH3NH3+][OH-]/[CH3NH2]
50:50 make the [OH-] = 4.4 x 10-4. This value is greater than a neutral solution having a
[OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7 so the solution would be basic.

Part F
The solution would be acidic since HBr is a strong acid. NaBr is a neutral salt made from a
strong base and a strong acid.

Qf1 = 2.1 Qf2 = 30


m3/min = 35 L/s
L/s
Height =5
m
Initial water heigt = 1.1 m

W = 12 m

Write a balance on the mass of the fluid in the tank as:

in - out + gen = accumulation

Qin Qout = d(V)dt

where the generation term is zero, is the fluid density (constant here) and Qin and Qout is
the flow rate in and out of the tank, respectively. Qin is zero so we get:

dV/ dt = Qout
0.5
The flow out is vA=(2gh(t)) A, where A is the area which is calculated by knowing the
diameter.

The volume of the tank, V=ath(t), is the height, h(t) times the area, at

By putting it all together, we get the separable first order differential equation for the height
of the fluid in the tank versus time:

dh/dt = A/at(2g/0.5h0.5

Integrate the equation. The upper bound for dh is h(t). The lower bound is h(0)=H . For
dt we integrate from t to 0:

0.5 0.5
2((h(t)) H0.5/ = A/at (g/2)
Solve for h(t)
0.5 2
h(t)=[H0.5A/2at/g/2) t]
To find the time when the tank empties, set h equal to zero and solve for t

t=(2H/g/0.52at/A

The times to empty the same tank for two different starting heights, H1 and H2 is:

0.5
t1/ t 2=(H /H )
1 2

So, finally, if H2=4.54H1

0.5
as in the problem statement, then the time to empty the tank is not double, but (4.54) times
longer.

Step 1:
A = remaining amount, Ao = initial amount,A (Ao) = fraction that remains
= half-life

so the equation is,

A = (Ao) 2(-t )

A (Ao) = 2(-t ){as mass of C is not given assuming as 1/8 of C remained}

1 8 = 2(-t 5730){THL of C is 5730 years}

ln [1 8] = (-t 5730) ln[2]

t = 17190 years

Step 2:

A (Ao) = 2(-t )

A (Ao) = 2(-11460
5730)
{ THL of C is 5730 years}

A (Ao) = 0.25

Step 3:

A = (Ao) 2 (-t )
A = (20 g) 2(-4 4)

A = 10 g remains

A = (Ao) 2^(-t )
A = (20 g) 2^(-28 4)
remains (seven half-lives...A = 0.15625 g

Given data:
C6H14 (g) + O2 (g) CO2 + H2O
The given reaction is a combustion reaction (oxidation), gives the product CO 2 and H2O by
complete combustion.

The balancing of the reaction starts with carbon involves four steps,

Step 1: C balance

In reactant 6 C are present gives 6 C in CO2 by combustion,


C6H14 (g) + O2 (g) 6CO2 + H2O

Step 2: Hydrogen balance

As 14 H present in reactant, multiplying by 7 in product balances H the equation as,


C6H14 (g) + O2 (g) 6CO2 + 7H2O

Step 3: Oxygen balance

The co-efficient of oxygen is always tricky in combustion part, little care must be given while
balancing as not always gives whole number sometimes it ends with fraction. In those cases
we have to multiply with suitable number to have a whole number.

By balancing the given equation,


C6H14 (g) + (19/2) O2 (g) 6CO2 + 7H2O
Here oxygen ends with fraction as 12 in CO 2 and 7 in H2O on summing it gives 19 as oxygen
is 2 dividing by 2 balances the equation, in order to achieve whole number by multiplying
with 2 removes the denominator term in oxygen. Finally the balance equation in simplified
form is,

(* by 2) 2C6H14 (g) + 19 O2 (g) 12CO2 + 14H2O (Answer)

H-A
Ethene
Anomeric Carbon

DigermeneHemi-acetal
Tanabe Sugano diagram from SCI
Solutions:

A) equilibrium constant expression,

B) The reaction quotient Q is calculated for identifying the direction of reaction


in the given data K = 5 so on comparing with Q it gives 5K>4Q

Since K >Q, the reaction will proceed in the forward direction in order to increase that of
NO2 and decrease the concentrations of both N2 and O2 until Q = K

C) The general equation for temperature variation is given by,

for eg:- let we subsitute the given values and temperature for 50 C, 70 C and 100 C {@ 25 C
as T1}

K = 2.27 @ 50 C,

K = 2.385 @ 70C

K = 3.454 @ 100 C

on comparing this it is clear by increasing temperature k value increases which shows the
reaction is endothermic (absorbs heat) so reactant formation will be high by increasing
temperature.

D) According to Le Chateliers Principle,

Increase in pressure causes the shift of equilibrium in forward direction ends in product
formation and vice verse on decreasing pressure.

Polymers are macromolecules built-u by the linking of a large number of small


molecules called Mononers

H H H H H H H H

C = C C - C - C - C - C - C

H H H H H H H H

Ethene (Monomer) Polythene, PE (Polymer)


The small molecules which combine with each other to form polymer
molecules, are termed monomer; and the repeat unit in a polymer is called
mer.

The number of repeating units (n) in chain formed in a polymer, is known


as the degree of polymerization (DP). There may be hundreds or thousands
or tens of thousands or more monomer molecules linked together in a polymer
molecule. Most of the polymers, usually, fall into the 5,000 200,000 molecular
mass range.

The difference in configuration (tacticity) do affect their physical


properties, are three types namely isotactic polymer, atactic polymer and
syndiotactic polymer.

Polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a


chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks. They
are three types namely Addition, Condensation and Copolymerization

1. Addition (or) chain polymerization: is a reaction that yields a product,


which is an exact multiple of the original monomeric molecule.
2. Condensation (or) step-polymerization: may be defined as a reaction
occurring between simple polar-group-containing monomers wirh the
formation of polymer and elimimnation of small molecules like water,
HCl,etc.
3. Copolymerization: is the joint polymerization of two or more monomer
species.

Solution:

Given data,

Cu|Cu2+(0.00571 M) ||Pb2+(0.00603 M) | Pb -------------------- (A)

From standard potential table we get,


Pb2+ + 2e- Pb - 0.13 V (anode)

Cu2+ + 2e- Cu + 0.34 V (cathode)

The equation to calculate overall cell potential is,

Ecell = (Ecathode Eanode) + (0.0592 V/n) log Keq --------------------- (1)

The unknowns in the equation (1) are calculated from (A),

Keq = [0.00603]/[0.00571] = 1.05604

Log Keq = log (1.05604) = 0.2368

n = 2 as redox is 2e-

by substituting the above values in equation (1) we get,

Ecell = (0.34 (-0.13)) +(0.0592/2) (0.02368

Ecell = 0.47 V

From ohms law we know V = I*R { I = 0.0660 A and R = 4.36 ohm}

V = 0.0660 * 4.36 = 0.305 V

Solution:

1. In given reference the current year is for 2015 as per the analysis the
fraction of fossil source contribution is,

Total energy is 89.223 Q.Btu (11 months)

From fossil source is 72.608 Q.Btu (11 months)

Fraction = 72.608/89.223 = 0.8137


2. From reference current average power consumption is 89.223 Q.Btu

The unit conversion of 1 Btu = 0.29307 W, 1 quadrillion = 10 15 and 1


trillion = 1012

by given data consumption is 89.223* 10 15 Btu, we have to convert to


Trillion Watts on unit conversion we get,

(89.223*1015 Btu)(0.29307 W) = 26.1485*1015 W

= 2614.85*1012 W

= 2614.85 TW

3. The choice of preference is given for nuclear power and the calculation are
made for 1TW as per land requirement.

From reference nuclear power contribution is 7.609*10 15 Btu =


(7.609*1015*0.29307 W)

= 2.2299* 1015 W

= 222.99 *1012 W = 222.99 TW

From nuclear energy data it is given 98.99 approx 99 million kW is


produced from 99 units, so 1 million kW is produced from 1 unit.

1 million kW = 1*109 W

For 1 TW 1.5 units is required as per operating norms 2 units is required


for producing 1TW of power, as per the resource reference it requires 3
sq.km for 1 unit and approx. 5 sq.km for 2 unit construction.

From the above raw calculation Minneapolis is suitable for nuclear plant as
per the map availability from Wikipedia.
Solution:

a) From given data 100 m3/hr = 100 m3/60 min = 1.667 m3/min
b) Basis: 100 mole of the fuel gas

.74C5H32 + 22.14O2 + 83.2N2 = 10.111CO2 + 1.000CO + 5.611O 2 + 83.278N2


+ 16H2O

The above equation is calculated based on dry basis stoichiometrically.

c) Dew point Temperature @ 200kPa

B = (ln(RH / 100) + ((17.27 * T) / (237.3 + T))) / 17.27

D = (237.3 * B) / (1 - B)

where:

T = Air Temperature (Dry Bulb) in Centigrade (C) degrees

RH = Relative Humidity in percent (%)

B = intermediate value (no units)

D = Dewpoint in Centigrade (C) degrees

T = 72oC based on computation from above equation.


Extract
mE ( ming )
mc ( ming )C H
6 13 OH Acetic acid: 5.6 wt%

Extractor

Operation

Basis: 1300 g/min

Acetic acid: 8.70 wt % Raffinate


mR ( ming )
Water : 91.3 wt %
Acetic acid: 0.4 wt%

Water: 99.6 wt%

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