SQL For Dbas: Developers and Users Will Learn Something As Well!

SQL For DBAs
Developers and Users will learn

something as well!
Daniel W. Fink
Overview
Where is the information
Data Dictionary views & tables
How can I extract it?
SQL, functions
How can I use it?
SQL*Plus to build and execute the script
Method
Build a script that generates the create
tablespace commands for the database
Not all options considered
AUTOEXTEND
MINEXTENT
ONLINE/OFFLINE
*I have to leave something for you to add
Not all tablespaces
Enough to demonstrate likely permutations
Command
Rules
Tablespace can be TEMPORARY
TEMPORARY tablespace can use DATA files
or TEMP files
A single tablespace can have multiple data files
Command structure
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLESPACE tablespacename
[TEMPORARY]
{DATAFILE|TEMPFILE} filename filesize
EXTENT MANAGEMENT [DICTIONARY|LOCAL
[{AUTOALLOCATE|UNIFORM} [size {K|M}]]}]
Oracles Data Dictionary
Access via Views
1390 in 8i
1820 in 9i
DBA_ - Everything in database
ALL_ - What you can see
USER_ What you own
Other Miscellaneous views
Where does it come from?
Views of underlying base objects
Provides level of abstraction
Easy to understand
Hides translations and calculations
READ ONLY!
Columns View Text
TABLESPACE_NAME select ts.name,
INITIAL_EXTENT ts.blocksize * ts.dflinit,
NEXT_EXTENT decode(bitand(ts.flags, 3), 1, to_number(NULL),
ts.blocksize*ts.dflincr),
MIN_EXTENTS ts.dflminext,
MAX_EXTENTS decode(ts.contents$, 1, to_number(NULL), ts.dflmaxext),
PCT_INCREASE decode(bitand(ts.flags, 3), 1, to_number(NULL),
ts.dflextpct),
MIN_EXTLEN ts.blocksize * ts.dflminlen,
STATUS decode(ts.online$,1,'ONLINE',2,'OFFLINE',
4,'READ ONLY','UNDEFINED'),
CONTENTS decode(ts.contents$, 0, 'PERMANENT', 1, 'TEMPORARY'),
LOGGING decode(ts.dflogging, 0, 'NOLOGGING', 1, 'LOGGING'),
EXTENT_MANAGEMENT decode(ts.bitmapped, 0, 'DICTIONARY', 'LOCAL'),
ALLOCATION_TYPE decode(bitand(ts.flags,3),0,'USER',1,'SYSTEM',2,'UNIFORM',
'UNDEFINED'),
PLUGGED_IN decode(ts.plugged, 0, 'NO', 'YES')
from sys.ts$ ts
where ts.online$ != 3
Where can I find more
information?
Oracle Documentation Server Reference
Guide
DBA_VIEWS
text contains the actual text of the view
SET LONG 10000 in order to see all the text
catalog.sql
sql.bsq
Notes on Data Dictionary
ID
COLUMN_ID starts at 1
EXTENT_ID starts at 0
Not All DBA_* views have ALL_* and/or USER_*
counterparts
DBA_EXTENTS and USER_EXTENTS have different
information
USER_EXTENTS does not contain file information
DBA_TAB_COLUMNS
Not just table columns, also views, clusters
DBA_IND_COLUMNS
Reverse Key Indexes have function name instead of table column
name for leading column
Quick Tour of the Data
Dictionary
Tables/Views Indexes Storage

DBA_TABLES DBA_INDEXES DBA_TABLESPACES
DBA_TAB_COLUMNS DBA_IND_COLUMNS DBA_DATA_FILES
DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS DBA_IND_PARTITIONS DBA_TEMP_FILES
DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS DBA_SEGMENTS
DBA_PART_TABLES DBA_PART_INDEXES DBA_EXTENTS
DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS
DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS
Users DBA_FREE_SPACE
DBA_CONSTRAINTS DBA_USERS
DBA_CONS_COLUMNS DBA_ROLES
DBA_VIEWS DBA_ROLE_PRIVS
DBA_TAB_PRIVS
DBA_SYS_PRIVS
DBA_PROFILES
Data Dictionary views for script
DBA_TABLESPACES
All tablespaces in database
DBA_DATAFILES
All DATAFILEs for all tablespaces
DBA_TEMPFILES
*New in Oracle 8i
Identifies TEMPFILES created by command
create temporary tablespace
Using SQL to Write SQL
Joins
Unions
Functions
Sorting
Joins
A relationship using common data (natural or
derived) must exist
Inner
If a related row exists, return both main and related row
If a related row does not exist, do not return the main
row
Outer
If a related row exists, return both main and related row
If a related row does not exist, return main row and null
values for related row
Join
select t.tablespace_name,
d.file_name
from dba_tablespaces t,
dba_data_files d
where d.tablespace_name = t.tablespace_name;
TABLESPACE_NAME FILE_NAME
--------------- ---------------------------------
SYSTEM C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF
TOOLS C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF
TOOLS C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF
TEMP2 C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF
Union
Set Operation
Used to combine sets of data
Joins & Relationships are not used
Columns must be same number and datatype
A literal expression can be used
Returns one row for each distinct set of values
UNION ALL will return duplicates
select statement1
union
select statement2
File List
File names are listed in
DBA_DATA_FILES (10 rows)
DBA_TEMP_FILES (1 row)
Common Data?
Both contain tablespace_name
File List
select d.file_name, t.file_name
from dba_data_files d,
dba_temp_files t
no rows selected
Why?
Tablespaces use either data files or temp
filesnot both
Even an outer join will miss rows
File List
FILE_NAME
select file_name ------------------------------
from dba_data_files C:\ORADATA\ORA817\RBS01.DBF
C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF
union C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF
C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF
select file_name C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF
from dba_temp_files; C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF
Tablespace/File List
select tablespace_name TABLESPACE_NAME

------------------------------------
from dba_tablespaces C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF
union C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF
C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF
select file_name C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF
from dba_data_files C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF
SYSTEM
union
TEMP
select file_name TEMP2
from dba_temp_files; TOOLS
Functions
Concatenation
Combine 2 or more strings together
DECODE/CASE
Conditional display/decision-making
TO_CHAR
Converts a number or date to a character string
CHR
Displays the ASCII character
ASCII
Displays the ASCII number
Concatenation
Combine two or more strings together
Remember to add blanks
CREATE TABLESPACE <ts_name>
CONCAT(CREATE TABLESPACE ,
tablespace_name)
CREATE TABLESPACE ||tablespace_name
DECODE/CASE
Rudimentary decision making function
DECODE available in 7/8/9
CASE available from 8.1.6+
Use to determine
Type of tablespace
Extent Management
Datafile separation
DECODE
DECODE(expression,
comparison1, return1,
comparison2, return2,

default)
Can only use equality comparison
DECODE
If DBA_TABLESPACES.CONTENTS = TEMPORARY display
TEMPORARY
ELSE IF DBA_TABLESPACES.CONTENTS = PERMANENT display NULL
ELSE display NULL
select CREATE ||decode(contents,

TEMPORARY,TEMPORARY ,
PERMANENT,NULL,NULL)||
TABLESPACE ||tablespace_name
from dba_tablespaces;
CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP2
CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS
CASE
Introduced in 8.1.6
Able to return based on variable conditions
CASE WHEN condition1 THEN result1

WHEN condition2 THEN result2

ELSE default
CASE
select CREATE ||
CASE WHEN contents=TEMPORARY THEN TEMPORARY
WHEN contents=PERMANENT THEN NULL
ELSE NULL
END||TABLESPACE ||tablespace_name
from dba_tablespaces;

Permanent = NULL not currently needed, but
included for example
Character String Conversion
TO_CHAR([date|number]{,format string})
Converts numbers or dates to character string
Uses format codes to change display
TO_CHAR(number)
Does not require format string
Oracle will also convert numeric string to number
If you are not formatting, Oracle will automatically
convert to stringUNLESS it is used in a UNION
Character String Conversion
select 12345|| is a number from dual;
12334 is a number
select 12345-10 from dual;

12335
select 12345 from dual

union
select is a number from dual;
ORA-01790: expression must have same datatype as
corresponding expression
CHR
CHR is used to print special characters
CHR(<ascii_number>)
ASCII can be used to determine the number
of the character
ASCII(<character>)
Single Tic
Data files in statement must be enclosed in single
tic ()
is a character and can be enclosed in as a character
string
but I can never remember how many I need
(I think its 4or is it 3What if I am using it to end a string?)
CHR(39) prints a single
Single Tic
SQL> select chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)
2 from dba_data_files;
'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF'
'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF'
SQL> select ||file_name||

2 from dba_data_files;
'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF'
'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF'
New Line
CHR(10) prints a newline character
Able to output single row of data on multiple lines
select Line 1||chr(10)||Line 2

from dual;
Line 1
Line 2
CREATE TABLESPACE
select CREATE TABLESPACE ||
t.tablespace_name||chr(10)||
DATAFILE ||chr(39)||
d.file_name||chr(39)
from dba_tablespaces t,
dba_data_files d
CREATE TABLESPACE Error
DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF'

DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF'

DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF'
CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2

DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF
2nd CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS statement will fail

how do we work around?
UNION
UNION of DBA_TABLESPACES,
DBA_DATA_FILES, DBA_TEMP_FILES
Each SQL statement is executed
independently, then the results are
combined
Output will be sorted, in column order
ORDER BY must be last line
UNION
select 'CREATE '||decode(contents, 'TEMPORARY', 'TEMPORARY ', NULL)||
TABLESPACE ||tablespace_name
from dba_tablespaces
union
select 'DATAFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE
'||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K'
from dba_data_files
union
select 'TEMPFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE
'||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K'
from dba_temp_files;

DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF' SIZE 280576K
DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400K
DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288K
TEMPFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800K
Errata
Tablespace to File relationship correct, but not in
proper order for SQL statement
Proper order of lines in command is missing
We will use columns to sortbut suppress the printing
Still missing storage/extent management clauses
Later additiondont want to clutter up the statements
just yet
Statement contains an error
SQL*Plus Commands
COLUMN
noprint
SET
sqlprompt
pagesize
feedback
COLUMN
The CREATE TABLESPACE line needs to
be associated with DATAFILE line
COLUMN command can be used to
suppress printing
COLUMN column_name NOPRINT
Size of column will be factored in to
LINESIZE
COLUMN
select tablespace_name ts_name,'CREATE '||
decode(contents, 'TEMPORARY', 'TEMPORARY ',
NULL)||TABLESPACE ||tablespace_name
sql_command
union
select tablespace_name ts_name, 'DATAFILE '||chr(39)||
file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE '||
to_char(bytes/1024)||'K' sql_command
from dba_data_files
union
select tablespace_name ts_name,'TEMPFILE '||chr(39)||file_name
||chr(39)||' SIZE '||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K' sql_command
from dba_temp_files;
COLUMN
TS_NAME SQL_COMMAND
------- -------------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM
SYSTEM DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF' SIZE 280576K
TEMP CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP
TEMP TEMPFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800K
TEMP2 CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP2
TEMP2 DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400K
TOOLS CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS
TOOLS DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288K
TOOLS DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400K
COLUMN Formatting
SQL> COLUMN ts_name NOPRINT
SQL> /
SQL_COMMAND
-------------------------------------------------------
Formatting Output
Supress all non-sql statement strings
SET
PAGESIZE 0 suppress all breaks, headings,
etc.
FEEDBACK OFF suppress 10 Rows
Returned message
SQLPROMPT removes SQL> prompt
Be carefulit may look like the command hangs
Formatting Output
SQL> col ts_name noprint
SQL> set pagesize 0 feedback off sqlprompt ""
/
OOPS
DBA_TABLESPACES.CONTENTS lists
contents, but not type of file
Each command creates a TEMPORARY
tablespace, but the file specs are not the same!
CREATE TABLESPACE TEMPORARY <name> TEMPFILE <name> <specs>
CREATE TABLESPACE <name> TEMPORARY DATAFILE <name> <specs>
Multiple data or temp files must be

separated by a comma
Proper Syntax for TEMPORARY
select tablespace_name ts_name,
'CREATE TABLESPACE '||tablespace_name||
decode(contents,'TEMPORARY',' TEMPORARY',NULL) sql_command
where tablespace_name in (select tablespace_name from dba_data_files)
union
'CREATE '||decode(contents,'TEMPORARY','TEMPORARY ',NULL)||
TABLESPACE || tablespace_name sql_command
where tablespace_name in (select tablespace_name from dba_temp_files)
union
'DATAFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE '||
from dba_data_files
union
'TEMPFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE '||
from dba_temp_files
Proper Syntax for TEMPORARY
CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2 TEMPORARY
Proper Syntax for Multiple Files
CREATE TABLESPACE <tsname>
DATAFILE <filename> <filespecs>,
<filename> <filespecs>
Where can the comma go?

After the file specs OR
Before the next file name
Logic easier for 2nd choice
File order is not important
Each file has a numeric ID
Skip the file with the lowest ID
Add file_id as a column and sort by it
While we are at itadd sql_sort column to
insure proper order of statements
Current Sort Order
tablespace_name
ts_sort (each part of union has a new value)
sql_sort (file_id or derived value)
select tablespace_name ts_name, 0 ts_sort, 0 sql_sort,
<create tablespace line>
union
select tablespace_name ts_name, 1 ts_sort, file_id sql_sort
<datafile line>
union
select tablespace_name ts_name, 1 ts_sort, file_id sql_sort
<tempfile line>
union
select tablespace_name ts_name, 2 ts_sort, 0 sql_sort
<storage line>
order by ts_name, ts_sort, sql_sort;
Multiple Files
select df.tablespace_name ts_name, 1 ts_sort, file_id
sql_sort,
decode(df.file_id,tfi.min_file_id,'DATAFILE ',
', ')||chr(39)||df.file_name||chr(39)||
' SIZE '||to_char(df.bytes/1024)||'K'
sql_command
from dba_data_files df,
(select tablespace_name t_name, min(file_id)
min_file_id
from dba_data_files
group by tablespace_name) tfi
where df.tablespace_name = tfi.t_name
and tablespace_name != 'SYSTEM'
Because we are sorting on file_id, we know that the first
file will be the first displayed
Proper Output (with columns)
TS_NAME TS SQL SQL_COMMAND
------- ---- ----- ------------------------------------------------------------
TEMP 0 0 CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP
TEMP 1 1 TEMPFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800K
TEMP2 0 0 CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2 TEMPORARY
TEMP2 1 4 DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400K
TOOLS 0 0 CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS
TOOLS 1 5 DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288K
TOOLS 1 10 , 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400K
Proper Output (without columns)
CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2 TEMPORARY
, 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400K
Whats Next?
Extent Management & Storage Clause
Dictionary Extent Management is default, no need to
specify
DEFAULT STORAGE and LOCAL extent
management are mutually exclusive
Interesting notes
Not all Tablespaces have NEXT defined
Not all Tablespaces have MAXEXTENTS defined
What else may be NULL?
Extent Management & Storage
Extent Management can be
LOCAL
AUTOALLOCATE
UNIFORM SIZE
DICTIONARY
defaultno need to specify
Dictionary Extent Management
CASE WHEN ts.extent_management = 'DICTIONARY'
THEN 'DEFAULT STORAGE ('||
decode(ts.initial_extent, NULL, NULL,
' INITIAL '||to_char(ts.initial_extent/1024)||'K')||
decode(ts.next_extent, NULL, NULL,
' NEXT'||to_char(ts.next_extent/1024)||'K')||
decode(ts.min_extents, NULL, NULL,
' MINEXTENTS '||to_char(ts.min_extents))||
decode(ts.max_extents, NULL, NULL,
' MAXEXTENTS '||to_char(ts.max_extents))||
decode(ts.pct_increase, NULL, NULL,
' PCTINCREASE'||to_char(ts.pct_increase))||');
Local Extent Management
Allocation type and the command are not
the same!
WHEN ts.extent_management = 'LOCAL'
THEN 'EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL '||
CASE WHEN ts.allocation_type = 'SYSTEM'
THEN 'AUTOALLOCATE;'
WHEN ts.allocation_type = 'UNIFORM'
THEN 'UNIFORM SIZE '||
to_char(ts.initial_extent/1024)||'K;'
END
Storage Clause/Extent
Managment
OEM_REPOSITORY EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL AUTOALLOCATE;
TEMP EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 10240K;
TEMP2 DEFAULT STORAGE ( INITIAL 40K
NEXT 40K
MINEXTENTS 1
PCTINCREASE 50);
TOOLS DEFAULT STORAGE ( INITIAL 32K
NEXT 32K
MINEXTENTS 1
MAXEXTENTS 4096
PCTINCREASE 0);
Spooling Output
SPOOL <filename>
SPOOL OFF
SPOOL command will overwrite the file if
is existsand not even ask you Are You
Sure?
be careful not to SPOOL
<sql_filename>youll lose your work
Complete Script
Complete script is attached at the end
Has been tested in 8.1.7 and 9.0.1 on
Win2K
Still room for improvement and missing
clauses
Same script was very simple in 7.3!
Notes & Addendum
Formatting not always exact
Especially Line Spacing
Verify all scripts with new versions and
features
Data Dictionary structure and data can change
between releases

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SQL For DBAs

Developers and Users will learn

Tables/Views Indexes Storage

select tablespace_name TABLESPACE_NAME

select CREATE ||decode(contents,

CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM

CASE WHEN condition1 THEN result1

CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM

select 12345-10 from dual;

select 12345 from dual

SQL> select ||file_name||

select Line 1||chr(10)||Line 2

CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS

CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS

CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2

2nd CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS statement will fail

CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM

Multiple data or temp files must be

Where can the comma go?

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