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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and risk of abstract
cerebral palsy (CP) in offspring.
METHODS: The study population consisted of 188788 children in the Mothers and Babies in
Norway and Denmark CP study, using data from 2 population-based, prospective birth
cohorts: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study and the Danish National Birth
Cohort. Prepregnancy BMI was classified as underweight (BMI <18.5), lower normal weight
(BMI 18.522.9), upper normal weight (BMI 23.024.9), overweight (BMI 25.029.9), and
obese (BMI 30). CP diagnoses were obtained from the national CP registries. Associations
between maternal prepregnancy BMI and CP in offspring were investigated by using log-
binomial regression models.
RESULTS: The 2 cohorts had 390 eligible cases of CP (2.1 per 1000 live-born children).
Compared with mothers in the lower normal weight group, mothers in the upper normal
group had a 40% excess risk of having a child with CP (relative risk [RR], 1.35; 95%
confidence interval [CI], 1.031.78). Excess risk was 60% (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.212.01) for
overweight mothers and 60% (RR, 1.55; 95% CI 1.112.18) for obese mothers. The risk of
CP increased 4% for each unit increase in BMI (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.021.06). Estimates
changed little with adjustment for mothers occupational status, age, and smoking habits.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher prepregnancy maternal BMI was associated with increased risk of CP in
offspring.
NIH
aDepartment
WHATS KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Cerebral palsy
of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; bDepartment
of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; cEpidemiology Branch, National Institute of (CP) is the most common physical disability in
Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina; dSection of Social childhood, but little is known about its underlying
Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; eNorwegian Institute causes. Several prenatal risk factors for CP have
of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; and fResearch Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, been identied including maternal infection,
University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
diseases, and nutritional deciencies, suggesting
Ms Forthun was responsible for the analysis and interpretation of data, and the drafting of the that maternal factors may be important.
manuscript; Dr Wilcox participated in the analysis and interpretation of data and reviewed and
WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: Our study suggests that
revised the manuscript; Drs Lie and Moster provided advice regarding study design, participated
in the interpretation of data, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Drs Strandberg-Larsen, the risk of CP in offspring increases with maternal
Nohr, and Surn participated in the interpretation of data and reviewed and revised the prepregnancy BMI.
manuscript; Dr Tollnes proposed the study, participated in the analysis and interpretation of
data, and reviewed and revised the manuscript; and all authors approved the nal manuscript as
submitted.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0874
Accepted for publication Jul 6, 2016
To cite: Forthun I, Wilcox AJ, Strandberg-Larsen K, et al.
Address correspondence to Ingeborg Forthun, M.Econ, Department of Global Public Health and Maternal Prepregnancy BMI and Risk of Cerebral Palsy in
Primary Care, University of Bergen, P.B. 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: ingeborg.forthun@uib. Offspring. Pediatrics. 2016;138(4):e20160874
no
PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275).
With regard to CP subtypes, we (Table 3), nor did adjustment for overweight RR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.32
observed an increasing risk with paternal BMI affect the results when 2.74; and obese RR, 2.64; 95% CI,
increasing BMI for all subtypes using maternal prepregnancy BMI 1.714.06).
(Fig 3). The risks of unilateral and as a continuous predictor (RR, 1.05;
bilateral spastic CP increased by 95% CI, 1.031.07). Similarly, the
3% (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.001.07 prevalence of CP was not affected DISCUSSION
and RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.011.06, by mothers level of physical activity
respectively). Stronger but more We found an increasing risk of CP in
(Table 3). Adjusting for physical
imprecise associations were found offspring with increasing maternal
activity did not affect the association
for dyskinetic CP (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, prepregnancy BMI. Compared with
between continuous prepregnancy
1.021.12) and ataxic CP (RR, 1.11; women in the lower normal BMI
BMI and CP (RR, 1.04; 95% CI,
95% CI, 1.051.18). group, women in the upper normal
1.021.06).
BMI group had a 40% excess risk, and
Paternal obesity has previously been As a sensitivity analyses, we women in the overweight and obese
found to be an independent risk performed all analyses adjusting for groups each had a 60% excess risk
factor for autism spectrum disorders education instead of employment of CP in their offspring. Continuously
(ASDs) within the Norwegian status in the Norwegian cohort. increased risks with increasing BMI
cohort.22 Paternal BMI was not Results were similar (upper normal were found for all individual CP
associated with CP in offspring weight RR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.112.42; subtypes.
Our findings are in agreement all diagnoses have been validated by obesity on CP. However, the same
with recently published studies on neuropediatricians. study found agreement with regard
maternal obesity and risk of CP,23,24 to BMI categories between maternal
but demonstrate an association The Danish and Norwegian birth self-reported data in DNBC and data
across the entire BMI scale less cohorts were planned in close recorded by general practitioners in
explored in previous studies. In a collaboration and have many antenatal care in 91% of cases.30
Swedish case-control study, Ahlin similarities in design and type of
We excluded all stillborn and infant
et al25 found a 7% increased odds information collected. Even so, there
deaths in the analyses. Children born
of CP for every 1 unit increase in are some important differences in
with CP probably have a higher risk
maternal BMI (odds ratio, 1.07; how the information was obtained
of dying in their first year of life,
95% CI, 1.031.12) for babies born and in the format and content of
before they have a chance of being
at term, but the authors did not the questions. This can lead to loss
diagnosed. Because maternal obesity
state when BMI was measured. An of information when harmonizing
also increases the risk of infant death,8
increased risk was found for all variables and reduce the ability
it is possible that the exclusion of
subtypes, but the estimates were to control for confounding in the
early deaths biases our estimates
only statistically significant for all analyses. There was a self-selection
toward the null.
spastic and unilateral spastic CP. In of healthier women into both
contrast, a case-control study from cohorts.11,27 This could result in effect As far as we know, no previous
Australia including 587 cases and estimates that differ from those in studies on maternal BMI and risk of
1154 controls found no association the source population, to the degree CP in offspring have taken paternal
between maternal BMI at the that such selection depends both BMI into account. We found no
beginning of pregnancy and odds of on prepregnancy BMI and CP risk. association between paternal BMI
CP.26 The information on maternal It is reassuring, however, that other and risk of CP, and paternal BMI did
BMI was based on self-report at well-established exposureoutcome not attenuate the effect of maternal
recruitment when the children were associations have not been found BMI on risk of CP. This suggests
between 5 and 18 years old. Recall to be affected in either the Danish that the observed association is
bias as well as bias in recruitment or Norwegian cohort, even though not due to genetic factors related
may have contributed to the null self-selection can affect prevalence to overweight, but could be
finding. estimates in the cohorts.28,29 Another due to a direct harmful effect of
possible limitation is that BMI is self- maternal overweight through the
The major strengths of this study reported. Maternal BMI has not been intrauterine environment. Maternal
are the prospective design, the large validated in MoBa, but a previous obesity increases the risk of
sample of cases, and the possibility study validating self-reported BMI in pregnancy complications, including
of investigating CP subtypes. By DNBC found a slight but consistent preeclampsia, gestational diabetes,
combining 2 of the worlds largest and increasing underreporting and cesarean delivery, all of which
birth cohorts, we are able to examine of weight across the entire BMI are associated with CP.4,5 Infants
a prospective sample of exceptional scale when compared with weight of obese mothers are more often
size, not affected by maternal recall reported in antenatal care.30 This macrosomic, increasing the risk of
bias. Both pregnancy cohorts were could result in an underestimation of a difficult labor and, consequently,
linked to national CP registries where the adverse effect of overweight and birth injury. It is well known that the
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