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Toda;y much is being written and said about the use of hormonal
substances i n c m e r c i a l lamb and c a t t l e feeding.
EstroGens induce estrus and stimulate secondary sex organs and sex
characteristics in normal and ovariectonized females. They stimulate growth
of the uterine muscle and endometrium, motility of the uterus and fallopian
tubes, increase capillary permeability in the uterus and vaeina, thickening
of the vaginal epithelium and lowering of the pH of the vaglnal secretion.
They are necessary for mammary gland development and prepare
rammary tissues for prolactin stimulation.
-
Another natural estrogen, estrone is found in urine, ox adrenal
glands, and placentae. It is 1/4 '-active as estradiol and is formed
in vivo from estradiol. An international unit of estrogen activity is that
of .1 ug. of international standard preparation of estrone.
Estriol, a third natural estmgen is found in urine and is less
&ive than estrone. "The potency varies enormously with the test method."
VaSrues of 1:l to 250:l have been obtained for estrone/estriol ratio.
Diethyl stilbestrol
This subst>mceis highly potent orally as well as by injection.
The potency of diethylstilbestrol when injected, l i e s between that of
estradiol and estrone. Other types of synthetic estrogens are hexestrol,
and dienestrol, both of which have similar properties to diethylstilbestrol.
173.
--- -- -
I n t e r - e t a t i o n --and Discussion
.-- of -
Data
Dosage expressed as logarithim should be plotted against per
cent positive slides
1 10 .5 I.U. 0 0 71
2 10 1.0 I.U. 14 42 89
3 10 2.0 I.U. 14 89 100
4 lo ---- 0 0 0
2.5 100
-2.5
-
Characteristics --
of t h e Hormone
.i
Progesterone) Pregnandiol Sodium Glucuronidate Pregnandiol has
no known hormonal action. However, it i s an anaesthetic. Cbsnges i n ex-
cretion of pregnandiol follow closely changes i n the production of
progesterone. However, pregmndiol and t h e excretory form of other related
compounds such as desoxycorticosterone. Thua, t h e detection of t h i s ma-
t e r i a l i n t h e urine cannot be taken as en accurate measure of the amount of
progesterone secreted
.
There are synthetic substsnces which are of minor p r a c t i c a l
significance
--
E t h a l testosterone i s the most potent synthetic substance.
(1/10 t h e a c t i v i t y of progesterone). It i s as active by mouth as by in-
jection, but i s weak both estrogenically and androgenicaly. Ethinyl
androstenediol has about one-half the a c t i v i t y of ethiny:? testosterone.
Since progesterone is not effective t o any extent when given
orally, it cannot be incorporated i n t o feeds f o r laboratory animals. Thus,
t h e assay of animal t i s s u e s f o r residual progesterone is quite d i f f i c u l t .
In addition t o t h e problem of administration, we do not have such rela-
t i v e l y simple response mechanisms as uterine weights and vaginal smears i n
177
--
Chick Comb Method
m$100 g. body w t . l6 \
14
f
\
l2
10
\\
-----t-- -
Normal thyroid weight
8 -V
-
Note: when curve intercepts normal weight l i n e can be taken
as measure of thyroid secretion rate since it represents t h e amount of DL-
thyroxin required t o maintain normal thyroid p i t u i t a r y balance.
Metabolic Rate Method
L-
Feed and water are withheld from guinea pigs f o r 18 hours before
determination. Oxygen consumption and CO2 output is then deter-
mined with metabolism being expressed as ml. 02 o r C02 exchanged
per 100 g. body weight per hour. These control readings a r e taken
on 3 separate days.
Thyroid preparation i s administered o r a l l x for 4 consecutive
days. One hundred hours after t h e f i r s t dosage B.M.R. deter-
mination is made and percent increase noted f o r each animal
over control value.
A reference curve i s estimated by graded dosage with standard
thyroid powder. The potency of t h e test preparation i s then
computed i n terms of t h e standard.
The thyroid equivalent can be established by reference t o standard
slopes
The percent increase in oxygen consumption is substituted f o r y
-
i n the equation. Then the equation is solved f o r X t o get
logarithm of thyroxin dosage that must be given o r a l l y t o give
t h e same response.
182.
42
36
$ increase
30
in
24
oxygen consumption
18
12
6
0
Thyroxin dosage ug/day/lOO g. body w t .
BIBLIOGRAPBY
1. Meischer, K. Wettstein, A. Tschoppe, 1936. Biochemical J. 30, 1977.
2. Parkes, A. S. 1937. Biochemical J. 31, 579.
3. U e r i e u x , A. S. J. Clin. Endocrinology 1. pp. 889.
4. Hooker, C. W. 1940. Proc. SOC. Exptl. Biol. Xed. 45, 270.
5 . Edg8r, P. G. Prog. in Bcdy Fluids. Nature 170:543. 1952.
6. Venning, E. H. Gravimetric method for the determination of sodium pre-
gnandiol glucuronidate. J. Biol. Chem. ll9:473. 1937.
7. Gallagher, T. F., Koch. F. E. J. Pharm. Exptl. Therapy. 55: 97. 1935.
8. Bliss, B. I. 1944, J. h r . Statis, Assoc. 39: 479.
9. Emmens, C. W. 1929. Med. Research Council. (Brit.) Special Rept. Ses,
234,l
10. Dorflnsn, I. Endocrinology 42, 7 1948.
11. DmeBLer, E., and U h g , K. 1940. Arch. Exptl. hth. Phamcology
196, 266.