Heat

Exchangers
Eng. Ahmed Deyab
Fares
Senior Process
Engineer
Special thanks to: Eng. M. Abd El-Raof
Eng. Ahmed Deyab Fares adeyab@adeyab.com
Ahmed Deyab

Senior Process Engineer

Deliver Several Training Courses &
Consultancy for process engineers
from several Oil, Gas & Petrochemicals
companies in Egypt & Gulf countries.
Contact details:
Mobile (Egypt): +20 1227549943
Mobile (Saudi Arabia): +966500297503
Email: adeyab@adeyab.com
Website: www.adeyab.com
Courses Conducted to engineers from:
FUNCTIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER
EQUIPMENT

Cooler
Reduce the temperature of a liquid or gas using water to remove heat.
Heater
Increase the temperature of a liquid or gas by adding heat using condensing
steam, hot oil, etc.
Condenser
Remove heat from a gas, changing it to a liquid.
Evaporators
Employed for concentration of the solution by evaporation of water.
Reboilers
Provide heat as latent heat to liquid in the bottom of a distillation tower. The
heat may be supplied by either steam or a hot process stream.
Chiller
Cool a liquid or gas using a refrigerant instead of water.
Exchanger
Perform two functions. They can heat a cold process stream by using a hot
process fluid, or they can cool a hot process stream by using a cold process
fluid.
Typical crude oil Naphtha
and gases

distillation Naphtha
and gases
Top pump
Kerosene
Desalter around

Distillation tower
Top pump E2
around Heavy gas oil Light
gas oil
Bottom
E2 E3 pump
around
Heavy
Light gas oil E5
Kerosene gas oil
E4
E1 Bottom pump
Furnace
around
E5 E6
Reduced
crude
Storage Reduced crude
Typical Gas Processing
Plant
Definition of Heat
Exchangers
Device used to implement the
process
of heat exchange between two
fluids
that are at different temperatures
and
separated by a solid wall.
Purpose of H.E. in petroleum
Industry
Between two streams to reduce the energy
consumption Energy conservation
principles
Between one stream and the utility fluid-
process requirement.
The service fluid may be steam supply or
cooling water supply or other heating and
cooling media.
Heat Transfer in heat
exchangers
Heat Transfer In Heat
Exchangers
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Heat Transfer In Heat
Exchangers
Conduction
Parameters affecting the rate of
conductive heat transfer
1- Temperature difference
2- Surface area
3- Thermal conductivity of material
THERMAL CONDUCTION
FOURIERS LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION

dT
Q cond k A
dx
k = thermal conductivity, W/m

A = cross section area, m2
dT/dx = temperature
Thermal Conductivities
Material k (Btu/hr. ft. F)
Cork 0.025
Fiber Insulating Board 0.028
Maple or Oak Wood 0.096
Building Brick 0.4
Window Glass 0.45
Concrete 0.79
1% Carbon Steel 25
1% Chrome Steel 35
Aluminum 118
Copper 223
Silver 235
Sat Steam ( 600 E F) 0.030
Liquid Water (at 600 E F) 0.3
Heat Transfer In Heat
Exchangers
Convection
Natural Convection
Forced Convection
Boiling
Condensation
CONVECTION
Convection is the transfer of heat through the physical
movement of gaseous or liquid fluid.
Convection heat transfer does not take place in solids
because their molecular structure is very dense and the
relative movement of molecules is very small relative to
that in gases and liquids.
THERMAL CONVECTION
NEWTONS LAW OF
COOLING

Qconv h As Ts T

h = convection heat transfer
coefficient, W/m2
As = surface area, m2
Ts = surface temperature,
T = temperature of the fluid,
Radiation
Radiation is the emitted energy from the motion of

particles rather than the transmission of heat through

matter.
The transfer of heat by radiation is experienced when

you feel the warmth of the sun; heat reaches the earth
from the sun by radiation.
Radiation
The transfer of heat by radiation is identical to the

transfer of energy by light and by radio waves. In a

vacuum,
radiation heat waves move at the speed of light,

approximately 186,000 miles/s.

Eng. Ahmed Deyab Fares adeyab@adeyab.com

THERMAL
RADIATION
 Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Qemit AsTs
4

= emissivity of the surface

= Stefan-Boltzmann Constant,
5.6710-8 W/m2 K4
As = surface area, m2
Ts = surface temperature,
The Net Rate of Radiation Heat
Transfer between two Surfaces

Qrad As Ts Tsurr
4 4
Heat Transfer In Heat
Exchangers
Radiation heat transfer
Factorsaffecting the radiative heat
transfer
1- Temperature.
2- Surface area.
3- Emissivity
4- Configuration
Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient
Fluid U [Btu/ft2.hr.F]
Organics to Organics 10-60
Steam to:
Aqueous Solutions 100-600
Fuel Oil, Heavy 10-30
Light 30-60
Gases 5-50
Water 175-600
Water to:
Alcohol 50-150
Brine 100-200
Compressed Air 10-30
Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient
Fluid U [Btu/ft2.hr.F]
Condensing Alcohol 45-120
Condensing Ammonia 150-250
Condensing Freon-12 80-150
Condensing Oil 40-100
Gasoline 60-90
Lubricating Oil 20-60
Organic Solvents 50-150
Water 150-300
Classification of heat
exchangers
Heat Exchangers
Classification
1- Heat flow
arrangement:
A - A A
B
B B
Counter Flow Parallel Flow Cross Flow

Fluid A
Fluid B
Parallel Flow
Counter Flow
Cross flow
Advantage: large
Cross-Flows
surface area-good may be mixed
or unmixed
for transferring
heat to gases
Disadvantages:
heavy, high
pressure losses

In a cross-flow heat exchanger the direction of fluids are

perpendicular to each other. The required surface area,
Across for this heat exchanger is usually calculated by
using tables. It is between the required surface area for
counter-flow (Acounter) and parallel-flow (Aparallel) i.e.
Acounter< Across <Aparallel
Both fluids unmixed One fluid unmixed

Both fluids unmixed

 Cross-flow heat exchangers have the same
:analysis equations as before

Q U A T
T2 T1
T F
ln T2 / T1

with F as the correction factor (see graphs). The

-NTU method may also be used
 Heat Exchangers
Classification
2-
Application
:-

Changing in Temp. Changing in Phase

Ex. Car Radiator Ex. Reboiler
Heat Exchangers
Classification
Type of
Contact: -

Direct contact Indirect contact

Ex. Cooling Tower Ex. Air Cooled condenser
Heat Exchangers Classification
type of contact

Indirect Contact: - Direct Contact: -

Shell And Tube Cooling Tower
Furnaces & Boilers
Air Cooler
Plate and Frame
Spiral
 Classification
According
to Surface
Compactness

Compact Non-compact
Tubular Heat
Exchanger
Double Pipe Exchangers
Double Pipe Exchangers
Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger STHE
Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
Coiled Tube Heat
Exchanger
Coiled Tube Heat
Exchanger
Coiled Tube Heat
Exchanger
Coiled Tube Heat
Exchanger
Air-cooled Heat Exchanger (ACHE)
Plate Heat
Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Advanges of Plate Heat
Exchangers
Easy to Remove and Clean
Plate Heat Exchangers are easy to clean by
remove the tie bolts and slide back the
movable frame part. Then the plate pack can
be inspected, pressure cleaned, or removed for
refurbishment if required.
Expandable
A very significant feature of the plate Heat
Exchanger is that it is expandable. Increasing
the Heat Transfer requirements means simply
adding plates instead of buying a new
Heat Exchanger, saving time and money.
 High Efficiency
Because of the pressed patterns in the
plates and the relative narrow gaps,
very high turbulence is achieved at
relative low fluid velocity. This
combined with counter directional
flow results in very high Heat
Transfer coefficients.
Compact Size
As a result of the high efficiency, less Heat Transfer area is
required, resulting in a much smaller Heat Exchanger than would be
needed for the same duty using other types of Heat Exchangers.
Typically a plate Heat Exchanger requires between 20-40% of
the space required by a tube & shell Heat Exchanger.

Close Approach Temperature

The same features that give the plate Heat Exchanger its high
efficiency also makes it possible to reach close approach
temperatures which is particularly important in heat recovery and
regeneration applications. Approach temperatures of 0.5C is
possible.
 Less Fouling
Very high turbulence is achieved as a
result of the pattern of the plates, the
many contact points, and the narrow
gap between the plates. This combined
with the smooth plate surface reduces
fouling considerably compared to other
types of Heat Exchangers.
 Lower Costs
High Heat Transfer coefficients mean
less Heat Transfer area and smaller
Heat Exchangers, and sometimes even
less Heat Exchanger.
 Indirect Contact Heat Exchangers
5- Plate and Frame: -
Advantages: -
Easy Maintenance & disassembly.
Plates could added or removed for difference service
conditions.
Low fluid volume to surface area ratio.
Fluid Leakage between streams can not be occur unless
material fails.
Fluid leak due to defective gaskets is external and easily
detected.
Low fouling is encountered due to the high turbulence.
Very compact relative to shell and tube
Low maintenance area needed
Maintenance done without disassembling of connections
Disadvantages
Low upper limitations for temperature

and pressure.

Care in maintenance.

Gasket materials not compatible with

all fluids.
Applications
Its normally used in liquid services.

It can be used for services requiring a

low pressure drop with the
associated reduction in Heat transfer
coefficients.
spiral plate heat
exchanger
spiral plate heat
exchanger
spiral plate heat
exchanger
spiral plate heat
exchanger
Extended Surface Exchangers
SHELL AND TUBE
HELL AND TUBE

he most common heat exchanger type :

Low Noise.
Compact.
Nearly all fluids.
High temperature & pressure range.
MAIN COMPONENTS

1- Channel Cover 8- Shell

2- Channel 9- Baffles
3- Channel Flange 10- Floating Head backing
4- Pass Partition Device
11- Floating Tubesheet
5- Stationary Tubesheet 12- Floating Head
6- Shell Flange 13- Floating Head Flange
7- Tube 14 Shell Cover
BAFFLE PLATES
Bafflesare transverse or longitudinal
plates installed on the shell side of heat
exchangers to force the shell side fluid
to flow across the tubes in a specific
pattern.

Themodified flow improves heat

transfer between the shell side and
tube side fluids.
No baffles
Fluid Placement
This obviously affects the value of F in the LMTD calculation.
But, the major consideration may be the character of the fluid
itself.

A. Shell-Side
1. Viscous fluid to increase (generally) the value of "U"
2. Fluid having the lowest flow rate
3. Condensing or boiling fluid

B. Tube-Side
1. Toxic fluids to minimize leakage
2. Corrosive fluids
3. Fouling fluids; increased velocity minimizes fouling but enhances erosion
4. High temperature fluids requiring alloy materials
5. High pressure fluids to minimize cost
Allocation of Shellside and
Tubeside - Parameters

Temperature
Pressure
Pressure drop
Viscosity
Fouling and
cleaning
Corrosion
Temperature and pressure
Hightemperature stream preferable on
tubeside as fewer components on
tubeside.

Highpressure stream favoured on

tubeside: (a) fewer components on
tubeside , (b) tubes can withstand
much higher internal pressure.
Pressure drop
Presssure drop higher on tubeside
for the same HTC, especially for
viscous liquids. Thus viscous
liquids are better handled on the
shellside.
Gas pr. drop often lower on
tubeside if a single tube pass can
be used, e.g., FTS exchs.
However, if tube diameter has to
be increased, not worthwhile.
Viscosity

Viscous liquids
far better Thegreater
handled on the viscosity,
shellside: the greater
much higher the difference
HTC for same between the
pr. drop. HTCs.
 Fouling and cleaning
There is thus a direct
Dirtier fluid contradictory demand
preferably routed between viscosity and
tubeside: fouling.
shellside more Final selection depends
susceptible to on overall economics:
fouling, also which allocation
more difficult to produces the cheaper
clean. overall cost, initial +
Unfortunately, operating.
Very common problem
the dirtier stream
in crude preheat trains
is invariably
more viscous.
 Corrosion
On the shellside,
shell, shell cover,
If more corrosive
tubes, floating-head
stream is on
cover and shellside
tubeside, channel
tubesheet face have
and channel
to be of costlier
cover, floating-
metallurgy.
head cover and Hence, better to
tubeside
route more corrosive
tubesheet face.
fluid through
tubeside.
 APPLICATIONS FOR SHELL AND TUBE

Latent And / Or Sensible

Sensible Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer

Re boilers Liquid to liquid

Evaporators Liquid to gas
Condensers (No Phase Change)
Baffles
Single Segmental (this is the most

common),

Double Segmental (this is used to

obtain a lower shellside velocity and

pressure drop),

 Single
TYPES segmental
OF BAFFLE PLATES

baffles
have one fluid
passage cut
through the baffle.
Single segmental
baffles are
prevalent in heat
exchangers in
which the shell
side fluid is a
liquid
 Double segmental baffles

have two and

three passages,
respectively.
They are generally
used when the
shell side fluid is a
gas.

gmental baffles can be cut horizontally or vertica

Doughnut And Disk
Baffles
used to improve
heat transfer
between shell side
fluid and tube side
fluid More than
segmental baffles.
Baffle Cut
Baffle arrangement
segmental baffles may be horizontal or vertical cut. The choice of which
arrangement to use is based on the required service. For example, a
vertical arrangement is typically used in horizontal exchangers used as
condensers, reboilers, or vaporizers. Systems transferring large
quantities of suspended solids may also use this design. The vertical
design allows liquid and solids to flow around baffles.

Horizontal baffles are used in vapor-phase or all-liquid-phase operations.

This type of arrangement is not used where entrained gases are trapped
in the liquid unless V-notches are cut in the bottom of the baffle.
Horizontal baffles are used in clean service with notches at the bottom to
allow liquid drainage on removal from service.

Impingement baffles are used to protect tubing from direct fluid impact.
In some systems, high-pressure steam is admitted into the shell side. An
impingement baffle, placed over the tubes, will deflect the steam as it
enters the exchanger, thereby preventing cutting, pitting, and erosion
problems in the tubes.
Vertical cut segmental
baffles.
Horizontal cut
segmental baffles
.
1
Longitudinal Baffles
divide tube bundle
and shell Into two
parts. This done to
achieve multi-pass
shell.
 IMPINGEMENT BAFFLE PLATES

Impingement Baffle are plates positioned under

the inlet nozzle of the shell to improve fluid
Distribution.

mpingement Baffle are used with gases and vapo

ondensers.
Tube Layout
The square layouts are required where
it is necessary to get at the tube
surface for mechanical cleaning.
The triangular arrangement allows
more tubes in a given space
TUBE BUNDLE
Tube layout patterns
There are two
basic mechanical
factors which
affect vapor
disengagement.
Spacing and
arrangement of the
exchanger.
And the area
available between
the liquid and vapor
phases.
TUBE BUNDLE
TUBE SIDE PASSES
TEMA
Heat
Exchan
ger

2
TEMA
Thepopularity of shell and tube
exchangers has resulted in a standard
nomenclature being developed for their
designation and use by the Tubular
Exchanger Manufactures
Association (TEMA).
TEMA
This nomenclature is defined in terms

letters and diagrams.

The first letter describes the front

header type,

The second letter the shell type and

TEMA Heat Exchanger

Front Head Type

A - Type B - Type C - Type

easy to repair cheapest type high pressure

and replace High press applications (>100 bar)
2
TEMA Heat Exchanger
Shell Type

E - Type F - Type

J - Type
K - Type
2
TEMA Heat Exchanger
Rear End Head Types

M - Type S - Type T - Type

Fixed Tubesheet Floating Head Pull-Through
Floating Head
unlimited thermal
expansion is possible

2
Classification:
U-Tube Heat Exchanger

Fixed Tubesheet Heat Exchanger

Floating Head Heat exchanger

2
Fixed tubesheet

1. Simple construction, low cost

2. Differential expansion not possible
3. Outside of tubes cannot be cleaned

Single-Phase STHE's by R. Mukherjee, Sep. 5-

8, 2005
U-tube

Permits thermal
expansion
Cleaning inside
tubes difficult
Low cost
Removable tube
bundle

Single-Phase STHE's by R. Mukherjee, Sep. 5-

8, 2005
 Floating-head

Removable
tube bundle
Permits
thermal
expansion
Tube cleaning
possible inside
and outside
High cost

Single-Phase STHE's by R. Mukherjee, Sep. 5-

8, 2005
 Many combinations of front header,

shell and rear header can be made. The

most common combinations for an E-

Type Shell are given in the following

table but other combinations are also

The most common combinations
for an E-Type Shell

Floating head U-tube Fixed tubesheet

exchangers exchangers exchangers
AES AEU AEL
BES CEU AEM
DEU AEN
BEL
BEM
BEN
Fixed Tubesheet Exchanger (L,
M, and N Type Rear Headers)
In a fixed tubesheet exchanger, the
tubesheet is welded to the shell.
This results in a simple and
economical construction and the tube
bores can be cleaned mechanically or
chemically. However, the outside
surfaces of the tubes are
 If large temperature differences
exist between the shell and tube
materials, it may be necessary to
incorporate an expansion bellows in
the shell, to eliminate excessive
stresses caused by expansion.
Such bellows are often a source of
weakness and failure in operation. In
circumstances where the consequences
of failure are particularly grave U-Tube
U-Tube Exchangers
In a U-Tube exchanger any of the front
header types may be used and the rear
header is normally a M-Type
The U-tubes permit unlimited
thermal expansion, the tube bundle
can be removed for cleaning and small
bundle to shell clearances can be
 However, since internal cleaning of

the tubes by mechanical means is

difficult, it is normal only to use this

type where the tube side fluids are

clean.
Floating Head Exchanger (P, S,
T and W Type Rear Headers)
In this type of exchanger the
tubesheet at the Rear Header end
is not welded to the shell but allowed
to move or float.
The use of a floating head means that
thermal expansion can be allowed
and the tube bundle can be
 There are several rear header types that
can be used but the S-Type Rear Head
is the most popular
Suitable for the rigorous duties
associated with high temperatures
and pressures but is more expensive
than the equivalent fixed tubesheet
Example

AES
2
Example

AKT
2
Shell-side flow
Comparison between a plate and
a shell and tube heat exchangers
The comparison of plate heat exchanger with
the shell and tube heat exchangers in terms
of advantages and disadvantages are as
follows:
The plate heat exchanger is best
for liquid-liquid duty with (flow
rate)(specific heat) product
nearly the same for the two
fluids. Flows with dissimilar
products can be applied with some
Pressure
For high-pressure duty, a shell
and tube heat exchanger is
preferred over a plate type
device. The basic construction
of plate heat exchangers
makes them unable to contain
the high pressures.
Special Material
(Stainless Seel)
If application dictates special
material like stainless steel,
plate type exchangers usually
has a lower cost than any tube
type heat exchanger. This is
due to the large area per unit
volume of heat transfer surface
available in plate type
Mild Steel
If an application does not need a
heat exchanger made of a special
material, a shell and tube device
may be less expensive than a plate
type. This is because a plate type
is normally not constructed from
mild steel. The shell and tube heat
exchanger is definitely preferred
when the device can be
Cost
One of the most expensive
components of the plate heat
exchanger is the gasket, and the
material of construction of this
component will normally set the
temperature limit of heat
exchanger operation. Typically this
limit will not be about 250C.
 REBOILER AND EVAPORATORS
Kettle Type : -
3/11/17
 REBOILER AND EVAPORATORS
Once Through Type : -
 REBOILER AND EVAPORATORS
Pump Through Type : -
 REBOILER AND EVAPORATORS

hermosyphon Reboiler
Air Cooler
 Indirect Contact Heat Exchangers
3- Air Cooled : -
Inlet Bell
Many ACHEs have sharp edged
entrances at the fan inlet.
The addition of an inlet bell (usually
made out of fiberglass or galvanized
sheet steel) can typically increase total
airflow by 2 to 3% and can reduce
noise by as much as 1 dB.
Induce Draft
Advantages of Induce Draft
Design
1. The hoods offer protection from weather.
2. More efficient air distribution over the
bundle.

Disadvantages of Induced Draft

Design
1. More difficult to remove bundles for
maintenance.
2. High temperature service limited due to
effect of hot air on the fans.
3. More difficult to work on fan assembly,
i.e. adjust blades due to heat from bundle,
and their location.
Forced Draft
Advantages of Forced Draft
Design
1. Easy to remove and replace
bundles.
2. Easier to mount motors or other
drivers with short shafts.
3. Lubrication, maintenance, etc.
more accessible.

Disadvantages of the force

draft design
The list of "advantages of the
induced draft design."
Temperature Control
Control by Fan
With the changes of ambient temperature or the flow rate of
fluid, the air flow rate can be controlled by means of
automatically adjustable pitch fans. Manually adjustable pitch
fans may be partially switched off according to the operating
conditions.It is recommended to use 50% auto fans and 50%
manual fans to control the operating conditions and to save
running cost.
Control by Louver

Automatic or manual louvers are

equipped over the tube bundles to
control the air flow rate in accordance
with the ambient temperature.
Control by steam coil

In case it is difficult to prevent excessive

subcooling fans or louvers during cold season
particularly at start-up, the air can be heated
by steam coils located underneath the tube
bundles. In many case steam coils are
supplied with louvers.
Control by hot air recirculation
system
In
case it is difficult to prevent
subcooling, solidification or freezing of
the process fluid during operation, a
hot air recirculation system can be
used. This will also save steam costs.
 Cooling Towers

Eng. Ahmed Deyab Fares adeyab@adeyab.com

Cooling Towers
Large shell with packing at the bottom over
which water is sprayed
Cooling by air flow and evaporation
Air flow driven by forced or natural
convection
Need to continuously make up the cooling
water lost by evaporation
 Direct Contact Heat Exchangers
1- Cooling Tower: -
 Direct Contact Heat Exchangers
1- Cooling Tower: -
Advantages: -
Effective in dry hot climate.
Used in open areas.
Easy Maintenance.
Disadvantages: -
Noisy System.
High cost of make up water.
Applications: -
Refrigeration and air conditioning.
Utility water cooling.
 Cooling Tower

A specialized heat exchanger in which two fluids

are brought together in direct contact with each
other to affect the transfer of heat. The fluids
are air and water. It is accomplished by spraying
water in one direction (much like rain) and
inducing the flow of air thru the water spray.
 :Cooling Tower Types

Cooling towers fall into two main categories

1- Natural draft
Natural draft towers use very large concrete chimneys to
introduce air through the media. Due to the large size of
these towers, they are generally used for water flow rates
above 45,000 m3/hr. These types of towers are used only
by utility power stations.
 :Cooling Tower Types

2- Mechanical draft:

Mechanical draft towers utilize large fans to force or suck air

through circulated water. The water falls downward over fill
surfaces, which help increase the contact time between the
water and the air - this helps maximize heat transfer
between the two. Cooling rates of Mechanical draft towers
depend upon their fan diameter and speed of operation.
:Mechanical draft towers Types

.Counter flows ( induced draft - forced draft) . 1

.Cross flow induced draft. 2
In the counter flow induced draft design, hot water enters at
the top, while the air is introduced at the bottom and exits at
the top. Both forced and induced draft fans are used.

In the cross flow induced draft towers, the water enters at

the top and passes over the fill. The air, however, is
introduced at the side either on one side (single-flow tower)
or opposite sides (double-flow tower). An induced draft fan
draws the air across the wetted fill and expels it through the
top of the structure.
Counter flows (induced draft - forced draft)
Cross flow induced draft (Double-Single) flow
cooling tower
 TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY

APPROACH [C] the difference between the cold water temperature in the tower
outlet and the wet bulb temperature of the ambient air.
COOLING RANGE [C] It is the difference between the inlet hot water temperature
and the outlet cold water temperature.
HEAT LOAD [kcal/h] the amount of heat dissipated in the cooling tower in.
Equivalent to the water flow per hour multiplied by the cooling range.
FLOW RATE [m3/h] the quantity of circulating water.
SPECIFIC FLOW RATE [m3/h*m2] quantity of cooling water per unit time and per
tower unit cross section
EVAPORATION [%] the evaporating water, usually shown as a percentage of
circulating water.
MAKE-UP RATE [m3/h] the quantity of water that is required to replace evaporation,
drift and blow-down losses.
:TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY (Cont.)

BLOWDOWN [m3/h] the continuous or intermittent purging of a portion of the circulating

water to minimise the build up of harmful salt concentration to evaporation losses.

DRIFT LOSS [%] the water that is carried over from the cooling tower in the form of fine
droplets entrained in the leaving air, usually shown as a percentage of circulating water.

FILL material placed inside the Cooling Tower and designed in such a way to create
maximum contact surfaces between air and water.

DRIFT ELIMINATORS device placed before the exit of saturated air to atmosphere,
whose function is to retain the largest possible quantity of droplets entrained by the air.

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM hot water basins on top of cooling tower equipped with spray
nozzles which provide uniform distribution of water over the whole filling section.
 Cooling Tower Components

Induced draft fan

Hot water distributor

Drift Eliminator
Cooling Water System

Raw Water
Cooling Tower
Filtration

Side Stream Filter

Utility
Main
Cooling
Cooling
Pumps &
Effluent Pumps &
Circuit
Treatment Circuit
&
Disposal Blow Down

Power
Generators Methanol
BFW & Boilers Process
Outfall