IRON POWDEFT COFTES arrd MATERIALS

There are two baslc naterial groups of Iron Powders cores. The Carbonyl Irons
and the Hydrogen Reduced lrons.
The Carbonyl Irons are especially noted for their excellent stabllity over a wlde
range of flux levels and temperatures. Their perrneability range is from one to
35 mu they can offer excellent rQr factors up to more then 200 MHz. They are
widely used for broadband lnductors, especially in higher power applications.
The Hydrogen Reduced Irons have higher permeabilities up to 90 mu. This group
will have somewhat lower rQr and they are rnainly used for EI{I filters, low
frequency chokes, and lnput and output filters for switched mode power supplies,
Toroidal cores are self shielding and it is not necessary to isolate or shield a
them to Drevent cross talk or feedback, Each Iron Powder core an Ar value listed
in uh/10b turns and can be found elsewhere in this paper. Turns for a desired
lnductance may be calculated by using the given Ar. value and the formula below.

TurnsFormulo Key to porl number

-'urns ""Yd"r''*dL (rh)

-- ,ruu t - r - o

Inrrzmml 16rcl d ou-iE-,-

di* t"r fri tiiiJ

MATERIAL#0 (u=1) Most conmonly used for frequencies above 200 MI{2. Available i.n
toroidal form only, Inductance vs. turns nay vary according to winding technique.
MATERIAL/11 (u=20) A Carbonyl 'Cr rnaterial very similar to material /13 except
that it has higher volune resistivity and better stability. Available in both
toroidal form and shielded coil form.
MATERIAL /i2 (u=10) A carbonyl rEr iron powder naterial having high volume
resistivity and offers high rQ' for the I to 30 MIIz. frequency range. Available
in both toroidal and shielded coil forrns.
MATERIAL//3 (u=35) A carbonyl rHPr rnaterial having excellent stability and good
rQr for the lower ftequencles frorn 50 KHz. to 500 KHz. Available in toroidal and
shielded coil forms.
MATERIAL/16 (u=8) A carbonyl rSFr naterial very similar to /12 material but has
an improved rQr for frequencies 20 MIlz to 50 MHz. Available ln toroidal core form
and shielded coil form.
MATERIAT/110 (u=6) A powdered iron rWr material. Offers good rQr and high
stability for frequencies 40 Mhz to 100 MHz. Available in both toroidal form and
shielded coil form.
MATERIAT//12 (u=3) A Synthetic Oxide material which will provide good rQrand
moderate stability for frequencies 50 Mhz to 100 MHz. Available in toroidal fortn
only.
MATERIAL#15 (u=25) A carbonyl rGS6r material. I{as excellent stability and good
tQ'. A good choice for corrnercial broadcast frequencies where good rQr and
stability are essential. Available in toroidal form on1y.
MATERIAL/117 (u=3) This is a carbonyl material very slnilar to that of the of
the /112 naterial.
'Qt. It has greater temperature stabllity but the cost of sonewhat
looer Available in all shlelded coil forros. In the toroidal forn, only
sizes T-12 through 1-50 are available.
MATERIAL/126 (u=75) A Hydrogen Reduced material, Has highest perneability of
all of the iron powder materials. Used for FII filters and DC chokes, The 1126
material is very sinilar to the older ll4l material but provides an extended
frequency range. Available in all toroidal core sizes.
 IF'ON POWDER TOROIDAL COFTES

Ptr5zsl-ea-1 Dl-mensions

Core outer Iruler Height Mean Cross Core outer Imer Height Mm Cross
Size diu. dia. Igth. set, size dim dim Igt!. sect.
\/ (in) (in) (in) (cn) f.r2l (1n) (in) (in) (cn) ("r2)

T- L2 .LZ5 .062 .050 0.75 .010 T-130 1.30 .78 .437 8.29 0.73
I- 16 .160 .078 .060 0,95 .016 T-157 1.57 .95 .570 10.05 1.14
T- 20 .200 .088 .070 1.15 .025 T-184 1.84 .95 .710
t- 25 .250 ,120 .096 1.50 .042 r-200 2.00 1.25 .550 t2,97 1.33
T- 30 .307 .151 .128 1.83 .065 T-2004 2,00 1.000 12,97 2.42
T- 37 .375 ,205 .128 2.32 .0i0 T-225 2.25 1.40 .550 14,56 1,50
T- 44 .440 ,229 ,r59 2.67 ,107 r.-2254 2.25 1.40 1,000 14.56 2.73
T- s0 .500 .300 .190 3.20 ,121 T-300 3.00 L,9Z .500 19.83 1,81
T- 68 .690 .370 .190 4.24 .196 T-300A 3.00 1,92 1.000 19.83 3.58
r- 80 .795 .495 .250 5.15 ,242 1-400 4.00 ? t( ,650 24.93 3.66
T- 94 ,942 .560 .3L2 6.00 .385 T-400A 4,00 2.25 1.000 24.93 7,43
T-106 1.060 .570 .437 6.50 .690 T-500 5,20 3.08 .800 33.16 5.46

Ar.- walues ( rrtr / l-oo turns )

For conplete part nunber, add }lix mber to Core S126 nwber,

cor6 26 Mlx 3 illx 15 Mix 1 Mlx 2 ilix 6 illx 10 Mix 12/1i Mlx 0 ilix
Size Yel-Iih cray Rd-I,lh Blue Red Ye1low Black Grn-Wh Tan
\ / u = 7 5 u = 3 5 u = 2 5 u = 2 0 u = 1 0 u = 8 u = 6 u . 3 , 5 u = 1
I'lhz> to1.0 ,05-,5 ,r-2. .5-5. 1-30 3-50 5-100 20-200 50-300

T- 12- na 60 50 48 20 17 t2 7.0 3.0

T- 16- m 6 1 55 44 22 19 13 80 3.0
r- 20- na 90 65 52 27 22 16 10.0 3.5
T- 25- na 100 100 70 34 27 19 12,0 4.5
T- 30- 325 140 93 85 43 36 25 16,0 6,0
I- J'- 215 120 90 80 40 30 25 15.0 4,9
T- 44- 360 180 160 105 52 42 33 19,0 6.5
T- 50- 320 175 135 100 49 40 31 18.0 6.4
r- 68- 420 195 180 115 51 47 32 21.0 7.5
1- 80- 450 180 170 ll5 55 45 32 22.0 8.5
T- 94- 590 248 200 160 84 70 58 32.0 10.6
r-106- 900 450 345 325 135 116 na m 19.0
I-130- 785 350 250 2O0 110 96 m na 15.0
T-157- 970 420 360 320 140 115 m B r o
T-184- 1640 120 na 500 24O m m m n a
T-200- 895 425 na 250 120 100 m m na
T-2004- 1550 m na na 218 180 na na m
T.-225- 9s0 424 m n a 1 2 0 1 0 0 m m m
T-225A- 1600 m m m Z L s na na na na
T-300- 825 na na na 115 m m m m
t-300A- 1600 m na m 228 m m n a m
T-400- 1320 m m m 1 8 5 n a m m m
T-4004- 2600 na M m 3 6 0 l E m m m
T-500- 1460 m na na 207 m m m n a

m - not available. Noter #12 mterial will eventually be superseded by the #U mterial.
 Irorr Porvder lforoidaf- Cores

CHARTS
COEFFICIENT
TEMPERATURE

COEFFICIENTCURVS,
TTMPERATURE TEMPERATURE CURW!
COEFFICICNT
//
c
I
s
T

zeom./lc -
, r t*tor'tot , 2 M.ht.l ts pF /
oc -
370pFl:c - -
, 3 Motoriar , 6 t#brrol 35 Fm / "c -----
p$l-c --'- -
, 15trt.rlol190

TEMPENATURI
COEFFICIENT
COCFFICIENT
TEMPETATURE CURVS

l-r
s \

a.-

26 ilt.ilol 022 pF /:c - - -

a] mr.ilol 845 M/"c -

IRON- POWDER MATERIAL vs. FREQUENCY RANGE

Higt'prQ will be obloing{.intheuPPer Psrtionof o.mcteriolsfl?.C.u-11"J-l9ls-e-.y!en
ronge,
trequency
smoilercoresoreuseo. r-rkewise, in thi loyerportionof o moteriols
hioherQ conbe ochieved when using the lorgercores'

Moteriol
# g (croy)
# 151na
a wh) -
# t (slue)
# z (nea)
# o (yettow)
# to (slock).
# t7 (Blu"
& iel.)
- ' ( ' " ' ) - ,Tl -l ll l l l
Freq.(MHz) .05 .l .5 l. 3. 5. l0 30 50 100 2N 300
 CoPPer Wj-re Tabae

Wire size Diarneter Circqlar Turns per Turns Contineous Contineous

in inches mil area linear inch per duty curtent duty, (arnps)
AI,IG
(enamel) sq'cm (amps) single conduit or in
wlfe,open alr r,rire bundles

8 . 1285 16510 7.6 IJ 46

10 .1019 10380 1 0 7. i3,8 55 JI

t2 .0808 6530 1 2 0. 2t,7 4T 23

I4 .0640 4107 15.0 3 4 I. t7
ID .0508 2583 1 8 9. 22 13
18 .0403 t624 7 9 I. 16 10
tn
)7
n?10
n ?( ?
t022
642
29.4
37.0
124.0
186.0 11 t.7

24 .0201 404 4 6 .3 294.0

.0159 254 58.0 4 6 5. 0
.0126 160 72,7 7 2 80.
30 .0100 101 0 n q 1 0 8.50
17 .0079 OJ 113.0 1 6 2.80
34 .0063 40 1 4 1. 0 2480. 0
.0050 175.0 3876,0
38 .0039 16 224,0 )/JO. U

40 1
.003 10 3 8 20. 1 0 0 7. 7
0

Irorr Powder Core Saze rzs.Ttrrrrs & Wire Sl.ze

numberof turns for a full slngle layer vlnding
Approxirnate
I{ire Sz. 10 12 14 16 i8 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Core\/No.
T-12 0 0 0 1 1 I 2 4 5 8 11 15 21 29 37 47
T-16 0 0 I I I 3 3 s 8 1l 16 2L 29 38 49 63
T-20 0 1 1 1 3 4 5 6 9 14 18 25 33 43 56 72

T-25 I 1 1 3 4 5 7 1l 15 2t 28 37 48 62 79 101
T-30 1 1 3 4 5 7 11 15 2l 28 37 48 62 78 101r29
"t-37 I 3 5 7 g t2 17 23 31 41 53 67 87 110 140 r77

r-44 3 5 6 7 10 15 20 27 35 46 60 76 97 rZ4 r57 199

T-50 5 6 8 11 16 21 28 37 49 63 81 103 131 166 210 26s
T-68 1 s 12 15 21 28 36 47 61 79 101 r27 162 205 257 325
T-80 8 12 17 23 30 39 51 66 84 108 137 172 219 216 347 t+38
T-94 10 14 20 27 15 45 58 75 96 123 156 195 248 3i3 393 496
T-106 r0 14 z0 27 3s 45 58 75 96 123 156 195 248 313 393 496
T . 1 3 0 1 7 2 3 3 0 4 0 5 1 6 6 8 3 1 0 7 i 3 7 | 7 3 2 2 0 2 7 5 3 4 8 4 3 9 5 5 0 6 9 3
T-1572229385064821041321682|3270336426536672846
T - 1 8 4 2 2 2 9 3 8 5 0 6 4 8 2 1 0 4 1 3 2 1 6 8 2 1 3 2 7 0 3 3 6 4 2 6 5 3 6 6 7 2 8 4 6
T - 2 0 0 3 1 4 1 5 3 6 8 8 6 1 0 9 1 3 9 1 7 6 2 2 3 2 8 2 3 5 7 4 4 5 5 6 2 7 0 7 8 8 6 1 1 1 5
r-225 36 46 60 77 98 123 i56 198 250 317 400 499 631 793 993 1250
T-3005266851081371722:I1274347438553688870109313681721
T-400 61 79 100 127 161202 255 322 407 513 648 806 1018127815432013
T-520 86 110 149 160223 2t9 349 443 559 706 889 1105i396 17532t92 2758
 IRON POWDER ITOROIDAI. CORES

rQ' CIJR\/ES

Typicalcunet tolu[in0 ttom variourf,imlingsu jhe :l:cog

220
TestCore:
T.50-6
210

200

190 Wire
20 19 1.63
180 22 25 2.64
24 34 4.72
IE 42 1.20
170 28 62 14.40
30 82 25.20
160 3'l 92 31,40
J ' r ' r - ! l _ . .
13 l5 17 19

mo Mlx-3 Mlx - t0
Bhck- 'W
,oor-,.e.!,@-r,16 ,.^. liil;Jil,l-r, r., ptrmCitiry - 6
_--------- "r
"6;s-'sTT.\"
!@-! ,20 ,,-
-"o. uI
-#fe--ii,

'-fii-1" t'l:^*
<6 l3---i!. r

l$

Mtx-2
R l d- ' E
Psrmbilitv- l0 l?0

tao

ts
l&

l@ t@
 AC LINE FILTER.S arrd DC CIIOKES (* 26 liaterial)

High rQt inductors are no longer required for energy storage applications, in
fact low rQr actually helps damp high frequency oscillatlons. The 1126I:.on
Powder materiaL is ideally suited for these applications since it conbines low
tQr, good frequency response, and high energy capabilities.

Energy storage , expressed in microjuoles, is calculated by multiplying one-half

the inductance ln uh tirnes the current in anperes squared. The anount of energy
that can be stored in a given inductor is limited either by saturation of the
core matetial or temperature rise of the wound unlt, resulting in copper loss
and/or core loss.
In typical DC chokes, the AC tipple flux is nornally small in conparison to the
DC component. Since the DC flux does not generate core loss, our prirnary concern
becoroes saturatlon and copper loss. The DC saturation charecteristics of the /126
material are shown in Ftg. A.

In 60 Hz. line filter applications, the high frequency to be filtered falls into
two categories: (1) Cornnron-modenoise and (2) Differential-node noise. The
conmon-modenoise is in relation to earth ground and is corrnon to both lines'
Dlfferential mode noise is the noise between the two lines.

Iron Powder cores are not recorotended for Conmon-mode noise filters. Ihey are
usually constructed on a high permeability I'ERRITE core wlth a bifilar winding.
This allows the 60 Hz. flux generated by each line to cancel withln the core.
The Iron Powder /126 rnaterial is ideal for Differential-mode filters' since the
core must be able to support a significant arnount of 60H2. flux without
saturating. The AC saturation characterlstlcs of the /126 rnaterial (Fig. B) and
core loss infornation (3ig. C) can be seen below. Notice how the perroeability
lnltial-ly increases wlth AC excitation. This effect allows greater energy
storage in 60 Hz. applications.
r26.Mor.rror
^^,],] LlLl_ i I I I ric,*,i,
AC FLUXtrNSIT

26 MAftXAT

e " ACfluxd.dlty (tus)

E . MS voltog. (vold
A. Eff.ctlv.c'd-rcl. or.o ('h-t

r. kqwrcy ( Hdr)

to I IItJl_lfll","
^
r r o u o - t " lt l l l l I
Perccntpermcobility vs, mognetizing force l
s

H -rc morn.il.,nE t@. (Oftr.d,

1.p6664 (Amp*rd

2
Is
m
 Irorr Por^rder lforoida.]- Cores
DC Chokes

- TURNS(NI)
AMPERE

DC ENERGYSTORAGE
(I2U2)

Zzoo
z
''
l@

:
< 5 0

5000 t0,0@ 20,@ s,@

oc ENERGYSToRAGE
- lllt2 (M;croiotq)

DC Ctroke A1>paieatiorrs (stngle layar windturg)

DCtups 1 Anp 2 Anps 4 Amps 6 Arys 10 Anps 15 Anps 20 Anp6 30 Anps

Wire sizo > 28 AtS 24 Atic 21 A$G 19 Aric 16 AI{G 14 AI,IG 12 AI,IG 10 AI,IG
Part\ /No
35 dr 13.5 uh 4.0 uh 1.8 uh .8 uh .38 rrh .16 nh .01.2uh
T-37'26* 41 turc 27 tums 15 tums l0 ttffi 7 turns 5 turns 3 turn6 1 turn

92 uh 29,0 rft 11.3 uh 5.5 utr 2.1 uh 1.1 uh .59 uh .36 dr

T-50-26* 63 tlre 37 tum 25 turns 18 turns 11 turns 8 tms 6 turns 5 tms
380 uh 130 uh 51.3 uh 27,8 utr ll.2 uh 5.7 uh 3 uh 1.3 uh
T-80-26 108 turns 66 turn6 45 tlffi 35 t|lru 23 turns 17 turns 12 turns 8 tms

650 uh 220 fi 8?.5 uh 47,Z t*l 20.0 uh 10.2 tfi 5.3 uh 2,6 uh
T-9t+-26 123 turn 75 turns 52 tum 40 turu 27 tms 20 turu 14 turns 10 tms
1660 uh 575 uh 23l lltl 127 uh 55,0 uh 28.0 uh 16,5 dr 10.4 uh
T-1.30-26 173 tms 107 tms 75 tlm 58 tm6 40 tums 30 t|m 23 turns 1.7 tms
3200 uh 1100 uh 438 uh 244 uh 106 uh 55.6 dr 32 uh 16.4 uh
t-L57-26 213 tms 122 turns 93 t|,ff 73 tums 50 tlJm 38 tums 29 turns 22 tllru
5600 rft 1950 rtr 788 uh 439 uh 190 uh 99.6 uh 57.5 uh 29.3 uh
T-184-26* 213 tl'm I22 tums 93 t|ffi 73 turns 50 tm6 38 tlIru 29 tms 22 tuns
8600 uh 2300 uh 938 uh 528 rtr 230 ttll 127 uh 72.5 uh 40 uh
T-225-26 3U tuffi 198 tms 139 t|,ff 110 tums 77 turns 60 tm 46 tms 35 turns
22.4 tu 7850 uh 3120 uh 1750 uh 750 uh 418 uh 250 uh 129 uh
T-300A-26tr 435 tms 272 tms 190 turns 151 tffi 105 tums 82 turns 63 turns 44 tums
51.0 mh 17.5 dr 7120 ft AO0Ouh 1760 uh 951 uh 550 uh 293 uh
I-400A-26* 507 tms 317 tlm 223 tms U6 tl,ff 122 tms 95 t|ffi 73 tms 57 turns
Note: * size not shom on above cwe chart, :l* l{ire slze based on }bx. tenD. rise 4oE0 C.
 Irorr Por^rder Toroidaa Cores
AC Line Filters

IO
l||tllltilll,u_ 50,m lm,m 2@,m
Ac INIRGY tIoMG[ - rru? (ui.oi-t,

6 0 H z . AC Ll-rre FJ-ater A1>tr>aaeatiorrs (single layerwtndtng)

ACAnps > lAnp 2 Anps 4 Anps 6 AEps 10 Arps 15 tups 20 Anps 30 Anps
Wlfe size > 28 AIIG 24 AWG 21 Ar,rG 19 AllG 15 AI{G 13 ATJG L1 AltG 9 AlrG

Part\/No
130 uh 50,0 uh L5 llll 6.7 ult 2.4 uh 1.1 uh '60 uh .07 uh
L''t -Lo'
41 tms 27 tms 1.5 tms 10 turns 6 turns 4 turns 3 tums I tm

460 uh 150 uh 58.8 uh 26.1 uh 9.4 ft 4.2 dr 2'4 uh 1.0 dI

r-ru -zo'
63 tums 37 tms 25 turns 17 tums 10 tms 7 tums 5 tms 3 tums

-zo 1600 uh 550 uh 213 uh 94.4 uh 34.0 uh 15.1 uh 8'5 uh 3'8 uh

r-ou r08 tms 66 tms 45 tums 30 turns 18 tms 12 tums 9 tms 6 tms

-zo 2899 uh 950 uh 375 uh 156 uh 56.0 dr 24.9 uh 14 uh 6.2 utl

r-t4 123 tws 75 tms 52 turns 33 tms 20 tums 13 tums 10 turns 7 tums

7200 uhh 2500 rrh 1000 uh 444 uh 160 uh 71.1 uh 40 uh 17.8 uh

r-rru -zo
l73 tms 107 tums 75 tms 50 tms 30 tms 20 tms 15 tms 10 tms

13.6 nh 4650 uh 1810 uh 806 ft 290 uh 129 ubh 72.5 uh 32.2 utr
r-rf,/ -zo
213 tms 139 tms 93 turns 62 tms 37 turns 25 tums 18 tuns 12 tums

22 nh 7750 uh 3130 uh 1390 uh 500 uh 222 tlt| 125 uh 56.6 uh

r-ro+ -zo^ 213 tms 132 tums 93 tms 62 tms 37 tlJffi 25 tums 18 tums 12 tms

26 nh 9000 uh 3500 uh 1940 uh 700 uh 311 dt 175 uh 77'8 dt

t-LLyLo 317 tms 198 turns 139 tms uO tms 66 tms 44 ttms 33 tuf,s 22 tums

84 nh 29 nh 11.2 nh 6390 uh 2360 uh 1240 uh 750 uh 356 dI

r-ruuA -zo- 435 tms 272 tms 190 tms l-51 tms 93 tums 72 turns 56 turns 40 tms

180 nh 6t nh 25.6 nh 14.2 mh 5300 uh 2800 utt 1650 uh 800 uh

r-4uuA -zo- 507 tffi 3u tms 223 tms u6 tllff 108 tms 83 tms 65 tms 46 tms

Note: rt Size not shom on above cwe chtrt. ,$r t.lire sizg based on lGx. lemp. rise 400 C.
 POWER. CONSIDERATIONS (rP md Ferrite)

How large a core is needed to handle a certain atnount of power ? This is a

question often asked, but unfortunately there is no sirnple answer.
There are several factors involved such as: cross sect. area' turns count,
material, and of course the variables of applied voltage and operating frequency.
0verheating of the coil will usually take place long before saturation in most
applications above 100 KHz. Now the question becones I How large a core must I
have to prevent overheating at a given frequency and power levelr? 0perating
frequency is one of the most important factors concerning power capability above
I MHz. A core working well at 2 MIIz may burn up at 30 MIz. with the sane drive.
0verheating can be caused by both wire and core material losses. Wire heating is
affected by both DC and AC currents, while core heating is affected only by the
AC content of the signal. With a normal sinewave signal above 100 KHz, both the
Iron Powder and Ferrite type cores will first be affected by overheating caused
by core losses, rather tharr by satutation.
The following extrapolated AC flux density limits can be used as guide-lines for
B0TH the lron Powder and Ferrite cores to avoid excessive heating. Figures may
vary slightly according to material used,
Frequency; 100 KHz I MHz 7 llKz 14 lfrlz, 2I lfiz 28 MHz.
AC llux Density: 500 gauss 150 gauss 57 gauss 42 gauss 36 gauss 30 gauss

Iron Powder cores (low perrneability) are superior to the Ferrite material cores
for high power inductors for this reasoni Fewet turns will be required by the
Ferrlte type core for a given inductance. When the sane voltage droP is applied
across a decreased nunber of turns, the flux density will increase accordingly.
To prevent the flux density from increasing when fewer turns are used, the flux
drive will have to be decreased.
Either core material can be used for transformer applications, but both will
require rtrade-offsr. Ferrite cores will require fewer turns and will couple
better, whereas the Iron Powder cores will require more turns and not couple as
well but will tolerate more power and are more stable.
The equation for \.* and a sample calculation are shown below: The sanple
calculation is based on a frequency of. 7 MHz, a peak voltage of 25 volts' a
primary winding of 15 turns, and a cross-sect, area of 0'133 cnz (as per data
sheet). From above guide-lines, Bru* at 7 MHz should be not more than 57 gauss,
Eop = aPPlied Peak RMSvolts
R = E p p' lo2 = 25i loo A:' = cross-sect. area (cmz)
"mox - +u gouss
N- = number of wire turns
4 . 4 4 A cN | 4,44x0.133x15x7
f = frequency (l"tltz)

This hypothetical toroid core will have a flux density of 40 gauss. This is well
wlthin the above guidelines to prevent overheating,
Core saturation is affected by both AC and DC signals, Saturation will decrease
the permeability of the core causing it to have impaired performance or to become
inoperative. The safe operating total flux density for nost Ferrites is
typically 2000 gauss, while the Iron Powdets can tolerate up to 5000 gauss.
Both roire heating and magnetic action within the core will contrlbute to the
tenperature rlse of the coil. This can be calculated with the equation belowi

[lt:YIg'P"t9lI t'iylI
..-l.sss
rise oC =
Temperorure | I
oreo ( cmr )
Surfoce
L J
If the operating temperature (ambient temperature + temperature rise) exceeds
100oC when used internittently, or nore that 75uC if used contlnuously, a larger
size core or/and a heavier gauge wire should be selected.
 Irorr Powrder Material-s
SATUMTION
ond FLUXDENSIry

Factors affecting power capability vill vary with operating conditions. Core losses are lowet at low
frequencies md 1ow power 1eve1s, but increase rapidly as either is increased.

Core losses cil crte overheating, which in turn will affect tfie saturation point. Milim flu
density cil be calculated vith the Faraday law md Anperes Law, both of which are shom below:

PercentInitiol Permeobili vs. AC Flux Densi

entlnltiol liv vs. DC Force

1m

s e 0
g
5 8 0
c
d 7 0

t
'E oo

g i l
g
{l)

30

m
10

10