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Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

The trigonometric form of a complex number z = a + bi is


z = r(cos + isin ),
where r = |a + bi| is the modulus of z, and tan = b a . is called the argument of
z. Normally, we will require 0 < 2.
Example Write the following complex numbers in trigonometric form:
(a) 4 + 4i
To write the number in trigonometric form, we need r and .
r = 16 + 16 = 32 = 4 2
tan = 4 4 = 1
= 3 4 ,
since we need an angle in quadrant II (we can see this by graphing the complex
number).
Then,
4 + 4i = 4 2 cos 3 4 + isin 3 4
Note: You want to the leave the angle in your answer instead of simplifying.
There are several reason for this. First, we worked hard to get the angle. Second,
it will be easier to do certain mathematical operations if we have the angle, as
well see later in this section.

De Moivre's Theorem
The process of mathematical induction can be used to prove a very
important theorem in mathematics known as De Moivre's theorem. If the
complex number z = r(cos + i sin ), then

The preceding pattern can be extended, using mathematical induction, to De


Moivre's theorem.

If z = r(cos + i sin ), and n is a natural number, then


Example : Write in the form s + bi.

First determine the radius:

Since cos = and sin = , must be in the first quadrant and =


30. Therefore,

Nth Root Theorem


The th root (or " th radical") of a quantity is a value such that , and
therefore is the inverse function to the taking of a power. The th root is
denoted or, using power notation, . The special case of the square
root ( ) is denoted . The case is known as the cube root.

The quantities for which a general function equals 0 are also called roots, or
sometimes zeros.

The quantities such that are called the th roots of unity.


Rolle proved that any complex number has exactly th roots (Boyer 1968,
p. 476), though some are possibly degenerate. However, since complex
numbers have two square roots and three cube roots, care is needed in
determining which root is under consideration. For complex numbers , the
root of interest (generally taken as the root having smallest positive complex
argument) is known as the principal root. However, for real numbers, the root
of interest is usually the root that is real (when it exists).

The principal th root of a complex number can be found in the Wolfram


Language as z^(1/n) or equivalently Power[z, 1/n]. When only real roots are
of interest, the command Surd[x, n] which returns the real-valued th root for
real odd and the principal th root for nonnegative real and even can
be used.

The th root of a complex number can be found analytically by


solving the equation

(1
)

Writing the th power of a complex number in terms of its norm and phase
gives

(2
)
(3
)

so the roots have complex modulus

(4)

and complex argument


Project
In
Trigonometr
y
Submitted by:
Michelle Z. Cabradilla

Submitted to:
Mr. Luis Ronquillo III
Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number
The trigonometric form of a complex number z = a + bi is
z = r(cos + isin ),
where r = |a + bi| is the modulus of z, and tan = b a . is called the
argument of z. Normally, we will require 0 < 2.
Example Write the following complex numbers in trigonometric form:
(a) 4 + 4i
To write the number in trigonometric form, we need r and .
r = 16 + 16 = 32 = 4 2
tan = 4 4 = 1
= 3 4 ,
since we need an angle in quadrant II (we can see this by graphing the
complex number).
Then,
4 + 4i = 4 2 cos 3 4 + isin 3 4
Note: You want to the leave the angle in your answer instead of
simplifying. There are several reason for this. First, we worked hard to get
the angle. Second, it will be easier to do certain mathematical operations
if we have the angle, as well see later in this section.
De Moivres Theorem
A formula useful for finding powers and roots of complex numbers.
nth Roots

We have explored all of the basic operations of arithmetic as they apply to


complex numbers in standard form and in polar form.

The last discovery is that of taking roots of complex numbers in polar form.

Using De Moivres Theorem we can develop another general rule one for
finding the nth root of a complex number written in polar form.

As before, let z=r(cos+isin) and let the nth root


of z be v=s(cos+isin). So, in general, zn=v and vn=z.

znr(cos+isin)
n[r(cos+isin)]1nr1n(cos1n+isin1n)r1n(cosn+isinn)=v=s(cos+
isin)=s(cos+isin)=s(cos+isin)=s(cos+isin)

From this derivation, we can conclude that r1n=s or sn=r and =n.

Therefore, for any integer k(0,1,2,n1), v is an nth root


of z if s=rn and =+2kn. Therefore, the general rule for finding
the nth roots of a complex number
if z=r(cos+isin) is: rn(cos+2kn+isin+2kn).

Project
In
Trigonometr
y
Submitted by:
Jingle Gonzales

Submitted to:
Mr. Luis Ronquillo III
Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

The trigonometric form of a complex number z = a + bi is


z = r(cos + isin ),
where r = |a + bi| is the modulus of z, and tan = b a . is called the
argument of z. Normally, we will require 0 < 2.
Example Write the following complex numbers in trigonometric form:
(a) 4 + 4i
To write the number in trigonometric form, we need r and .
r = 16 + 16 = 32 = 4 2
tan = 4 4 = 1
= 3 4 ,
since we need an angle in quadrant II (we can see this by graphing the
complex number).
Then,
4 + 4i = 4 2 cos 3 4 + isin 3 4
Note: You want to the leave the angle in your answer instead of
simplifying. There are several reason for this. First, we worked hard to get
the angle. Second, it will be easier to do certain mathematical operations
if we have the angle, as well see later in this section.
De Moivres Theorem
A formula useful for finding powers and roots of complex numbers.
nth Roots

We have explored all of the basic operations of arithmetic as they apply to


complex numbers in standard form and in polar form.

The last discovery is that of taking roots of complex numbers in polar form.

Using De Moivres Theorem we can develop another general rule one for
finding the nth root of a complex number written in polar form.

As before, let z=r(cos+isin) and let the nth root


of z be v=s(cos+isin). So, in general, zn=v and vn=z.

znr(cos+isin)
n[r(cos+isin)]1nr1n(cos1n+isin1n)r1n(cosn+isinn)=v=s(cos+
isin)=s(cos+isin)=s(cos+isin)=s(cos+isin)

From this derivation, we can conclude that r1n=s or sn=r and =n.

Therefore, for any integer k(0,1,2,n1), v is an nth root


of z if s=rn and =+2kn. Therefore, the general rule for finding
the nth roots of a complex number
if z=r(cos+isin) is: rn(cos+2kn+isin+2kn).

Project
In
Trigonometry
Submitted by:
Alexis Denise Nebres

Submitted to:
Mr. Luis Ronquillo III

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