Written

Report
(Psychological Assessment)

GROUP 4:

Ay-ad, Mika

Del Rosario, Clarice

Inoc, Heleena

Leoncio, Keith Nichole

Mondares, Jane Marielle

Paralejas, Marites

Pilapil, Zhaira Grace

108. When all grade five pupils in a class were able to answer the mathematical test
correctly, we could conclude that the test was too easy for this group and so
discrimination was impaired by ____.

A) Ceiling effect

B) Floor effect

C) Contrast effect

D) False consensus effect

The correct answer is a) Ceiling effect

A. Ceiling effect

A ceiling effect means all of your subjects score near the top. There is very little
variance because the ceiling of your test is too low. In layperson terms, your questions
are too easy for the group you are testing. Here you dont have the problem of random
guessing, but you do have low variance.

Because of the ceiling effect, there is partial discrimination since the test results
showed that the content was too easy.

Other choices:

B. Floor effect - is when most of your subjects score near the bottom. There is very
little variance because the floor of your test is too high. In layperson terms, your
questions are too hard for the group you are testing

C. Contrast effect - is a magnification or diminishment of perception as a result of

previous exposure to something of lesser or greater quality, but of the same base
characteristics. Two types: positive contrast effect and negative contrast effect

D. False consensus effect - it is the tendency for individuals to overestimate the level
at which other people share their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. False consensus
effect is a type of bias in which we think that our own opinions, attitudes, beliefs, etc.
Are common and appropriate, so that others must also feel the same way. When we
have a particular belief, we tend to estimate that belief to be more prevalent than it is by
individuals that have an alternative belief.

109. France is administering a test to Aryan. When Aryan answered the first item
correctly, she is then allowed to proceed to the next item. If and when Aryan fails to
answer an item in a row, France discontinues the administration of test because ___
has been reached.

A) Ceiling level

B) Basal level

C) Class scoring

D) Constructed-response format

The correct answer is a) Ceiling level

A. Ceiling level

A stage in a test achieved by a test taker as a result of meeting some preset

criterion to discontinue testing; for example, responding incorrectly to two consecutive
items on an ability test that contains increasingly difficult items may establish a
presumed "ceiling" on the test taker's ability.

Other choices:

B. Basal level A stage in a test achieved by a test taker by meeting some preset
criterion to continue to be tested, for example, responding correctly to two consecutive
items on an ability test that contains increasingly difficult items may establish a "base"
from which to continue testing

C. Class scoring also referred to as category scoring, a method of evaluation in

which test responses earn credit toward placement in a particular class or category with
other test takers. Sometimes test takers must meet a set number of responses
corresponding to a particular criterion in order to be placed in a specific category or
class

D. Constructed-response format A form of test item requiring the test taker to

construct or create a response, as opposed to simply selecting a response. Items on
essay examinations, fill-in-the-blank, and short-answer tests are examples of items in a
constructed-response format
110. Alex was an eyewitness to a crime. Rapport was established then, he was
encouraged to use imagery retrieval to recall information. This procedure is called ____.

A) Collaborative interview

B) Cognitive interview

C) Hypnotic interview

D) Stress interview

The correct answer is b) Cognitive interview

Cognitive interview

Findings concerning the unreliability of eye-witness accounts have led

researchers to attempt to devise methods for improving retrieval. One of these methods
is the cognitive interview (Fisher and Geiselman, 1992).

The cognitive interview technique is a questioning technique used by the

police to enhance retrieval of information from the witnesses memory.

Other choices:

A. Collaborative Interview

People like to use gut feelings to make hiring decisions and the collaborative
interview setting can be dicey, and by dicey I mean a complicated mashup of different
points of views. Fact is: everyone is an interviewing expert with different perspectives.
The HR versus Management.

C. Hypnotic interview it has been suggested that hypnosis techniques may have the
potential to enhance eyewitness memory in forensic investigations. However, laboratory
research shows that increases in recall with hypnosis techniques are often associated
with decreases in accuracy, false confidence in incorrect information, and increased
suggestibility to leading questions and misleading post-event information.

D. Stress interview are an offbeat way to see how candidates react to unusual
circumstances under pressure. A stress interview is where the employer lines up a
bunch of interviewers (one at a time or en masse) whose mission is to intimidate you.
The ostensible purpose of this interview: to find out how you handle the stress.

111. Shirley is the professional assessor while Michelle is lay assesse. Both of them
are working closely together to frame objective, discover and clarify information about
the assesse. What has been accomplished?
 A. Collaborative interview
B. Cognitive interview
C. Hypnotic interview
D. Stress interview
Correct answer: LETTER A. Collaborative interview

In clinical psychology, a helping, open-ended interview wherein both parties work

together on a common mission of discovery, insight and enlightenment.

Other choices:

B. Cognitive interview

The cognitive interview (CI) is a method of interviewing eyewitnesses and victims

about what they remember from a crime scene. Using four retrievals, the primary focus
of the cognitive interview is to make witnesses and victims of a situation aware of all
the events that transpired.

C. Hypnotic interview

It has been suggested that hypnosis techniques may have the potential to enhance
eyewitness memory in forensic investigations. However, laboratory research shows that
increases in recall with hypnosis techniques are often associated with decreases in
accuracy, false confidence in incorrect information, and increased suggestibility to
leading questions and misleading post-event information. These problems limit the
usefulness of hypnosis as an interviewing procedure. However, in practical
investigations, many factors associated with hypnosis, apart from the hypnotic induction
itself, might lead to memory enhancement compared with standard police interviews.
For example, hypnotic interviewers, because of their psychological, clinical, and
interpersonal skills, may be better interviewers than police officers.

D. Stress interview
A stress interview is where the employer lines up a bunch of interviewers (one at a
time or en masse) whose mission is to intimidate you. The ostensible purpose of this
interview: to find out how you handle the stress.
112. Ms. Castro would like to validate the test she has made for her students. She
wants to know if it measures specific variables such as intelligence which describes
students performance in school. Using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, he
hypothesizes that students with high IQ also have high achievement and those low IQ
will have low achievement. She therefore administers both WAIS and achievement test
to two groups of students with high and low IQ respectively. If the result show that those
with high IQ have high scores in the achievement test, the test is valid.

A. Content validity
B. Criterion validity
C. Concurrent validity
D. Construct validity
Correct answer: LETTER D. Construct Validity

A judgment about the appropriateness of inferences drawn from test scores regarding
individual standings on a variable called construct.

Other choices:

A. Content validity

Content validity is an important research methodology term that refers to how well a
test measures the behavior for which it is intended.

For example, let's say your teacher gives you a psychology test on
the psychological principles of sleep.

B. Criterion validity

In psychometrics, criterion or concrete validity is the extent to which a measure is

related to an outcome. Criterion validity is often divided into concurrent and
predictive validity. Concurrent validity refers to a comparison between the measure in
question and an outcome assessed at the same time.

C. Concurrent validity is a concept commonly used in psychology, education, and

social science. It refers to the extent to which the results of a particular test, or
measurement, correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the
same construct.

113. A researcher wishes to validate a test or questionnaire in psychology. He requests

expert in the psychology to judge if the test items or questionnaire measure a specified
criteria.

A. Construct validity
B. Concurrent validity
C. Content validity
 D. Predictive validity
Correct answer: LETTER C. Content Validity

A judgment regarding how adequately a test (or other tool of measurement) samples
behavior representative of the universe of the behavior it was designed to sample.

Other choices:

A. Construct Validity

A judgment about the appropriateness of inferences drawn from test scores regarding
individual standings on a variable called construct.

B. Concurrent validity

Concurrent validity is a concept commonly used in psychology, education, and social

science. It refers to the extent to which the results of a particular test, or measurement,
correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the same construct.
D. Predictive validity

In psychometrics, predictive validity is the extent to which a score on a scale or test

predicts scores on some criterion measure. For example, the validity of a cognitive test
for job performance is the correlation between test scores and, for example, supervisor
performance ratings.

114. In an experimental assessment, the researcher would like to find out if sleep
deprivation affects the memory of the respondents. One group is given a chance to
sleep prior to taking of a memory test while the other group is not allowed to sleep for a
certain period before giving of a memory test. The group that is not allowed to have a
regular sleep prior to the memory test is called the ____.

A. Control group

B. Experimental group

C. Placebo

D. Single blind

The correct answer is B. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

An experimental group (sometimes called a treatment group) is a group that

receives a treatment in an experiment. The group is made up of test subjects (people,
animals, plants, cells, etc.) and the treatment is the variable you are studying.

Other Choices:
Control group

- The control group sometimes called a comparison group is used in an experiment as a

way to ensure that your experiment actually works. Its a way to make sure that the
treatment you are giving is causing the experimental results, and not something outside
the experiment.

Placebo

- A placebo is anything that seems to be a real medical treatment. But isnt it could be a
pill, a shot, or some other type of fake treatment.

- What all placebos have in common is that they do not contain an active substance
meant to affect health.

Single-blind

- Term used to described a study in which either the investigator or the participant, but
not both of them is unaware of the nature of the treatment the participant is receiving it
is also called single masked.

115. The following is an example of ______. 53, 49, 53, 52, 67, 53, 54, 37, 18, 67, 45,
72, 12, 22, 95, 88, 94, 44, 22.

A. Bimodal distribution

B. Central tendency

C. Range

D. Class interval

The correct answer is d. Class interval

- Class interval refers to the numerical width of any class in a particular distribution.

- Mathematically, it is defined as the difference between the upper class limit and the
lower class limit.

Other Choices:

Bimodal distribution

- The bi in bimodal distribution refers to two and modal refers to the peaks. The two
peaks in a bimodal distribution also represent two local maximums; these are points
where the data points stop increasing and start decreasing.
Central tendency (measure of central tendency)

- Is a single value that describes the way in which a group of data cluster around a
central value.

- It is a way to describe the center of a data set.

Range

- The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values within a set of
numbers.

116. Which does not belong to the group?

A. Criterion-referenced testing and assessment

B. Domain-referenced testing and assessment

C. Content-referenced testing and assessment

D. Norm-referenced testing and assessment

The correct answer is D. Norm-referenced testing and assessment

Norm-referenced testing and measurement

- Refers to standardized tests that are designed to compare and rank test takers in
relation to one another.

- Norm-referenced tests report whether test takers performed better or worse than a
hypothetical average student, which is determined by comparing scores against the
performance results of statistically selected group of test takers.

Other choices:

Criterion-referenced testing and measurement

- Are often based on the number of correct answers provided by students, and scores
might be expressed as a percentage of the total possible number of correct answers.

Domain-referenced testing and measurement

- A test that measures an attribute by estimating the proportion of a specified content

domain of knowledge, skills, or abilities the respondent has acquired.

Content-referenced testing and measurement

- Scores measure students according to mastery of learning standards.

117. Which of the following is not included in measuring the ratio IQ?

A. Mental age

B. Chronological age

C. 100

D. Individual performance

The correct answer is D. Individual performance

This is a mathematical formula that is supposed to be a measure of a person's

intelligence. When it was first created, it was defined as the ratio of mental age (MA) to
chronological age (CA) multiplied by 100 (thus IQ = MA/CA x 100).

Other choices:

A. Mental age

Mental age is the age level of an individual's mental ability. It is based on the age in
which it takes an average individual to reach that same level of mental attainment.
Mental age is usually measured by standardized intelligence tests. For example, early
versions of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales calculated a mental age based on
how well a child performed on the test.

B. Chronological age

The number of years a person has lived, used especially in psychometrics as a

standard against which certain variables, such as behavior and intelligence, are
measured.

118. Beginning with the 3rd edition of Stanford Binet, the ____ was used to replace the
ratio IQ.

A. Deviation IQ

B. Ratio IQ

C. Deviation IQ

D. Adoption IQ

The correct answer is A. Deviation IQ

When Terman died in 1956, the revisions for the third edition were well underway, and
Merrill was able to publish the final revision in 1960 (roid & barram, 2004). The use of
the deviation IQ made its first appearance in this third edition by replacing the ratio IQ.
While new features were added, there were no newly created items included in this
revision. Instead, any items from the 1937 form that showed no substantial change in
difficulty from the 1930s to the 1950s were either eliminated or adjusted (roid & barram,
2004).

Other choices:

B. Ratio IQ

A ratio IQ is the intelligent quotient of a person calculated as the ratio of the person's
"mental age" (intellectual age of the person, based on a standardized test) to
"chronological age" (actual age).

C. Deviation IQ

Deviation Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a way of measuring an individual's generalized

intelligence. It uses statistics to analyze a person's intelligence relative to their
age. Deviation IQ is scored based on how an individual deviates from the
average IQ of 100.

119. A child who has an equal chronological and mental age would have an IQ ____.

A. 100

B. 95

C. 90

D. 85

The correct answer is A. 100

Mental age physical age 100 = IQ. No matter what the child's chronological age, if
the mental age is the same as the chronological age, then the IQ will equal 100.

120. The test user is trying to compute for the test score or index derived from a
combination or mathematical transformation of one or more test scores. The result is
said to be ______.

A. Test composite

B. Test aloud

C. Test blueprint

D. T score
The correct answer is a. Test composite

Test composite- Test score or index derived from combination and / or mathematical
transformation of one or more test scores

Other choices:

Test blueprint

A test blueprint is a document that reflects the content of an assessment that you will
give your students.

T score

T scores are commonly used for neuropsychological normative data. A T score is a

special type of standard score. T scores result from a transformation of raw scores to
standard scores.

121. If the consumer agreed to record the number of sachet of surf powder soap, a
month, then he is said to be doing _____.

A. Consumer Panel

B. Panel Diary

C. Content Sampling

D. Consultative Report

The correct answer is B. Panel Diary because

Panel Diary

Diary panel market research is a qualitative research method whereby a

selection of respondents will be asked to keep a record of their experiences or
observations over a particular period of time. This method is predominantly used in
analysis of media and advertising but has also produced good results in other sectors.
For example advertising companies may like to use diary panel market research to
assess when people are most likely to view their advert, how they feel after watching
the advert and whether it makes them more inclined to buy the product.

Other choices:

Content Sampling

The error that results from differences. between the sample of items (the test)
and. the domain of items (all items) is the content. sampling error.
Consumer Panel

A group of consumers who report on products they have used so that the manufacturers
can improve them or use what the panel says about them in advertising.

122. When the administrator tries to compare the result of tests from test batteries
versus two or more occuring group like being judge to be successful in the job. What
method is used?

A. Discriminant Analysis

B. Known Group Method

C. Angoff Method

D. IRT-Based Method

The correct answer is A. Discriminant Analysis because

Discriminant Analysis

The main purpose of a discriminant function analysis is to predict group membership

based on a linear combination of the interval variables. The procedure begins with a set
of observations where both group membership and the values of the interval variables
are known. The end result of the procedure is a model that allows prediction of group
membership when only the interval variables are known. A second purpose of
discriminant function analysis is an understanding of the data set, as a careful
examination of the prediction model that results from the procedure can give insight into
the relationship between group membership and the variables used to predict group
membership.

Examples

For example, a graduate admissions committee might divide a set of past

graduate students into two groups: students who finished the program in five years or
less and those who did not. Discriminant function analysis could be used to predict
successful completion of the graduate program based on GRE score and
undergraduate grade point average. Examination of the prediction model might provide
insights into how each predictor individually and in combination predicted completion or
non-completion of a graduate program.
Another example might predict whether patients recovered from a coma or not
based on combinations of demographic and treatment variables. The predictor variables
might include age, sex, general health, time between incident and arrival at hospital,
various interventions, etc. In this case the creation of the prediction model would allow a
medical practitioner to assess the chance of recovery based on observed variables. The
prediction model might also give insight into how the variables interact in predicting
recovery.
Other choices:
Known Group Method
Known groups method is a typical method to support construct validity and is
provided when a test can discriminate between a group of individuals known to have a
particular trait and a group who do not have the trait. Similarly, known groups may be
studied using groups of individuals with differing levels/severities of a trait. Again the
known groups methods will evaluate the tests ability to discriminate between the groups
based on the groups demonstrating different mean scores on the test.
For example, a group of individuals known to be not depressed should have
lower scores on a depression scale then the group known to be depressed.
Angoff Method
The Angoff Method is a widely used standard-setting approach in test
development.

In plain English, it is a kind of study that test developers use to determine the
passing percentage (cutscore) for a test. The passing grade of a test cant be decided
arbitrarily; it must be justified with empirical data. The Angoff method relies on subject-
matter experts (SMEs) who examine the content of each test question (item) and then
predict how many minimally-qualified candidates would answer the item correctly. The
average of the judges predictions for a test question becomes its predicted difficulty.
The sum of the predicted difficulty values for each item averaged across the judges and
items on a test is the recommended Angoff cut score. Here is a real world example that
illustrates the process:

Lets say a test developer needed to determine the passing grade for a language
exam that tested a persons ability to read Arabic. Using the Angoff Method, the
developer would employ a number of SMEs (in this case, Arabic-language experts) and
ensure that they were properly trained on how to use the Angoff Method, as well as
informed on the tests purpose.

The Arabic-Angoff Panel would then rate each test item based on whether or not
a minimally-qualified candidate would answer the item correctly or incorrectly. Once the
first round of ratings had been conducted, everyone on the panel would be given access
to the ratings of the other SMEs so that they could compare what they determined about
a particular item. Then, the SMEs would be asked to rate the items again for a second
round. The second round of rating would give the SMEs the opportunity to review their
initial rating of an item and decide whether or not they might like to change their
decision based on the expert judgments of the other panelists. This second round of
ratings would be averaged across the SMEs to determine the final cutscore for the test.

IRT-Based Method

IRT- Based Method - In psychometrics, item response theory (IRT), also known
as latent trait theory, strong true score theory, or modern mental test theory, is a
paradigm for the design, analysis, and scoring of tests, questionnaires, and similar
instruments measuring abilities, attitudes, or other variables.

123. In 1954 an opinion written by the US court of Appeal for the district of columbia in
the case of Durham and United States held that:

A. A defendant will not be culpable of criminal action if his unlawful action

is a product of mental disease or defect.

B. A defendant will not be culpable of criminal action if his unlawful action is a

product of low IQ.

C. A defendant will not be culpable of criminal action if his unlawful action

is a product of mental disease or defect.

D. A defendant will not be culpable of criminal action if his unlawful action is a

product of Sonnambulism.

The correct answer is A/C A defendant will not be culpable of criminal action if his
unlawful action is a product of mental disease or defect. Because,

Durham Rule (1954): Under Durham v. United States, 214 F2d 862 (D.C. Cir
1954) an accused is not criminally responsible if the "unlawful act was the product of
mental disease or defect." "Product" is defined as " if the accused would not have
committed the act but for the disease or defect." Mental disease or defect" was defined
as " any abnormal condition of the mind which substantially affects mental or emotional
processes and impairs behavior controls." See McDonald v. United States, 312 F.2d 847
(D.C. Cir. 1962). This radical test leaves a lot of room, many would say too much, for
psychiatric influence on the insanity determination because it asks a causative question
based on psychiatric of the link between the criminal act and existent mental disease or
defect. Durham was replaced in D.C. first by the ALI-MPC Rule in United States v.
Brawner, 471 F.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972) and later, in 1984, by the Federal Rule of
insanity.

The purpose of the other choices is just to confuse the test takers.

124. Charies has not be using drugs. But during his test, they found out that the result is
positive. This phenomenon called
A. False Negative
B. True Negative
C. False Positive
D. True Positive

The correct answer is Letter C. False Positive

Why?

- A false positive is a conclusion that some effect occurred when in fact it did not.

- A false positive is where you receive a positive result for a test, when you
should have received a negative result. Its sometimes called a false alarm or
false positive error. Its usually used in the medical field, but it can also apply to
other arenas.

- The general context of the miss rate of a test, an inaccurate prediction or

classification indicating that a test taker did possess a trait or other attribute
being measured when in reality the test taker did not.

- In drug testing, an individual tests positive for drug use when in reality there has
been no drug use.

Example:

1. A pregnancy test is positive, when in fact you arent pregnant.

2. A cancer screening test comes back positive, but you dont have the disease.

Other choices:

A. False Negative
- In the general context of the miss rate of a test, an inaccurate prediction of
 classification indicating that a test taker did not possess a trait or other attribute
being measured when in reality the test taker did;

- In drug testing, an individual tests negative for drug use when in reality there
has been drug use.

- A false negative is where a negative test result is wrong. In other words, you get
a negative test result, but you should have got a positive test result.

Example:

1. You might take a pregnancy test and it comes back as negative (not pregnant).
However, you are in fact, pregnant.

B. True Negative (also called the true negative rate)

- A negative test result that correctly indicates that the condition being tested for
is not present.
- If the analyzed event is correctly classified as normal/innocuous.

Example:

1. A true negative HIV test correctly indicates that a person is not infected in HIV.
D. True Positive (also called the true positive rate, the recall, or the probability of
detection in some fields.)
- Or the probability of detection, measures the proportion of positives that are
correctly identified.

- If the analyzed event is correctly classified as intrusion/malicious.

Example:

1. The percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the
conditions.

125. Pia has been actually using drugs. But when she was tested, they found out that
she was negative for drug use. This result is called

A. False Negative
B. True Negative
C. False Positive
D. True Positive

The correct answer is Letter A. False negative

Why?
 - A false negative is where a negative test result is wrong. In other words, you get
a negative test result, but you should have got a positive test result.

- In the general context of the miss rate of a test, an inaccurate prediction of

classification indicating that a test taker did not possess a trait or other attribute
being measured when in reality the test taker did;

- In drug testing, an individual tests negative for drug use when in reality there
has been drug use.

Example:

1. You might take a pregnancy test and it comes back as negative (not pregnant).
However, you are in fact, pregnant.

Other choices:

B. True Negative (also called the true negative rate)

- A negative test result that correctly indicates that the condition being tested for
is not present.
- If the analyzed event is correctly classified as normal/innocuous.

Example:

1. A true negative HIV test correctly indicates that a person is not infected in HIV.

C. False Positive

- A false positive is a conclusion that some effect occurred when in fact it did not.

- A false positive is where you receive a positive result for a test, when you
should have received a negative result. Its sometimes called a false alarm or
false positive error. Its usually used in the medical field, but it can also apply to
other arenas.

- The general context of the miss rate of a test, an inaccurate prediction or

classification indicating that a test taker did possess a trait or other attribute
being measured when in reality the test taker did not.

- In drug testing, an individual tests positive for drug use when in reality there has
been no drug use.

Example:

1. A pregnancy test is positive, when in fact you arent pregnant.

 2. A cancer screening test comes back positive, but you dont have the disease.
D. True Positive (also called the true positive rate, the recall, or the probability of
detection in some fields.)
- Or the probability of detection, measures the proportion of positives that are
correctly identified.

- If the analyzed event is correctly classified as intrusion/malicious.

Example:

1. The percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the
conditions.

126. The math exam for grade 6 pupils may be viewed as easy, average different for
average test-takers.

A. Basal level
B. Ceiling effect
C. Contrast effect
D. Floor effect

The correct answer is Letter B. Ceiling effect

Why?

- This phenomenon occurs when a test is so easy that a large number of test
takers achieve the highest score possible on that item. Another way of viewing
the phenomenon would be to describe such easy items as ones that to fail to
distinguish between levels of ability of the test takers.

- In layperson terms, your questions are too easy for the group you are testing.

Other choices:

A. Basal level
- A stage in a test achieved by a test taker by meeting some preset criterion to
continue to be tested.

- The basal level is the point below which the examiner assumes that the student
could obtain all the correct responses and, therefore, it is the point at which the
examiner begins testing.

Example:

1. Responding correctly to two consecutive items on an ability test that

contains increasingly difficult items may establish a base from which to continue
 testing.

C. Contrast effect
- A contrast effect is the diminishment, relative to normal, of perception, cognition
or related performance as a result of successive or simultaneous exposure to a
stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension.

D. Floor Effect
- A floor effect is when most of your subjects score near the bottom. There is very
little variance because the floor of your test is too high. In layperson terms, your
questions are too hard for the group you are testing.

- It is when the most of your subjects score near the bottom. There is very little
variance because the floor of your test is too high.

- In layperson terms, your questions are too hard for the group you are testing.

127. Memory of digits is an example of this two kind factory theory of intelligence.

A, fluid intelligence

B. crystallized intelligence

C. g factor

D. a factor

Raymond Bernard Cattells substantial contributions to psychology fall into three

areas: He is credited with developing an influential theory of personality, creating new
methods for statistical analysis, and developing the theory of fluid and crystallized
intelligence, which was later elaborated by his most renowned student, John Horn.

The Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence (R. B. Cattell, 1941,
1950; 1971; Horn, 1965; Horn & Cattell, 1966a, 1966b) proposes that general
intelligence is actually a conglomeration of perhaps 100 abilities working together in
various ways in different people to bring out different intelligences. Gf-Gc theory
separates these abilities broadly into, first, two different sets of abilities that have quite
different trajectories over the course of development from childhood through adulthood.
Fluid abilities ( Gf ) drive the individual's ability to think and act quickly, solve
novel problems, and encode short-term memories. They have been described as the
source of intelligence that an individual uses when he or she doesn't already know what
to do. Fluid intelligence is grounded in physiological efficiency, and is thus relatively
independent of education and acculturation (Horn, 1967). The other factor,
encompassing crystallized abilities ( Gc ), stems from learning and acculturation, and
is reflected in tests of knowledge, general information, use of language (vocabulary) and
a wide variety of acquired skills (Horn & Cattell, 1967). Personality factors, motivation
and educational and cultural opportunity are central to its development, and it is only
indirectly dependent on the physiological influences that mainly affect fluid abilities.
In summary, the psychologist Cattell suggested two different forms
of intelligence. Fluid intelligence is defined as the ability to solve new problems, use
logic in new situations, and identify patterns. In contrast, crystallized intelligence is
defined as the ability to use learned knowledge and experience.
Many modern intelligence tests, including the Stanford-Binet, measure some of the
cognitive factors that are thought to make up general intelligence. These include
visual-spatial processing, quantitative reasoning, knowledge, fluid reasoning and
working memory.
Visual-spatial processing involves such abilities as putting together puzzles and
copying complex shapes.
Quantitative reasoning involves the capacity to solve problems that involve
numbers.
Knowledge involves a person's understanding of a wide range of topics.
Fluid reasoning involves the ability to think flexibly and solve problems.
Working memory involves the use of short-term memory such as being able to
repeat a list of items.
On the other hand, a factor is not included in intelligence.
128. He was the one who developed the two factor theory of intelligence

A. Howard Gardner

B. Jean Piaget

C. Charles Spearman

D. Alfred Binet

Howard Gardner of Harvard has identified seven distinct intelligences. This

theory has emerged from recent cognitive research and "documents the extent to which
students possess different kinds of minds and therefore learn, remember, perform, and
understand in different ways," according to Gardner (1991). According to this theory,
"we are all able to know the world through language, logical-mathematical analysis,
spatial representation, musical thinking, the use of the body to solve problems or to
make things, an understanding of other individuals, and an understanding of ourselves.
Where individuals differ is in the strength of these intelligences - the so-called profile of
intelligences -and in the ways in which such intelligences are invoked and combined to
carry out different tasks, solve diverse problems, and progress in various domains."

Jean Piaget was a Swiss clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in
child development. Piaget's theory of cognitive development and epistemological view
are together called "genetic epistemology".

Charles Spearman developed his two-factor theory of

intelligence using factoranalysis. His research not only led him to develop the concept
of the g factor of general intelligence, but also the s factor of specific intellectual
abilities

Alfred Binet and Simon, in creating what historically is known as the Binet-Simon
Scale, comprised a variety of tasks they thought were representative of typical children's
abilities at various ages. This task-selection process was based on their many years of
observing children in natural settings. They then tested their measurement on a sample
of fifty children, ten children per five age groups. The children selected for their study
were identified by their school teachers as being average for their age. The purpose of
this scale of normal functioning, which would later be revised twice using more stringent
standards, was to compare children's mental abilities relative to those of their normal
peers (Siegler, 1992).

129. A laboratory study was designed to research a phobia of snakes in the wild. This is
an example of ____________.

A. analogue study

B. experimental study

C. phenomenological study

D. case study

Analogue study refers to a investigation that attempts to replicate or simulate,

under controlled conditions, a situation that occurs in real life.

An experiment is a study in which a treatment, procedure, or program is

intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed

A phenomenological research study is a study that attempts to understand

people's perceptions, perspectives and understandings of a particular situation (or
phenomenon).
 Case study is a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is
given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of
time.