Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Abstract -In this paper we discuss the significance of t-test when it is actually false, the error is called as a Type II
in small sample of statistics to analyze the data. Here we error. The alpha level can be computed as one minus the
approach many application of t-test in statistics and confidence level. The confidence level is equivalent to the
research. This paper is aimed at introducing hypothesis area under the curve. Common values for the confidence
testing, focusing on the paired t-test. It will explain how the level are .90, .95, and .99. Of the three, the most!
paired t-test is applied to statistical analyses. Commonly used is the confidence level at .95. This suggests
a 95% confidence that the null hypothesis is true. Thus, the
Keywords: t-test, p-value, significance, hypothesis testing. level of significance that is commonly used is .05( 1 -.95).
Thus, set at .05 suggests that there is a 5% chance of
INTRODUCTION making a Type I error. If the p-value is less than or equal to
, the null hypothesis should be rejected. If the p-value is
greater than , H0 should not be rejected. The last step is to
Hypothesis testing is used to make an inference about a explain the results of the test and what it concludes about
population that's under study. The inference is based on the analysis.
the parameter(s) for the statistic, usually the sample mean
and standard deviation. Suppose it is believed that the The terms significance level or level of significance
mean of a population is zero, the first step in hypothesis refer to the likelihood that the random sample you choose
testing is to state the null hypothesis ( H0 ) and an (for example, test scores) is not representative of the
alternative hypothesis ( Ha). The null hypothesis is the population. The lower the significance level,the more
assumption that the mean will be equal to zero. The confident you can be in replicating your results.
alternative hypothesis is the assumption that the mean Significance levels most commonly used in educational
will be either greater than zero, less than zero, or simply, research are the .05 and .01 levels. If it helps, think of .05 as
not equal to zero. When the alternative hypothesis! states another way of saying 95/100 times that you sample from
that the mean is less than zero, the test is called a left- the population, you will get this result. Similarly, .01
tailed test. It is right tailed! when H a states that the mean suggests that 99/100 times that you sample from the
is greater than zero. The test is called two-tailed when H population, you will get the same result. These numbers and
signs (more on that later) come from Significance Testing,
a states that the mean is not equal to zero. The second step
in hypothesis testing is to calculate a test statistic. Based which begins with the Null Hypothesis.
on the value of the test statistic, you will find the p-value
from the table of z-distributions, which is based upon the The paired t-test is a type of hypothesis testing that is used
normal distribution known as the bell curve. when two sets of data are being observed. The data in a
The determined p-value is compared to the level of paired t-test are dependent, because each value in the first
significance, (alpha). The level of significance is the sample is paired with a value in the second sample. The
probability of making a Type I error. A Type I error occurs parameter used to make the inference is the difference of
when H0 is rejected when it is true. If H0 is not rejected the means of both data sets. Similar to our previous
hypothesis test example, the null hypothesis states that the
17
e-ISSN: 2456-3463
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Science, Vol. 2, No.2, 2017
www.ijies.net
18
e-ISSN: 2456-3463
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Science, Vol. 2, No.2, 2017
www.ijies.net
effectiveness of planned teaching programme. p=0.05. Hence it is interpreted that the gender of the
Significance of difference at 5% level of significance is caregivers of depressive patients is not associated with
tested with students pairedt test and tabulated t value their post test knowledge scores.
is compared with calculated t value. Also the calculated No. of
caregive
p values are compared with acceptable p value i.e. Type of rs of Mean post t-
p-value
0.05. family depressi knowledge score value
ve
patients
Mean t-
Overa Nucle 20 20.302.88
Mean SD SE Percen val p-value 0.47
ll ar
tage ue 0.71 NS,p>0.
Pre 0.4 32.93 Joint 40 20.772.14
8.23 3.14 0.000 05
Test 0 22.
S,p<0.
Post 0.3 82.46 03
20.61 2.40 05 This table shows the association of post test knowledge
Test 1
scores with the type of family of caregivers of depressive
patients. The tabulated t values was 1.98(df=58) which
Association of knowledge score in relation to is higher than the calculated t i.e. 0.71 at 5% level of
demographic variables. significance. Also the calculated p=0.47 which was
much higher than the acceptable level of significance i.e.
No. of
F- p=0.05. Hence it is interpreted that the type of family of
Age caregivers of Mean post
valu p-value the caregivers of depressive patients is not associated
(yrs) depressive knowledge score
e
patients with their post test knowledge scores.
18-26 6 21.161.47 This table shows the association of post test
27-35 10 20.802.97 knowledge scores with the educational status of
0.49
36-44 25 21.042.49 0.8 caregivers of depressive patients. The tabulated F values
NS
6 was 2.52(df=4,59) which is much less than the calculated
45-53 13 19.692.21 ,p>0.05
F i.e. 9.71 at 5% level of significance. Also the
54-62 6 202.09 calculated p=0.000 which was much less than the
acceptable level of significance i.e. p=0.05. Hence it is
interpreted that the educational status of the care givers of
This table shows the association of post test knowledge depressive patients is statistically associated with their
scores with the age of caregivers of depressive patients. post test knowledge scores.
The tabulated F values was 2.52(DF=4, 59) which is
higher than the calculated F i.e. 0.86 at 5% level of No. of
caregiv
significance. Also the calculated p=0.49 which was ers of
Mean post
F-
Occupation knowledge p-value
much higher than the acceptable level of significance i.e. depressi
score
value
ve
p=0.05. Hence it is interpreted that the age of the care patients
givers of depressive patients is not associated with their Housewife 28 20.102.57
post test knowledge scores.
Private Employee 16 20.751.87 0.075
2.42
No. of NS,p>0.05
Govt. Employee 7 22.711.25
caregivers Mean post
t-
Gender of knowledge p-value Others 9 20.332.73
value
depressive score
patients
Male 21 20.521.77 This table shows the association of post test knowledge
0.82 scores with the occupational status of caregivers of
0.21
Female 39 20.662.69 NS,p>0.05
depressive patients. The tabulated F values was
2.76(df=3,59) which is much higher than the calculated
F i.e. 2.42 at 5% level of significance. Also the
This table shows the association of post test knowledge
calculated p=0.075 which was much higher than the
scores with the gender of caregivers of depressive
acceptable level of significance i.e. p=0.05. Hence it is
patients. The tabulated t values was 1.98(df=58) which
interpreted that the occupational status of the care givers
is higher than the calculated t i.e. 0.21 at 5% level of
of depressive patients is not associated with their post test
significance. Also the calculated p=0.82 which was
knowledge scores.
much higher than the acceptable level of significance i.e.
19
e-ISSN: 2456-3463
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Science, Vol. 2, No.2, 2017
www.ijies.net
No. of
caregivers Mean post
REFERENCES
Source of F-
of knowledge p-value
information value
depressive score
patients [1] Stephanie D. Wilkerson, Mathematics Application of the Paired
t-test' XULAneXUS: Xavier University of Louisianas
Mass Media 5 221.22
Undergraduate Research Journal. Scholarly Note. Vol. 5, No. 1,
Health April 2008
30 20.302.56
Personnel 0.70
Friends 7 20.571.71 0.55 NS [2] Sharma Suresh K. Nursing research and statistics. 1 st edition 2011,
,p>0.05 Elsevier publisher, printed at Harayana, page number: 70-73
Relatives 12 20.752.73
[3] World Health Organization. The world health report 2001
Others 6 20.832.48
Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope; 2001 [Retrieved
2008-10-19].
This table shows the association of post test knowledge
scores with the source of information about depression of [4] Joginder Kaur Lecturer (Mathematics), Punjab Technical
University, Punjab, India 'Techniques Used in Hypothesis
caregivers of depressive patients. The tabulated F values Testing in Research Methodology A Review'International
was 2.52(df=4,59) which is much higher than the Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)ISSN (Online): 2319-
calculated F i.e. 0.55 at 5% level of significance. Also 7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor
the calculated p=0.70 which was much higher than the (2013): 4.438
acceptable level of significance i.e.p=0.05. Hence it is [5] J.C.F. de Winter Delft University of Technology 'Using the
interpreted that the source of information of care givers Students t -test with extremely small sample sizes' Practical
of depressive patients is not associated with their post test Assessment, Research & Evaluation. Volume 18, Number 10,
knowledge scores. August 2013, ISSN 1531-7714
CONCLUSION
20