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Exercises
14.2.2 (a) Expand f (x) = x in the interval (0, 2L). Sketch the series you have found (right- hand
side of Ans) over (2L, 2L).
Solution:
a0 X h nx nx i
f (x) = + an cos + bn sin
2 n=1
L L
Z 2L
1
a0 = tdt = 2L
L 0
Z 2L u = t du = dt
1 nt
an = t cos dt nt L nt
L 0 L dv = cos v= sin
L n L
Z 2L
2L
1 L nt
L nt L
an = sin t sin dt = 2 2 (cos(2n) 1) = 0
L n L 0
0 n L n
Z 2L u = t du = dt
1 nt
bn = dt t sin nt L nt
0L L dv = sin v= cos
L n L
" 2L Z 2L #
2L2
1 L nt L nt
1 2L
bn = cos t + cos dt = cos(2n) =
L n L 0 0 n L L n n
X 2L nx
x=L sin
n=1
n L
1
Figure 1: Serie of f (x) = x in the interval (0, 2L).
(b) Expand f (x) = x as a sine series in the half interval (0, L). Sketch the series you have
found (right-hand side of Ans.) over (2L, 2L).
Solution:
X nx
f (x) = bn sin
n=1
L
Z L u = t du = dt
2 nt
bn = t sin dt nt L nt
L 0 L dv = sin v= cos
L n L
" L Z L #
L2
2 L nt L nt
2 2L
bn = cos t + cos dt = cos(n) = (1)n+1
L n L 0 0 n L L n n
X 2L nx
f (x) = (1)n+1 sin
n=1
n L
Making n 2k + 1, we obtain
X 2L (2k + 1)x
f (x) = (1)2k+2 sin
(2k + 1) L
k=0,1/2,1,
2
Figure 2: Serie of f (x) = x in the half interval (0, L).
14.3.11 Expand (x t) in a Fourier series. Compare your result with the bilinear form of Eq.
(1.190).
Solution:
2 Z
1 X 2
Z
1
f (x) = f (t) dt + f (t) cos n(t x) dt
2 0 n=1 0
R
Using F (t)(t x) dt = F (x), we obtain
Z 2
(t x)dt = 1
0
Z 2
cos n(t x)(t x)dt = cos n(x t)
0
1 1X
(x t) = + cos n(x t)
2 n=1
is a Dirac delta function by showing that it satisfies the definition of a Dirac delta function
Z
1 X im(1 2 )
f (1 ) e d1 = f (2 )
2 m=
3
Solution:
P in1
We can use the property (2 1 ) = (1 2 ) and the expansion f (1 ) = n= cn e
we can work the integral as
Z
X 1 X im(2 1 )
cn ein1 e d1
n= 2 m=
Z
X X
im2 1 i1 (nm)
= cn e e d1
n= m=
2
X
X
= cn eim2 mn
n= m=
X
= cn ein2 = f (2 )
n=
Solution:
"Z #
0 Z
1 a0
a0 = (0)
dt + t dt = =
0 2 2 4
Z 0 Z u = t du = dt
1
an = (0)
cos(nt)
dt + t cos(nt) dt 1
0 dv = cos(nt) v = sin(nt)
n
1
Z
1 1 1
an = sin(nt)t|
0 sin(nt) dt = [cos(n) 1]
n2
n n 0
Z 0 Z
u = t du = dt
1
dt +
bn = (0)
sin(nt) t sin(nt) dt 1
0 dv = sin(nt) v = cos(nt)
n
Z
(1)n+1
1 1 1 sin(nt)
bn = cos(nt)t + cos(nt) dt = cos(n) + 2 =
n 0 0 n n 0 n
X 1 n
X (1)n+1
f (x) = + 2
[(1) 1] cos(nx) + sin(nx)
4 n=1,3,5 n n=1
n
4
(b) From the Fourier expansion show that
2 1 1
= 1 + 2 + 2 +
8 3 5
Solution:
Making x = 0
2
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
0 = +() 1 + 2 + 2 + = 1 + 2 + 2 + = 1 + 2 + 2 +
4 3 5 4 3 5 8 3 5
Solution:
We suppose that
0 a0 X X
f (x) = + an cos(nx) + bn sin(nx)
2 n=1 n=1
Z
1 a0 1
a0 = dt = 1 =
0 2 2
Z
1 1
an = cos(nt) dt = sin(nt) = 0
0 n 0
Z 0
1 1 1 1
[1 (1)n ]
bn = sin(nt) dt = cos(nt) =
cos(nt) =
0 n 0 n n
1 X 2 sin(nx)
f 0 (x) = + , n 7 2n 1
2 n=1,3,5 n
1 X 2 sin(2n 1)x
f 0 (x) = +
2 n=1 (2n 1)
x Z x
2 sin(2n 1)t x X 2 cos(2n 1)x X
Z
1 X 2
f (x) = dt + dt = 2
+
0 2 n=1 0
(2n 1) 2 n=1
(2n 1) n=1
(2n 1)2
5
X 1 2 X sin(nx) x
2
= and (1)n+1 =
n=1
(2n 1) 8 n=1
n 2
Thus
X sin(nx) X 2 cos(2n 1)x
f (x) = + (1)n+1
4 n=1 n n=1
(2n 1)2
14.4.11 (a) Let us continue the vibrating string problem, Exercise 14.4.10. The presence of a
resisting medium will damp the vibrations according to the equation
2 u(x, t) 2
2 u(x, t) u(x, t)
= v k
t2 x2 t
Assume a Fourier expansion
X nx
u(x, t) = bn (t) sin
n=1
l
u(x, 0)
u(x, 0) = f (x) and = g(x)
t
Assume the damping to be small.
Solution:
Thus,
6
k
r= in
2
kAn
bn (0) = An , b0n (0) = + n Bn
2
X nx X nx
u(x, 0) = bn (0) sin = f (x) = An sin
n=1
l n=1
l
u(x, 0) X nx X kAn nx
= b0n (0) sin = + n Bn sin = g(x)
t n=1
l n=1
2 l
If f (x) is a series of fourier in sine, therefore An is
1 l
Z
nx
An = f (x) sin dx
l l l
We follow a similar process to find g(x)
1 l
Z
kAn nx
+ n Bn = g(x) sin dx
2 l l l
Z l
1 nx kAn
Bn = g(x) sin dx +
n l l l 2n
(b) Repeat, but assume the damping to be large.
Solution: