Title

United Arab Emirates University

College of <college name>

Department of <department name>

DYNAMICS OF TUMOR CELLS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM

INTERACTIONS [THESIS TITLE IN UPPERCASES]

Maryam Hussain Al Baloushi [Name as on transcript]

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology) [Exact Official Degree
Title]

Under the Supervision of Professor [or Dr.] Mohamed Ala Addin

December 2014 [Thesis Defense Month Year]

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Declaration of Original Work

I, <Full Name of Student>, the undersigned, a graduate student at the United Arab
Emirates University (UAEU), and the author of this thesis entitled Title of Thesis
in Italic Font, hereby, solemnly declare that this thesis is my own original
research work that has been done and prepared by me under the supervision of
Professor / Dr. __________, in the College of <College Name> at UAEU. This
work has not previously been presented or published, or formed the basis for the
award of any academic degree, diploma or a similar title at this or any other
university. Any materials borrowed from other sources (whether published or
unpublished) and relied upon or included in my thesis have been properly cited and
acknowledged in accordance with appropriate academic conventions. I further
declare that there is no potential conflict of interest with respect to the research,
data collection, authorship, presentation and/or publication of this thesis.

Students Signature: Date: ________________

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Copyright

Copyright <year> <students full name>

All Rights Reserved
 4

Advisory Committee

1) Advisor: <advisors name>

Title: [e.g. Associate Professor]
Department of
College of

2) Co-advisor:
Title:
Department of
College of

3) Member:
Title:
Department of
College of

For an external member (if applicable) [remove if not needed]

4) Member:
Title:
name of organization
 5

Approval of the Master Thesis

This Master Thesis is approved by the following Examining Committee Members:

1) Advisor (Committee Chair): <advisors name>

Title: [e.g. Associate Professor]
Department of
College of

Signature Date

2) Member:
Title:
Department of
College of

Signature Date

3) Member:
Title:
Department of
College of

Signature Date

4) Member (External Examiner):

Title:
Department of
Institution:

Signature Date
 6

This Master Thesis is accepted by:

Dean of the College of <college name>: Professor [or Dr.] <deans name>

Signature Date

Dean of the College of the Graduate Studies: Professor Nagi T. Wakim

Signature Date

Copy ____ of ____

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Abstract

[The standard thesis abstract consists generally of the red-highlighted components.]

[Brief introduction: This thesis is concerned with mathematical modelling of the

dynamics of tumor cells and immune system interactions. The mathematical models
based on the classes of the ordinary and delay differential equations, with discrete
time lags]. [Aims: The main objective of this thesis is to examine how delay
differential models of tumor-immune dynamics have potentially more interesting
dynamics than the equations lacking memory effects]. [Method: A prey-predator time
delay model is introduced for tumor-immune interactions in presence and absence of
the HIV infection. The study investigates the existence of the steady states and their
local and global stabilities]. [Results: The study fit the suggested delay differential
models to a class of observed data to evaluate the parameters]. [Significant
contributions: We develop a delay model to consider tumor immunotherapy. The
developed model could describe the circumstances under which the tumor can be
eliminated. The optimal control theory is used to find the best administration
protocol by using Pontryaginss minimum principle with delay]. [Gap filled: the
numerical simulations, along with the obtained results are consistent with the real
cases to give a better understanding of the cancer immunity].

Keywords: Applied mathematics, delay differential modelling, HIV, tumor-immune

interaction, optimal control, bifurcation, chemo-immunotherapy.
 8

)Title and Abstract (in Arabic

.
)
(bifurcation .
) (parameters ) (experimental data
. )(numerical methods
.
)
(immunotherapy ) (chemotherapy )chemo-

(immunotherapy . ) optimal

(control ) (optimal doses

.

) (memory-DDE .

.
) (numerical analysis



.

. :
 9

Acknowledgements

My thanks go to Dr. Tarek Khalil whose enthusiasm about and introduction

to English Literature got me started. I am especially grateful to Prof. Manfred

Malzahn who introduced me to the exciting field of Literary Theory and whose

endless ideas and encouragement led to this and most other studies in which I have

been involved.

I would like to thank my committee for their guidance, support, and

assistance throughout my preparation of this thesis, especially my advisor Dr. Great

Person. I would like to thank the chair and all members of the Department of English

language and Literature at the United Arab Emirates University for assisting me all

over my studies and research. My special thanks are extended to the Library

Research Desk for providing me with the relevant reference material.

Special thanks go to my parents, brothers, and sisters who helped me along

the way. I am sure they suspected it was endless. In addition, special thanks are

extended to the Al Shamsi family for their assistance and friendship.

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Dedication

To my beloved parents and family

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Table of Contents

Title.....................................................................................................................................
Declaration of Original Work.............................................................................................
Copyright..........................................................................................................................
Advisory Committee.........................................................................................................
Approval of the Master Thesis...........................................................................................
Abstract............................................................................................................................
Title and Abstract (in Arabic)..........................................................................................
Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................
Dedication..........................................................................................................................
Table of Contents..............................................................................................................
List of Tables...................................................................................................................
List of Figures.................................................................................................................
List of Abbreviations........................................................................................................
Chapter 1: Introduction......................................................................................................
1.1 Overview..........................................................................................................
1.2 Statement of the Problem.................................................................................
1.3 Relevant Literature...........................................................................................
1.3.1 Cell Membrane.........................................................................................
1.3.2 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.............................................................
Chapter 2: Methods............................................................................................................
2.1 Research Design...............................................................................................
2.2 Data Collection.................................................................................................
Chapter 3: Results..............................................................................................................
3.1 Profile and Statistics of Respondents...............................................................
3.2 Reliability of Individual Influence Scales........................................................
Chapter 4: Discussion.........................................................................................................
Chapter 5: Conclusion........................................................................................................
5.1 Managerial Implications...................................................................................
5.2 Research Implications......................................................................................
Bibliography.....................................................................................................................
List of Publications...........................................................................................................
Appendix..........................................................................................................................
12
 13

List of Tables

Table 1: Cell Structures and Functions 3Table 2: Distance between cities

or towns 4Table 3: Quantitive Research Designs 5
 14

List of Figures

Figure 1: Anatomy of a Cell 2Figure 2: Limitations of animal models used in

research on cardiovascular disease 4
 15

List of Abbreviations

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

AL Alabama

BDNF Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor

BP Blood Pressure

BPH Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

BS Bachelor of Science

CMP Chemical Mechanical Planarization

 1

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Overview

Populations are constantly changing and adapting to their environments, and

species are diverging and creating entirely new lineages. What drives evolutionary

change? A theoretical conflict has arisen that sheds new light on this fundamental

question. Scientists are asking whether the mode of evolutionary change that has

dominated theories of how organisms evolve is the correct one. This is an example of

referencing using single author (Law, 2009). The style used is American

Psychological Association or APA Style. This is an example of referencing two to

five authors (Sprain, Endres, & Rai-Peterson, 2010) . More than five authors are

referenced here (Agarwala, Flannick, Sunyaev, Vinetta, & Altshuler, 2013).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

A problem statement is a brief piece of writing that usually comes at the

beginning of a report or proposal to explain the problem or issue the document is

addressing to the reader. Article from open-accessed source or only e-source is

referenced here (Song, Manson, Lee, & Zhang, 2012). In general, a problem

statement will outline the basic facts of the problem, explain why the problem

matters, and pinpoint a solution as quickly and directly as possible. Problem

statements are often used in the world of business for planning purposes but can also

be required in academic situations as part of a proposal-style report or writing

project.
 2

1.3 Relevant Literature

The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. The cell theory, first

developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all

organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting

cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain

the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting

information to the next generation of cells. Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion

years ago. Book and monographs can be referenced this way (Redman & Maples,

2011). Another example of book and monographs referencing is here (Cajal, 1928)

(Figure 1).

Figure 1: Anatomy of a Cell

 3

1.3.1 Cell Membrane

The cell is the basic functional unit of all living things. The cell membrane

bounds the cell and encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm consists of

specialized Book or monograph chapter is referenced here (Evans, Whitney, Aviva,

& Must, 2014). Example of chapter or conference paper is here (Rambo, 2010).

1.3.2 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, as they have signaling

and self-sustaining processes. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and

lack membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus. Prokaryotes include two of the

domains of life, bacteria and archaea. Most of the prokaryotes are smallest of all

organisms and range from 0.5 to 2.0 m in diameter.

Table 1: Cell Structures and Functions

Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic.

These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as
 4

much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of

eukaryotes is compartmentalization in which specific metabolic activities take place.

Potential Contributions and Limitations of the Study

This section discusses potential contributions and limitations

for unexpected results and also highlights some avenues for

possible future research based on the implications of the study..

Figure 2: Limitations of animal models used in research on cardiovascular

disease

City or Point A Point B Point C Point D

Town

Point A 87

Point B 64 56

Point C 37 32 91

Point D 93 35 54 43

Table 2: Distance between cities or towns

 5

Chapter 2: Methods

2.1 Research Design

Research design and thesis methodology dictate what you need to answer

your research questions. Descriptive designs are typically used as preliminary

studies to describe particular phenomena about which there has been little research

and generally have rather basic statistical procedures. Descriptive studies lack

randomization and control and cannot be used to determine causation and other

implications.

Table 3: Quantitive Research Designs

Quasi-experimental research designs are used to identify differences between

two or more
 6

2.2 Data Collection

Your research methods may include the collection of

information (data) which can be interpreted or

 7

Chapter 3: Results

Results are the ultimate objective of scientific research: here you summarize

the data collected and the statistical treatment of them. The observations and

measurements recorded while conducting the procedures described in the methods

section must address the questions raised in the introduction and any hypotheses

formulated there.

3.1 Profile and Statistics of Respondents

Results are often presented in numerical form and are more reader-friendly if

presented graphically in tables and graphs than

3.2 Reliability of Individual Influence Scales

The major risk factors impacting the severity of road traffic

injuries and road safety issues in

 8

Chapter 4: Discussion

The purpose of this chapter is to reiterate what you found and discuss what

your findings mean in relation to the theoretical body of knowledge on the topic and

your profession. Begin by discussing the findings in relation to the theoretical

framework introduced in the literature review. This chapter also should address what

the findings mean for communication professionals in the field being examined. In

other words, this chapter should address the study's practical implications.
 9

Chapter 5: Conclusion

A conclusion section refocuses the purpose of the research,

revealing a synopsis of what was found and leads into the

implications of the findings. A conclusion may also include

limitations of the study and future research needs.

5.1 Managerial Implications

The managerial implication offers the remarks and

suggestions for further research and practical service. Illustrate and

sell your results. Demonstrate your suggestions and

recommendations. Reference example of thesis/dissertation

(Akawi, December 2013) , conference paper (Barcellos, 2000) and e-

monographic material (Al-Suwaid, July 2005).

5.2 Research Implications

The most important parts of a research report are the

descriptions, analyses, and interpretations of the data. Here you

state implications of the findings. The research needs to identify for

the reader why and how the analyses and interpretations were

made and the way key concepts in the analyses evolved. In

addition, the researcher needs to inform the reader of any

unexpected findings or patterns that emerged from the data and

report a range of evidence to support assertions or interpretations

presented. Showing, not telling about your findings is the best way
 10

to let your reader know what you discovered. Quotes, vignettes,

field notes, work samples and other data can be used to support

interpretations and assertions.

 11

Bibliography

Agarwala, V., Flannick, J., Sunyaev, S., Vinetta, A., & Altshuler, D. (2013).
Evaluating empirical bounds on complex disease genetic architecture.
Nature Genetics, 45(12), 1418-1429.

Akawi, N. A. (December 2013). Characterizing the genetic bases of

autosomal recessive disorders. PhD, The UAE University. Al-Ain, UAE.

Al-Suwaid, E. K. (July 2005). Obesity in the United Arab Emirates [e-

thesis]. PhD, University of Aberdeen, UK. Retrieved September 22, 2013,
from UAEU Library databases, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global

Barcellos, S. (2000). "Understanding intermediation in a digital

environment: an exploratory case study.". Virtual Reference Desk Second
Annual Digital Reference Conference, Vol.2 [Softcopy].

Cajal, S. R. (1928). Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous

System. London: Oxford University Press.

Evans, E., Whitney, Aviva, & Must. (2014). "Recent Developments in the
Epidemiology of Obesity". In Treatment of the Obese Patient (pp. 151-
166). Springer New York.

Law, D. (2009). Academic digital libraries of the future: An environment

scan. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 15(1), 53-67.

Rambo, P. (2010). Changes in research libraries as the result of the e-

science initiatives; A snapshot. In D. Marcum, & G. George (Eds), The data
deluge: Can libraries cope with e-science? (pp. 43-600). Santa Barbara,
CA: Libraries Unlimited.

Redman, P., & Maples, W. (2011). Good essay writing: a social sciences
guide (Third ed.). London: Sage Publications.

Song, Y., Manson, J. E., Lee, I. M., & Zhang, S. M. (2012). Effect of
combined folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 on colorectal adenoma
[online]. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 104(20), 1562-1575.
Retrieved September 18, 2014, from
http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/20/1562.full.pdf

Sprain, L., Endres, D., & Rai-Peterson, T. (2010). Research as a

transdisciplinary network process. Communication Monograph, 77(4),
441-444.
 12

List of Publications

[Optional: Remove section if not applicable]

Baloushi, M., Addin, M., and Endressi, R. (2014). American Chemical

Society (ACS) Conference 2014 (Abstract #1234).

Baloushi, M., Dane, K., Vose, R. (2013). All Fictitious titles for illustration
purposes only. European Journal of Biological and Life Sciences, 12:3.

Baloushi, M. and Al Rashidi., (2014). Nerve Injury. Brain Research

[Under Review]

Baloushi, M., Doe, J., Al Rashidi, A., Xu, S. (2015). Cell Death Process
[Forthcoming].

Baloushi, M., Sprain, D., Al Rashidi, A., Addin, M. Optimization of

.Methodology. (Under Prepration)

Patent

[Optional: Remove section if not applicable]

Baloushi, M., Addin, M., and Endressi, R. (2014). US - Patent

Application No. 14/XYZ for Title of the Patent

 13

Appendix

[Optional: Remove section if not applicable]

Model Validation

In order to validate the numerical code, 3 computations for

which the analytic solution is well known were performed.

The first test case was the modelisation. The pressure gradient

P = P(z = L) P(z = 0),

consisted in a constant normal traction applied at one extremity of

the tube (P(z = 0))

and a zero pressure boundary condition at the other extremity of

the tube ( P(z = L) ).

The tube was filled with water, and was of enough length so that

flow is fully developed at the end of the tube.

Comparison

We compared the axial velocity profile at mid length of the

tube where flow is fully developed. The Poiseuille solution for the

axial velocity is dependent on the pressure gradient, the fluid

viscosity and the tube geometry.