QB Ch10 Eng

Question Bank (Ch.
10)
INTERACTIVE SCIENCE 2B
Question Bank
Chapter 10 COMMON ACIDS AND ALKALIS
Concept Checking
Write T for a true statement or F for a false statement.
10.1 Acids and Alkalis

2B100101Q001Eng
Vinegar tastes sour because it contains acid.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q002Eng
Soap is slippery because it is alkaline.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q003Eng
All substances can be classified into two groups: acids and alkalis.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q004Eng
Hydrochloric acid is one of the most commonly used acids in the laboratory.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q005Eng
We can taste sulphuric acid in the laboratory.

[Ans] F
2B100201Q006Eng
All cleansing reagents are slippery so that all of them are alkaline.
[Ans] F
10.2 Acid-Alkali Indicators

2B100101Q007Eng
All substances show different colours in acids or alkalis.

[Ans] F
212
Question Bank (Ch. 10)
2B100201Q008Eng
Some natural substances show different colours in acids or alkalis They can be used as acid-alkali
indicators.
[Ans] T
2B100201Q009Eng
Red cabbage extract is red in colour after mixing with soap solution.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q010Eng
Litmus paper and universal indicator are used in the laboratory to test whether a solution is acidic, neutral
or alkaline.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q011Eng
An increase in pH value of a substance means an increase in its acidity.

[Ans] F
2B100101Q012Eng
pH meter is an electronic device used to measure the exact pH value of a solution.

[Ans] T
2B100201Q013Eng
The pH value of orange juice is lower than that of stomach acid.

[Ans] F
2B100101Q014Eng
The higher the pH value of a solution, the lower its acidity is.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q015Eng
An increase in the pH value of a solution means an increase in its alkalinity.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q016Eng
pH paper turns red in acids and blue in alkalis.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q017Eng
pH paper remains white in distilled water which is neutral.

[Ans] F
213
10.3 Acids and Corrosion

2B100201Q018Eng
All metals react with acids but not alkalis.

[Ans] F
2B100101Q019Eng
Metal saucepans should not be used to make pork in ginger-vinegar.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q020Eng
After adding magnesium ribbons into dilute hydrochloric acid, gas bubbles are evolved.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q021Eng
Sulphur dioxide gas will be given out when iron wires are added into dilute sulphuric acid.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q022Eng
After adding marble chips into dilute nitric acid, carbon dioxide gas is given out.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q023Eng
Chlorine gas will be given out when marble chips are added into dilute hydrochloric acid.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q024Eng
When magnesium ribbons are put into dilute hydrochloric acid, the gas evolved can relight a glowing
splint.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q025Eng
No gas bubbles will be given out when a copper wire is put into dilute sulphuric acid.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q026Eng
Magnesium is more reactive than zinc. Therefore, the reaction between magnesium and dilute nitric acid
will give out more gas bubbles than that of zinc and dilute nitric acid.
[Ans] T
214
2B100101Q027Eng
Gas bubbles will be evolved in the reaction of iron with dilute nitric acid. The gas bubbles give a pop
sound when being tested with a burning splint.
[Ans] T
10.4 Safety Related to the Use of Acids and Alkalis

2B100101Q028Eng
If some acids get into our eyes accidentally, we should use a weak alkali to wash the affected eyes.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q029Eng
We should dilute a concentrated acid in a fume cupboard.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q030Eng
Universal indicator shows a blue colour when the solution is an acid.

[Ans] F
2B100101Q031Eng
Strong acids and strong alkalis are highly corrosive.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q032Eng
Strong acids should be poured into the sink immediately after use.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q033Eng
Dilute acids can be made by adding water into concentrated acids.

[Ans] F
2B100101Q034Eng
Dilute sodium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q035Eng
With the same concentration, ethanoic acid is less corrosive than hydrochloric acid.
[Ans] T
10.5 Acid Rain

2B100201Q036Eng
Carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in the rainwater to form carbonic acid.
[Ans] T
215
2B100101Q037Eng
In clean areas, rainwater should be neutral.

[Ans] F
2B100101Q038Eng
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are common air pollutants that cause acid rain.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q039Eng
In unpolluted areas, rainwater is acidic.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q040Eng
Chlorine gas is one of the common pollutants that dissolves in rainwater to form hydrochloric acid.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q041Eng
Sulphur dioxide dissolves in rain water to form sulphuric acid. It makes the rainwater more acidic.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q042Eng
Acid rain corrodes constructions made of marble and metals.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q043Eng
Acid rain only corrodes buildings. It will not kill living things.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q044Eng
The major sources of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere are motor vehicles and factories.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q045Eng
The major source of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere is the urine excreted from animals.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q046Eng
The pH value of acid rain can be as low as 3.0.

[Ans] T
216
2B100101Q047Eng
The acid rain will be diluted by the water in rivers, so it will not kill the aquatic lives in the rivers.
[Ans] F
2B100201Q048Eng
(extension) The effects caused by acid rain can be reduced by taking public transport instead private cars.
[Ans] T
10.6 Neutralisation
2B100101Q049Eng
Potassium hydroxide can be formed from the neutralisation of potassium chloride and hydrochloric acid.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q050Eng
Salts and water are products formed from the neutralisation of acids and alkalis.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q051Eng
Neutralisation is a process when an alkali is mixed with an acid until the pH of the resulting solution is 7.
[Ans] T
2B100101Q052Eng
The process of adding water into acids or alkalis is called neutralisation.

[Ans] F
2B100101Q053Eng
Our stomach juice contains strong acids. Therefore, antacids containing strong alkalis can be used to
neutralise the excess acids in the stomach.
[Ans] F
2B100201Q054Eng
The stings of wasps are alkaline.

[Ans] T
2B100201Q055Eng
Limestone is added to acidic soil to raise the pH value of the soil.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q056Eng
People can take antacids to help digestion.

[Ans] F
217
10.7 Daily Uses of Acids and Alkalis

2B100101Q057Eng
Acids can kill micro-organisms.

[Ans] T
2B100101Q058Eng
Both acids and alkalis can be used for food preservation.

[Ans] F
2B100201Q059Eng
Vinegar consists of mainly hydrochloric acid and water. It can be used for food preservation.
[Ans] F
2B100101Q060Eng
Many cleansing agents contain acids or alkalis.

[Ans] T
Multiple Choice
Circle the best answer for each question below.

2B100102Q001Eng
Which of the following substances contain alkalis?

(I) Soap
(II) Toothpaste
(III) Vinegar
A. (I) and (II) only

B. (I) and (III) only
C. (II) and (III) only
D. (I), (II) and (III)
[Ans] A
218
2B100102Q002Eng
Which of the following hazard warning labels should be put on a bottle of concentrated hydrochloric
acid?
A. B.
C. D.
[Ans] C
2B100102Q003Eng
When we open a can of fizzy soft drink, gas bubbles come out.
This gas is
A. nitrogen dioxide.
B. carbon dioxide.
C. oxygen.
D. hydrogen.
[Ans] B
2B100102Q004Eng
Which of the following alkalis is commonly found in drain cleaners?
219
A. Sodium carbonate
B. Ammonia
C. Calcium hydroxide
D. Sodium hydroxide
[Ans] D
2B100102Q005Eng
Which of the following is/are the properties of alkalis?

(I) Bitter in taste
(II) Slippery
(III) Corrosive
A. (I) only
B. (I) and (II) only
C. (I) and (III) only
[Ans] D
2B100102Q006Eng
Which of the following domestic products contains acids?

A. Toothpaste
B. Toilet cleaners
C. Drain cleaners
D. Glass cleaners
[Ans] B
2B100102Q007Eng
Which of the following cleansing agents contain(s) alkalis?

(I) Drain cleaners
(II) Toilet cleaners
(III) Glass cleaners
A. (I) only
[Ans] C
220
2B100102Q008Eng
Which of the following acids can be found in lemons?

(I) Hydrochloric acid
(II) Citric acid
(III) Ascorbic acid
A. (II) only
D. (II) and (III) only
[Ans] D
2B100102Q009Eng
Cheese and yoghurt are milk products. They contain

A. lactic acid.
B. citric acid.
C. ethanoic acid.
D. carbonic acid.
[Ans] A

2B100102Q010Eng
Which of the following can turn blue litmus paper red?

A. Distilled water
B. Dilute hydrochloric acid
C. Dilute sodium hydroxide solution
D. Sugar solution
[Ans] B
2B100102Q011Eng
After dipping a piece of red litmus paper into lemon juice, the paper will ________________ .
A. not change colour
B. show a blue colour
C. show a yellow colour
D. show a green colour
[Ans] A
221
2B100102Q012Eng
The following table shows the colours of some plant extracts in acids and alkalis:
Plant extract Colour in acids Colour in alkalis
W Red Blue
X Purple Red
Y Pink Yellow
Z Yellow Yellow
Which of the above plant extracts CANNOT be used as an acid-alkali indicator?
A. Plant extract W
B. Plant extract X
C. Plant extract Y
D. Plant extract Z
[Ans] D
2B100102Q013Eng
Lime water turns pH paper

A. red.
B. blue.
C. yellow.
D. green.
[Ans] B
2B100102Q014Eng
Which of the following can be used to test whether orange juice or lemon juice is more acidic?
(I) pH paper
(II) Litmus paper
(III) Universal indicator
A. (I) only
[Ans] C
222
2B100202Q015Eng
Which of the following statements about pH value and pH scale is INCORRECT?

A. The pH scale is a scale of measuring acidity and alkalinity in terms of pH values.
B. The range of pH scale is within 1 and 14.
C. The higher the pH value of a substance, the higher is its alkalinity.
D. Those substances having a pH value of 4 are more acidic than those having a pH value of 2.
[Ans] B
2B100102Q016Eng
Which of the following is an observation of dipping a piece of blue litmus paper into an acidic solution?
A. The blue litmus paper does not change colour.
B. The blue litmus paper turns red.
C. The blue litmus paper turns yellow.
D. The blue litmus paper turns green.
[Ans] A
2B100102Q017Eng
Which of the following substances is the most acidic?

A. A substance having a pH value of 0
B. A substance having a pH value of 1
C. A substance having a pH value of 14
D. A substance having a pH value of 15
[Ans] A
2B100102Q018Eng
Which of the following substances is the most alkaline?

A. A substance having a pH value of 0
B. A substance having a pH value of 1
C. A substance having a pH value of 13
D. A substance having a pH value of 14
[Ans] D
2B100102Q019Eng
Distilled water turns pH paper

A. red.
B. blue.
C. yellow.
D. green.
[Ans] C
223
2B100102Q020Eng
If the pH values of solution X and solution Y are 6 and 1 respectively, which of the following statements
about these solutions is correct?
A. Solution X can be used to neutralise solution Y.
B. Solution X is more acidic than solution Y.
C. Solution X is weakly alkaline.
D. Solution Y is more corrosive.
[Ans] D

2B100102Q021Eng
When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to zinc beads, gas bubbles are evolved.
dilute hydrochloric acid
zinc beads
The gas can

A. relight a glowing splint.
B. give a pop sound with a glowing splint.
C. give a pop sound with a burning splint.
D. turn lime water milky.
[Ans] C
2B100102Q022Eng
Which of the following metals can react with dilute acids?

(I) Zinc (II) Magnesium (III) Copper
A. (I) only
[Ans] B
2B100102Q023Eng
Gas bubbles are released when marble chips are put into dilute nitric acid.
224
dilute nitric acid
marble chips
225
The gas can

A. relight a glowing splint.
B. give a pop sound with a glowing splint.
C. give a pop sound with a burning splint.
D. turn lime water milky.
[Ans] D
2B100102Q024Eng
We should not use acidic cleansing agents to clean marble and limestone surfaces because
A. the acid can corrode the surfaces.
B. the marble and limestone absorb the acid and give a bad smell.
C. the acid leaves a permanent mark on the surfaces.
D. the acid is explosive.
[Ans] A
2B100102Q025Eng
Marble and limestone can react with acids because

A. they contain calcium.
B. acids are corrosive.
C. they contain calcium carbonate.
D. they are not stable and easily react with other substances.
[Ans] C
2B100102Q026Eng
Which of the following building materials react(s) with dilute acids?

(I) Marble
(II) Limestone
(III) Sand
A. (I) only
[Ans] B
2B100102Q027Eng
Which of the followings is/are the observation(s) after adding magnesium ribbons into dilute nitric acid?
(I) Colourless gas bubbles are given out.
(II) The test tube gets warm.
(III) A pop sound is heard.
226
A. (I) only
[Ans] B
2B100102Q028Eng
After putting iron wires into dilute sulphuric acid,

A. gas bubbles are evolved.
B. the tube becomes cold.
C. the colour of the acid changes to red.
D. a pop sound is heard.
[Ans] A
2B100102Q029Eng
Iron pot is not good for cooking sour pork because

A. iron is toxic.
B. the pot will be corroded by the acids in the food.
C. iron from the pot gives a bad taste.
D. iron from the pot turns the pork to black in colour.
[Ans] B
2B100102Q030Eng
Copper is a good material to build outdoor statues because

A. it is very hard.
B. it reflects light from the Sun.
C. it resists acid corrosion.
D. it is light in weight.
[Ans] C

2B100102Q031Eng
Which of the following is/are strong acid(s)?

(I) Hydrochloric acid
(II) Sulphuric acid
(III) Nitric acid
A. (I) only
[Ans] D
227
2B100202Q032Eng
Which of the following is/are weak acid(s)?

(I) Ethanoic acid in vinegar
(II) Citric acid in fruits
(III) Concentrated hydrochloric acid in the laboratory
A. (I) only
[Ans] B
2B100102Q033Eng
Which of the following is/are strong alkali(s)?

(I) Sodium hydroxide solution
(II) Potassium hydroxide solution
(III) Calcium hydroxide solution
A. (I) only
[Ans] B
2B100102Q034Eng
Which of the following alkalis is the most corrosive (assume they have the same concentration)?
A. Sodium hydroxide solution
B. Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution
C. Calcium hydroxide solution
D. Ammonia solution
[Ans] A
2B100102Q035Eng
We should be very careful when handling concentrated acids because

(I) they may cause serious burns if they spill on our skin.
(II) they may cause blindness if we look at them for a long time.
(III) they may give off toxic acid vapours which may burn our lungs.
228
A. (I) only
[Ans] C
2B100102Q036Eng
Which of the following solutions is the most dangerous?

A. Concentrated hydrochloric acid
B. Dilute hydrochloric acid
C. Concentrated ammonia solution
D. Dilute ammonia solution
[Ans] A
2B100102Q037Eng
Which of the following is NOT a safety measure for handling strong acids?
A. Wear safety goggles
B. Put on protective gloves
C. Perform the experiments in a fume cupboard
D. Work in an empty laboratory
[Ans] D
2B100102Q038Eng
Which of the following is a correct procedure of diluting a concentrated alkali?

A. Adding the concentrated alkali to water slowly with gentle stirring
B. Adding water to the concentrated alkali slowly with gentle stirring
C. Adding the concentrated alkali to water quickly with quick stirring
D. Adding water to the concentrated alkali quickly with quick stirring
[Ans] A
2B100102Q039Eng
Which of the following is NOT a reason to explain why we should not add water to concentrated acids
while diluting?
A. It takes a long time to add a large amount of water.
B. The large amount of heat given out from the reaction may cause splashing out of the acids.
C. It is difficult to control the final concentration.
D. Water is heavier than acid.
[Ans] B
229
2B100102Q040Eng
Which of the following should we do immediately if some acids are accidentally spilled on our skin?
A. Dial 999 for help.
B. Wash the affected area with an alkali.
C. Inform the teacher.
D. Wash the affected area under running water.
[Ans] D
2B100102Q041Eng
Which of the following should we do at once if some concentrated alkalis are spilled on the floor?
A. Clean the spillage immediately.
B. Pour acids on the spillage to neutralise it.
C. Inform the teacher at once.
D. Shout to other classmates to evacuate.
[Ans] C
10.5 Acid Rain

2B100102Q042Eng
Which of the following is the approximate pH value of clean rainwater?

A. 3.0
B. 5.6
C. 7.0
D. 9.2
[Ans] B
2B100202Q043Eng
Clean rainwater is not neutral because

A. carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rainwater to form carbonic acid.
B. water is not neutral.
C. sulphur dioxide is commonly found in clean air and it dissolves in rainwater to form sulphuric
acid.
D. there is no clean rainwater in the world.
[Ans] A
2B100102Q044Eng
Which of the following pollutant gases is/are the cause(s) of acid rain?
(I) Sulphur dioxide
(II) Nitrogen oxides
(III) Carbon dioxide
230
A. (I) only
[Ans] B
2B100102Q045Eng
Which of the followings are the sources of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the air?
(I) Motor vehicles (II) Power stations (III) Factories

[Ans] D
2B100102Q046Eng
Acid rain is most commonly found in

A. industrial areas.
B. deserts.
C. undeveloped areas.
D. high-altitude areas.
[Ans] A
2B100102Q047Eng
(extension) Which of the following are preventive measures against acid rain?
(I) Use fuels with low sulphur content
(II) Use alternative energy sources like solar power
(III) Use less marble to construct buildings

[Ans] A
2B100102Q048Eng
Which of the following are environmental effects of acid rain?

(I) Corrode buildings and structures
(II) Cause mountain fires due to the release of hydrogen gas which is explosive
(III) Kill aquatic lives
231

[Ans] B
2B100102Q049Eng
Which of the following will not be corroded by acid rain?

A. Statue made of marble
B. Statue made of limestone
C. Plant leaves
D. Statue made of copper
[Ans] D
10.6 Neutralisation
2B100102Q050Eng
Which of the following products will be formed after mixing an acid with an alkali?
(I) Salt
(II) Water
(III) Gas bubbles
A. (I) only
[Ans] B
2B100102Q051Eng
Which of the following can be used to treat bites of mosquitoes?

A. Vinegar
B. Saliva
C. Baking soda
D. Table salt
[Ans] C
2B100102Q052Eng
Which of the following is the reason why powdered limestone (a weak alkali) is added to the soil?
A. Alkalis are fertilisers and good for plant growth.
B. Plants grow better in an alkaline environment.
C. Carbon dioxide produced is good for plants to undergo photosynthesis.
D. It can raise the pH value of the soil to a suitable value.
[Ans] D
232
2B100102Q053Eng
Which of the following is the salt formed from the neutralisation of potassium hydroxide solution and
sulphuric acid?
A. Sulphur hydroxide
B. Sulphur oxide
C. Potassium sulphate
D. Potassium oxide
[Ans] C
2B100102Q054Eng
Table salt used in cooking is

A. potassium chloride.
B. sodium chloride.
C. potassium hydroxide.
D. sodium hydroxide.
[Ans] B
2B100102Q055Eng
10 cm3 of a strong acid is added to 10 cm3 of a strong alkali. The resulting solution is tested by pH paper.
The final colour of the pH paper is
A. red.
B. yellow.
C. blue.
D. (None of the above.)
[Ans] D
2B100102Q056Eng
Refer to the following word equation, what are X and Y?

Acid + Alkali X+Y
X Y
A. Hydrogen Oxygen
B. Oxygen Water
C. Salt Water
D. Oxygen Hydrogen
[Ans] C

2B100102Q057Eng
Which of the following domestic cleaners contain alkalis?

(I) Glass cleaners
(II) Oven cleaners
(III) Toilet cleaners
233

[Ans] A
2B100102Q058Eng
Which of the following ways can help to remove the greyish brown deposit inside a kettle?
A. Adding hot vinegar or lemon juice and leaving aside overnight.

B. Adding hot table salt solution and leaving aside overnight.
C. Adding a strong acid and leaving aside overnight.
D. Adding a strong alkali and leaving aside overnight.
[Ans] A
2B100102Q059Eng
Which of the following is the most suitable to preserve cucumber?

A. Nitric acid
B. Ethanoic acid
C. Water
D. Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution
[Ans] B
2B100102Q060Eng
Which of the following can be used as a food preservative?

(I) Citric acid
(II) Distilled water
(III) Sodium hydroxide solution
A. (I) only
[Ans] A
234
Fill in the Blanks

2B100103Q001Eng
Most fruits taste ______________ because they contain acids.

[Ans] sour
2B100103Q002Eng
Soap is ______________ because it is alkaline.

[Ans] slippery
2B100103Q003Eng
Generally, acids taste (a)______________ while alkalis taste (b)______________. (Note: Never taste
anything in the laboratory.)
[Ans] (a) sour (b) bitter
2B100203Q004Eng
Soft drinks taste (a)______________ because they contain (b)______________ acid.

[Ans] (a) sour (b) carbonic
2B100103Q005Eng
(a)______________ , (b)______________ , and (c)______________ are the most commonly found acids
in the laboratory.
[Ans] (a) hydrochloric acid (b) sulphuric acid (c) nitric acid
2B100203Q006Eng
A car battery contains ______________ acid.

[Ans] sulphuric

2B100103Q007Eng
Natural plant extracts contain pigments that show different (a)______________ in acids or alkalis. These
plant extracts can be used as (b)______________ .
[Ans] (a) colours (b) acid-alkali indicators
2B100103Q008Eng
Red cabbage extract is (a)______________ in colour. It shows (b)______________ in lemon juice

whereas it shows (c)______________ in soap solution.
[Ans] (a) purple (b) red (c) green
235
2B100103Q009Eng
Acids turn (a)______________ litmus paper (b)______________ whereas alkalis turn

(c)______________ litmus paper (d)______________ .
[Ans] (a) blue (b) red (c) red (d) blue
2B100103Q010Eng
A substance with a pH value of 2 is more ______________ than one with a pH value of 5.

[Ans] acidic
2B100103Q011Eng
Substances with pH values lower than 7 are (a)______________ , those with a pH value of 7 are
(b)______________ , and those with pH values higher than 7 are (c)______________ .
[Ans] (a) acidic (b) neutral (c) alkaline
2B100103Q012Eng
(a)______________ and (b)______________ can be used to show the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a
solution.
[Ans] (a) pH paper (b) universal indicator
2B100203Q013Eng
Dilute hydrochloric acid changes (a)______________ litmus paper (b)______________ .

[Ans] (a) blue (b) red
2B100103Q014Eng
Dilute sodium hydroxide solution changes (a)______________ litmus paper (b)______________ .

[Ans] (a) red (b) blue
2B100203Q015Eng
The higher the pH value of a substance, the higher is its ______________ .

[Ans] alkalinity
2B100103Q016Eng
The lower the pH value of a substance, the higher is its ______________ .

[Ans] acidity
2B100103Q017Eng
The pH value of a solution can be measured by using (a)______________ , (b)______________ or

(c)______________ .
[Ans] (a) universal indicator (b) pH paper (c) a pH meter
236
2B100103Q018Eng
To measure pH values more accurately, we can use ______________ .

[Ans] pH meter
2B100103Q019Eng
Low pH values mean (a)______________ acidity, while high pH values mean (b)______________
alkalinity.
[Ans] (a) high (b) high
2B100103Q020Eng
______________ shows different colours in different acids and alkalis.

[Ans] Universal indicator / pH paper (any one of them)

2B100103Q021Eng
When a (a)______________ splint is put near the mouth of a test tube filled with hydrogen gas, a
(b)______________ sound will be heard.
[Ans] (a) burning (b) pop
2B100103Q022Eng
Some (a)______________, such as magnesium and iron, react with dilute acid to produce
(b)______________ gas.
[Ans] (a) metals (b) hydrogen
2B100103Q023Eng
(a)______________ and (b)______________ mainly contain calcium carbonate. They react with dilute
acids to give out (c)______________ gas.
[Ans] (a) marble (b) limestone (c) carbon dioxide
2B100103Q024Eng
If a piece of zinc is added to a test tube containing dilute hydrochloric acid, (a)______________ gas will
be given out. The gas can be tested with a/an (b)______________ .
[Ans] (a) hydrogen (b) burning splint
2B100203Q025Eng
Limestone and marble contain the chemical (a)______________ . It dissolves in acids and gives out
(b)______________ gas that turns (c)______________ milky.
[Ans] (a) calcium carbonate (b) carbon dioxide (c) lime water
2B100103Q026Eng
Concentrated acids and alkalis are highly ______________ . We should handle them with great care.
[Ans] corrosive
237
2B100203Q027Eng
Some metals such as ______________ have no reactions with dilute acids.

[Ans] copper
2B100103Q028Eng
The presence of hydrogen gas can be tested by using (a)______________ , while the presence of carbon
dioxide can be tested by using (b)______________ .
[Ans] (a) a burning splint (b) lime water
2B100103Q029Eng
The rate of reaction of zinc with dilute sulphuric acid is ______________ than that of iron with dilute
sulphuric acid.
[Ans] higher

2B100103Q030Eng
When diluting concentrated acids, we should wear (a)______________ , (b)______________ and

(c)______________ .
[Ans] (a) safety goggles (b) a laboratory coat (c) gloves
2B100103Q031Eng
The hazard warning label ______________ should be put on containers containing concentrated acids
and alkalis.
[Ans] corrosive
2B100103Q032Eng
When diluting a concentrated acid, we should add a small amount of the (a)______________ to a large
amount of (b)______________ with continuous (c)______________ .
[Ans] (a) acid (b) water (c) stirring
2B100103Q033Eng
(a)______________ and (b)______________ are examples of strong alkalis.

[Ans] (a) sodium hydroxide (b) potassium hydroxide
2B100103Q034Eng
(a)______________ acids contain a low percentage of acids in water whereas (b)______________ acids
contain a high percentage of acids in water.
[Ans] (a) Dilute (b) concentrated
2B100103Q035Eng
If some acids are getting into the eyes, we should wash the affected eyes using an ______________ .
[Ans] eye-wash bottle
238
2B100203Q036Eng
When diluting concentrated acids, we should perform the experiment in a (a)______________ . This
prevents (b)______________ of the acids from irritating our eyes and (c)______________ .
[Ans] (a) fume cupboard (b) vapours (c) respiratory system
2B10003Q037Eng
If there are some acids spilt on our skin, we should wash the affected area with a large amount of
______________ .
[Ans] water
10.5 Acid Rain

2B100103Q038Eng
(a)______________ and (b)______________ are the acidic pollutant gases in the atmosphere that cause
the formation of acid rain.
[Ans] (a) Sulphur dioxide (b) nitrogen oxides
2B100103Q039Eng
Normal rainwater is acidic because (a)______________ is present naturally in the atmosphere and it
dissolves in rainwater to form (b)______________ .
[Ans] (a) carbon dioxide (b) carbonic acid
2B100103Q040Eng
When fuels are burnt in the engines of motor vehicles, (a)______________ and (b)______________ are
released.
[Ans] (a) nitrogen oxides (b) sulphur dioxide
2B100103Q041Eng
The main sources of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the air are (a)______________ ,
(b)______________ and (c)______________ .
[Ans] (a) motor vehicles (b) power stations (c) factories
2B100103Q042Eng
Acid rain (a)______________ the buildings and statues that are made of (b)______________ ,
(c)______________ and (d)______________ .
[Ans] (a) corrodes (b) marble (c) limestone (d) metals
2B100103Q043Eng
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are acidic (a)______________ released from power stations,
factories and vehicles. When these gases dissolve in rainwater, (b)______________ will be formed.
[Ans] (a) air pollutants (b) acid rain
239
2B100103Q044Eng
Acid rain makes the soil too (a)______________ for plants to grow. It also damages leaves and makes
plants unable to produce (b)______________ .
[Ans] (a) acidic (b) food
2B100103Q045Eng
Some fishes are very sensitive to the pH value of water. Acid rain (a)______________ the acidity of the
water in lakes and thus (b)______________the aquatic lives.
[Ans] (a) increases (b) kills
2B100103Q046Eng
(extension) Using alternative energy sources such as (a)______________ and using fuels with
(b)______________ sulphur content are two ways to control acid rain.
[Ans] (a) solar energy / hydroelectric energy / wind energy / tidal energy (Any one of them) (b) low
2B100103Q047Eng
(extension) Installing ______________ in vehicles is a preventive measure against acid rain.

[Ans] catalytic converters
10.6 Neutralisation
2B100103Q048Eng
(a)______________ occurs when an alkali is mixed with an acid until the resulting solution becomes
(b)______________ (pH = 7).
[Ans] (a) Neutralisation (b) neutral
2B100103Q049Eng
If the soil is too acidic, (a)______________ or (b)______________ can be added to the soil to raise the
(c)______________ to a suitable level.
[Ans] (a) slaked lime (b) powdered limestone (c) pH value
2B100103Q050Eng
When potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid neutralise each other, (a)______________ and
(b)______________ are formed.
[Ans] (a) potassium sulphate (b) water
2B100103Q051Eng
The word equation for neutralisation is: (a)______________ + (b)______________

(c)______________ + (d)______________
[Ans] (a) Acid (b) Alkali (c) Salt (d) Water
240
2B100103Q052Eng
An antacid contains (a)______________ alkalis. It is often used to (b)______________ the excess acid in
the stomach.
[Ans] (a) weak (b) neutralise
2B100103Q053Eng
Wasps give (a)______________ stings. The stings can be neutralised by using a (b)______________ such
as (c)______________ .
[Ans] (a) alkaline (b) weak acid (c) vinegar
2B100103Q054Eng
Mosquitoes give (a)______________ stings. The stings can be neutralised by using a (b)______________
such as (c)______________ .
[Ans] (a) acidic (b) weak alkali (c) baking soda
2B100103Q055Eng
Industrial waste has to be treated before (a)______________. Acidic waste can be neutralised by adding
(b)______________, while alkaline waste can be neutralised by adding (c)______________ .
[Ans] (a) discharge (b) alkalis (c) acids
2B100103Q056Eng
Antacids contain weak alkalis such as (a)______________ and (b)______________. They are often used
to neutralise the excess (c)______________ in the stomach.
[Ans] (a) magnesium hydroxide (b) aluminium hydroxide (c) acid

2B100203Q057Eng
The greyish brown deposit found inside a kettle is mainly (a)______________ . It can be cleaned by
adding (b)______________ or (c)______________ .
[Ans] (a) calcium carbonate (b) vinegar (c) lemon juice
2B100103Q058Eng
Vinegar contains (a)______________ . It can kill (b)______________ and thus can be used to
(c)______________ food.
[Ans] (a) ethanoic acid (b) micro-organisms (c) preserve
2B100103Q059Eng
(extension) (a)______________ may occur in fruits such as apples, pears and bananas when cut open.
This is because certain substances in these fruits react with (b)______________ in the air to form brown
substances.
[Ans] (a) Browning (b) oxygen
241
2B100103Q060Eng
Glass cleaners contain alkalis such as (a)______________ for removing grease. Toilet cleaners contain
acids such as (b)______________ for dissolving stains.
[Ans] (a) ammonia (b) hydrochloric acid
Short Questions

2B100104Q001Eng
(a) Give TWO household products that contain acids.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Give TWO household products that contain alkalis.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Vinegar / soft drinks / fruit juices (any two of them)
(b) Glass cleaners / toothpaste / detergents (any two of them)
2B100104Q002Eng
Many domestic products contain alkalis.

(a) Give TWO common properties of alkalis.
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Give THREE domestic products that contain alkalis.
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) Give ONE example of domestic cleaners that contains acids but not alkalis.
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Alkalis taste bitter and feel soap or slippery.
(b) Soap, toothpaste, drain cleaners, oven cleaners (Any three of them)
(c) Toilet cleaners

2B100104Q003Eng
Consider the following daily-life products:

lemon juice, antacid, oven cleaner, soap solution, orange juice, vinegar
(a) Which of the above products is/are acidic?

__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Which of the above products is/are alkaline?
__________________________________________________________________________
242
(c) Which of the above two products contain the same acid? Write down the name of this acid.
__________________________________________________________________________
(d) Which of the above products is corrosive?
__________________________________________________________________________
(e) State ONE safety precaution when handling this product.
__________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Lemon juice, orange juice and vinegar
(b) Antacid, oven cleaner and soap solution
(c) Lemon juice and orange juice. The acid contained is citric acid.
(d) Oven cleaner
(e) Wear protective gloves.
2B100104Q004Eng
Below is a photo of a bottle of sodium hydroxide solution:
(a) Is sodium hydroxide solution an acid or an alkali? Suggest ONE simple test to determine its pH
value.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) The following hazard warning label is put on the bottle:
What does this hazard warning label mean?

__________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Sodium hydroxide solution is an alkali. Its pH value can be tested by using pH paper / universal
indicator / pH meter (any one of them).
(b) Corrosive
243
2B100104Q005Eng
Below are the photos of four solutions:
Concentrated sulphuric Fresh milk Lemon juice Glass cleaner

acid
(a) Arrange the above four solutions in an ascending order of pH values.
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) (i) Which of the solutions is/are alkaline?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) What is the colour change of blue litmus paper in this/these solution(s)?
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) What is the colour change of red litmus paper in this/these solution(s)?
_____________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Concentrated sulphuric acid < lemon juice < fresh milk < glass cleaner
(b) (i) Glass cleaner
(ii) It does not change the colour of blue litmus paper.
(iii) It turns red litmus paper blue.
2B100204Q006Eng
The following table shows the colours of four plant extracts and their colours in acids and alkalis.
Plant extract Original colour Colour in acids Colour in alkalis
A Purple Purple Green
B Red Yellow Blue
C Green Orange Green
D Orange Orange Orange
(a) Which of the plant extracts can be used as a natural indicator?
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Which of the plant extracts can be used to test for acids?
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) When plant extract C is put into solution X, there is no colour change. Do you think solution X will
change the colour of red litmus paper? Explain your answer briefly.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
244
[Ans]
(a) A, B and C
(b) B and C
(c) Solution X does not change the colour of red litmus paper. It is because there is no colour change
when plant extract C is put into solution X. This indicates that solution X is either alkaline or
neutral. Both alkaline and neutral solutions do not change the colour of red litmus paper.
2B100104Q007Eng
The following table shows the pH values of five different solutions:

Solution A B C D E
pH value 2.0 9.0 7.0 4.5 13.0
(a) Which solution(s) is/are

(i) strongly acidic?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) weakly acidic?
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) neutral?
_____________________________________________________________________
(iv) weakly alkaline?
_____________________________________________________________________
(v) strongly alkaline?
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) Which TWO of the solutions are the most corrosive?
__________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) (i) Solution A
(ii) Solution D
(iii) Solution C
(iv) Solution B
(v) Solution E
(b) Solutions A and E
2B100104Q008Eng
The pH values of five solutions are shown in the following table:

Solution A B C D E
pH value 1 9 13 5 7
(a) Which solution(s) is/are weakly acidic?
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Which solution(s) is/are weakly alkaline?
___________________________________________________________________________
245
(c) Which solution(s) can turn blue litmus paper red?

___________________________________________________________________________
(d) Which solution(s) can turn red litmus paper blue?
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Solution D
(b) Solution B
(c) Solutions A and D
(d) Solutions B and C

2B100204Q009Eng
Normal rain water is neutral. Is this statement correct? Explain your answer briefly.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
Normal rain water is not neutral. This is because carbon dioxide is present naturally in the atmosphere. It
dissolves in the small water droplets in the sky which form rain. Therefore, rain water contains carbonic
acid and is slightly acidic.
2B100204Q010Eng
For each of the following combinations, describe a test to distinguish them and state any observable
changes.
(a) Zinc and copper
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) When zinc beads are put into dilute hydrochloric acid, some colourless gas bubbles are evolved.
On the other hand, copper strips have no reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(b) When a burning splint is put near the mouth of a test tube filled with hydrogen gas, a pop sound
is heard. However, when a burning splint is put near the mouth of a test tube filled with carbon
dioxide gas, no pop sound will be heard. (Or any other reasonable answer)
246
2B100104Q011Eng
Lisa added a few pieces of marble into a test tube containing dilute hydrochloric acid as shown below:
marble
(a) (i) Some colourless gas bubbles are produced. What is this gas?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Suggest a test for this gas.
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) What substance in the marble reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce the gas in (a) (i)?
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) (i) Carbon dioxide gas
(ii) Fit a delivery tube into the test tube and put the other end into a test tube of lime water. Carbon
dioxide will turn the lime water milky.
(b) Calcium carbonate
2B100104Q012Eng
The following photos show two kinds of cooking utensils.
Iron pot Clay pot

Mrs. Ho wants to cook food with vinegar. Which cooking utensil would you suggest her to use? Briefly
explain your answer.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
Clay pot. This is because vinegar contains ethanoic acid which reacts with iron to produce harmful
substances. On the other hand, vinegar does not react with clay. Therefore, it is safe to use clay pot to
cook food with vinegar.
247
2B100204Q013Eng
Lawrence tried to show that acidic solutions can corrode limestone and carbon dioxide gas is released.
His experimental set-up is shown below:
stopper delivery tube
limewater dilute hydrochloric

acid
limestone
chips
However, there are no observable changes for the above experiment. His teacher found that there are two
mistakes in his experimental set-up. What are the mistakes in his experimental set-up? Draw a correct
labelled experimental set-up in the space provided.
[Ans]
delivery tube
stopper
dilute hydrochloric acid lime water
limestone chips
248
2B100104Q014Eng
Tom added some magnesium ribbons into a test tube containing dilute nitric acid as shown below:
dilute nitric acid
magnesium ribbons
(a) (i) Some colourless gas bubbles are produced. What is this gas?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Suggest a test for this gas.
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) How do the magnesium ribbons change finally?
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) (i) Hydrogen gas
(ii) When a burning splint is put near the mouth of the test tube, a pop sound is heard.
(b) The magnesium ribbons dissolve in the acid and disappear finally.

2B100104Q015Eng
Charles is going to dilute concentrated sulphuric acid by adding water to the acid.
water
concentrated
sulphuric acid
(a) What are the potential dangers of this method of diluting a concentrated acid?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) With the help of a labelled diagram, briefly describe the proper procedures for diluting
concentrated acids.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
249
[Ans]
(a) Concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with water and give out a lot of heat that may cause it to splash
out.
(b)
glove
glass rod
concentrated sulphuric acid
water
Wear safety spectacles, a laboratory coat and gloves.

Perform the experiment in a fume cupboard.
Add concentrated sulphuric acid slowly to a large amount of water and stir it carefully with a
glass rod.
2B100104Q016Eng
Look at the following picture:
250
State THREE safety measures for handling strong acids and alkalis. Give a reason for each of them.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
Stick the hazard warning label corrosive on the surface of the container. Reason: To warn users about
the corrosive property of the chemical.
Wear safety goggles. Reason: To prevent strong acids and alkalis from getting into our eyes (which can
cause severe injuries and even blindness).
Put on protective gloves. Reason: To prevent our skin from contacting strong acids and alkalis (which
can cause severe burns).
Wear a laboratory coat. Reason: To prevent our body and clothes from contacting strong acids and
alkalis (which can cause severe burns).
Perform in a fume cupboard. Reason: To prevent toxic acid and alkali vapours from irritating our eyes
and respiratory system.
(Any three of them)
2B100104Q017Eng
Briefly describe what should be done if

(a) some dilute acids spill onto our skin.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) some dilute alkalis spill onto the bench.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Wash the affected area under running water immediately.
(b) Add water to the affected area and clean it with a cloth according to your teachers instructions.
Wash the cloth well and clean the affected area with water several times.
2B100104Q018Eng
For each of the following pairs of solutions, which one is more corrosive? Explain your answer briefly.
(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute ethanoic acid
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Dilute potassium hydroxide solution and lime water
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) Dilute sulphuric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
251
(d) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution and concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid. This is because hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and ethanoic acid is a
weak acid.
(b) Dilute potassium hydroxide solution. This is because potassium hydroxide is a strong alkali and
lime water is a weak alkali.
(c) Concentrated sulphuric acid. This is because concentrated sulphuric acid contains a higher
percentage of acid in water than dilute sulphuric acid.
(d) Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. This is because concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
contains a higher percentage of alkali in water than dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
10.5 Acid Rain

2B100104Q019Eng
(a) Suggest THREE sources of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the air.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) How do sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides affect the pH value of rainwater when these gases
dissolve in it? What is the product called?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Motor vehicles, power stations and factories
(b) They decrease the pH value of rainwater and make it acidic.
The product is called acid rain.
2B100104Q020Eng
(a) Suggest THREE effects of acid rain on the environment.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) (extension) Suggest THREE ways to reduce air pollution so as to prevent acid rain.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Acid rain corrodes structures made of metals, marble and limestone.
Acid rain may kill fish and plants in lakes and rivers.
Acid rain affects plant growth and may even kill plants and trees.
(Or other three reasonable answers)
252
(b) Saving energy. / Using alternative energy sources like solar energy. / Using high-grade fuels with
low sulphur content. / Removing pollutants from the exhaust gas of vehicles. / Educating the
public about the harmful effects of acid rain and the ways of reducing air pollution.
(Any three of them or other three reasonable answers)
10.6 Neutralisation
2B100104Q021Eng
(a) What is the meaning of neutralisation?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Write a word equation to represent the neutralisation between sulphuric acid and calcium
hydroxide.
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Neutralisation is a reaction when an alkali is mixed with an acid until the resulting solution
becomes neutral (pH = 7).
(b) Sulphuric acid + Calcium hydroxide
Calcium sulphate + Water
2B100104Q022Eng
(a) Arrange the following substances in an increasing order of acidity.

Salt water, lemon juice, toothpaste, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Write a word equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide.
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) What substance can be used to react with hydrochloric acid to form table salt?
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Potassium hydroxide < toothpaste < salt water < lemon juice < hydrochloric acid
(b) Hydrochloric acid + Potassium hydroxide Potassium chloride + Water
(c) Sodium hydroxide
2B100104Q023Eng
Susan mixed an appropriate amount of acid X and alkali Y together. She added the neutralised solution to
a watch glass. She then put the watch glass over a beaker of water and the water is heated over a Bunsen
burner.
neutralised solution
253
(a) What is evaporated when the solution is heated?

___________________________________________________________________________
(b) If the residue left in the watch glass is table salt, can you suggest what acid X and alkali Y are?
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) Write a word equation for the reaction between acid X and alkali Y.
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Water
(b) Acid X: Hydrochloric acid Alkali Y: Sodium hydroxide
(c) Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium chloride + Water
2B100204Q024Eng
Mark used a dropper to add dilute potassium hydroxide solution drop by drop into a flask containing
dilute hydrochloric acid and universal indicator.
dilute potassium
hydroxide solution

with universal indicator
(a) How do the pH value and the acidity of the solution change?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) What is the reaction between dilute potassium hydroxide solution and dilute hydrochloric acid
called?
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) What is/are the product(s) of the reaction?
___________________________________________________________________________
(d) Write a word equation for the reaction involved.
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) The pH value increases slowly and the acidity of the solution decreases slowly.
(b) Neutralisation
(c) Potassium chloride and water
(d) Potassium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid Potassium chloride + Water
254
2B100104Q025Eng
The table below shows the suitable pH ranges for the growth of some plants:
Plant Suitable soil pH for growth
Potato 5.0 6.5
Rose 5.5 7.0
Beans 6.0 7.5
Forget-me-not 6.0 8.0
(a) How can farmers determine the pH value of soil?
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) If the pH value of the soil is 7.0, which plants can grow healthily in the soil?
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) If the pH value of the soil is 8.0, which plants can grow healthily in the soil?
___________________________________________________________________________
(d) Sometimes farmers will add some slaked lime to the soil. What is the purpose of doing this?
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) By using pH paper or universal indicator.
(b) Rose, beans and forget-me-not
(c) Forget-me-not
(d) Slaked lime can be added to the soil to raise the pH value to a suitable level.
2B100104Q026Eng
Suggest a substance that is suitable for treating each of the following.

(a) Stomach-ache caused by the presence of excess acid in the stomach
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) A wasp sting
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) A bee sting
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Antacid / magnesium hydroxide / aluminium hydroxide (any one of them)
(b) Vinegar / ethanoic acid (any one of them)
(c) Baking soda / sodium hydrogencarbonate (any one of them)
2B100104Q027Eng
Antacids contain weak alkalis.

(a) Suggest TWO weak alkalis that can be found in antacids.
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Why can antacids help to relieve stomach-ache?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
255
(c) Why do antacids not contain strong alkalis?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide
(b) Antacids can neutralise the excess acid in the stomach.
(c) Strong alkalis are corrosive and can hurt the stomach.

2B100104Q028Eng
The following photo shows a toilet cleaner:
(a) The toilet cleaner contains hydrochloric acid. How does the acid help to clean toilets?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) What do you expect about the pH value of the toilet cleaner, below 7, above 7 or at 7? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) Suggest ONE safety precaution when using this toilet cleaner.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Hydrochloric acid helps dissolve stubborn stains in toilets.
(b) Below pH 7. Acids have pH values below 7.
(c) Wear protective gloves. (Or any reasonable answers)
2B100104Q029Eng
The following photo shows a bottle of pickled cucumber and its ingredient label:
Pickled Cucumber
Ingredients:
Cucumber, vinegar, sugar,
salt, flavourings
(a) What acid does vinegar contain? What is purpose of adding vinegar?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) What is the name of this method of preserving food?
___________________________________________________________________________
256
[Ans]
(a) Vinegar contains ethanoic acid. Acids can kill micro-organisms and can be used to preserve foods.
(b) Pickling
2B100104Q030Eng
(extension) After cutting open an apple, its cut surfaces turn brown in a few minutes.
(a) How does the browning of an apple occur?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Suggest ONE way to prevent browning of apples.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Browning of apples is due to the formation of brown substances when certain substances in apples
react with oxygen in the air.
(b) Browning of apples can be slowed down by brushing the cut surfaces with a weak acid solution
such as lemon juice or vinegar.
2B100104Q031Eng
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
Stomach juice contains hydrochloric acid that helps digestion of food.

However, when we are under stress, the stomach may produce too much acid.
This causes stomach-ache. Stomach-ache can be treated by taking antacids.
(a) What is the acid produced by the stomach? What is its function?
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) What is the cause of stomach-ache?
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) What is the common active ingredient found in antacids?
___________________________________________________________________________
(d) What is the kind of reaction between the active ingredient mentioned in (c) and hydrochloric acid?
___________________________________________________________________________
(e) Write a word equation for the reaction in (d).
___________________________________________________________________________
257
[Ans]
(a) Hydrochloric acid. It helps digestion of food.
(b) Stomach-ache is caused by the excretion of too much hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
(c) Magnesium hydroxide / aluminium hydroxide (any one of them)
(d) Neutralisation
(e) Magnesium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid
Magnesium chloride + Water
Aluminium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid Aluminium chloride + Water
(Any one of them)
Long Questions
2B100105Q001Eng
The table below shows the pH values of five different solutions:

Solution A B C D E
pH value 5.6 7.0 13.0 3.0 8.5
(a) Explain how to use universal indicator to determine the pH values of the above solutions.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) (i) Which solution is distilled water? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) What are the observable changes when blue and red litmus papers are put in distilled water
respectively?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) (i) Which solution is probably rainwater? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) How does the pH value of rainwater change if nitrogen oxides dissolve in it? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
(d) (i) Which solution would you use to neutralise solution C?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Write a word equation for neutralisation between an acid and an alkali.
_____________________________________________________________________
258
[Ans]
(a) Add universal indicator into each of the solutions and observe the colour changes. Match the
colours of universal indicator with the pH colour chart to find out the pH values of the solutions.
(b) (i) Solution B, because distilled water has a pH value of 7.0.
(ii) Distilled water does not change the colours of both blue and red litmus papers.
(c) (i) Solution A, because the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves in the water droplets of
rainwater to form carbonic acid.
(ii) The pH value of rainwater decreases because nitric acid is formed if nitrogen oxides dissolve
in it.
(d) (i) Solution D
(ii) Acid + Alkali Salt + Water
2B100105Q002Eng
Alice conducted an experiment to study which materials can resist the corrosion of acids. Her
experimental set-up is shown below:
dilute acid dilute acid dilute acid dilute acid
gas bubble gas bubble
iron strip aluminium strip wooden piece limestone piece
A B C D
(a) To ensure a fair test, which variables should be kept constant? Suggest TWO of them.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) According to the experimental results shown above, which materials can resist corrosion?
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) (i) What are the gases given out in test tubes A and D respectively?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Suggest suitable tests for the gases mentioned in (i).
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(d) Which pot, aluminium pot or iron pot, should be used to cook acidic food?
___________________________________________________________________________
(e) Which cleaner, acidic or alkaline, should be used to clean limestone surface?
___________________________________________________________________________
259
[Ans]
(a) Type of acid / concentration of acid / temperature (any two of them)
(b) Aluminium and wood
(c) (i) Test tube A: Hydrogen gas Test tube D: Carbon dioxide gas
(ii) A pop sound is heard if a burning splint is put near the mouth of the test tube containing
hydrogen gas.
Carbon dioxide gas can turn lime water milky.
(d) Aluminium pot
(e) Alkaline cleaner
2B100105Q003Eng
Jason added some zinc beads into a test tube of solution X. Then he put some cotton wool into the mouth
of the test tube.
solution X
zinc beads
(a) Suggest ONE simple test to find out whether solution X is an acid.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Some gas bubbles are produced. Suggest ONE test to find out if the gas is
(i) oxygen
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) carbon dioxide
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) hydrogen
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) (i) What is the purpose of the cotton wool in the set-up?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) What may happen if a stopper is used instead of cotton wool?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
260
[Ans]
(a) Add one drop of solution X to a piece of pH paper. Observe the colour of the pH paper. Match it
with the pH colour chart to find out the pH value of solution X. If the pH value of solution X is
below 7, it is an acid. (Or other reasonable answers)
(b) (i) Put a glowing splint into the test tube. If the gas is oxygen is oxygen, the glowing splint will
relight.
(ii) Fit a delivery tube into the test tube and put the other end into another test tube containing lime
water. If the gas is carbon dioxide, the lime water will turn milky.
(iii) Put a burning splint near the mouth of the test tube. If the gas is hydrogen, a pop sound will
be heard.
(c) (i) To avoid the gas to escape out of the test tube.
(ii) Too much gas may be held in the test tube and may explode suddenly.
2B100205Q004Eng
The following map shows the locations of two towns, A and B:

Town A
Lake
Town B
The pH values of rainwater in towns A and B are shown in the following table:
Town A Town B
pH value of rainwater 5.6 3.0
(a) Which town is more developed? State your reasons.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Although the rainwater in town A is slightly acidic, environmentalists claimed that there is no acid
rain in town A. Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) The number of fish in the lake drops in recent years. State ONE possible reason.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
261
(d) Suggest TWO causes of acid rain in town B.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(e) (extension) Suggest TWO ways to reduce the effect of acid rain in town B.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Town B. This is because the problem of acid rain is more serious. It means the levels of sulphur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides are higher. These gases are produced mainly by motor vehicles,
factories and power stations.
(b) Carbon dioxide is present naturally in the atmosphere. It dissolves in the small water droplets in
the sky which form rain. Thus rainwater contains carbonic acid and is slightly acidic.
(c) Acid rain flows into the lake. It causes the pH of the lake water to decrease. The high acidity of
lake water kills aquatic lives.
(d) Motor vehicles / power stations / factories (any two of them)
(e) Saving energy / using alternative sources such as solar energy / using high-grade fuels with low
sulphur content / installing catalytic converters in vehicles to remove pollutants from the exhaust
gas of vehicles / educating the public about the harmful effects of acid rain and the ways of
reducing air pollution (any two of them)
2B100205Q005Eng
Sandy added a few pieces of marble into a test tube containing dilute hydrochloric acid.
marble
(a) (i) Suggest ONE method to dilute hydrochloric acid safely.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) What precautions should Sandy take?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
262
(b) Sandy wants to find out whether the gas given out is carbon dioxide.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram in the box below to show her set-up.
(ii) What is the observation if the gas is carbon dioxide?

_____________________________________________________________________
(c) What will Sandy observe if
(i) a magnesium ribbon is used instead of marble?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) water is used instead of dilute hydrochloric acid?
_____________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) (i) Add concentrated hydrochloric acid slowly to a large amount of water and stir it carefully with
a glass rod during dilution.
(ii) Wear safety spectacles, a laboratory coat and gloves. Perform the experiment in a fume
cupboard.
(b) (i)
delivery tube
lime water
marble
(ii) The lime water will turn milky.

(c) (i) Gas bubbles will be produced and the test tube will become warm.
(ii) There are no observable changes.
263
2B100205Q006Eng
The diagram below shows a method of diluting a concentrated alkali.
water
concentrated alkali
(a) What is the danger of the above method?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) In the box below, draw a labelled diagram to show the correct method of dilution.
(c) (i) Suggest ONE example of strong alkalis.

_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Why must we handle strong alkalis carefully?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(d) If some alkalis get into our eyes, what should we do immediately?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
264
[Ans]
(a) The concentrated alkali reacts with water and gives out a lot of heat that may cause them to splash
out.
(b)
glass rod
concentrated alkali
water
(c) (i) Sodium hydroxide / potassium hydroxide (any one of them or any other reasonable answers)
(ii) It is corrosive. (Or any other reasonable answers)
(d) Wash the affected eye(s) using an eye-wash bottle or under slowly running water immediately.
2B100105Q007Eng
The photo below shows a helicopter spreading limestone powder over an acidic lake.
(a) Acid rain can make a lake become acidic. How is acid rain formed?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) (i) Suggest ONE simple test to find out the pH value of the lake water.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Suggest the possible range of pH values of the acidic lake water.
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) How does the acidic water affect the organisms in the lake?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(d) (i) Is limestone acidic or alkaline?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) What is the purpose of spreading limestone over an acidic lake?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
265
[Ans]
(a) Acid rain is formed when acidic air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
dissolve in rainwater in the air to form acids.
(b) (i) Collect some water sample from the lake. Use a dropper to add one drop of the lake water to a
piece of pH paper. Observe the colour of the pH paper. Match it with the pH colour chart to find
out the pH value of the lake water. If the pH value is below 7, the lake water is acidic. (Or any
other reasonable answers)
(ii) Between 3 and 5
(c) Many organisms cannot survive in water of low pH values. They will die.
(d) (i) It is alkaline.
(ii) To neutralise the acid in the lake. / To increase the pH value of the lake water.
2B100105Q008Eng
The photo below shows a marble statue damaged by acid rain.
(a) How did acid rain damage the marble statue?

___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Suggest ONE effect of acid rain on the following aspects:
(i) iron water pipes
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) soil
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) economy () of a society
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) (i) (extension) Suggest TWO preventive measures against acid rain.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Suggest TWO ways to reduce air pollution in our daily life.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
266
[Ans]
(a) Marble contains calcium carbonate that reacts with acid rain and dissolves in it.
(b) (i) Iron reacts with acid rain and dissolves in it. (Or any other reasonable answers)
(ii) Acid rain will make the soil too acidic and unsuitable for plant growth. This causes the yield of
crops to decrease. (Or any other reasonable answers)
(iii) A large amount of money has to be spent on maintaining the damaged buildings and
structures. (Or any other reasonable answers)
(c) (i) Using alternative energy sources like solar energy.
Using high-grade fuels with low sulphur content.
Removing pollutants from the exhaust gas of vehicles, e.g. using catalytic converters.
Educating the public about the harmful effects of acid rain and the ways of reducing air
pollution.
(Any two of them or any other reasonable answers)
(ii) Turn off electrical appliances when we are not using them.
Use public transport such as MTR instead of private cars whenever possible.
Turn off the car engine when waiting.
(Any two of them or any other reasonable answers)
2B100105Q009Eng
An experiment was carried out to investigate the change in pH value of the mixture during the
neutralisation of dilute sodium hydroxide solution and dilute hydrochloric acid. The table below shows
the experimental results:
Volume of acid 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
added to 5 cm3 of
sodium hydroxide
solution (cm3)
pH value of the 12 11.5 11 10.5 10 7 3 2.5 2.3 2.1 2
mixture
(a) Plot a graph to show the above results.
267
(b) From the graph,

(i) estimate the volume of dilute hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise sodium hydroxide.
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) What is the pH value of the neutralised mixture?
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) Write a word equation for the neutralisation.
___________________________________________________________________________
(d) How does the volume of dilute hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise sodium hydroxide solution
change if
(i) more concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is used?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) more concentrated hydrochloric acid is used?
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) more universal indicator is added to the mixture?
_____________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a)
(b) (i) 5 cm3

(ii) 7
(c) Sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid
Sodium chloride + Water
(d) (i) The volume of dilute hydrochloric acid needed will increase.
(ii) The volume of dilute hydrochloric acid needed will decrease.
(iii) The volume of dilute hydrochloric acid needed will not change.
268
2B100105Q010Eng
Jenny neutralised potassium hydroxide solution with dilute sulphuric acid. She then put some of the
neutralised mixture on a watch glass as shown below:
neutralised mixture
(a) (i) What is the pH value of the neutralised mixture?

_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Besides using universal indicator, suggest ONE simple test to confirm the pH value stated
in (a)(i).
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) Write a word equation for the neutralisation.
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) The neutralised solution was evaporated to obtain some white solids. Draw a labelled diagram of
the set-up for evaporation.
(d) Suggest TWO daily uses of neutralisation.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) (i) The pH value is 7.0.
(ii) Use both blue and red litmus paper. If the pH value is 7.0, the colours of both litmus papers
will not change.
(b) Potassium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid Potassium sulphate + Water
269
(c)
neutralised solution
water
wire gauze
tripod
Bunsen burner
(d) Relieving stomach-ache with antacids.

Treating alkaline and acidic stings or bites with weak acids or weak alkalis respectively.
Raising the pH value of acidic soil by adding slaked lime.
Neutralising industrial wastes with alkalis or acids.
(Any two of them or any other two reasonable answers)
2B100205Q011Eng
The photo below shows a packet of antacid tablets.
(a) How does an antacid relieve stomach-ache?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Peter wanted to find out how much acid is needed to neutralise one antacid tablet. Write down the
procedure of his experiment.
(Hints: You may consider the following:
how to dissolve the antacid tablet,
how to determine the pH value of the mixture, and
the kind of dilute acid to be used in the experiment.)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
270
(c) The table below shows the colour changes of the universal indicator used by Peter.
pH value of the mixture Below 7 At 7 Above 7
Colour of the indicator Red Green Purple
3
Peter found that 3 cm of acid X is needed to neutralise one antacid tablet. What is the colour of the
indicator if
(i) two antacid tablets are used and 3 cm3 of the acid is added.
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) two antacid tablets are used and 6 cm3 of the acid is added.
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) one antacid tablet is used and 6 cm3 of the acid is added.
_____________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Antacids contain weak alkalis, which can be used to neutralise the excess acid in the stomach.
(b) Crush an antacid tablet into powder and dissolve the powder in 20 cm3 of water with a glass rod.
Pour the solution into a conical flask.
Use a dropper to add two drops of universal indicator into the solution and shake.
Put the flask on a white tile.
Add 10 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to a 10 cm3 measuring cylinder.
Use a dropper to transfer 1 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to the flask of antacid solution. Shake
the mixture and record the pH value. Repeat this step several times.
Add dilute hydrochloric acid drop by drop into the flask while shaking the solution until the
mixture becomes acidic.
Drop the remaining dilute hydrochloric acid in the dropper back into the measuring cylinder.
The volume of acid added = 10 cm3 volume of acid left in the measuring cylinder
(c) (i) Purple
(ii) Green
(iii) Red
2B100105Q012Eng
David brought three bottles of colourless liquids to the laboratory. He wanted to know which are acidic
and which are alkaline. Amy suggested he can do the test by tasting.
How can I test which solution is You can test them by tasting!
acidic and which solution is
alkaline?
David Amy
(a) Do you agree with Amys suggestion? State TWO reasons.
271
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
272
(b) If David assures that the three liquids are safe to drink, would you agree with Amys suggestion?
Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) Suggest TWO natural substances that can be used to test which of the liquids is acidic and which
of them is alkaline. State also the positive results.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(d) Suggest THREE substances in the laboratory that can be used to test which of the liquids is acidic
and which of them is alkaline. State also the positive results.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) No. We cannot eat anything in the laboratory. Also, it is dangerous to taste unknown liquids,
because some acids and alkalis are corrosive.
(b) Tasting is not an accurate method because the sour taste of acids and the bitter taste of alkalis
could be covered by other tastes.
(c) Red cabbage extract: It shows red or purple in acids and green or yellow in alkalis.
Red rose extract: It shows red or pink in acids and green or brown in alkalis.
Hydrangeas extract: It shows blue in acids and pink in alkalis. (Any two of them)
(d) Blue litmus paper: It shows red in acids and does not change colours in alkalis.
Red litmus paper: It shows blue in alkalis and does not change colours in acids.
Universal indicator: It shows red or orange in acids and blue or green in alkalis.
pH paper: It shows red or orange in acids and blue or green in alkalis. (Any three of them)
2B100205Q013Eng
The following experiment was done to determine the volume of dilute sodium hydroxide solution needed
to neutralise 10 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid.
Step 3 dilute sodium

Step 1 Step 2 hydroxide solution
universal
conical flask indicator
dilute hydrochloric
acid
white tile with universal indicator
273
The table below shows the experimental results:

Volume of dilute 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7.5 8.5 9.5 10
sodium hydroxide
solution added (cm3)
pH value 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 9 12 12 12
(a) With the help of the diagrams shown above, write the procedures of the above steps.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) What was the use of universal indicator?
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) Plot a graph to show the results on the graph paper below.
(d) From the graph, answer the following questions:

(i) What was the pH value of the original dilute hydrochloric acid?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) What was the volume of dilute sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralise the
hydrochloric acid?
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) What was the pH value of solution when 9 cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide solution was
added?
_____________________________________________________________________
(iv) What was the colour of the solution in (d)(iii)? Was the solution acidic, neutral or alkaline?
_____________________________________________________________________
(v) Explain your answer in (d)(iv).
_____________________________________________________________________
(e) Write a word equation for the neutralisation involved.
274
___________________________________________________________________________
275
[Ans]
(a) Step 1: Use a measuring cylinder to add 10 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to a conical flask. Put
the flask on a white tile.
Step 2: Use a dropper to add a few drops of universal indicator to the flask and shake.
Step 3: Use a dropper to transfer dilute sodium hydroxide solution to the flask (1 cm 3 each time)
containing dilute hydrochloric acid and universal indicator. Shake the solution and record the pH
value.
(b) It was used to show the pH value of the solution.
(c)
(d) (i) pH 1
(ii) 7.5 cm3
(iii) pH 12
(iv) Blue or purple, alkaline
(v) Too much sodium hydroxide solution had been added and the solution became alkaline.
(e) Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide
Sodium chloride + Water
2B100105Q014Eng
Acid rain is found in the Pearl River Delta Region.

(a) What is acid rain?
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) State TWO air pollutants that cause the formation of acid rain.
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) State THREE harmful effects of acid rain.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(d) (extension) Why is acid rain not a local problem but a global problem?
___________________________________________________________________________
276
(e) (extension) Suggest TWO ways to control acid rain in the Pearl River Delta Region.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Acid rain is the rainwater that has a pH value lower than 5.6.
(b) Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
(c) Acid rain may
corrode buildings and structures,
kill fish and plants in lakes and rivers, and
slow down plant growth, and even kill plants and trees.
(d) Air pollutants are carried by wind from one place to another.
(e) Saving energy by using less coal and fuels.
Using alternative energy sources like solar energy.
Using high-grade fuels with low sulphur content.
Removing pollutants from the exhaust gas of vehicles, e.g. using catalytic converters.
Educating the public about the harmful effects of acid rain and the ways of reducing air
pollution.
(Any two of them)
2B100105Q015Eng
Charles wants to find out which acid (X or Y) is more corrosive to iron. He then set up the apparatus
shown below. Assume both the concentrations and volume of X and Y are the same.
gas W gas W
acid X acid Y
iron strips
iron beads
(a) Is the experiment a fair test? Explain your answer according to the above diagrams.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) How do you make the experiment a fair test?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) What is gas W?
___________________________________________________________________________
(d) Suggest a test for gas W.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
277
[Ans]
(a) No, the experiment is not a fair test. This is because the iron used is not of the same mass and same
shape.
(b) The same amount of iron in the same form should be used in both set-ups.
(c) Hydrogen
(d) Put a burning splint near the mouth of the test tube containing gas W. If gas W is hydrogen, a pop
sound will be heard.
2B100205Q016Eng
Kathy designed an experiment to show how a metal is corroded by an acid. Her experimental set-up is
shown in the following diagram.
stopper
concentrated sulphuric acid
magnesium ribbon
(a) State THREE mistakes that Kathy made in the experiment.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) After she corrected the mistakes in (a), what are the expected observations?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) What is the gas given out in the reaction? Suggest a test for the gas.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(d) State TWO safety measures in doing this experiment.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) The stopper should be replaced by cotton wool. The high pressure built in the test tube would
cause the stopper to push out.
Too much acid was used.
Concentrated sulphuric acid should be replaced by a dilute one. The reaction would be too
vigorous if concentrated sulphuric acid was used.
(b) The magnesium ribbon dissolved in the acid. The test tube became warm and colourless gas
bubble released.
(c) Hydrogen gas
Put a burning splint near the mouth of the test tube containing the gas produced. If the gas
produced is hydrogen, a pop sound will be heard.
(d) Wear safety goggles and rubber gloves.
278
2B100105Q017Eng
Amy carried out the following experiment to study the corrosive effect of acid on marble.
stopper
dilute sulphuric acid
marble chip
(a) State ONE mistake in the above set-up. Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) If the mistake in (a) has been corrected, what are the expected observations?
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) Amy collected the gas given out in the reaction and used the following materials to test what the
gas is. What would be observed if the gas collected was tested with the following materials?
(i) A glowing splint
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) A burning splint
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii) Lime water
_____________________________________________________________________
(d) According to the answers in (c), can you suggest what the gas is?
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Cotton wool should be used instead of stopper because the high pressure built in the test tube
would cause the stopper to push out suddenly.
(b) The marble chip dissolved in the acid. Colourless gas bubbles released.
(c) (i) No observable changes
(ii) No observable changes
(iii) The lime water turns milky.
(d) Carbon dioxide gas
2B100205Q018Eng
When you open a can of soft drink, gas bubbles come out.
(a) What is this gas?
___________________________________________________________________________
279
(b) Draw a labelled set-up to show the gas bubbles come out is the gas in (a). State also the observable
change(s).
(c) An acid is formed when the gas in (a) dissolves in water. What is this acid?
___________________________________________________________________________
(d) Besides the acid in (c), suggest TWO other acids that can be found in soft drinks.
___________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b)
lime water
soft drinks
heat
The lime water turns milky.

(c) Carbonic acid
(d) Citric acid and phosphoric acid
2B100105Q019Eng
Mr. Wong is a farmer. He tests the pH values of the soil is his field annually. The data from 2004 to 2008
is shown in the table below:
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
pH value of soil 7.5 7.0 6.7 6.0 5.5
(a) Plot a bar chart to present the data on the graph paper provided.
(b) Describe the change in pH value of the soil from 2004 to 2008.
___________________________________________________________________________
(c) Suggest a reason for the change in pH value of the soil in (b).
___________________________________________________________________________
280
(d) Acidity in the soil is caused by the air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Describe how these pollutants can cause acidity in soil.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(e) The table below shows the suitable pH of soil for growth of different crops:
Crop Suitable soil pH for growth
Potato 5.0
Cabbage 7.5
Bean 6.5
Carrot 5.5
(i) Which of the crops would have the highest yield in 2008?
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) If Mr. Wong wants to grow cabbage in his field, what can he do to his field to make it
suitable for growing cabbage?
_____________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a)
(b) The pH value of soil decreases gradually.

(c) Acid rain fell to the field.
(d) Air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides may dissolve in rainwater to form acids.
This will cause the soil to become acidic when the rainwater falls to the field.
(e) (i) Carrot
(ii) He can add slaked lime to the soil to raise the pH value to a suitable level.
281
Miscellaneous Questions
2B100106Q001Eng
The table lists the pH values of six unknown solutions.

Solution pH value
A 1
B 4
C 7
D 8
E 14
Using the letters, state which solution(s)
(a) is/are neutral.
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) turn(s) red litmus paper blue.
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) is the most suitable to neutralise solution E.
__________________________________________________________________________
(d) is likely to be acid rain.
__________________________________________________________________________
(e) is/are weakly alkaline.
__________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Solution C
(b) Solutions D and E
(c) Solution A
(d) Solution B
(e) Solution D
2B100106Q002Eng
The table below lists the pH values of some substances.

Substance pH value
vinegar 3
hydrochloric acid 0
sodium hydroxide solution 14
lime water 12
distilled water 7
tap water 5
antacid solution 8.5
fresh milk 6
282
Based on the information given, complete the following sentences by choosing the correct answers.
(a) Distilled water is neutral / acidic.
(b) Fresh milk is acidic / alkaline.
(c) Tap water is weakly / strongly acidic.
(d) Antacid solution is weakly / strongly alkaline.
(e) Hydrochloric acid turns blue / red litmus paper blue / red.
(f) Among these solutions, sodium hydroxide solution has the highest acidity / alkalinity.
[Ans]
(a) neutral
(b) acidic
(c) weakly
(d) weakly
(e) blue, red
(f) alkalinity
2B100106Q003Eng
Arrange the following substances in an increasing order of acidity.

(a) soap solution, oven cleaner, vinegar, tap water
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) lime water, rain water, acid rain, pure water
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) bench sodium hydroxide, toilet cleaner, drain cleaner, glass cleaner
__________________________________________________________________________
(d) orange juice, fresh milk, stomach juice, toothpaste solution
__________________________________________________________________________
(e) coke, distilled water, bench hydrochloric acid, lemon juice
__________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) oven cleaner, soap solution, tap water, vinegar
(b) lime water, pure water, rain water, acid rain
(c) bench sodium hydroxide, drain cleaner, glass cleaner, toilet cleaner
(d) toothpaste solution, fresh milk, orange juice, stomach juice
(e) distilled water, coke, lemon juice, bench hydrochloric acid
2B100106Q004Eng
Compare each of the following substances. Which of them is more corrosive?

(a) Dilute hydrochloric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute ethanoic acid
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) Concentrated sulphuric acid and dilute hydrochloric acid
__________________________________________________________________________
283
(d) Dilute ammonia solution and dilute sodium hydroxide solution

__________________________________________________________________________
(e) Concentrated potassium hydroxide solution and dilute sodium hydroxide solution
__________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Concentrated hydrochloric acid
(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid
(c) Concentrated sulphuric acid
(d) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution
(e) Concentrated potassium hydroxide solution
2B100106Q005Eng
Match the daily products on the left with the corresponding pH values on the right. Write your answer in
the blanks below.
Daily product pH value
(a) antacid (i) pH 7
(b) drain cleaner (ii) pH 3
(c) distilled water (iii) pH 9
(d) tap water (iv) pH 5
(e) vinegar (v) pH 13
(a) ______ (b) ______ (c) ______ (d) ______ (e) ______
[Ans]
(a) iii (b) v (c) i (d) iv (e) ii
2B100106Q006Eng
Match the substances on the left with the corresponding degree of acidity/alkalinity on the right. Write
your answer in the blanks below.
Substance Degree of acidity/alkalinity
(a) soap solution (i) strongly acidic
(b) oven cleaner (ii) weakly acidic
(c) tap water (iii) neutral
(d) sulphuric acid (iv) weakly alkaline
(e) ammonia solution (v) strongly alkaline
(f) vinegar
(g) pure water
(a) ______ (b) ______ (c) ______ (d) ______
(e) ______ (f) ______ (g) ______
[Ans]
(a) iv (b) v (c) ii (d) i (e) iv (f) ii (g) iii
284
2B100106Q007Eng
Match the following substances on the left with the corresponding daily uses. Write your answer in the
blanks below.
Substance Daily use
(a) antacids (i) to treat stings of wasps
(b) slaked lime (ii) to treat bites of ants
(c) vinegar (iii) to relieve stomach-ache
(d) baking soda (iv) to raise the pH value of soil
(e) sodium hydroxide (v) to neutralise the acidic waste
discharged from factories
(a) ______ (b) ______ (c) ______ (d) ______ (e) ______
[Ans]
(a) iii (b) iv (c) i (d) ii (e) v
2B100106Q008Eng
Match the daily products on the left with the acid or alkali on the right. Write your answer in the blanks
below.
Daily product Acid or alkali
(a) lemon juice (i) lactic acid
(b) glass cleaner (ii) citric acid
(c) vinegar (iii) ammonia
(d) oven cleaner (iv) sodium hydroxide
(e) yoghurt (v) ethanoic acid
(a) ______ (b) ______ (c) ______ (d) ______ (e) ______
[Ans]
(a) ii (b) iii (c) v (d) iv (e) i
2B100206Q009Eng
There are some wrong concepts in the following sentences. Underline the wrong concepts and write down
the correct ones in the space provided.
(a) pH paper is an electronic device used to determine the pH value of a solid.
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Litmus solution can be used to test the acidity of a solution. It is red in acids, yellow in alkalis and
blue in neutral solutions.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) All flowers show different colours in acidic and alkaline environments.
__________________________________________________________________________
(d) Acids taste bitter. Alkalis taste sour and are soapy.
__________________________________________________________________________
285
[Ans]
(a) pH paper (meter) is an electronic device used to test the pH value of a solid (solution).
(b) Litmus solution can be used to test the acidity of a solution. It is red in acids, yellow (blue) in
alkalis and blue (yellow) in neutral solutions. (Or any other reasonable answers)
(c) All (Some) flowers show different colours in acidic and alkaline environments.
(d) Acids taste bitter (sour). Alkalis taste sour (bitter) and are soapy. (Or any other reasonable
answers)
2B100206Q010Eng
(a) Magnesium and copper dissolve in dilute acids to give carbon dioxide.
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Marble and limestone dissolve in dilute acids to give hydrogen.
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) When a metal dissolves in acids, the temperature of the reaction mixture decreases.
__________________________________________________________________________
(d) Hydrogen gas is released from the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and limestone. It
gives a pop sound with a burning splint.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) Magnesium and copper (zinc) dissolve in dilute acid to give carbon dioxide (hydrogen). (Or any
other reasonable answer)
(b) Marble and limestone dissolve in dilute acid to give hydrogen (carbon dioxide). (Or any other
reasonable answer)
(c) When a metal dissolves in acids, the temperature of the reaction mixture decreases (increases).
(d) Hydrogen gas is released from the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and limestone (zinc /
magnesium / iron). It gives a pop sound with a burning splint.
2B100106Q011Eng
(a) When an acid is added to an alkali, the acidity increases and pH value increases.
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) The pH value of a neutralised solution is higher than 7.
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) The products of neutralisation of an acid and an alkali are salts and hydrogen.
__________________________________________________________________________
286
(d) pH paper is put into sodium hydroxide solution to show the gradual change in pH when sulphuric
acid is added into the alkali.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) When an acid is added to an alkali, the acidity increases and pH value increases (decreases).
(b) The pH value of a neutralised solution is higher than (equal to) 7.
(c) The products of neutralisation are salts and hydrogen (water).
(d) pH paper (universal indicator) is put into sodium hydroxide solution to show the gradual change in
pH when sulphuric acid is added into the alkali.
2B100106Q012Eng
Below are the steps of an experiment to study the reaction between magnesium and dilute sulphuric acid.
Arrange the steps in the correct order.
(a) Put a magnesium ribbon into the acid.
(b) Put some cotton wool into the mouth of the test tube.
(c) Wear safety goggles and gloves.
(d) Add dilute sulphuric acid to a test tube.
(e) Light up a wooden splint.
(f) Put the burning splint near the mouth of the test tube.
_______________________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(c), (d), (a), (b), (e), (f)
2B100106Q013Eng
(a) Rearrange the following sentences with the words provided.

(i) acid rain / limestone / structure / and / of / metals / marble / made /
corrodes
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
(ii) acid rain / that / nitrogen oxides / air pollutants / two / are / major / the /
and / cause / sulphur dioxide
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
(iii) (extension) remove / from / gas / vehicles / can / help / installing / air
pollutants / catalytic converters / the / exhaust / in / of / vehicles
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
287
(b) (i) Which of the above sentences is the cause of acid rain?
____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Which of the above sentences is the effect of acid rain?
____________________________________________________________________
(iii) Which of the above sentences is a preventive measure of acid rain?
____________________________________________________________________
[Ans]
(a) (i) Acid rain corrodes structure made of metals, marble and limestone.
(ii) Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are the two major air pollutants that cause acid rain.
(iii) Installing catalytic converters in vehicles can help remove air pollutants from the exhaust gas
of vehicles.
(b) (i) Sentence (ii)
(ii) Sentence (i)
(iii) Sentence (iii)
2B100206Q014Eng
Draw a labelled set-up to demonstrate the reaction between marble and dilute nitric acid (including the
test for the gas evolved).
[Ans]
delivery tube
lime water
marble
dilute nitric acid
288
2B100106Q015Eng
Draw a labelled set-up to demonstrate the reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid
(including the test for the gas evolved).
[Ans]

burning splint
magnesium ribbon
2B100206Q016Eng
Draw a labelled set-up to demonstrate the reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid
(including the test for the gas evolved).
289
[Ans]
test tube hydrogen gas
dilute hydrochloric
acid
filter funnel
zinc bead
2B100106Q017Eng
Complete the table below regarding the properties of acids and alkalis.
Property Acid Alkali
Taste (a) ______________________ (b) ______________________
Colour change of (c) ______________________ (d) ______________________
blue litmus paper
Colour change of red (e) ______________________ (f) ______________________
litmus paper
One example of (g) ______________________ (h) ______________________
daily-life products
[Ans]
(a) Sour (b) Bitter
(c) From blue to red (d) No colour change
(e) No colour change (f) From red to blue
(g) Vinegar (or any other reasonable answer) (h) Glass cleaner (or any other reasonable answer)
2B100106Q018Eng
Complete the following word equations regarding the neutralisation of an acid and an alkali.
(a) Potassium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid
(i) ________________ + (ii) ________________
(b) (i) ________________ + (ii) ________________ Sodium chloride + (iii) ____________
(c) Calcium hydroxide + (i) ________________
Calcium nitrate + (ii) _________________
(d) (i) ________________ + Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium chloride + (ii) ____________
[Ans]
(a) (i) Potassium sulphate
(ii) Water
(b) (i) Sodium hydroxide
(ii) Hydrochloric acid
(iii) Water
(c) (i) Nitric acid
(ii) Water
(d) (i) Hydrochloric acid
290
(ii) Water
291
2B100106Q019Eng
Which acids and alkalis should be used in order to prepare the following salts? Complete the following
table.
Salt Acid used Alkali used
Calcium chloride (a) ______________________ (b) ______________________
Sodium chloride (c) ______________________ (d) ______________________
Potassium sulphate (e) ______________________ (f) ______________________
Potassium nitrate (g) ______________________ (h) ______________________
Sodium sulphate (i) ______________________ (j) ______________________
Calcium nitrate (k) ______________________ (l) ______________________
[Ans]
(a) Hydrochloric acid (b) Calcium hydroxide
(c) Hydrochloric acid (d) Sodium hydroxide
(e) Sulphuric acid (f) Potassium hydroxide
(g) Nitric acid (h) Potassium hydroxide
(i) Sulphuric acid (j) Sodium hydroxide
(k) Nitric acid (l) Calcium hydroxide
2B100106Q020Eng
When the following materials are put into dilute hydrochloric acid, will gas be produced? If yes, what gas
will be produced and what materials should be used to test for the gas?
Materials Is there any gas produced? If Materials to be used to test
yes, what is the gas? the gas
Marble chips (a) ______________________ (b) ______________________
Zinc beads (c) ______________________ (d) ______________________
Sand (e) ______________________ (f) ______________________
Iron strips (g) ______________________ (h) ______________________
Limestone pieces (i) ______________________ (j) ______________________
Copper granules (k) ______________________ (l) ______________________
Calcium carbonate (m) ______________________ (n) ______________________
[Ans]
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Lime water
(c) Hydrogen (d) Burning splint
(e) No gas will be produced. (f) Nothing
(g) Hydrogen (h) Burning splint
(i) Carbon dioxide (j) Lime water
(k) No gas will be produced. (l) Nothing
(m) Carbon dioxide (n) Lime water
292

QB Ch10 Eng

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Question Bank (Ch.

Chapter 10 COMMON ACIDS AND ALKALIS

10.1 Acids and Alkalis

Vinegar tastes sour because it contains acid.

Soap is slippery because it is alkaline.

We can taste sulphuric acid in the laboratory.

10.2 Acid-Alkali Indicators

All substances show different colours in acids or alkalis.

An increase in pH value of a substance means an increase in its acidity.

pH meter is an electronic device used to measure the exact pH value of a solution.

The pH value of orange juice is lower than that of stomach acid.

An increase in the pH value of a solution means an increase in its alkalinity.

pH paper turns red in acids and blue in alkalis.

pH paper remains white in distilled water which is neutral.

10.3 Acids and Corrosion

All metals react with acids but not alkalis.

Metal saucepans should not be used to make pork in ginger-vinegar.

10.4 Safety Related to the Use of Acids and Alkalis

We should dilute a concentrated acid in a fume cupboard.

Universal indicator shows a blue colour when the solution is an acid.

Strong acids and strong alkalis are highly corrosive.

Dilute acids can be made by adding water into concentrated acids.

Dilute sodium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali.

10.5 Acid Rain

In clean areas, rainwater should be neutral.

In unpolluted areas, rainwater is acidic.

Acid rain corrodes constructions made of marble and metals.

The pH value of acid rain can be as low as 3.0.

The process of adding water into acids or alkalis is called neutralisation.

The stings of wasps are alkaline.

Limestone is added to acidic soil to raise the pH value of the soil.

People can take antacids to help digestion.

10.7 Daily Uses of Acids and Alkalis

Acids can kill micro-organisms.

Both acids and alkalis can be used for food preservation.

Many cleansing agents contain acids or alkalis.

10.1 Acids and Alkalis

Which of the following substances contain alkalis?

A. (I) and (II) only

Which of the following alkalis is commonly found in drain cleaners?

Which of the following is/are the properties of alkalis?

Which of the following domestic products contains acids?

Which of the following cleansing agents contain(s) alkalis?

Which of the following acids can be found in lemons?

Cheese and yoghurt are milk products. They contain

10.2 Acid-Alkali Indicators

Which of the following can turn blue litmus paper red?

Lime water turns pH paper

Which of the following statements about pH value and pH scale is INCORRECT?

Which of the following substances is the most acidic?

Which of the following substances is the most alkaline?

Distilled water turns pH paper

10.3 Acids and Corrosion

dilute hydrochloric acid

The gas can

Which of the following metals can react with dilute acids?

dilute nitric acid

The gas can

Marble and limestone can react with acids because

Which of the following building materials react(s) with dilute acids?

After putting iron wires into dilute sulphuric acid,

Iron pot is not good for cooking sour pork because

Copper is a good material to build outdoor statues because

Soft drinks taste (a) because they contain (b) acid.

Red cabbage extract is (a) in colour. It shows (b) in lemon juice

Acids turn (a) litmus paper (b) whereas alkalis turn

Dilute hydrochloric acid changes (a) litmus paper (b) .

Dilute sodium hydroxide solution changes (a) litmus paper (b) .

The pH value of a solution can be measured by using (a) , (b) or

When diluting concentrated acids, we should wear (a) , (b) and

(a) and (b) are examples of strong alkalis.

The word equation for neutralisation is: (a) + (b)