CLASSICAL DICTIONARY;

I
\
CONTAINING

\
A COPIOUS ACCOUNT OF

ALL THE PROPER NAMES

MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS ;

WITH

THE VALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES,

USED AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS :

AND

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE-

BY J. LEMPRIERE, D. D.

SECOND AMERICAN FROM THE EIGHTH LONDON EDITION

NEW-YORK

PIUSTXD AND PUBLISHED FOR A. T. GOODRICH, AND WILLIAM B. GILLEY, NFW- VOIRE

MATH"W CAR"Y, AND EDWARD EARLE, PHILADELPHIA.

BY T. "L W. MERCEIK.

1816.
 / 1 u %s

TO
^

RICHARD VALPY, D. D. F. A. S.

";c. "C. (fee.

THIS SIXTH EDITION

A WORK UNDERTAKEN AND IMPROVED UNDER ffiS AUSPICES,

RESPECTFULLr INSCRIBED

THE AUTHOR,
 PREFACE.

In followingpages it has been the wish of the author to give the most ac-
the curate

and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur in reading
the Classics, and by a judiciouscollection of anecdotes and historical facts,-to
draw a pictureof ancient times, not less instructive than entertaining. Such a
work, it is hoped, will not be deemed an useless acquisition in the hands of the

public; and while the student is initiated in the knowledge of historyand my-
thology,
and familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and
cities that no longerexis:.-,, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a con-temptible

companion, from which he may receive information, and be made, a

second time, acquainted with many important particularswhich time, or more
laborious occupations, may have erased from his memory. In the prosecution
of his plan, the author has been obligedto tread in the steps of many learned

men, whose studies have been directed, and not without success, to facilitate
the attainment of classical knowledge, and the ancient languages. Their positions
com-

have been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their la-
bours
have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a due ration
conside-
of every subject,he has been enabled to imitate their excellencies, with-
out
copying their faults. Many compositionsof the same nature have issued
from the press, they but are partialand unsatisfactory.The attempts to be
concise, have rendered the labours of one barren and uninstructive, while long
and unconnected quotationsof passages, from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure
the page of the other, and render the whole insipidand disgusting.It cannot,
therefore, be a discouragingemployment now, what to endeavour to finish
others have left imperfect,and, with the conciseness of Stephens, to add the
diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier,"c. After paying due attention
to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the most authentic information

can be received, the labours of more modern authors have been consulted, and
composition,distinguished for the clearness and perspicuity of historical
eyery
narration, or geographicaldescriptions, has been carefullyexamined. Truly
sensible of what he owes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators,
the author must not forget to make a publicacknowledgment of the assistance
he has likewise received from the labours of the French. In the Siecles Payens
ofl'Abbe Sabatier de Castres, he has found all the information which judicious
criticism, and a perfectknowledge of heathen mythology, could procure.
The compositionsof I'Abbe Banier, have also been useful ; and in the Dictio-
naire Historique, of a literary society,printed at Caen, a treasure of original
anecdotes, and a candid selection and arrangement of historical facts,have been
discovered.
It was the originaldesign of the author of this Dictionaryto give a minute
of
explanation all the names of which Pliny, and other ancient geographer?,
make mention ; but, upon a second consideration of the subject,he was vinced,
con-

that it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not in value.
The learned reader will,be sensible of the proprietyof this remark, when he
recollects,that the naines of many plficesmentioned by Pliny and Pausania5"
occur no where else in ancient authors, and that to find the true situation ofan

insignificant mentioned by StrabO;

rijloge, no olh"fr writet- but ^^tr^bo i--'to be
cdnstilted.
ri PREFACE.

This Dictionary being undertaken more for

particularly the use of schools, it,
has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the penultimate of every word,
and to assist the student who receive no fixed and positive rules for nunciation.
can pro-
In this the authority of Smethius has been followed, as also Leedes's

edition of Labbe's Catholici Indices.

As publication should be calculated to facilitate literature, and to be

every
serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author of this Dictionary did

not to intrude himself the public, before he was sensible that his
presume upon
humble labours would be of some service to the lovers of the ancient languages.
The undertaking was for the use of schools, therefore he thought none so pable
ca-

of judging of its merit, and of ascertainingits utility, as those who side

pre-
over the education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to com-
municate

his intentions to several gentlemen in that line, not less distinguishedfor

purity of criticism, than for their classical abilities, and from them he received
all the encouragement which the desire of contributing to the advancement of

learning can expect. To them, approbation therefore, friendly for their and

communications, publicly returns he his thanks, and hopes, that, now his labours

are completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage, and that

support, to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be titled^
en-

He has paid due attention to their remarks; he has received with tude
grati-
their judicious observations, and cannot pass over in silence their obliging

recommendations, and particularlythe friendly advice he has received from the

Rev. R. Vaipy, master of Reading school.

For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by the
ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularlyindebted to the ful
use-

collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn, and Kennet. In the tables

of ancient coins, weights and measures, which he has annexed to the body of the

Dictionary, he has followed the learned calculations of Dr. Arbuthnot. The

quoted authorities carefullyexamined,

have been and frequently revised ; and^
it is hoped, the opinions of mythologists will appear without confusion, and be
found divested of all obscurity.

Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being useful can

command, the author offers the followingpages to the public, conscious that thej
may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dictionary, the candid reader
is well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once ; it must still have its faultfl
and omissions, however cautious and vigilant the author may have been, and in

every page there may be found, in the opinion of some, room for ment,
improve-
and for addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial,he lays
this publication,and for whatever observations the friendlycritic make, he
may
will show himself grateful,and take advantage of the remarks of every judiciou?^
reader, should the favours and the indulgence of the public demaod a secoiid
edition.

PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD^

NOVEMBER, 1788.
 PREFACE. Tii

THE favourable receptionwhich the first edition of the Classical

very
Dictionary has met from the public,fully evinces the utility of the ance.
perform-
From the consciousness of this, the author has spared no pains to
render this second edition more deserving of the same liberal patronage.
The hints of friends,and the animadversions of critics,have been carefully
adopted, and almost every article has been corrected and improved. New
names have not only been introduced, but the date of events has been more

exactly ascertained ; and, therefore, to such as compare the two editions,

theimprovements will appear numerous and important in every page.
In answer to those gentlemen who objected againstthe smallness
have of
the print,and have recommended a larger type, the author begs leave to

observe, that it has been found impracticableto remove the inconvenience :

so much matter could not have been well compressed in one octavo ; and it

must remembered, that the book

be is intended as a volume of occasional
reference, and, therefore, that it cannot long fatiguethe eye.
It will be found not an unnecessary addition, to have an account of the
best editions of each classic at the end of the respectivecharacter of the thors.
au-

Dr. Harwood's plan has in general been attended to, but the price
has not been its great fluctuation,
inserted fromwhich often depends more upon
the capriceof opinionthan upon real value.
The
chronological table prefixedto the Dictionary will, it is hoped, be ac- knowledged

universally useful. It has been compiled with great accuracy,

and chieflyextracted from The Chronology and History of the World, by
"

Dr. J. Blair,folio edition, 1754;" and from ArchbishopUsher's Annales Veteris "

et Novi Testamenti," printedat Geneva, folio,1724.

BONDO^', JULY, 1792.

THE improvements introduced into this third edition will be discovered to

be numerous and essential. The author would have recommended his work to

the same liberal patronage which alreadythe publichaveto two extended the

precedingimpressions, without apology,did he not conceive that some answer is

due to the prefaceof the Bihlioiheca Classica,publishedat Daventer in Holland,
in the year 1794. The anonymous editor, whose language proves his abilities
as-a scholar, after reflecting w ith unbecoming severityupon the first edition of
this work, has not only been guided by the same plan, he has not only literally
translated and adopted as his own, verbatim, almost every article, but he has fol- lowed
the original so closely, as even faithfully to copy some of the errors which
the second edition, publishedin 1792, corrected, and which, in a composition so
voluminous and so complex, it is not possiblefor the most minute attention to
avoid. Such an attack must, therefore, be deemed as illiberal as it is unfriendly ;
but, however, far from wishing to detract from the merit of judgment and per- severance
in the translator,the author considers himself indebted to him for the
ele2;ance and the correctness of the languao;e in which he has made the Diction-

ary in a Latin dress, and consequentlyfor the recommendation which

appear
he has given to his labours among the learned on the continent.

ABINGDON, FEBBUARVj 1797.

 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE,

From tht Creation of the World to the fallof the Roman Empire

in the west and in the east.

Before Christ.*

1 HE world created in the 710th of the Julian period 4004

year . .

The deluge 2348

The to\rer of Babel built, and the confusion of

languages . . .
2247
Celestial observations are first made at Babylon ....
2234
The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under Misraim, the son
of Ham, of Cambyses
years, to the conquest
and to have continued 1663 2188

The kingdom of Sicyon established .

2089
The kingdom of Assyria begins 2059
The birth of Abraham 1996
The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus ....
1836
Memnon the Egyptian, said to invent letters,15 years before the reign of
Phoroneus ..........
1822
The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above 200 years,
tillthe coming of Cecrops 1764
........

Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren 1728

The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins about this time, fixing
here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an epoch which other writers have
placed later by 26 years 1582
Moses born 1571
The kingdom of Athens begun underCecrops, who came from Egypt with
a colony of Saites. This happened about 780 years before the first
Olympiad .........
1556
Scamander migrates from Crete, and
begins the kingdom of Troy 1546
The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly 1503
. . .

The Panathenaea first celebrated at Athens 1495

(^ Badmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes 1493
The firstOlympic Games celebrated in Elis the Idaei Dactyli 1453
by
The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where he dies the fol-
lowing

year, aged 110 1452

In the followingtable, I have confined myself to the more easy and convenient eras o^
before, (B._
C.) and after, (A. D.) Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish
tJie exclusion of tiie Julian
period, it isnecessary to observe, tliat,as the first vear of the
Christian era always falls the 4714th of the Julian
on
yeai-s, the number required either fore
be-
or after Christ, Avill easily be discovered by the application of the rules of subtraction or
addition. The from the foundation of
era Rome (A. U. C.) will be found with the same

iacihty by recollecting that the city was built 753 years before Christ; and the Olvmpiads
can likewise be recurred the
to by consideration, that the conquest of Corcebus (B. C. 776,)
lorms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic games were eolebratea after the revolutien
91 four v^ars.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
X

Minos flourishesin Crete,and iron is found by the by

Dactyli the acciden-
tal
burningof the woods of Ida in Crete 1406
The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus 1356
The Isthmian games introduced
first by Sisyphus, k ing of Corinth 1326
The firstPythiangames celebrated by Adras-
The Argonautic expedition.
tus, kingof Argos
1263
Gideon flourishesin Israel ......
124S
The ThebaH war of the seven heroes Eteocles
against .
1225
Olympicgames celebrated by Hercules ....
1222
The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris 1213
Troy taken after a siegeof 10 years, ^neas sails to Italy 1184
Alba Longa built by Ascanius 1152
to the ^olian colonies 1124
Migration
The return of the Heraclid^ into 80 years after the
Peloponnesus, of
taking
divided the Peloponnesus them-
selves
Troy.Two years after,they among
; and here, beginsthe kingdomof Lacedaemon
therefore, under

Eurysthenes and Procles ..... 1104

Sau! made kingover Israel .....
1095
The kingdom of Sicyonended ....
1088
The kingdom of Athens ends in tliedeath of Codrus .
1070
The migrationof the Ionian colonies from Greece,and their settlement in
Asia Minor .......
1044
Dedication of Solomon's temple 1004
Samos built ........
986
Divisions of the kingdom of Judah and Israel 975
Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time,according to the Marbles 9or
Elias the prophet taken up to heaven 896

Lycurgus, years
42 old, established his laws at Lacedaemon, and, together
with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the Olympicgames at Elis,about
108 years before the era which is commonly called the firstOlympiad 884
Phidon, kingof Argos,is supposed to have invented scales and measures,
and coined silver at ^gina. Carthage built by Dido 869
Fall of the Assyrianempire by the death of Sardanapalus, an era placed
80 years earlier by Justin ........ 820
The kingdomof Macedonia and continues 646 years, tillthe battle
begins,
of Pydiia .......... . .
814
The kingdom of Lydiabegins, and continues 249 years 797
The triremes firstinvented by the Corinthians .....
786
The monarchical government abolished at Corinth,and the Prytanes
elected ...........
779
Corcebus conquers at Olympia,in the 28th Olympiad from the institution
of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first
Olympiad,about 23 years
before the foundation of Rome 776 .......

The Ephoriintroduced into the government of Lacedaemon by Theopompus 760

Isaiah begins
to prophesy ........
757
The decennial archons beginat Athens, of which Charopsis the first 754
Rome according
built on the 20lh of April, to Varro,in the year 3961 of
the Julian period .........
753
The rape of the Sabines .........
750
The era of Nabonassar kingof Babylonbegins .....
747
Massenian
The first war and
begins, continues 1 9years,
to the taking
of Ithome 743
Syracusebuilt by a Corinthian colony ......
732
The kingdomof Israelfinished by the takingof Samaria by Salmanasar,king
of Assyria.The firsteclipseof the moon on record,March 19, accord-
ing
to Ptolemy 721
Candaules murdered by Gyges,who succeeds to the Lydianthrone 718
Tarentuun built by the Parthenians .
707
,

Corcyrabuiltby thijCoriutliians 70?

 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. ti
B. c.
The second Messenian war and
begins, continues 14 years, to the taking
of
Ira,after a siegeof 11
years. About thistime flourishedthe poetsTyr-
t"eus and Archilochus .........
685
The governmentof Athens trusted to annual archons ....
684
Alba destroyed ..........
665

usurps the government of Corinth,and keepsitfor 30 years

Cypselus .
659
Byzantiumbuilt by a colonyof Argivesor Athenians ....
658

Cyrenebuiltby Bottus 630

The Scythiansinvade Asia Minor, of which for 28
they keeppossession
years ...........
624
Draco establisheshis laws in Athens .......
623
The canal between the Nile and the Red Sea begunby kingNecho .
610
Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxaresand his allies . . .
606
The Phoenicians sail round Africa,by order of Necho. About this time
flourished Arion,Pittacus, Alcaeus,Sappho,"c. ....
604
The Scythians are expelledfrom Asia Minor by Cyaxares . . .
596
The Pythian games first
established at Delphi. About this time flourished

Chilo,Anacharcis,Thales, Epimenides,
Solo,the prophetEzekiel,
iEsop,Stersichorus . . . . . . , .
.591
Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, of 18 months
9th of June, after a siege 687
The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every 1st and 3d year of the
Olympiads 582
Death of Jeremiah the prophet " . . . . . .
677
The Nemean games restored ...,*.,. 56S
The firstcomedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon . . .
662
Pisistratusfirstusurped the sovereignty at Athens ....
660
to reign.About
Cyrusbegins thistime flourishedAnaximenes,Bias,Anaxi-
and Cleobulus
mander, Phalaris, .......
559
Grffisusconqueredby Cyrus. About this time flourished Theognisand
Pherecydes ..........
54"
Marseilles built by the Phocaeans. The age of Simonides,
Pythagoras,
Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon 539 ......

Babylontaken by Cyrus 538

........

The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus,and the rebuilding of the
temple . . . ,
536 . . . . . . .

The firsttragedy acted at Athens on the wagon of Thespis 635 . .

Learning encouragedat Athens,and a public buijt

library 526' . . .

Egypt conquerediDyCambyses 525 . . . , . , .

Polycrates,of Samos, put to death 522 .......

Darius Hystaspes Confu-

cius,
chosen kingof Persia. About this time flourished
the celebrated Chinese philosopher .521 . . . .

The tyrannyof the Pisistratidaeabolished at Athens . . .

.610
Tlie consular government begins at Rome the Tar- after the of
expulsion
quins,and continues independent, 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia 509
Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became afterwards the
cause of the invasion of Greece by the Persians. About this time flou-
rished
Heraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, "c.
Aristagoras, . 504
The firstdictator,Lartius, created at Rome .....
498
The Roman populace retire to mount Sacer , . . , .
49S^
The battle of Marathon 490
The battlesof Thermopylee,August7th,and Salamis,October 20th. About
this time flourished iEschylus,
Pindar, Charon, Anaxagoras, Zeuxis,
k.c.
Aristides, ..........
480
The Persians defeated at Plataae and Mycaleon the same day, 22d Sepr
tember ...........
479
The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th .....
477
Themistocles,accused of conspiracy,fliesto Xerxes . . .
.471
The PersiansUefejited
at Cyprus,and OQar the Eurymedon 47Q
xii eHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B. C.

The third Messenian

war begins, and continues 10 years 46S . . .

from the Persians under Inarius,assisted by the Athenians 463

Eo;y{.t
revolts .

The Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws. About this time flourished

Sophocles, Nchemiab tlieprophet,Plato the comic poet, Aristarchus the

Zaleucus,"c.
trasic.Leocroles, Thrasv'mlus,Pericles, . . .
454
concernmg the templeof Delphi
The fiisl
sacred war ....
448

The "tlienians defeated at Chreronea by the Boeotians ....

447
Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and receives public
honours m the 39th year of his age. About this time flourished Empedo-
Herodicus,Phidias,Artemones,Charondas,
Euripides,
cles, HelanicuS; "c. 445
A colonysent to Thurium by the Athenians 444 . . . . .

Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraintwhich remained in force for three

440
years ............ .

A war between Corinth and Corcyra ". 439

Melon l/egins cycleof the moon
here his reign1 9 years' 432^ . . .

The Peleponnesian war begins,May the 7th,and continues about 27 years.

About this time flourishedCratinus,Eupolis, Aristophanes, Meton, Eucteon,
Malachi, the lastof the Democritus,Gorgias,
prophets, pocrates,
Hip-
Thucydides,
kc. ..........
431
The of the Old
history Testament finished about this time. A plagueat
Athens for five years .........
439^
A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians,which
is keptonlyduringsix years and ten months, thougheach continued at
war with the other's allies . . . . . . .
.421
The of the Peloponnesian
scene war law
changedto Sicily.The Agrarian
firstmoved at Rome . . . . . . . . .
41S
Egypt revolts from the Persians,and Amytaeusis appointed king .414 .

The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus and Himera,
but they are repulsedby Hermocrates 409 ......

The battle of iEgospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius 40^ . . .

Athens taken by Lysander, 24th April,the end of the Peloponnesian war,

and the appointmentof 30 tyrants over the conqueredcity.About thistime
flourished Parrhasius,Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon,Euclid,Cebes, Teles-
tes,"c. . . . .
404 . . .
. . . .

Cyrusthe younger killed at Cunaxa. The gloriousretreat of the 10,000

Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants from Athens by Thrasybulus401
Socrates put to death .........
400
Agesilaus, of Lacedaemon's, expedition into Asia againstthe Persians. The
age of Xenophon,Ctesias,Zeuxis, Antisthenes, Evagoras, Aristippusof
Cyrene,and Archytas . .......
396
The Corinthian war begunby the alliance of the Thebans,
Athenians, rinthians,
Co-
and Argives, Lacedaemon
against .....
395
The Lacedaemonians,under Pisander, defeated by Conon at Cnidus ; and a

few days after,

the alliesare defeated at Coronaea,by Agesilaus . .
394
The battleof Allia,
July 17th,and the takingof Rome by the Gauls .
390
Dionysius
besieges
Rhegium,and takes it after 1 1 months. About this time
flourished Plato,
Philoxenus, Damon, Pythias, Iphicrates,"c. 388 . .

The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace of Antalcidas,

between the Lacedaemonians and Persians 387 .....

The wai of Cyprusfinished by a treaty, afterithad continued two years 385 .

The LacetJa^Jiioniansdefeated in a sea fight at Naxos, September20th,by

Cbabrias.About this time flourished Philistus, Isocrates,
Isaius, Arete,
Philolaus,
Diogenes the cynic,"c. 377
Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus,
with 20,000 Greeks, com-
manded

by Iphicrates 374
The battle o) Leuctra,July 19th,where the Lacedaemonians are defeated
by Epaminondas, the general
of the Thebans 371
The Me^enians,aftera banishment of 300
years, return to Peloponnesgs 370 .
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xiii
B. c.
One of tbc consuls at Rome elected from the Plebeians 367 , . . .

The battleof Mantinea,gainedby Epaminondas, a year after tliedeath of

Pelopidas 363
assistsTachos, kingof Egypt.
Agesilaus Some of the governors of Lesser
Asia revolt from Persia 362
The Athenians are defeated at Methone,the firstbattlethat Philip
of Mace-
don ever won in Greece ........ 360
Dionysiusthe younger expelledfrom Syracuse
is by Dion. The second Sa-
cred
War begins, on the templeof Delphibeingattacked by the Phoceans 357
Dion put to death,and Syracuse governedseven years by tyrants. About
thistime flourished Eudoxus,Lycurgus, Ibis,Theopompus,Ephorus,Da-
"c.
tames, Philomelus, . . . . . . . . .
35 1
The Phoceans, under Onomarchus,are defeated in Thessalyby Philip .
S5:"
Egypt is conquered
by Ochus 330
The Sacred War by Philip
is finished takingall the citiesof the Phoceans 34B
Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 years banishment 347 .

Timoleon recovers Syracuse, and banishes the tyrant 345 ....

The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum. About this

time flourishedSpeusippus, Protogenes, Aristotle, ^^schines,Xenocrates,
Demosthenes, Phocion,Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, Demades 34" , .

The battle of Cheronaea, August2, where Philip defeats the Athenians and
Thebans 33S
Philip
of Macedon killed by Pausanias. His son Alexander,on the follow-
ing
year, enters Thebes, kc.
Greece, destroys .... 336
The battle of the Granicus,22d of May 334
The battle of Issus in October 333
Tyre and by the Macedonian prince,
Egyptconquered and Alexandria built 332
The battle of Arbela,October 2d 33 1
Alexander's expedition againstPorus. About
Apelles, this time flourished
Callisthenes,Bagoas,Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, Dinocrates, Calippus,
Hyperides, Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, "c. 327 . . . .

Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is divided into four king-
doms.
The Samian war, and the reignof the Ptolemies in Egypt 323 .

Polyperchon publishes a generalliberty to all the Greek cities. Tfee

age of
Praxiteles,Crates, Theophrastus, Menander,Demetrius,Dinarchus,Pole-
mon, Neoptolemus, Perdiccas, Leosthenes 320 .....

Syracuseand Sicily usurpedby Agathocles.Demetrius Phalereus governs

Athens for ten years . . . , , . . . .317
Eumenes dehvered to Antigonus by his army SiTy
Seleucus takes Babylon,and here the beginning
of the era of the Seleucidae 312
The conquestof Agathocles
in Africa 309
Democracyestablished at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes 307 . . .

The titleof kingsfirstassumed by the successors of Alexander 30G . .

The battle of Ipsus,where Antigonus is defeated and killed by Ptolemy,

Seleucus,Lysimachus, and Cassander. About this time flourishedZcno,
Pyrrho,Philemon,Megasthenes, Grantor, ";c 301
Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year's siege 29G . . .

The firstsun dial erected at Rome, by Papirius Cursor,and the time first
divided into hours . . . , 293
Seleucus,about this time,builtabout citiesin Asia, which he peopled
40
with different
nations. The age of Euclid the mathematician,Arscesi-
laus,Epicurus,
Bion,Timochavis,Erasistratus,
Aristyllus, Zeno-
Strato,
dotus,Arsinoe,
Lachares,":c. 201
The Athenians revolt from Demetrius 287
Pyrrhusexpelledfrom Macedon by Lysimachus 280
The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint be translated
supposed
to
about this time ..,..,... ^C-"
xiv "HRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B. C,

Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine war begins,

and continues 10 years. The Achaean leaguebegins 281 . . .

of
Pyrrhus, Epirus, goes to Italy,
to assist the Tarentines 280 . . .

The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to piecesnear the temple of Delphi.
About (his time flourished Dionysius the astronomer, Sostratus,tus,
Theocri-
Dionysius, Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, P ersseus,
"c. 278 .

Fyrrhus, defeated by Curius,retires to Epirus 274

The firstcoining of silverat Rome 269
Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas,who keepsit 12 years 268 . . .

The firstPunic war begins, and continues for 23 years. of

The chronology
the Arundelian Marbles composed. About this time flourished Lycon,
Crates, Berosus,Hermachus, Helenus,Clinias, Aristotimus,"c. 264 . .

Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergaraus 262 . .

The Carthaginian fleetdefeated by Duilius ......

260
Kegulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to by Antigonus
liberty 256
Aratus persuades the peopleof Sicyonto jointhe Achaean league. About
(his time flourishedCleanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, Tima?us,Callima-
chas,Zoilus,Duris,Neanthes,Ctesibius, Sosibius, Hieronymus,Hanno,
Laodice, Lysias, Ariobarzanes . . .
251 . . . .

The Parthians under Arsaces,and the Bactrians under Theodotus, revolt

from the Macedonians . .
, . . . . . .
250
The of Drepanum
s^a-fight ........
249
The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus,12th of August 243 . . .

is, of
Ag king Sparta, put to death for attemptingto settle an l
Agrarian aw.
About this periodflourished Antigonus Carystius,Conon of Samos, Era-,
tosthenes,Apollonius of Perga,
Lacydes, Amiicar,Agesilaus ":c. 241
the ephor,
Playsfirstacted at Rome, beingthose of Livius Andronieus 240 . . .

Amiicar passes with an army to Spain,with Annibal his son . . .

237
The templeof Janus shut at Rome, the firsttime since Numa . , .
235
The Sardinian war and
begins, continues three years .... 234
Originalmanuscripts of iEschylus,
Euripides, and Sophocles, lent by the
Athenians to Ptolemyfor a pledge
of 15 talents ....
233
The firstdivorce known at Rome, by Sp. Carvilius. Sardinia and Corsica
conquered ...........
231
The Roman ambassadors firstappearedat Athens and Corinth 228 . .

The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues for fiveyears 227
The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake.The Romans first
pross the Po, pursuingthe Gauls,who had entered Italy.About this time
flourishedChrysippus, Polystratus,Euphorion,Archimedes,Valerius Mes-
saJa,C. Naevius, Aristarchus,Apollonius,Philocorus, Aristo Ceus,Fabius
Pictor,
the firstRoman historian,
Phylarchas, Lysiades, Agro,",c. 224 .

The battle of Sellasia 222

The Social War between the ^tolians and Achaeans,assisted by Philip 220 .

Sagunlumtaken by Annibal
'

. . .
.219 . . . .

The second Punic war begins,and continues 17 years 218 ....

The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year, that of Canns, May 21 217
The Romans beginthe auxiliary war againstPhilip, in Epirus, which is
continued by intervalsfor 14 years 214
Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siegeof three years . . .
212
Thilopcemen defeats Machanidos at Mantinea 203
Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus,
Archagathus,
Evander,Telecius,Hermippus,
Zeno, Sotiqn,Ennius,
Hieronymus of Sy-
racuse, *

TIepoleraus,
i^picydes . .
207
The battleof Zama 202
,

The first
Macedonian war begins, and continues near 4 years 200
The battle of Panius,
where Antiochus defeats Scopas 193
The battleof Cynqsccphale.
where Philip
is defeated 197

^"^
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xv

B. c.
The war of Antiochus the Great and
begins, continues three years .
.192
Lacedaemonjoined
to the Achaean leagueby PhilopcEmen "
.191 .

The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome of Antiochus

in the spoils .189 .

The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by Philopoemen 188 .

Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About thistime flourished
Aristophanes of Byzantium,Asclepiades, Tegula,C. LaeliusjAristony-
mus, Hegesinus, Critoiaus,
the stole,
Diogenes the Scipios,
Masinissa, the
Gracchi,Thoas, "c. . . .18,7
A warwhich continues for one year, between Eumenes and Prusias,
tillthe
death of Annibal 184
Philopcemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates ..... 183
Kuma's books found in a stone coffinat Rome . . , . .
179
Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage , . , . . : l?*
Ptolemy's generalsdefeated by Antiochus,in a battlebetween Pelusiam and
Mount Cassius. The second Macedonian war 171
The battle of Pydna,and the fall of the Macedonian empire. About this
periodflourished Attalus the astronomer, Metrodorus,Terence, Crates,
Polybius, Pacuvius,Hipparchus, Heraclides irneades,Aristarchus,"c.16S
The first lii3rary
erected at Rome, with books "o^tained from the plunderof
Macedonia ........... 167
Terence's Andria firstacted at Rome . . . . .
.161
Time measured out at Rome by a water machine, invented Na-
by Scipio
sica,134 years after the introduction of sun dials . . , .151
Andriscus, the Pseudophilip assumes the royaltyin Macedon . * ,
152
Demetrius,kingof Syria,defeated and killed by Alexander BaJas . .
15"J
The third Punic war begins.Prusias, kingof Bithynia, put to death by his
son Nicomedes , , . . . . . . , .149
The Romarjs make war the Achseans,which isfinishedthe next year
against
by Mummius . . . .143
Carthage is destroyed and Corinth by Mummius
by Scipio, . . .147
Viriathus is defeated by Lselius,
in Spain . . , , , .
14JJ
The war of Numantia and continues for eight
begins, years . . .141
The Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus,is defeated by 4000 Nuraan-
tines 132
Restoration of learning Alexandria,and universal patronageoffered to all
at
learned men by PtolemyPhyscon. The age of Satyrus, Lu-
Aristobulus,
cias Accius,Mnaceas, Diodorus
Antipater, the peripatetic,
Nicander,
Ctesibius,
Sarpedon, Micipsa,
"c 137
The famous embassyof Scipio, Metellus,Mummius, and Panffitiu5,
into
Egypt,Syria,and Greece \3Q
The of the Apocryphaend^.
history The Servile War in Sicily
begins,
and
continues for three years . ]35
Numantia taken. Pergamusannexed to the Roman empire . . .
1^3
Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated by Perpenna130
Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina .127
.

The Romans make war againstthe pirates

of the Baleares. Carthage
is re^
built by order of the Roman senate . . . . .123
.

C. Gracchus killed . .121

Dalmatia conqueredby Metellus ] Ijj
Cleopatra
assumes the government of Egypt. The
Erymnseus, Athe- age of
nion,Artemidorus,
Clitomachus, L. Ca^lius,
Plerodicus,
Apollonius, Cantor,
Menecrates,
Lucilius,
"c . .
HG
The Jugurthine
war begins,
and continues for fiveyears . . .111
"The famous sumptuarylaw at Rome, which limited the expenses of eating
everyday HO
The Teutones and Cimbri beginthe war against
Rome, and continue it for
eight
years j09
The Teutoiiesdefeat Pomafls
8^",000 on the banks of the Rhone '. '. 1Oo
xyi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
JB, c.
The Teutones defeated by C. Marius at AquseSextias .
: . .102
The Cimbri defeatedby Marius and Catulus 101
Dolabella conquers Lusitania 99

Cyreneleftby Ptolemy Apionto the Romans . . . . ,

97
The Social war begins, and continues three years, tillfinishedby Sylla .
91
The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years . . . .
S9
The civilwars of Marius and Syllabegin,and continue six years . .
88
and sends its valuable libraries to Rome 86
Syllaconquers Athens, . .

Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator .82

Young . .

The death of Charmidas,Asclepia-

Sylla.About this time flourished Philo,
L.
des,Appellicon, Sisenna, Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius Dioti-
Gallus,
mus,Zeno, Hortensius, Geminus, "c.
Archias,Posidonius, . .
.78
left Nicomedes to the Romans 75
Bithynia by *

The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, the rebel

and two years after,
general is defeated and killed by Pompey and Crassus . . ,
7S
Mithridates and Tigranusdefeatedby Lucullus 69
Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a nightbattle. Crete is subdued
by Metellus, after a war of two years 66
The reignof the Seleucidee ends in Syriaon the conquestof the country
65
by Pompey
Catiline's conspiracydetected by Cicero. Mithridates kills himself 63
The lirst Pompey and Crassus. About
triumvirate in the persons of J. Caesar,
this time flourished Apollonius of Rhodes, Terentius Varro, Tyrannion,
Nysa,Lucretius,Dionysiusthe grammarian,
Aristodemus of Cicero,
Antio-
A
chus,Spurinus, S
Catullus,
ndronicus, allust, C
Timagenes, ratippus,
"c. 60"
Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year . . .
.68
Caesar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans,and invades Britain . .
55
Crassus is killed by Surena in June , .
53
Civil warbetween CjEsar and Pompey . . . . , ,
.60
The battle of Pharsalia about May 12th ......
48
Alexandria taken by Caesar .........
47
The war of Africa. Cato killshimself. This year is called the year of
Confusion,because the kalendar was corrected by Sosigenes, and the
year made to consist of 15 months, or 445 days ; .46 . .

The battleof Munda 45

Cffisarmurdered ...........
44
The battleof Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius,
Antony,and Le-
pidus. Cicero put to death. The age of Sosigenes, C. Nepos,Diodorus
Varro the poet,"c.
TrogusPompey, Didymus the scholiast,
Siculus, .
43
The battle of
Philippi 42
defeated by Ventidius,
of Parthia,
Pacorus,general 14 years afterthe disgrace
and
of Crassus, on the same day ........
39

Pompey the Youngerdefeated in Sicilyby Octavius . . ; .36

Octavius and Antonyprepare tor war . . . . . .
.32
The battle of Actium 2d September.The era of the Roman emperors perly
pro-
beginshere . . . . . .
"
. .
.31
Alexandria taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province . .
30
The title of
Augustusgiven to Octavius .27
The Egyptiansadopt the Julian year. About this time flourished Virgil,
Asinius Pollio,
Manilius,Dioscorides, Maecenas,Agrippa,Strabo,Horace,
Macer, Propertius,
Livy,Musa, Tibullus, Ovid,Pylades, Bathyllus, Va-
rius,Tucca, Vitruvius,
"c. ........
25
The conspiracy of MuraDna against Augustus ......
22
AugustusvisitsGreece and Asia . . , . . . .
.21
The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius . .
20
The secular games celebrated at Rome . . . . .
.
.17
Lollius defeated by the Germans ........
16
The Rhsetiand Vindelicidefeated by Drusus 15
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xvii
B. c.
The Pannpnians conqueredhy Tiberius 12
Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus , . . .
.11

Augustus c orrects the calendar,

b y ordering the 12 ensuingyears to be
without intercalation. About thistime flourishedDamascenus, Hyginus,
Flaccus the grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the
and Dionysius
geographer .........
.8
Tiberius retiresto Rhodes for seven years 6 .....

Our Saviour is born four years before the vulgar

era, in the year 4709 of
the Juhan period, A. U. C. 749, and the fourth of the 193d Olympiad 4
A. D.
Tiberius returns to;Rome ,.".,.".
2
The leapyear corrected, havingformerly been every 3d year . . 4
Ovid banished to Tomos . .
.9
. . . . . .

Varus defeated and killedin Germany by Arminius .10 . . .

Augustus dies at Nola, August29th, and is succeeded by Tiberius. The

age of Phaedrus,Asinius Gallus,Velleius Paterculus,Germanicus,Cor-
nel,
Celsus,"c. ..........
14
Twelve citiesin Asia destroyed
by an earthquake . . .
.17
Germanicus, poisoned
by Piso,dies at Antioch . . . .
.19
Tiberius goes to
Capreae ,......,.
26
Sejanusdisgraced . . . . . . . . .
.31
Our Saviour crucified,
FridayApril3d, This is putfouryears earlier by
some Chronologists ..........
33
Tiberius dies at Misenura Baiae,March 16th,and is succeeded by Ca-
near ligula.
About this period
flourishedValerius Maximus, Columella,Pom-
poniusMela, Appion,Philo Judeeus,Artabanus,and Agrippina 37 .

St. Paul converted to Christianity ....... 36

St. Matthew writes his Gospel ........
39
The name of Christiansfirst givenat Antioch,to the followersof our
Saviour 40
Caligula murdered by Chaereas, and succeeded by Claudius . . .: 41
The expedition of Claudius into Britain 43
St. Mark writes his Gospel .........
44
Secular games celebrated at Rome ,..."..
47
Caractacus carried in chains to Rome * . . . .
.51
Claudius succeeded by Nero .,,..,..
64
Agrippina put to death
by her son Nero .. . . . .
.59
First persecution
againstthe Christians . , . . .
.64
Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death 65
Nero visitsGreece. The Jewish war begins.The Persius,Q. age of
Curtius,Pliny the elder,Josephus,Frontinus,Burrhus, Corbulo^
Thrasea, Boadicea,
"c. 66
St. Peter and St. Paul put to deatli 67
Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba 68
Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius,
killshimself. Vitellius
is defeated by Vespasian's
army ,
69
,

Jerusalem taken and destroyedby Titus 70

The Parthians revolt 77
Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum and Pompeii
destroyedby an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, November 1st 79 .

Death of Mitus,and succession of Domitian. The age of Sil. Italicus,

Martial,Apollon.Tyan^us, Valerius Flaccus, Solinus,Epictetus,
Quintilian,
Lupus,Agricola, "c. 81
Capitoline
games instituted by Domitian,and celebrated every fourth
year 86
Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia and continues 15
begins
years 88
Second persecutionof the Christians 95
.,.-.. ^
..

3
^iii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A.D
Domitian put to death by Stephanus, "c. and succeeded by Nerva. The
96
age of Juvenal,Tacitus, Statius,
"c. ......

Nerva dies,and issucceeded by Trajan 98

Pliny, proconsul of Bithynia, sends Trajanan account of the Christians 102

Dacia reduced to a Roman province . . . .
103
Parthia.
against
Trajan'sexpedition About this time flourishedFlorus,
Suetonius, Plinyjunior, Philo Byblius, Plutarch,
Dion, Prusaeus, "c. 106
Third persecutionof the Christians . . .
107
column
Trajan's erected at Rome lu-

Trajandies,and issucceeded by Adrian

ll?
of the Christians
Fourth persecution 118
Adrian builds a wall in Britain ....
121
Adrian visitsAsia and Egypt for seven years 126
He rebuilds Jerusalem,and raises there a templeto Jupiter 130
The Jews rebel,and are defeated after a war of five years, and allban
ished ..........
131
Adrian dies, and issucceeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign of Adrian
flourished Theon, Phavorinus,Phlegon,Trallian,Aristides, Aquila,
Salvius Julian,Polycarp, Arrian,Ptolemy, "c. 138 ....

Antoninus defeats the Moors,Germans, and Dacians 145 ...

The worshipof Serapis brought to Rome 146 .....

Antoninus dies,and is succeeded by M. Aurelius and L. Verus, the last of

whichreignednine years. In the reignof Antoninus flourishedMaxi-
mus Tyrius,Pausanias, Diophantes, Lucian, Hermogenes,Polyaenus,
Appian,Artemidorus,Justin the martyr,Apuleius^ "c. 161
A war with Parthia,which continues three years ....
162
A war the Marcomanni,which
against continues fiveyears 169
Another which continues three years ......
177
M. Aurelius dies,and Commodus succeeds. In the last reign
flourished
Galen, Tatian,Athenaeus,Montanus,Diogenes
Athenagoras, Laertius 180
Commodus makes peace with the Germans . . . . .
181
Commodus put to death by Martia and Laetus. issucceeded for a few He
months by Pertinax, who is murdered,193, and four rivals arise,
Didius
Juhanus,Pescennius Niger,Severus,andAlbinus. Under Commodus
flourishedJ. Pollux, Theodotion,St, Irena^us,
"c. . . .
192
Nigeris defeated by Severus at Issus ...... 194
Albinus defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons,February19th 198
Severus conquers the Parthians ^ . . .... 200
Fifth persecutionagainstthe Christians ......
202
Severus visitsBritain,and two years afterbuilds a wall there across from
the Frith of Forth .........
207
Severus dies at York, and is succeeded Geta. In hisby Caracalla and
reignflourished Tertullian,Minutius Felix, Papinianus,Clemens of
Alexandria, Philostratus, and Bulas
Plotianus, .... 211
Geta killed by his brother Caracalla ...... 212
The septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus. ished
Flour-
Oppian 217
OpiliusMacrinus killed by the soldiers,
and succeeded by Heliogabalus 218
Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then exacted an an-
nual

payment not to invade or molest the Roman empire. The age of

Julius Africanus .........
222
The Arsacidae of Parthia are conquered
by Artaxerxes kingof Media,and
their empiredestroyed 229
Alexander defeats the Persians ....... 234
The sixth persecution
against the Christians ; 235
. . . .

Alexander killed,and succeeded by Maximiuus. At that time flourished

Dion Cassius, Origen,and Ammonius 2%
....

The two Gordians succeed Maxim inus,and to death by Pupienus,

are put
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE* xix

A.D.
who soon by the soldiersof the youn-
with Balbinus,
afteris destroyed, ger
Gordian .......... 236
Sabinianus defeated in Africa 240
Gordian marches against the Persians . . .
"
. .
242
He is put to death by Philip, vvlio succeeds,and makes peace with Sapor
the next year. About this time flourished Censorius,and Gregory
Thaumaturgus . . . . . . . . . ,
244
PhiJip killed,and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished . .
249
The seventh persecution against the Christians . . " .
250
Decius succeeded by Gallus ........ 251
A greatpestilence over the empire .......
252
Gallus dies,and is succeeded by -S^milianus, and
Valerianus, Gallienus.
In the reignof Gallus flourished St. Cyprianand Plotinus . 4 254
The eighthpersecution againstthe Christians .....
257
The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively ....
258
Valerian is taken by Sapor and flead alive . . . . .
260
Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus ......
264
The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus and Athenseus . .
267
Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In thisreignflourishedLon-
ginus,Paulus Saraosatenus, Sic. .......
268
Claudius conquers the Goths,and kills300,000 of them. Zenobia takes
of Egypt
possession . . . . . . . . .
269
Aurelian succeeds .........
270
The ninth persecution againstthe Christians .....
272
Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa ......
273
Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor .....
274
and succeeded by Tacitus,who died after a reign
Aurelian killed, of six
months,and was succeeded by Fiorianus,and, two months after,
by Probus 275
Probus makes an expedition into Gaul ..... .
277
He defeats the Persians in the east .......
280
Probus is put to death,and succeeded by Carus,and his sons Carinus and
Numerianus ..........
282
Dioclesian succeeds .........
284
The empireattacked by the Barbarians of the north. Dioclesian takes
Maximianus as his colleague
imperial ......
286
Britain recovered,after a tyrant's of ten
usurpation years. Alexandria
taken by Dioclesian .........
296
The tenth persecution the Christians,
against which continues ten years 303
Dioclesian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retirement,
succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus, the two
Caesars. About this period
flourished J. Capitolinus,
Arnobius,Gregory
and Hermogenes,the lawyers, ^lius Spartianus,Hierocles,Flavius
Vopiscus,
Trebeliius Pollio,
"c 304
Constantius dies,and is succeeded by his son .....
306
At this time there were four emperors, Constantine, nus,
Maximia-
Licinius,
and Maxentius ,
308
Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine 312
The emperor Constantine begins to favour the Christian religion .
.319
Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine ....
324
The firstgeneral Council of KSce^^ who sit from
composedof 318 bishops,
June 19 to August25 .
325
The seat of the empireremoved from Rome to Constantinople . .
328
Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the eleventhof May 330
Constantine orders all the heathen templesto be destroyed .331 .

The death of Constantine,

and of his three sons, Constantinus,
succession
Constans,and Constantius. In the reign of Constantine flourishedLac-
tantius,
Athanasius,Arius,and Eusebius 337
Constantinethe younger defeated and killed by Constans at Aquileia 340
XX CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
AD.
Constans killedin Spainby Magnentius . .....
350
Gallus put to death by Constantius 354
One hundred and citiesof
fifty Greece and Asia ruined by an quake
earth-
.......... .
358
Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war ; but the former dies
the next year, and leaves the lattersole emperor. About this period
flourished jElius Donatus, Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian, Marcellinus,
Jambiicus,St. Hilary,"c. 360
........

Julian dies,and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian's reignflourishedGre-

gory
Nazianzen, Themistius,Aurelius Victor,"c. 363 . . .

Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens and Valentinian,
the empire is divided,the former beingemperor of the east, and the
other of the west .........
364
Gratian taken partnerin the western empireby Valentinian
as . .
367
Firmus, tyrantof Africa,defeated .......
373
Valentinian the Second succeeds Valentinian the First . . .
375
The Goths permitted
to settle in Thrace, on by
beingexpelled the
Huns ...........
376
Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire. The Lom-
bards
firstleave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals 379 . . "

Gratian defeated and killedby Andrigathius 383 . . . ,

*

The tyrantMaximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius 388 . .

Eugeniususurps the western empire,and is two years after defeated by

Theodosius . . .
392 . . . . . . "

Theodosius dies,and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius in the east, and

Honorius in the west. In the reignof Theodosius flourished Ausonius,
Eunapius, Pappus, Theon, Prudentius, St. Austin, St. Jerome, St.
Ambrose, "c. .......... 395
Gildo,defeated by his own brother,killshimself . . : .
398
Stilicbodefeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulae . . .
.405
The to settlein Spainand France
Vandals, Alanj, and Suevij permitted
by Honorius ......*...
406
Theodosius the Youngersucceeds Arcadius in the east,havingIsdegerdes,
kingof Persia,
as his guardian,appointed by his father . . .
408
Rome plunderedby Alaric, kingof the Visigoths,August24th .
.410
The Vandals begintheir kingdomin Spain .....
412
The kingdomof the Burgundians is bugun in Alsace . . .
.413
The Visigothsfound a kingdom at Thoulouse ...... 415
The Alani defeated and extirpated
by the Goths .417 , . .

The kingdom of the French beginson the lower Rhine 420 . . .

The death of Honorius,and succession of Valentinian the Third.

Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius, Anianus,
Panodorus, Stobseus, Servius the commentator, Hypatia,Pelagius,
Cyril,
Synesius, Orosius,Socrates,"c. ......
423
Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople,
and attempts
the restorationof learning ........
425
The Romans take leave of Britain,
and never return . . .
426
Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals
pass into Africa ..........
427
The French defeated by iEtius .
428
The Theodosian code published . . . . . . . .
435
Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage,
and beginsthe kingdom of the
Vandals in Africa ....'.... . .
439
The Britons,abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated plaint
com-
to i5Itius againstthe
Picts and Scots,and three years after
the Saxons settlein
Britain,upon the invitation of Vortigern 446 . .

kingof the Huns, ravages Europe

Aitila, 447 ......

.
Theodosius the Second dies,ai)d is succeeded by Marcianus. About
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxi
A. D.
this time flourished Zozimus, Nestorius,Theodoret, Sozomen^
"c.
Olympiodorus, . . .
......
450
The cityof Venice firstbeganto be known 452
Death of Valentinian the Third, who is succeeded by Maximus for
two months, by Avitus for ten, and, after an inter-regnura of ten
months, by Majorianus ... . .
.... 454
Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent firstestab-
lished
......*..... 455
The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro ..... 456
Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the Thracian. Vor-
timer defeated by Hengist at Crayford, in Kent 457 ....

Severus succeeds in the western empire .461 . .

. . .

The paschal cycleof 532 years invented by Victoriusof Aquitain 463 . .

Anthemius succeeds in the western empire,after an inter-regnum of two

years . .
. . . .
467
Olybrius succeeds Anthemius,and is succeeded,the next year, by Glyce-
rius,and Giycerius by Nepos ........ 472
Nepos issucceeded by Augustulus.Leo junior, son of Ariadne,thoughan
infant,succeeds his grandfather Leo in the eastern empire,and, some
months after, is succeeded by his father Zeno 474 .....

The western empireis destroyed by Odoacer. kingof the Heruli,who as-sumes

the titleof king of Italy.About that time flourishedEutyches,
Prosper, Victorius,Sidonius Appollinaris 476 ......

Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, which lasted 40 'days

at intervals . . . . . . . , .
/ 43O
.

The battleof Soissons and of Clovis over Siagrius

victory the Roman
gene-
ral
, . . . .485
After the death of Zeno in the east,Ariadne married Anastasius, surnamed
the Silentiary,who ascends the vacant throne .491 . .
"

Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, revolts about this time, and

conquers
Italy from the Heruli. About thistime flourishedBoethius and
Symma-
chus 493
Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Clovis 496 . .
.

The Burgundian laws published by kingGondebaud 601 ....

Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battleof Vorcillenear Poitiers 607 . .

Paris made the capital of the French dominions 610 ....

Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus,whose fleetisburned with a brazen

speculumby Procius . .
.514 . , . . . ,

The computingof time by the Christian era, introduced first

by Dionysius516
Justin the First,
a peasantof Dalmatia,
makes himself emperor 618
. .

Justinian the First,

nephewof Justin,succeeds. Under his glorious
reign
flourishedBelisarius, Paul the Silentiary,
Jornandes, SimpHcius,
Dionysius,
Procopius, Procius,Narses,",c. . . .... 527
Justinian publishes
his celebrated code of laws,and four years afterhis di-
^gest 529
Conquestof Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two years after . 534
Italyis invaded by the Franks ........ 530
The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian 542
A greatplaguewhich rose in Africa, and desolated Asia and Europe . 543
The beginning of the Turkish empirein Asia
545
Rome taken and pillaged by Totila 547
The manufacture of silk introduced from India into
Europeby monks 651
Defeat and death of Totila, the Gothic kingof Italy
.... 653
A dreadful plague 'over Africa, Asia, and Europe, which continues for
^0 years
^^^
Justin the Second,son of Vigilantia,
the sister of Justinian,
succeeds 565
Part of Italy
conquered
by the Lombards from Pannonia,
who form a kin"T-
^ointhere ". 5GB
ijti CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
A.V,
Tiberius the Second,an officerof the imperial
guards, and,soon
is adopted,
succeeds
after, ..........
678
Latin ceases to be the languageof about this time
Italy . . .581
son-in-law of Tiberius,succeeds
Maurice, the Cappadocian, . .
682

Gregorythe First, surnamed the Great,fillsSt. Peter^s chair at Rome.

The few men of learningwho flourished the latterend of this century,
were Gildas,Agathias, Gregoryof Tours, the father of French history,
Evagrius, and St. Augustinthe Monk 690 ......

Augustinthe Monk, with 40 others, comes to preachChristianity in England 697

About this time the Saxon Heptarchybegan England
in 600 . . .

Fhocas,a simplecenturion, i s elected emperor, after the revolt of the diers,

sol-
and the murder of Maurice and of his children . . .
602
The power of the Popes begins to be established by the concessions of
Phocas . . . . . . . . .
"

. .
606
Heraclius, an officerin Africa,
succeeds,after the murder of the usurper
Phocas . . . . . . . . .
..610
The conquestsof Chosroes,king of Persia,in Syria,Egypt,Asia Minor,
his siegeof Rome
and, afterwards, ......
611
The Persians take Jerusalem with the of 90,000 men,
slaughter and the
next year they over-run Africa 614 .......

Mahomet, year, fliesfrom

in his 53d Mecca to Medina, on Friday,July
16, which forms the firstyear of the Hegira,the era of the Mahometans 622
Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs 626 . . .

Death of Mahomet 632

Jerusalem taken by the Saracens,and three years after Alexandria,and its
famous library
destroyed ........
637
Constantine the Third, son of Heraclius, in partnershipwith Heracleonas,
his brother by the same father,assumes the imperial purple.Constan-
tine
reigns 103 days, and after his death, his son. Constantine's son

Constans is declared emperor, though Heracleonas,with his mother

Martina,wished to continue in of the supreme power
possession .
641
Cyprustaken by the Saracens .......
648
The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy
the Colossus . , .
653
Constantine the Fourth,surnamed Pogonatus,succeeds,on the murder of
his father in Sicily 668
The Saracens ravage Sicily ........ 669
Constantinople by the Saracens,
besieged whose fleetis destroyed
by the
Greek fire , .
673
Justinian the Second succeeds his father Constantine. In his exile of 10
years, the purplewas usurpedby Leontius and Absimerus Tiberius.
His restoration happened704. The onlymen of learning
in this centu-
ry
were Secundus, Isidorus, Geo. Pisides,
Theophylactus, Callinicus,
and the venerable Bede 685
Pepinengrosses the power of the whole French monarchy . . .
690
conqueredby the Saracens
Africa finally ...... 709
Bardanes, surnamed succeeds
Philippicus, at on the murder
Constantinople,
,
of Justinian . . . . . . . . .
.711
Spainis conquered
by the Saracens. Accession of Artemius,or Anastasius
the Second to the throne 713
Anastasius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius the Third, who, two
years after,yieldsto the superior influence of Leo the Third, the firstof
the Isaurian dynasty " . . . . . . . .
,715
Second, but unsuccessful siege
of Constantinople
by the Saracens 717
Tax called Peterpence begunby Ina,kingof Wessex, to supporta college
at Rome 727
Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and Poitiersin October 732
Constantine Ihe Fifth,surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his fatherLeo 741
Prcadfulpestilence for three years over Europeand Asia ,
, .
746
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxiii
A. D..
The of years
QGniputation from the birth of Christ firstused in historical
writings ........... 748
Learningencouraged by of Abbas caliph
the of the Saracens
race . 749
The Merovingian race ends in France
of kings .... 760
Bagdad built,and made the capitalof the Caliphsof the house of Abbas 762
A violent frostfor 150 days,from October to February 763 .
"

Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantino .' 770 . . .

Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdomof the Lombards,

after a duration of 206 years .......774
Leo the Fourth,son of Constantine, succeeds,and, five years after,
is suc-
ceeded

his wife Irene,and his son Constantine the Sixth

by 775 . .

Irene murders her son and reignsalone.- The only men of learning
in this
centurywere Johannes Damascenus, Fredegaire, AJcuinus,Paulus Dia-
conus, and Georgethe Monk . 797 . . . . . .

Charlemagneis crowned Emperor of Rome and of the western empire.

About this time the themselves
Popesseparate from the of Con-
princes stantinople
800
Egbertascends the throne of England, but the totalreduction of the Saxon
heptarchy isnot effected till26 years after 801 .....

Nicephorus greattreasurer of the empire,succeeds

the First, 802 . ,

Stauracius,son of Nicephorus, and Michael the First,surnamed Rhan-

gabe,the husband of Procopio, sisterof Stauracius,assume the purple 811
Leo the Fifth,the Armenian, thoughbut an ofiicerof the palace, ascends
the throne of Constantinople . .813 . . . . .

Learning encouragedamong the Saracens by Almamon, who made obser- vations

on the sun, "c. ........ 816
Michael the Second, the Thracian,surnamed the Stammerer,succeeds,
after the murder of Leo 821
The Saracens of Spaintake Crete,which they call Candia . .
823
The almagest of Ptolemytranslated into Arabic by order of Almamon 827
Theophilus succeeds his father Michael . . . " . .
829
Originof the Russian monarchy ....... 839
Michael the Third succeeds his fatherTheophilus with his mother Theodora 842
The Normans get possessionof some citiesin France , . .
853
Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil the First,the Macedonian 867
Clocks firstbrouglit to Constantinople from Venice .... 872
Basil is succeeded by his son Leo the Sixth,the philosopher. In this cen-
tury

flourished Mesue, the Arabian physician, Eginhard, Rabanus,Al-

bumasar, Godescalchus,Hincmarus, Odo, Photius,
John Scotus,Anas-
tasiusthe librarian,
Alfraganus,
Albategni, Reginon, John Asser .
SSQ
Paris besiegedby the Normans,and bravely defended by BishopGoslin 837
Death of Alfred,kingof England, after a reignof 30 years 900 . .

Alexander, brother of Leo, succeeds with his nephew Constantine the venth,
Se-
surnamed Porphyrogenitus .911 . . . , .

The Normans establishthemselves in France under Rollo . . .

912
Romanus the First,surnamed Lecapenus, generalof the fleet,usurps the
throne,with his three sons, Christopher,Stephen, and Constantine the
Eighth 919
Fiefs established in France ........
923
Saracen empiredivided by usurpation
into seven kingdom? . .
936
Naplesseized by the eastern emperors 942
The of Romanus
sons conspireagainsttheir father, and the tumults this
occasioned producedthe restoration of Porphyrogenitus 945 . . .

Romanus the Second, son of Constantine the Seventh,by Helena, the

daughter of Lecapenus, succeeds 959
Romanus poisonedby his wife Theophano,is succeeded by Nicephorus.
Phocas the Second, whom the empress, unable to reign
alone under the
titleof of her young children:had married
protectres"3 . .
963
xxiv CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE,
AD.
by Otho,and united to the German empire
conquerecl
Italy . : 964
of Theophano,
at the instigation
Nicephorus, is murdered by John Zi-
misces,who assumes the purple . . . .
969 " . .

Basil the Second,and Constantinethe Ninth, the two sons of Romanus by

Theophano,succeed on the death of Zimisces 975....

The third or Capetian race of kings in France begins July3d .987 .

Arithmeticalfigures brought into Europe from Arabia by the Saracens 991

The empireof Germanyfirstmade elective by Otho III. The learned
men of this centurywere Euedes de Cluni, Azophi, Luitprand, Alfara-
bius,Rhaze,Geber, Abbo, Aimoin, Gerbert 996....

A general massacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13th 1002 . . .

All old churches, about this time,rebuiltin a new manner of architecture 1005
Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm 1014 . . .

Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his brother 1023 . .

Romanus the Third,surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds, by marrying

Zoe, the daughter of the late monarch .
1028 . . . .

Zoe, afterprostituting herself to a Faphlagonian money lender,causes

her husband Romanus to be poisoned, and,afterwards, marries her fa-
vourite,
who ascends the throne under the name of Michael the Fourth 1034
The kingdomsof Castileand Aragonbegin .....
1035
Zoe adopts forher son Michael the Fifth, the trade of whose father (ca- reening
vessels) had procured him the surname of Calaphates 1041 .

Zoe, and her sister Theodora, are made sole empresses by the populace,
but aftertwo months,Zoe, though 60 years old,takes, forher thirdhus-
band,
Constantine the Tenth, who succeeds ..... 1042
The Turks invade the Roman empire 1050
After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers 'the sovereignty, and,
19 months after, adopts, as her successor, Michael the Sixth,surnamed

Stratioticus 1054
Isaac Commenus the First, chosen emperor by the soldiers 1057 .
. .

Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed him, he ap- points
his friendConstantine the Eleventh, surnamed Ducas 1059 . .

.Jerusalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens 1065 . . .

The crown of England is transferredfrom the head of Harold by the battle

of Hastings, October the 14th,to William the Conquerer duke of Nor-
mandy
........... 1066
On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of protecting his three
sons, Micliael, Andronicus, and Constantine, usurps the sovereignty, and
marries Romanus the Third, surnamed Diogenes 1067 . . .

Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young princes as-
cend

the throne,under the name of Michael Parapinaces the Seventh,

Andronicus the First,and Constantine the Twelfth .1071 . .

The general Nicephorus Botaniates the Third, assumes the purple 1078
Doomsday-book begunto be compiled from a general survey of the estates
of England, and finishedin six years ...... 108G
Alexius Commenus the First, nephew of Isaac the First,ascends the
throne. His reign is rendered illustriousby the pen of his daughter,
the princess Anna Commena. The Normans,under Robert of Apulia,
invade the eastern empire .
.1081
Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks .....
1084
Accession of William the Second to the English throne 1087 . . .

The firstcrusade ..........

1096
Jerusalem taken by the crusaders 15th July. The onlylearned men of
this centurywere Avicenna,Guy d'Arezzo, Glaber,
Hermanus,Franco,
Peter Damiani, Michael Celularius,
Geo. Cedrenus,Berenger,Psellus
Marian us, Scotus,Arzachel, William of Spires,Suidas,Peter the
Hermit, Sigebert 1099
Henry the Firstsiiccecdl
to the throneof England .
.1100.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, xxv
A. D.
Learning revived at Cambridge lUO
John, Calojohannes,
or son of Alexius, succeeds at Constantinople .
1118
Order of Knights Templars instituted 1118
Accession of Stephen to the English crown 1135
Manuel,son of John,succeeds at Constantinople ....
1143
The second crusade . .
.1147
The canon composedby Gratian,after24 years'
law labour 1151 . .

The of Guelfs and Gibbelines beginin Italy

party names 1 154 . ,

Henry the Second succeeds in England .1154

. . . . .

The Teutonic order begins ........

1164
The conquestof Egypt by the Turks 1169
......

The famous council of Clarendon in England, January 25th. of

Conquest
Ireland by Henry II. 1172
of
Dispensing justice by established
circuitsfirst in England 1176 . "

Alexius the Second succeeds his father Manuel . . .

.1180
English laws digestedby Glanville . . . . .
.1181
From the disorders of the government,on account minorityof Alex-
ius,
of the
Andronicus,the grandson of the greatAlexius,is named guardian,
but he murders Alexius,and ascends the throne 1183 ....

Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus, a descendant of the

greatAlexius by the female line,succeeds 1185 .....

The third crusade, and siegeof Acre ......

1188
Richard the First succeeds his fatherHenry in England .1189 . .

Saladin defeated by Richard of Englandin the battle of Ascalon 1192 .

Alexius Angelus, brother of Isaac,revolts, and usurps the sovereignty, by

putting
out the eyes of the emperor .1195. . . . .

John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men of this century
were, Peter Abelard, Anna Commena, St. Bernard,Averroes,William
of Malmesbury, Peter Lombard, Otho Trisingensis, Maimonides, Hu-
menus, Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffryof Monmouth, Tzetzes,Eustathius,
John of Salisbury,Simeon of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, Peter Co-
mestor, Peter of Blois,
Ranulphof Glanville, RogerHoveden,Campanus,
William of Newburgh . . .
.1199 "
. . .

Constantinople is besiegedand taken by the and

Latins, Isaac is taken from
his dungeonand replaced on the throne with his son Alexius. This year
is remarkable for the fourth crusade ......
1203
The fatherand son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and Constanti-
nople
is againbesieged and taken by the French and Venetians,who elect
Baldwin, count of Flanders,emperor of the east. In the mean time,
Theodore Lascaris makes himself emperor of Nice ; Alexius,grandson
of the tyrantAndronicus,becomes emperor of Trebizond ; and Michael,
an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds an empirein Epirus 1204 .

The emperor Baldwin

is defeated by the Bulgarians,and,next year, is suc-
ceeded

by his brother Henry .......

1205
Reignand conquestsof the greatZingis Khan, firstemperor of the Moguls
and Tartars,tillthe time of his death,
1227 ....
1206
Aristotle's works, importedfrom Constantinople,
are condemned by the
council of Paris .........
1209
Magna Charta grantedto the English barons by kingJohn 1215 . *

Henry the Third succeeds his falher John on the Englishthrone 12 1 6 .

Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda, sisterof the two last empe-
rors,
Baldwin and Henry,is made emperor by the Latins 1217 . .

Robert, son of Peter Courtenay, succeeds 1221

Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son-in-law,
John Ducas Vataces 1222
John of Bricnne,and Baldwin the Second,son of Peter,succeeded on the
throne of Constantinople ........
1 228
The inquisitionwhich had begun1204 is now trustedto the Dominicans 1233
4
xxri CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
AD.
Baldwin alone ,0
1237

Originof the Ottomans 1240

The fifthcrusade 1248
Astronomical tables composedby Alphonso the Eleventh of Castile .
1253
Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son Theodore
Lascaris the Second .........
1255
Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor 1259 . . .

Michael Palaeologus, son of the sisterof the queen of Theodore Lascaris,

ascends the throne,after the murder of the young prince's guardian 1260
is recovered
Constantinople from the Latins by the Greek emperors of Nice 1261
Edward the First succeeds on the English throne ....
1272
The famous Mortmain act passes in England . . . .
1279
Eightthousand French murdered duringthe Sicilianvespers, 30th of March 1282
Wales conqueredby Edward and annexed to England ...
1283
Michael dies,and
Palaeologus his son Andronicus,who had already
reigned
nine years conjointly with his father,ascends the throne. The learned
men of this centuryare, Gervase, Diceto, Saxo, Walter of Coventry,
Accursius,Antony of Padua, Alexander Halensis, William of Paris,Pe-
ter
de Vignes, Mathew Paris,Grosseteste,Alberlus,Thomas Aquinas,
RogerBacon, Cimabue, Durandus, Henry
Bonaventura,John Joinville,
of Ghent, Raymond Lulii,Jacob Voragine, Albertet,Duns Scotus,
Thebit 1293
A regularsuccession of English from this time
parliaments . .
1293
The Turkish empirebeginsin Bithynia .....
1298
The mariner's compass invented or improved by Flavio . .
"
.
1302
The Swiss Cantons begin ..*..... 1307
Edward the Second succeeds to the English
crown , . . .
1307
Translation of the holysee to Avignon,which alienation continues 68 years,
tillthe return of Gregorythe Eleventh 1308. . " . .

Andronicus adopts, Manuel, and his grandson,

as his colleagues, the younger
Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts againsthis grandfather,
who abdicates .........
1320
Edward the Third
succeeds in England .....
1327
First comet observed,whose course is described,with exactness,in June 1337
About this time flourishedLeo Pilatus. a Greek professorat Florence,Bar-
Boccace,and Manuel
iaam, Petrarch, Chrysoloras,where may be fixed
the of the revival of Greek literaturein Italy
era 1333 . . . .

Andronicus is succeeded by his son John PaloBologusin the ninth year of his
age. John Cantacuzene, who had been leftguardianof the young prince,
assumes the purple.First passage of the Turks into Europe .
1341
The knights and burgessesof Parliament firstsit in the same house ,
1342
The battle of Crecy,August26 1346
Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneship .
1347
Order of the Garter in
Englandestablished 23
April . . .
1349
The Turks firstenter Europe 1352
Cantacuzene abdicates the purple ...,"..
1355
The battle of Poictiers,SeptemberI9lh 1356
Law pleadings altered from French into English
as a favour from Edward
III. to his people, in his 50th year 1362
Rise of Timour, Tamerlane,to the throne of Samarcand,and
or his exten-
sive
conquests tillhis death,aftera reignof 35 years . . ,
1370
Accession of Richard the Second to the English
throne . . .
1377
Manuel succeeds his father,John Pala3ologU3 1391
Accession of Henry the Fourth in England. The learned men of this cen-
tury
were Peler
Apono, Flavio,Dante, Arnoklus Villa,Nicholas Lyra,
William Occam, Nicephoras,Gregoras, Leontius Pilatus,Matthew of
Westminster,Wickliff,Froissart,
Nicholas Flamel,Chaucer 1399 . .

Henry the Fourth is succeeded by his son Henrythe Fifth . .

1415
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxvii

A. D.

Battle of Agincourt, October 25th 1415

* .

The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese . . .

1420

Henry the Sixth succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople is be-

sieged

by Amurath the Second, the Turkish 1422

emperor .
. ,

John Palaeologus the Second succeeds his father Manuel 1424

. . ,

Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise of that family at

Florence 1434
..........

The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France 1439

....

Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in 22

years 1440
.

Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne after his brother

John 1448
....... . y .
9

Mahomet the Second, of the Turks, besieges and takes nople

Constanti-
emperor

on the 29th of May. Fall of the eastern empire. The captivity

of the Greeks, and the extinction of the imperial families of the Commenj
and Palaeologi. About this time, the House of York in England began to

aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious views, to deluge the whole

kingdom in blood. The learned men of the 15th century were Chaucer,
Leonard Aretin, John Huss, Jerome of Prague, Poggio, FlaviusBlondus,
Theodore Gaza, Frank Philelphus, Geo. Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho,
Laurentius Valla, Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemburg, John Faustus, Peter

Schoeffer, Wesselus, Peurbachius, i^neas Sylvius, Bessarion, Thomas a

Kempis, Argyropulus, Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Fi-

cinus, Lascaris, Tiphernas, Annius of Viterbo, Merula, Savonarola, Picus,

Folitian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, Mantuanus, John Colet, Reuchlin, Lyna-
cre, Alexander ab Alexandro, Demetrius Chalcondyles, ^c, 145f^
, .
 CLASSICAL DICTIONARY,

ire. i^C, "5"C.

AB AB

4 and Abse, atown

BA of Phocis, famous for bones of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote
A oracle of Apollo, surnamed
an
Abseus. treatises in reported, that
Greek ; and it is
called Abantes, were ofThra- there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to
The inhabitants,
cian origin. After the ruin of their countiy by Phalaris in the libraryof Augsburg. But there
from
Xerxes, they migrated to Eubcea, which were probably two persons of that name.

them was called Abantis. Some of them passed Herodot. 4, c. 36."Strab. l."Paus. 3,.c. 13.
afterwards from Eubcea into Ionia. Herodot. Abarus, an Arabian prince,who perfidious-
ly
8, 0. S3." Pans. 10, c. 55. A city of Caria. deserted Crassus in his expeditionagainst
Another of Arabia Felix. A mountain Parthia. Appian. in Parth."r-iie is called Me-
P/in. 5, 24.Strab. 10. by Flor. 3, 11. and Ariamnes by Plut.
near Smyrna." c. zeres c.

Messe-
Abacene, a country of Sicily near in Crass.
nla. Diod. 14. Abas, a mountain in Syi'ia, where the Eur

Abalus, an island in the German ocean, phrates rises. A river of Armenia Major,
where, as the ancients supposed,the amber where Pompey routed the Albani. Plut. in
the trees. If a drowned Pomp. A of Metanira, or Melaninia,
dropped from man was son

there, and his body never appeared above the changed into a lizard for laughing .-^t Ceres.
water, propitiatory sacrifices were offered to his Ovid. Met. 5. fab. 7. The 11th king of Ar-
gos,

manes during a hundred years. Plin. 37, c. 2. son of Belus, some say of Lynceus aud
Abana, a place of Capua. Cic. contra Rull. Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and
Abantes, a warlike people of Peloponne-
sus, valour. He was father to Prcetus and Acrisius^
who built a town in Phocis, called Aba, by Ocalea, and built Abae. He reigned 23 years,
after their leader Abas, whence also their B. C. 1384. Pans. 2, c. 16, 1 10, c
. .
33." Hygin.
name originated:they afterwards went to Eu- bcea. I10,k.c."Apollod.% c. 2. One of iEneas's
\yid. Abantis.] Herodot. 1, c. 146. companions, killed in Italy. Virg.A^a. 10, v.
Abantias, and Abantiades, a patronymic 170. Another lost in the storm which drove

given to the descendants of Abas king of Argos, ^neas to Carthage. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 125. A
such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta, Latian chief, who assisted iEijeas againstTur-
he. Ovid. nus, and was killed by Lausus. Virg.JEn. 10,
Abantidas made himself master of Sicyon, V. 170, ",c. A Greek, son of Eurydamus,
after he had murdered Clinias, the father of killed by j5]neas duringthe Trojan war. Virg.
Aratus. He was himself soon after assassina-
ted, JEn. 3, V. 286." Homer. II. 5, v. 150. A

B. C. 251. Plut. in Aral. hunting. Ovid centaur, famous for his skill in

Abaktis, or Abantias, an ancient name of Met. 12. V. 306. A soothsayer,to whom the
the island of Eubcea, received from the Aban-
tes, Spartans erected a statue in the temple of A-
who settled in it from Phocis. Plin. 4, c. polio,for his services to Lysander. Pans. 10,
12. Also a country of Epirus.Pans. 5, c, 22. C.9. A son of Neptune. Hygin. fab. 157.
Abarbarea, one of the Naiades, mother of -A sophistwho wrote two treatises,one o^ "

^sopus and Pedasus by Bucolion, Laome- history,the other on rhetoric ; the time in
don's eldest son. Homer. II. 6, v. 23. which he lived is unknown. A man who
Abarimon, a country of Scythia,nesu* mount wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by
Imaus. The inhabitants were said to have Servius in Virg.JEn. 9.
their toes behind their heels, and to breathe Abasa, an island in the Red Sea, near JE.\\\\
no air but that of their native country, Plin. opia. Pans. 6, c. 26.
7, c. 2. Abasitis, apart of Mysia in Asia. St rah.
Abaris, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. Abassena, or Abassinia. Vid. Abyssinia.
^fet.6)V.86. A Rutulian, killed by Eury- Abassus, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, c. 15.
alus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 344. A Scythian, Abastor, one of Pluto's horses.
.son of Seuthes, in the age of Crcosus, or the Abatos, an island in the lake near Memphis
Trojan war, who received a flyingarrow from in Egypt, abounding with flax and papyrus
Apollo, with which he gave oracles,and ported
trans- Osiris was buried there. Lucan. 10, v. 323.
himself wherever he
pleased. He is Abdalonimus, one of the descendants of
said to have returned to Ihe Hyperborean the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to maintain
countries from Athens witliout eating,and to himself he worked in a garden. When Alex-
fiave made the Trojan Palladium with the lander took Sidon, he made him king in the
 AB AB
loOBi of Strato, monarch, and
the deposed larged
en- Abobrica, a town of Lusitania. Plin.4,c
his possessions on account of the great 20. Another in Spain.
disinterestedness of his conduct. Justin.11,c. Abcecritus, a Boeotian general, killed with
10," Curt. 4, c. \."Diod. 17. a thousand men, in a battle at Chaeronea,
Abd'^ba, a towTi of HispaniaBaetica, built against the j^tolians. Plut. in Arat.
"bythe Carthaginians. Strab. 3. A mari-
time Abolani, a people of Latium, near Alba.
cityof Thrace,built by Hercules,in me- mory Plin. 5, c. 5.
of 4bderus, one of his favourites. The Abolus, a river of Sicily.Plut. in Timol.
Clajzonienians and Teians beautified it. Some Aboniteichos, a town ofGalatia. Arrian.
suppose that Abdera, the sister of Diomedes, in Peripl.
buittit. The air was so unwholesome, and the Aboraca, a town of Sarmatia.
inhabitantsof such a sluggish disposition, that Aborigines, the original inhabitantsof Ita- ly
stupidity was commonly called Abderitica ; or, according to others, a nation conduct-
ed
7)16713. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, by Saturn into Latium, where they taught
Protagoras, Anaxarchus. and Hecatasus. Mela, the use of lettersto Evander, the kingof the
2, c. 2. Cic. ad Attic.4, ep. 16
" " Herodot. 1, country. Their posterity was called Latini,
c. 186. Mart. 10,ep. 25. from Latinus, one of their kings. They assist-
"
ed
Abderia, a town of Spain. Apollod. 2, c. 5. ^-Eneas against Turnus. Rome was builtin
Abderites, a peopleof Psonia, obliged to their country. The word signifies without ori-gin.,
leave their country on account of the great or whose origin is not known, and isgene- rally
imraber of rats and frogs which infestedit. applied to the original inliabitants of any
Justin. 15,c. 2. country. Liv. 1, c. 1, ^c. Dionys.
"
Jial.1, c.
Abderus, a man of OpusinLocris, armour- 10." Justin. 43, c. I." Plin. 3, c. b.-r-Strab.5.
bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the mares Aborras, a river of Mesopotamia.Strab. 16,
of Diomedes, which the hero had intrusted to Abradates, a kingof Susa, who, when his
hiscare when goingto war against the Bistones. wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cy-
rus,
Hercules builta city, which in honour of his and humanely treated, surrendered him- self
friend he called Abdera. Apollod. 2, c. 5. "
and his troopsto the conqueror. He W'as
Philoslrat.2, c. 25. killed in the firstbattle which he undertook in
Abeat^, a peopleof Achaia,,probablythe the cause of Cyrus,aud his wife stabbed her-*
inhabitantsof Abia. Pam. 4, c. 30. Plin. 4, self on his corpse, Cyrusraised a monument
"

0.6. on theirtomb. Xenopk.Cyrop.5, 6, ".c.

Abella, a toTivnof Campania,whose inha- bitants Abrentius, was made governor of Taren-
were called Abellani. Its nuts, called tum by Annibal. He betrayed his trust to the
cveUancE,and also its apples, were famous enemy to gainthe favours of a beautifulwo- man,

Plrg.JEn. 1, V. n^.~Justln. 30, c. ^.~Sil 8 whose brother was in the Roman army.
V. 544. Polyccn. 8.
Abelux, a noble of Saguntum, who favour- ed Abrocomas, son of Darius,w^as in the army
the party of the Romans against Carthage of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. He was
Liv. 22, c. 22, killed at Thermopylce.Herodot. 7, c, 224.-;^
Abenda, a town of Caria, whose inliabi Plut. in Cleom.
fants were the firstwho raised templesto the ABRODiiETus, a name given to Parrbasius
cityof Rome. Liv. 45, c. 6. the painter, on account of the sumptuous man- ner
Aeia, formerly/re, a maritime town of of his living.Vid. Pai'rhasius.
Messenia,one of the seven citiespromisedto Abron, an Athenian,who wrote some trea- tises
Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after on the religious festivalsand sacrificesof
Abia. daughter of Hercules,and nurse of Hyl- the Greeks. Only the titlesof his works ai'e
lus. Pam. A, c. 30." S/ra6. Q." Horn. 11.9, p7'eserved.Suidas. A grammarian of
V. 292. Rhodes, who taughtrhetoric at Rome. other
An-
Abii, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. who wrote a treatiseon Theocritus.
They lived upon milk,were fond of celibacy, A Spartan, son of Lycurgusthe orator. Plut.
and enemies to war. Homer. II.13, v. 6. Ac- cordingin 10. Orat. A native of Argos, famous for
to Curt. 1, c. 6, theysurrendered to his debauchery.
Alexander, after they had been iadependent Abronycus, an Athenian very serviceable
since the reignof Cyrus. to Themistocles in his embassy to Sparta.
AbVla, or Abyla,a mountain of Africa,in Thucyd.1,c. 9]." Herodot. 8, c. 21.
that part which is nearest to the opposite Abronios, Silo,a Latin poet in the August-
mountain called Calpe,on the coast of Spain,tan age. He wrote some fables. Senec.
onlyeighteen miles distant. These two moun- tains Abrota, the wife of Nisus,the youngest of
are called the columns of Hercules,and the sons of ^geus. As a monument to her
were said formerly to be united, tillthe hero chastity, Nisus,after her death,ordered the
separatedthem, and made a communication garments which she wore to become the mo-dels
between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. of fashionin Megara. Plut. Qucest. Grac.
Strab. 3." Mela, 1, c. 5, 1.2, c. G."Plin. 3. Abrotonum, the mother of Themistocles.
Abisaresj an Indian prince, who offered to Plut. in Them. A town of Africa, near the
surrender to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 12. Syrtes.Plin. 5, c. 4. A harlotof Thrace,
Abis'vris,a countrybeyond the Hydaspes Plut. in Arat.
in India. Arrian. Abrus, a cityof the Sapaei.Paus. 7, c. 10.
Abisontes, sQrae inhabitantsof the Alps. Abryi-oms, an allyof Rome, driven from
Plin. 3, c. 20. his possessions by Perseus,the last king of
Aei.ktes, a j^eoplc near Troy. Strab, Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 13 and 41.
Abnoba, a mountain of Germany. Tacil. Abskus, a giant,son of Taitarus and T6rra.
Hygin. fab.
Pr^rf.
 AC AC
a people on
Absinthii, the coasts of Pon-
and from this,every place sacred to learniiag
tus, where there is also a mountain of the has ever since been called Academia. To ex-
clude

same name. Herodot. 6, c. 34. from it profaneness and dissipation, it

Absorus, Absyrtis, Absyrtides,islands in was even forbidden to laugh there. It was
the Adriatic,or near Istria, where Absyrtus called Acadcmia vetus, to distinguish it from
was killed,whence their name. Strab. 7. the second Academy founded
"

by Arcesilaus,
Apollod.1,c. Lucan. 3, v. 190.
9. "
who made some few alterations in the Platonic
Absyrtos, a river falling into the Adriatic philosophy, and from the third which was blished
esta-
sea, near which Absyrtuswas murdered. can.
Lu- by Carneades. Cic. de Div. 1,c. 3-^
3, V. 190. Diog.3."JElian. V. H. 3, c. 35.
Absyrtus, a son of iEetes kingof Colchis Academus, an Athenian,who discoveredto
and Hypsea. His sisterMedeaJ as she fled away Castor and Pollux where Theseus had conceal*
with Jason,tore his body to pieces, and strewed ed their sisterHelen, for which theyamply re- warded
his limbs in her father'sway, to stop his pur- suit. him. Plut. in The.i.
Some say that she murdered him in Col-
chis, Acalandrus, or Acalyndrus, a river falling

others, near Istria. It is said by others, into the bay of Tarentum. Plin. 3, c, 11.
that he was not murdered, but that he arrived Ac ALEE, a daughterof Minos and Pasiphae.
safe in lUyricum. The placewhere he was Apollod. 3, c. 1.
killed has been called Tomos, and the river AcAMARCHis, one of the Oceanides.
adjoining to it Absyrtos. Lucan. 3, v. 190. AcAMAS, son of Theseus and Phaidra,went
"

Strab. l."llygin. fab. 2S."j1pollod. 1,c. 9." with Diomedes to demand Helen from the Tro-
jans
Flacc. 8, V. 261." Ovid. Trist.3, el. 9." Cic. de after her elopement from Menelaus. In
mt. D. 3, c. 19." Plin. 3, c. 21 and 26. his embassy he had a son, called Munitus
by
Abulites, governor of Susa, betrayed his Laodice, the daughterof Priam. He was cerned
con-
tiTistto Alexander, and was rewarded with a in the Trojan war, and afterwards built
province. Curt. 5, c. 2. Diod. 17" " the town of Acamentum in Phrygia,and on
Abydknus, a disciple of Aristotle, too much his return to Greece called a tribe after his
indulgedby his master. He wrote some torical
his- own name at Athens. Pans. 10,c.26" Q. Ca-
treatises on Cyprus,Delos, Arabia,and lab. 12. Hygin. 108. A son
" of Antenor in
Assyria. Phil. Jud. Joseph, contr. Ap,
" the Trojan wa^. Homer. II. 11,v. 60, "c. "

Abydos, a tovv'n of Egypt, where was tlie A Thracian auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan
famous temple of Osiris. Plut. de hid. and war* Homer. II. 11.
Osir. A city of Asia, oppositeSestos,in AcAMPsis, a river of Colchis. Arrian.
Europe,with which, from the narrowness of AcANTHA, a nymph loved by Apollo,and
the Hellespont, it seemed, to those who changed into the flower Acanthus.
proached
ap-
it by sea, to form onlyone town. It Acanthus, a town near mount Athos,be-longing
was built by the Milesians,by permissionof to Macedonia,or, according to others,
king Gyges. It i^ famous for the amours of to Thrace. It was founded by a colonyfrom
Hero and Leander, and for the bridgeof boats Andros. Thucyd.4, c. 84. Mela, 2, c. 2. "

which Xerxes builtthere across the Hellespont. Another in Egypt, near the Nile, called also
The inhabitants beingbesiegedby Philip, the Dulopolis.Plin. 5, c.28. An island men-
tioned
father of Perseus, devoted themselves to death by P/iw; 5,c. 32.
with their families,rather than fall into the AcARA, a town of Pannonla. Another in
hands of the enemy. Liv. 31, c. 18. Lucan. "
Italy. ;: "

2, V. 674. Justin. 2, c. 13. Musaius. in Her.

"
"

"^- AcARiA, a fountainof Corinth,

where lolas
Leand." Flacc. 1,v. 285. cut off the head of Eurystheus.Strab. 8.
Abyla. Vid. Abila. AcARNANiA, (ancientlyCuretis)a country
Abylon, a cityof Egypt. of
the north of the Ionian sea, divid-
Epirus,
at ed
largekingdom of Africa,in
Abyssinia, a ifc^tolia from
by the Achelous. The inhabi-
tants
where the jNiletakes itsrise.
Upper .Ethiopia, reckoned only six months in the year ;
The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian gin,
ori- they were luxurious, and addicted to pleasure,
and were littleknown to the ancients. so that porcus Acarnas became proverbial.
AcACALLis, a nymph, mother of Philander Their horses were famous. It received its
and Piiylacis by Apollo. These children were name from Acarnas. Plin. 2, c. 90. Mela, 2, "

exposedto the wild beasts in Crete ; but a goat c. S.--S[rab.7 and 9." Paus. 8, c. 24."Lucian.
gave them her milk, and preserved their life. in Dial. Meretr.
Faus. 10,c. 16. A daughterof Minos, mo-
ther Acarnas and Amphoterus,sons of Alcmaeon
ofCydon, by Mercury,and of Amphithe- and Callirhoe. Alcmseon being murdered by
mis by Apollo. Pans. 8, c, 53. Jlpollun.
4, v. "
the brothers of Ali)hesib(Ea,
his former wife.
1493. Callirhoe obtained from Jupiter, that herchil-'
AcACESiuM, a town of Arcadia,built by dren, who were stillin the cradle,might,by
Acacus son of
Lycatfn. Mercury, surnamed a supernaturalpower, suddenlygi'ow up to
Acacesius, because broughtup by Acacus as punish their father's raurderei's. This wa";
his foster-father,
was worshippedthere. Paus. granted. Vid. Alcma3on. Paus. 8, c. 24.
"

8, c. 3, 36, ".C. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 10.

AcAcius, a rhetoricianin the age of the peror
em- Acarnas and Acarnan, a stony mountain oi
Julian. Attica. Senec. w Hippol.v. 20.
AcABEMiA, a placenear Athens,surrounded AcASTA, one of tlie Oceanides. Ilesiod.
with hightrees, and adorned with spacious Theog.V. 356.
covered walks, belonging to Academus, from AcASTus, son of Pelias king of Thessaly,
by
whom the name is derived. Some derive the Anaxibia, married Astydamia or Hippolyte.
word from "".-""V":, removed from the people.who fell in love with Peleus, son of ^acu';
Here Plato opened his school of philosophy,
when in banishment at her husband's coui't'
 AC AC
Ihe addresses
Peleus,rejecting of Hippolyte,who fellmad on seeing her deformity in a look'^
was accused before Acastus of attemptsupon ing-glass. Hesych.
lier virtue,and soon at a chase,exposed
after, AccuA, a town in Italy, Liv. 24, c. 20.
to Avild beasts. Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, AcE, a town in Phoenicia, called also Ptole-
delivered Peiens, who returned to Thessaly,mais,now Acre. C. JVep. in Datam. c. 5."- "

and put to death Acastus and his wife. Vid. A placeof Arcadia, near Megalopolis, where
Peleus and Astydaraia.Ovid. Met. 8, v. 306. Orestes was
" cured from the persecution of the
Heroid. 13, v. Ib."Apollod. 1, c. 9, ",c. furies,
who had a templethere. Paus. 8,v. 34.
The second archon at Athens. AcERATUs, a soothsayer,who remained
AcATHANTUs, a bay in the Red Sea. Strah. alone at Delphiwhen the approachof Xerxes
16. frightened away the inhabitants. Herodot. 8,
Ace A Laurcntia,the wife of Faustulus,shep- herd c. 37.
of kingNumitor's itocks,who broughtup AcERBAS, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who
Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed married Dido. Vid. Sichseus. Justin. 18,c. 4. "

on the banks of the Tiber." From her wjmi- AcERiNA, a colony of the Brutii in Magna
tonness, she was called Lt^^Jff,(aprostitute,) Grajcia,taken by Alexander of Epirus.Liv. 8.
whence the fable that Romulus was suckled c. 24.

by a she-wolf. Dionys.Hal. 1, c. 18. Liv. l, AcERR^,

" an ancient town of Campania,
4;. 4." ^'iul.Gell. 6, c. 7. The Romans ly
year- near the river Clanius. It stillsubsists, and the
celebrated certain festivals [vid.Lauren- frequent inundations from the river which ter- rified
talia]in honour of another prostitute of the itsancient inhabitants, are now ed
prevent-
same name, which arose from this circum-
stance by the largedrains dug there. Virg.G.2,
: the keeper of the temple of Hercules, V. 22b." Liv. 8, c. 17.
one day playingat dice, made the god one of AcERSEcoMEs, a sumame of Apollo,which
the number, on condition that if Hercules was signifiesunshorn. Jliv. 8, v. 128.
defeated,he should make him a present,but if Aces, a river of Asia. Herodot. 3, c. 117,
he conquered,he should be entertained with AcESiA, partof the island of Lemnos, which
feast, and share his bed with a beau-
tiful received this name from Philoctetes, whose
an elegant
female. Hercules was victorious, and ac- w-ound was
cordingly cured there. Pkilostr.
Acca was conducted to the bed of AcESiNEs, a river of Sicily. Thusyd.4, c. 25.
Hercules,who in reality came to see her,and AcEsiNus, or AcEsiNEs, a river of Persia
told her in the morning to go into the streets,falling into the Indus. Itsbanks producereeds
and salute with a kiss the first man she met. of such an uncommon size,that a pieceof
This was Tarrutius,an old unmai-ried man, them, particularly between two knots, can
who, not displeased with Acca's liberty, loved serve as a boat to cross the water. Justin. 12,
her, and made her the heiress of allhis posses- sions. c. 9." Plin. 4, c. 13.

These, at her death, she gave to the AcEsius, a surname of Apollo,in Elis and
Roman people, whence the honours paidto her Attica,as god of medicine, Paus. 6, c. 24.
memory. Plat. Qucpst. Rom. 4'"i Romul. AcESTA, a tow^n of Sicily, called after king
A companion of Camilla. Virg.^n. 11, v. Acestes,and known also by the name of Se-
820. gesta. It was built by ^neas, who lefthere
AcciA or Atia, daughterof Julia and M. partof his crew as he was goingto Italy,Virg.
Atius Balbus,was the mother of Augustus, and JEn. 5, V. 746, he.
died about 40 years B. C. Dio.
" Suet, in Aug. Acestes, son of Crinisus and Egesta,was
4. Variola, an illustrious female, whose kingof the country near Drepanum in Sicily.
cause was elegantly pleadedby Pliny. Plin. He assisted Priam in the Trojanwar, and kind- ly
6, ep. 33. entertained .^neas duringhis voyage, and
AcciLA, a town of Sicily.Liv. 24, c. 35. heljjed him to bury his ftither on mount Eryx.
L. Accius, a Roman tragicpoet, whose In commemoration of this,iEneas built a city
roughnessof style Quintilianhas imputedto the there,called Accsta, from Acestes. Virg. JEn.
unpolishe^I age in which he lived. He trans- lated 5, V. 746.
some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but AcESTiuM, a woman w'ho saw all her rela-
tions
of his numerous piecesonlysome of the names invested with the sacred office of torch
are know^i; and among these, his JVuptiae, bearers in the festivals of Ceres. Paus. 1,c. 37.
Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phffinice,Medea, AcESTODORUS, a Greek historian, who men-
tions

Atreus, he. The great marks of honour the review which Xerxes made of his
which he received at Rome, may be collected forces before the battle of Salamis. Plut. iip
from thiscircumstance : that a man was ly
severe- Thcmst.
reprimandedby a magistrate for mentioning AcESTORiDES, an Athenian archon. A
bis name without revereiice. Some few of his Corinthian governor of Syracuse. Diod. 19.
verses are preservedin Cicero and other wri- ters. AcETEs, one of Evander's attendants. Virg.
He died about 190 years B. C. Horat. JEn.lhw'^O.
2, ep. 1, v. 56." Odd. Mi. 1,el. 15, v. 19." AciiABYTos, a loftymountain in Rhodes,
quinUl. 10, c. l."Cic. ad Alt. ^ in Br. de where Jupiterhad a teiujle.
Oral. 3, c. 16. A famous orator of Pisau- AcHiF.A, a surname of Pallas, whose temple
rum in Cicero's age. Labeo, a foolishpoet in Daunia was defended by dogs,who fawned
mentioned Fers. 1, v. 50. Tullius, a prince upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all
of the Volsci,vcr"' inimical to the Romans. other persons. Arisioi. de .Mirab. Cere*
Coriolanus, when banished by his country-
men, was called Achaea,from her lamentations (;'%*)
fled to him, and led his armies againstat the loss of Proserpine. Plut. in Isid.^ Osir.
Rome. Liv. 2, c. 37. Plut. in Coriol.
"
AcHiEi, the descendants of Achajus,at first
Acco, a generalof the Senones in Gaul. inhabited the country near Argos,but being
Cccs.bdl.Gail,6;e,4and44. Anoldwojaan driven bv the Heraclidie 80 years afterthe Tro-
1
 AC AC
janwar, theyretiredamong the lonians, whose into the Euxine. Arrian in Penpl. "
A rejs^
twelve citiestheyseized and kept.The names tion of Antiochus the Great, appointedgover- nor
of these cities arc Pelena, jEgira, iEges,Bura^ of all the king's provincesbeyond Taurug,
Tritaea,.^gion, Rhypae,Olenos, Helice, Patrcc, He aspired to sovereign power, which he dis- puted
Dyme, and Phara}. The inhabitants of tliese for 8 years with Antiochus,and was at
three last began a famous confederacy, 2S4 last betrayedby a Cretan. His limbs Avere cut
years B. C. which continued formidable up- off,and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass,
W'ards of 130 years, under the name of the was exposedon a gibbet.Polyb.8.
Jichtzan league, and weis most illustriouswhilst Achaia, called also IIella.s, a country of
supportedby the splendid viitues and abilities Peloponnesus at the north of Elis on the bay of
of Aratus and Philopffimen. Their arms were Corinth,which is now part of Livadia. It was
directed against the ^tolians for three years, originally called ^-Egialus (short)from its si- tuation.
with the assistance of Philip of Macedon. and The lonians called it Ionia, when
theygrew powerful by the accession of neigh-
bouring they settled there ; and itreceived the name
states, and treed their country from of Achaia from the Achasi,who dispossessed
foreign slavery, tillat last they were attacked the lonians. Vid. Jlchizi. A small part of
by tJieRomans, and,afteroneVear's hosiilities, Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which
the Achaean leaguewas totally destroyed, B. C. Alos vs^as the capital.
147. The Achajans extended the boi-ders of AciiAicuM BELLCM. Vid Achaii.
their country by conquest, and even planted AcHARA, a town near Sardis. Strab. 14.
colonies in Magna Gra^cia. The name of AcHARENSEs, a pcoplcof Sicily, near cuse.
Syra-
Achcti is generally appliedto all the Greeks Cic. in Ver. 3.
indiscriminatelv, by the poets. Jld. Achaia. AcHARNJS, a villageof Attica. Thiicyd. 2,
Herodof. I.e. 145, 1. 8, c. 36."Siat. Theb. 2, v. c. 19.
164."Polyb."Liv.I. 27, 32, kc."Plut. in Achates, a friend of ^Eneas,whose fidelity
Pkilop."Plin. 4, c. 5.~0vid. Met. 4, v. 605." was so exemplary,that Fidus Achates became
Paiis. 7, c. 1,fee. Also a peopleof Asia on a proverb. Virg. JEn. 1,v. 3 16. A river of
tiieborders of the Euxine. Ovid, de Pont. 4, Sicily.
"1. 10,V. 27. AcHELoiDEs, a patronymicgivento the Si?
AcH^iuM, a placeof Troas opposite Tene- reus as daughters of Achelous. Ovid. Met. 6,
dos. Strab. 8.
"
fab. 15.
AcH.EMEyES, a king of Persia,among the AcHELORiDM, a rivei* of Thessaly. Po-
of
progenitors C\tus the Great; whose de- lyan.8.
seendants were called Acheemenides.and ed
form- Achelous, the son of Oceanus or Sol, by
a separatetribe in Persia,of which the Terra or Tcthys,god of the river of the same
kingswere members. Cambyses,sou of Cyrus, name of Epirus. As one of the numerous
on his death-bed,chargedhis nobles, and par- suitors of Dejanka,daughter
ticularly of CEneus,he en-
tered
the Achaemenides, not to suft'erthe the listsagainst Hercules,and beinginfe-rior,
Medes to recover their former power, and changedliimself into a serpent,and after- wards
abolish the empire of Persia. Herodut. 1, c. into an ox. Hercules broke off one of
125,1.3, c. 65, 1. 7, c. \\."norcd.2. od. 12,v. his horns,and Achelous beingdefeated, retired
21." "
A Persian,made governor of Eg-j-pt by in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken
Xerxes,B. C. 434. horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled
AcH^sMENi.!,part of Persia, called after u'ith fruitsand flowers ; and after it had for
Achffimenes. Hence Achamenius. Horat. some time adorned the hand of the conqueror,
Epod. 13,v. 12. it Avas presentedto the goddessof Plenty.
AchjEmenides, a native of Ithaca,son of Some say that he Avas changedinto a river afr
Adi^amastus,and one of the companions of ter the victory of Hercules. This ri\er is in
Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, Epirus.and rises in mount Pindus, and after
wiiere yEneas, on his voyage to Italy, found dividing Acarnania from iEtolia, fallsinto tlie
him. Virg.JEn. 3, v. 624. Ovid. lb. 417. Ionian sea. The sand and mud Avhich itcarries
AcMsoRUM LiTTUs, a harbour in Cyprus. doAAn,haAc formed some islands at itsmouth.
Strab. In Troas, In iEolia, in Pe- This river issaid by some to have sprung from
Toponnesus; on the Euxine, Pans. 4, c. 34. tiie earth after the deluge. Htrodot. 2, c. 10.-
AcH.":oROBi sTATio, a place on the coast "
Strab. 10." Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 5, 1. 9, fab. L
"f the Thracian Chersonesus,where Polyxena Amor. 3. el.6, v. 35. "

Apollod.1,c. 3 and 7, 1.
MTis sacrificed to the shades of Achilles,and 2, c. 7. Hygin.prcef.
" fab. A riA^r of Arca-
dia,
where Hecuba killed Polymnestor,who had falling into the Alpl^us. Another floAV-
murdered her son Polydorus. ingfrom mount Sipylus.Pans. 8, c. 38.
AcHTEL's, a kingof Lydia,hung by his;sub- AcHERous, a tribe of Attica ; hence AdiQr-
.fects for his extortion. Ovid in lb. A son of diisiusin Demoxth.
Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled,afterthe acci- dental AcHERiMi, a people of Sicily.Cic. 3, in
murder of a man, to Peloponnesus^; Verr.
where the inhabitantswere called,from him, Acheron, a river of Thesprotia, in Epinis,
AchaM. He afterwards returned to Thessaly.falling into the bay of Ambracia, Homer ed
call-
airalj. 8. Pans. 7, c. 1.-^ A
"
tragicpoet it,from the dead appearance of its Avaters,
of Eretria,who wrote 43 tragedies, of which one of the riA'ersof hell,and tiiefable has been
some of the titlesare presei-ved,such as Adi-as- adoptedby allsucceeding poets,Avho make the
ttis,Linus, Cycnus, Euraenldes,Phiioctetes, god of the stream to be the son of Ceres AAith-
Piritiious, Theseus,(Edipusjiic. ; of these only ont a father, and say that he concealed himself
one obtained the pviza. He lived some time in hell for fear of the Titans,and wa--' changed
-afterSophocles. Another of Syracuse, au-
thor into a bitter sU'eam, over Avhicli the souls of
of ten tragedies. A rirer which fall*the dead are at li)*st conveyed. It receives,.
5
 AC AG

say the)'', the souls of the dead, because a female dress, and,by his familiarity with the
deadlylanguorseizes them at the hour of dis- king'sdaughters,
solution. made Deidamia mother of
Some make him son of Titan,and Neoptoleraus. As Troy could not be taken

suppose that he was plungedinto hell by Jupi- ter, w^ithout the aid of Achilles, Ulysses went to the
for supplying the Titans with water. The court of Lycomedos, in the habit of a mer- chant,

word Acheron is often taken for hell itself. and exposedjewelsand arms to sale.
Jiorat. 1, od. 3, v. 3Q."Virg.G. % v. 292. Mn. Achilles,choosingthe arms, discovered his
2, V. 295, "c. "
Stmb. 7. Lucan. 3, v. 16.
" "
sex, and went to war. Vulcan,at the entrea-
ties
6i/.9.. Silv.6, V. 80." Lu'. 8, c 24. .
A river of Thetis,made him a strong suit of ar- mour,
of Ells in Peloponnesus. Another on the which was proofagainst all weapons.
Cliphaean mountains. Orpheus. Also a ri- ver He was deprived by Agamemnon of his favour- ite
in the country of the Brutii, in Italy. Jus- mistress,Briseis, who had fallento his lot
(in. 12,c. 2. at tho division of the bootyof Lyrnessus. For
AcHKKOxNTiA, a town of Apuliaon a moun- tain, tljisaflVont,he refused to appear in the field
thence called JVidushy Horat. 3, od. 4,v. tillthe death of his friend Patroclus recalled
14. him to action,and to revenge. [Vid.Patro-
clus.']
AcHERusiA, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, He slew Hector,the bulwark of Troy,
over which,as Diodorus, /i6.1. mentions, the tied the corpse by the heels to his chariot, and
bodies of the dead were conveyed,and receiv-
ed draggeditthree times round the walls of Troy.
sentence according to the actions of their After thus appeasing the shades of his friend,
life. The boat was calledBaris,and the ferry- man he yieldedto the tears and entreaties of Pri- am,
Charon. Hence arose the fable of Cha-
ron and permitted the aged fatherto ransom
and the Styx, "c. afterwardsimported into and carry away Hector's body. In the 10th
Greece by Orpheus,and adoptedin the reli- gion year of the war, Achilles was charmed with
of tliecountry. " " There was a river of Polyxena ; and as he solicitedher hand in the
the same name in Epirus, and another in Italytemi)le of Minei'va, itis said that Paris aimed
and Calabria. an arrow at his vulnerable heel, of which
AcHERusiAS, a placeor cave in Chersonesus wound he died. His body was buried at
Taurica, where Hercules,as is reported, ged Sigseum,
drag- and divine honours W'cre paidto him,
Cerberus out of hell. Xenoph.Anah. 6. and templesraised to his memory. It is said,
AcHETus, a river of Sicily.Sil. 14. that afterthe taking of Troy,the ghostof Achil- les
Achillas, a general of Ptolemy,who mur- dered appearedto the Greeks,and demanded of
Pompey the Great. Plui. in Pomp. " them Polyxena, who accordingly was ficed
sacri-
Lucan. 8, v. 538. on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus.
Achillea, a peninsula near the mouth of Some say that this sacrifice was voluntary,
the Boiysthenes. Mela. 2, c. 1. Herodot. 4, and that Polyxenawas so grieved
"
at his death,
c. 55 and 76. ^An island at the mouth of that she killedherself on his tomb. The Thes-
the Ister,where was the tomb of Achilles, salians yearlysacrificed a black and a white
over which it is said that bh'ds never flew. bull on !iistomb. It is reported that he mar-ried
riin. 10, c. 29. A fountain of Miletus, Helen afterthe siege of Troy ; but others
whose waters rise salted from the earth,and maintain,that this marriagehappened after
afterwards sweeten in their course. Allien.2, his death,in the island of Leuce, where many
c. 2. of the ancient heroes liv'ed, as in a separate
Achilleus or Ac^uileus, a Roman generalelysium. [Vid.Leuce.'] When Achilles was
in Egypt,in the reignof Dioclesian, wiio re-belled,young, his mother asked him wh ether he pre- ferred
and for fiveyears maintained the impe- rial a long life, spent in obscurity and re-
tirement,

dignity at Alexandria. Dioclesian at last or a few years of military fame and

inarched against him ; and because he had sup- portedglory .''and that to Iiishonour he made choice
a longsiege, the emperor ordered him of the latter. Some ages aftertlieTrojanwar,
to be devoured by lions. Alexander, goingto the conquest of Persia,
AcHiLLEiEKsis, a ])8ople near Macedonia. oftered sacrificeson the tomb of Achilles, and
Xenoph.Hist. Grac. 3. admired the hero wiio hud found a Homer to
AciriLLicis, a poem of Statins, in which he |)ublish his fame to posterity. Xenoph.de ve~
descnbes the education and memorable actions tint. Plut. in Alex. De faciein Orhe Lim,
"
"

of Achilles. This composition is imperfect. De music. De amic. mult. Qua:sl.Grac. "

The poet's immature de.'Uhdeprived the world Pans. 3, c. 18,k.c."Dix)d. 17." Stat.AchiL"
of a valuable history of the lifeand exploits Ovid. Met. 12,fab. 3, "c. Trist. 3, el. 5, v.
of this famous liero. Vid. Statins. 37,k,c." Virg. JEn. 1,v. 472, 488, 1.2, v. 275,
Achilles, the son of Peleus and Tlietis, 1. 6, V. 58, k^c."Apollod. 3, c. 13." Hysin.
was the bravest of allthe Greeks in the Trojan fab. 96 and 110." Strab. 14." Plin. 35,c. 15."
war. Duringhis infancy, Thetis plungedhim Max. Tijr. Oral. 2't,"IlGrat. 8, 1,od. 1.2, od.
in the Styx,and made every part of his body 4 and 16,1.4,od. 6,2, ep. 2, v. 42." Horn. II.^"
invulnerable, except the heel by which she Od."Dictis. Cret. 1, 2, 3, he" Dares.
held hi)n. His education was intrustedto the Phryg."Juv. 7, v. 210. "

Apollon.4. Ar- " gon.

centaur Chiron,wiio tau^hthira the art of war, V. 869. There were other persons of
and made him master of music, and by feed- ing the same name. The most known were a
him with the marrow of wild beasts, ren-
dered man who received Juno when she flod from
him vigorous and active. He was taughtJupiter's courtship the preceptorof Chiron
eloquence by PhcEnix,whorn he ever afterlov- ed the centaur a son of .Tupiter and Lamia,
and respectedThetis, to {)revent him from declared by Pan to be fairerthan Venus a

goingto the Tiojanwai*, where she knew he man who instituted ostracism at Athens.
was to peiish, privately sent him to the court Tatius,a native of Alexandria, in the age of
of L}xomede";where'he was disguised
iu a !the emperor ClaudiuS;
but originally
a pagan',
 AC AC
converted to Christianity, and made a bishop. A consul,wliose son was killedby Doml-
He wrote a mixed historyof great men, a tian,because he fought with wild beasts. The
treatise on the sphere, tactics,a romance on true cause of this murder w^as, that young
the loves of Clitophon and Lucieppe, he. Some Glabrio was stronger than the emperor, and
manuscriptsof his Avorks are preservedin the therefore envied. Juv. 4, v. 84. "

Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best AciLLA, a town of Africa,near Adrumetum
edition of his works isthat in 12mo. L. Bat. (some read Acolla). Ccbs. Afr.c. 33.
1640. Acis, a shepherdof Sicily, son of Faunus
AcHiLLEUM, a town of Troas near the and the nymph Simaethis. Galatea passionate-
ly
tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans. loved him ; upon which his rival, Voly^he-
Plin. 5, c. 30. mus, throughjealousy, crushed him to death
Ac HI VI, the name of the inhabitants of whh apieceof a broken rock. The godschang- ed
Ai'gosand Lacedasmon before the return of Acis into a stream which rises from mount
the Heraclidae, by Avhora theywere expelled.5:tna. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 8.
from their possessions 80 years afterthe Tro-
jan AcMON, a native of Lyrnessus, who accorp-
war. Being without a home, they drove panied^Eneas into Italy.His father'sname
the lonians from ..Egialus, seized their twelve was Clytus. Virg.JEn. 10,v. 128.
cities, and called the country Achaia. The lo-nians AcaioNiDES, one of the Cyclops. Ovid.
were received by the Athenians. The Fast. 4, v. 288.
appellation olJlchiviis indiscriminately ed
appli- AccETEs, the pilot of the shipwhose crew

by the ancient poetsto allthe Greeks. Paus. found Bacchus asleep, and carried him away.
1, c. 1,he. Vid. Achaia, As they ridiculed the god,they were changed
AcHLAD^EUs, a Corinthian general, killed into sea monsters, but Accetes was preserved.
by Aristomenes. Paus. 4, c. 19. Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 8, "c. Vid. Acetes.
AciiOLOE, one of the Harpies. Hygin. 14. AcoNTEs, one of Lycaon'sSOsons. Jlpollod.
AcicHilRius, a generalwith Brennus in 3, c. 8.
the expedition"which the Gauls undertook AcoxTEus, a famous hunter,changedinto
against Peeonia. Paus. 10, c. 10. a stone by the head of Medusa, at the nuptials
AciDALiA, a surname of Venus, from a of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5,
fountain of the same name in Bcsotia,sacred to V. 201. Aperson killed in the wars of iEneas
her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. "
and Turnus, in Italy. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 615.
Virg.JEn. 1,v. 12.Q."0vid. Fast. 4, v. 468. AcoNTiuS; a youth of Cea, who, when he
AciDASA, a river of Peloponnesus, ly
former- Aventto Delos to see the sacrificesof Diana, fell
called Jardanus. Paus. 5, c. 5. in love Avith Cydippe,a beautiful virgin, and
AciLiA, a plebeian familyat Rome, W"hlch beingunable to obtain her,on account of the
traced ifspedigree up to the Trojans. The obscurity of his origin, wrote these A-erses on

mother of Lucan, an apple,Avhich he thrcAA''into her bosom :

AciLiA LEX was enacted,A. U. C.556, by Juro tibisanctce per mystica sacra DiancEj
Acilius the tribune,for the plantation of five Me tibi veniuram comitem, sponsamque fa-
colonies in Italy.Liv. 32, c. 29. Another turum.
called also Capurnia, A. U. C. 684, which acted, Cydippe read the verses,
en- and beingcompelled
that no person convicted of ambitus,or by the oath she had inadvertently made, mar-ried

usingbribes at elections,should be admitted Acontius. Ovid. Her. ep. 20. A moun-

tain

in the senate,or hold an office. Another con- cerning of Bosotia. Plin. 4, c. 7.

such as were guilty of extortion in the AcoNTOBULus, a placeof Cappadocia, der
un-

provinces. Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. "pol-

M. Acilius Balbus, was consul with For-
tius Ion. arg. 2.
Cato, A. U. C. 640. It is said,that during AcoRis, a kingof Egypt,Avho assisted EA:a-
his consulship, milkand blood fellfrom heaven. goras kingof Cyprusagainst Persia. Diod. 15.
Plin. 2, c. 56. Glabrio,a tribune of the AcRA, a to wn of Italy , Eubcsa, prus,
Cy-
people,who with a legionquelledthe insur- gent Acarnania, Sicily, Africa,
Javes in Etruria. Being consul Avilh P. Sarmatia, "c. A promontory of Cala- bria,
Corn. ScipioNasica, A. U. C. 563, he con- quered now Cape di Leuca.
Antiochus at Thermopylae,for which AcRADiNA, the citadel of Syracuse, taken
he obtained a triumph,and three days were by Marcellus the Roman consul. Plut. in
appointedfor a publicthanksgiving. He stood Marcel. "
Cic. in Verr. 4.
for the censorship against Cato, but desisted AcR", a mountain in Peloponnesus. Paus.
on account of the false measures used by his 2, C.34.
competitor.Jiislin31, c. 6. Liv. 30, c. 40,
"
AcRyEA, a daughterof the river Asterion,
1.31, c. 50, 1.35, c. 10, he. The son of the A surname or Diana, from a temple built

preceding, erected a temple to Piety,which to her by Melampns, on a mountain near Ar-

his father had vowed to this goddessAvhen gos. A surname of Juno, Pa^is. 2,c. 17.
'fighting against Antiochus, He raised a golden AcR^PHNiA, a toAvn in Bceotia; whence
statue to his father,the firstthat appearedin Apolloiscalled Acra3phnius. Hcrodol. 8,c. 135.
Italy.The templeof Pietywas built on the AcRAGALLiD^, a dishoiiBst iiatioH living an"-

spot where once a woman had fed with her ciently near Athens. JEsch. contra Ctesipk.
milk her agedfatiier, whom the senate had im-
prisoned, AcRAGAS. Vid. Agragas.
and exchuled from all aliments. Val. AcRATUs, a freed man of Nero, sent into
Max. 2, c, 5. The enactor of a law againstAsia to plunderthe templesof the gods. I'ac.
bribery. A pretorin the time tliatVerres An. 15,c. 45, 1. 16, c. 23.
was accused by Cicero. ^A man accused of AcRiAs, one of Hippodamia's suitors. Paw^.
i'xtorlion, and twice defended by Cicero. He 6, c. 21. Hebuilt Acriaj, atOAvn of Laconia.
was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cae- M3, c. 21.
gar in tU";civilwaj-j, Oes. Bdl. Civ. 3;c. Id. AcRiDopjucJ; im .Ethiopian uatiou;"nho
 AC AC
fcflupon and
locust,:^; lived not beyondtlielr One of the friends of ^neas, killed Ijy
"

40th year. At the approachof old age, swarms Mezentus. Virg.,j^n. 10, v. 7 19.
of winged lice attacked them, and gnawed AcROPATOs, one of x\le|;ander's officers,
their bellyand breast,tillthe patient by rub-
bing who obtained part of Media after the king's
himself drew blood, which increased death. Justin. 13,c. 4.
their number, and ended m his death. Diod. Acropolis, the ci(adel of Athens, built
S."Plin. 11, c. 29." Strab. 16. on a rock, and accessible only on one side.
AcRioN, a Pythagoreanphilosopher of Lo- Minerva had a temple at the bottom. Paus.
cris. Cic. defm. 5, c. 29. in Attic.
AcRisioNEus, a patronymicappliedto the AcROTATus, son of Cleomenes, king of
Argives,from Acrisius, one of their ancient Sparta,died before his father,leavinga son
kings,or from Arisione, a town of Argoli-j,called Areus. Paus. 1, c. 13,1.3, c. 6. A son
called after a daughterof Acrisius of the same of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidoni?,
name. Virg.JEn. 7, v. 410. wife of Cleonymus. This amour displeased
AcRisiONiADEs, a patronymic of Ferscus, her husband, who called Pyrrhus the Epirot,
from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid. Met. 5. to avenge his wrongs. When Spartawas be- sieged
V. 70. b}'-
Pyrrhus,Acrotatus was seen bravely
Acrisius, son of Abas, king of Argos,by fighting in the middle of the enemy, and com-
mended

Ocalea, daughterof Mantineus. He was born by the multitude,who congratulated

at the same birth as Proetns, witiiwhom it is Chelidonis on beingmistress to such a warlike
said that he quarrelled even in his mother's lover. Plat, in Pyrrh.
womb. After many dissentions Prffitus was AcROTHoos. Vid. Acroathon.
driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Acta or Acte, a country of Attica. This
Eurydicedaughterof Lacedcemon ; and being word signifies shore,and is applied to Attica, as

told by au oracle,that his daughter's son would being near the sea. It is derived by some
put him to death,he confined Danae in a bra- zen writers,from Actasus a king,from whom the
to^ver, to prevent her becoming a mother. Athenians have been called Actaei. Ovid.
She however became pregnant, by JupiterMet. J,V. 'il^."Virg. Ed. 2, v. 23.
changed into a golden shower ; and though Acta, a place near mount Athos on the
Acrisius ordered her, aud her infant,called ^gean Sea. Thucyd.4, c. 109.
Perseus, to be exposed on the sea, yet they AcT.'EA,one of the Nereides. Hesiod. TJi.
were saved ; and Perseus soon afterbecame 250. Homer. II. 18, v. 41. "
A surname of
so famous for his actions,that Acrisius,anxious Ceres. A daughterof Danaus. Apollod. 2,
to see so renowned a grandson, went to Laris- c. 1.
sa. Here Perseus, wishingto show his skill ActjEon, a famous huntsman, son of Aris-
in throwinga quoit, killed an old man who pro-
ved taius and Autonoe daughterof Cadmus, whence
to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, he is called Autoneius heros. He saw Diana
and thus the oracle was unhappilyfulfdled. and her attendants bathing near Gargaphia,
Acrisius reignedabout 31 years. Hygin.fab. for which he was changed into a stag, and
m."Ovid. Mel. 4, fab. \Q."Horat. 3, od. 16." devoured by his own dogs. Paus. 9, c.2. "

Apollod. 2, c. 2, he" Pans. 2, c, 16,kc."Vid. Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 3. A beautiful youth,son

Danae, Perseus, Polydcctes. of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one
AcRiTAS, a promontory of Messenia, in of the Heraclidffi, endeavoured to debauch
Peloponnesus. Flin. 4, c. 5. Mela. 2, c. and carry away. He was
" killed in the struggle
3. which in consequence of this happened be-tween
AcROATiiON AcROTHoos,
or a town on the his fiitherand ravisher. Melissus com-
plained

top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived of the insult,and drowned himself;
to an uncommon old age. Mela.
and soon afterthe country being visited by a
2, c. 2. "

Plin. 8, c. 10. pestilence, Archias was expelled. Plut. in

AcRocERAUNiuM, a promontory of Epirus,Amal.
"with mountains called Acroceraunia, which AcT.'Eus, a powerful person who made
project between the Ionian and Adriatic himself master of a part of Greece, which he
seas. The Avord comes from afig^, high,and called Attica. His daughterAgraulosmarried
thunder ; because, on account
v*eMiv(3i', of their Cecrops,whom the Athenians called (heir first
gi'eat heiglU,they w^ere often struck with king, though Actaius reigned before him.
thunder. Liicret. 6, v. 420. Plin. 4, "
c. 1." Paus. 1,c. 2 and 14 The word is of the same

Virg.JEn. 3, v. 506." Strab. Q.-Horat. 1,od. signification

as .dlticusan inhabitant of Attica.
3,v. 20. mistress of Nero, descended from
Acte, a

AcRocoRiNxnus, loftymountain
a on the Sudan, in .Ver. 28. One of the
Attains.
isthmus of Corinth, trdcen by Aratus, B. C.
Hora\ Hygin.fab. 183.
243. There is a temple of Venus on the top,AcTiA, the mother of .Augustus. As she
and Corinth is built at the bottom. Strah. 8. sleptin the femple of Apollo, she dreamt
" jPaws. 2j C.4. Plat, in Aral.
" Slat. Thcb. 7, tliota dragonhad laljiwith her.
"
Nine months
V. 106. after,she brought forth,haying previously
AcRoy, a king of Cenina. killed by Romu-
lus dreamt that her bowels were scattered all over
in single combat, after the rape of the Sa- the world. Suet, in Aug. 94. Games sacred
bines. His spoils were dedicated *o Jupiterto Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of
Fereti'ius. Plut. in Romtd. A physician of Augustus over M. Antony at Actium. They
Agrigentum, B. C. 43i",educated at Athens were celebi'ated eveiy third,sometimes fifth
witit JBmpcdocles.He wrote physical
treatises year, with greatpomp, and the Lacedaemo-
nians
in the Doric dialect- and cured the Athenians had the care of them. Plut. in Anton. "

of a plague, by lighting fire near the houses of Strab. 7." Virg.JEn. 3, v. 280. 1.8, v. 675.
the infected, riin. 29, c. 1. Plut. in
" Isid. "A sisterof Julius Ciesar,
" Pint,in Qic:
 AC AD
AcTis, son of Sol,went Into
Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, whd
from Greece
and foimd- married Hidricus. After her husbands death,
Egypt,where he taughtastrologj",
ed Heliopolis. Diod. 5. she succeeded to the throne of Caria ; but be-ing
AcTiSANES, a kingof Ethiopia,who quered
con- expelledby her younger brother,she re- tired

king Amasis. He to Alindae,which she delivered to Alex-

ander,
Egypt,and expelled
was and his severe
famous for his equity, pun- after adopting him as her son. Curt,
i"liment of robbers,whose noses he cut oif,2, c. 8."Slrab. 14.

and whom he banished to a desert place, where Adad, a deityamong the Assyrians, sup-
posed
in want of all aliment, and lived on-
ly to be the sun.
they were

upon crows. Diod. 1. AciEcs, a native of Mitylene,who WTote a

AcTiuM, now Azio, a town and promontory Greek treatise on statuaries. At/ien. 13.
ofEpirus,famous for the naval victoiywhich Adamant-ea, Jupiter's nurse in Crete, who

Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopa-

tra, suspendedhim in his cradle to a tree, that he
the 2d of September,B. C. 31, in honour might be found neither in the earth,the sea,
of which the conqueror built there the town of nor in heaven. To drown the infant's cries,
and
IVicopolis, instituted games. Vid. Actia. she had drums beat, and cymbals sounded,
"

Plat, in Anton Sutton in Aug. "

A promon-
tory around the tree. Hygin.fab. 139.
of Corcjrra.Cic. ad Alt. 7, ep. 2. Adamas, a Trojan prince,killed by Me-
AcTius, a surname of Apollo,from Actium, rion. Homer. II. 13, v. 660. A youth who
where he had a temple. Virg.JEn. 8, v. 704. raised rebellion on
a being emasculated by
A poet. Vid. Accius. A prmce of the Cotys,king of Thrace. Arist. Pol. 5, c. 10.
Volsci. Vid. Accius. Adamastus, a native of Ithaca, father of
.

Actil'sNavius, an augur who cut a stone

load- Acha?menides. Virg.JEn. 3,v. 614.
in two with a razov, before and
Tai-quin Adaspii, a peopleat the foot of mount casus.
Cau-
the Roman people,to convince them of his Justin. 12, c. 5.
skill as an augm-. Flor. 1, c. 5. "
Liv.
Addephagia, 1,c.36. a goddess of the Sicilians.
Labeo. Vid. Labeo. JEliun. 1, V. H. c. 27.
Actor, a companion of Hercules in his ex- Ad4a., a river of Cisalpine
pedition Addtta, now
againstthe Amazons. The father Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona. Plin.
of Mencetius Patroclus is 2, c. 103.
by ^Egina,whence
called Adorides. Ovid. Trist. 1,el.8 A man Adelphius, a friend of M. Antoninus,whom
called also Aruncus. Virg.JEn. 12, v. 93. he accompanied in his expeditioninto Par-
One of the friends of iEneas. Id. 9, v. 500. thia,of which he MTote the histoiy.Slrab.
A son of Neptune by Agameda. Hygin. 11.
fab. 14. of Deion
A and Diomede.
son Ademo"", raised a sedition in Mauritania to
ApolJod.1, c. 9. The father of Eurytus, avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligula
and brother of Augeas. Apollod. 2, c. 7. had put to death. Sueton. in Calig.
35.
A son of Acastus, one of the Argonauts. Hy-gin. AdeS; or Hades, the god of hell among
fab. 14. The father of Astyoche. Ho- mer. the Greeks, the same as the Pluto of the La-
tins.
II. 2. "
Paus. 9, c. 37. A kingof Lem- The is derived from m h siSt'i,
word
nos. Hygin. 102. [yion because
viderel hell is deprivedof light.
AcTORiDEs, a clus,
Patro-
patronymic given to It is often used for hell itself by the ancient
grandsonof Ovid. Met. 13, fab. poets.
Actor.
1. Also to Erithus,son of Actor. Id. Met. Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul who
5, fab. 3. Two brothers so fond of each sent to Rome for poisonto destroyArminius,
other,that in driving a chariot, one generallyand was answered by the senate, that the
held the reins, and the other the whip ; Romans fought their enemies openly, and
whence they are represented with t^vo heads, never used perfidious measures. Tacit. An.
four feet and one body. Hercules conquered 2, c. SB.
them. Pindar. Adherbal, son of Micipsa,and grandson
AcToRis, a maid of Ulysses. Homer Od. of Masinissa,was besiegedat Ciita, and put
23. to death by Jugurtha,aftervainlyimploring
M. AcTORics Naso, a Roman historian. the aid of Rome, B. C. 112. Sallust. in Jug.
Sueton. in Jul. 9. the husband of Dido.
Adherbas, Vid.
C. AcuLEo, Roman a lawyer celebrated as Sichajus.
much for the extent of his understanding, as Adiante, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod.
for his knowledge of law. He W"is uncle to 2, c. 11.
Cicero. Cic. in Orat. 1,c. 43. Adiatoris, a governor of Galatia,who, to
AcCpiiis, an ambassador from India to Al- gain Antony's favour, slaughtered,
exander. in one
Plut. in Alex. night, allthe inhabitants of the Roman colony
AcusiLAus and Damagetus, two brothers of Heraclea, in Poutus. He was taken at
of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic Actium, led in triumph by Augustus, and
games.
The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras strangled in prison. Strab. 12.
their father,and called him happy in having Adimantus, a commander of the ACnc-
such worthy sons. Paus. G, c. 7. An histo-
rian nian fleet,taken by the Spartans. All the
of Argos,often quotedby Josephus. He men of the fleet were put to death, except
wrote on genealogies in a stylesimple and Adimantus, because he had opposed the de- signs
destitute of all ornament. Cic. dt Orat. 2, c. of his countiymen, who intended to mu- tilate
29. Suidas.
" An Athenian who taught rlie- all the Spartans. Xenoph.Hist. Grar.
toric at Rome under GaJba. Pausanias says, 4, c. 17, 1. 10, c. 9, that the
M. AcL'Ticus, an ancient comic writer, Spartanshad bribed him. A brother of
whose ))lays were known under the names of Plato. Lacrt. 3. .\ Corinthian gcnri*al,
teones;Gerttmi, kc.
Anus, Ba'Otiti, who re-iiroached
Themialocles with his c.\ile.
 AD AD
A king struck with thunder, for saying el. 13,V. 5S."Virg.Ed. 19." Bion. in
10, v.
deserved no
that Jupiter sacrifices. Ovid, in Adon."Hygin. 58, 164, 248, kc."Ovid.
Met.
ibin. 337. 10, fab. 10. MuscBus de Her. "
Paus. 2, c. 20, "

Admeta, daughter of Eurystheus, was 1. 9, c. 41. A river of Phoenicia,which falls

priestessof Juno's temple at Argos. She ex-
pressedinto the Mediterranean below Byblus.
a wish to possess the girdleof the Adramyttium, an Athenian,colony on the
queen of the Amazons, and Hercules ed
obtain- sea-coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. Strab.
it for her. ApoUod.2, c. 23. One of the Id."Thucyd.5, c. 1.
Oceanides. Hesiod. jyieog.v. 349. Adrana, a river in Germany. Tac. Arm,
Admetus, son of Pheres and Clyraene, 1, c. 56.
king of Pherae in Thessaly,married Theone Adranum, a town of Sicily near ^tna,
daughter of Thestor, and after her death, with a river of the same name. The chief
Alceste daughter of Pelias. Apollo, when deityof the placewas called Adranus, and his
banished from heaven, is said to have tended temple was guardedby 1000 dogs. Plui. in
hii flocks for nine years, and to have obtained Timol.
froin the Parcoe, that Admetus should never Adrasta, one of the Ocean ides who nursed
die, ifanother person laid dov"'n liislife for Jupiter.Hygin.fab. 182.
him ; a proofof unbounded affection, which Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon. Paus.
his wife Alceste exhibited by
cheerfully voting
de- 2, c. 15. A mountain. Pint, in LucuL
to death.
nerselfvoluntarily Admetus A country near Ti'oy,called after Adras-
v/as one of the Argonauts,
and was at the hunt tus, who built there a temple to Nemesis,
cf thy Cdydonian boar. Pelias promisedhis Here Apollo had an oracle. Sirab. 13.
daughterin marriage*only to him who could A daughterof Jupiter and Necessity. She is
bringhim a chariot drawn by a lion and a called by some Nemesis, and isthe punisherof
wild boar ; and Admetus effected this by the injustice. The Egyptiansplaced her above
aid of Apollo,and oLtaiaed Aiceste's hand. the moon, whence she looked down upon the
Some say that Hercules brought him back actions of men. Sirab. 13. A daughterof
Alceste from hell. Sene^in Medea. Hygin. Melisseus,to whom some
" attribute the nursing
fab. 60, 51, h 243." Ovf.de Art. Am. 3." of Jupiter. She isthe same as Adrasta. Apol.
Apollod.\y c.Q h 9, ikz."Tibul. 2, el. .3." I,c. 1.
F(cus. 5, c. 17.- A king of the Molossi, to AdkastiiCampi, a plain near the Granicus,
whom Themistocles fled for protection.C. where Alexander first defeated Darius. Juslin.
JVrp.in Them. 8. An officer of Alexander, 11, c. 6.
killed at the siegeof Tyre. Diod. 17. Adrastus, son of Talaus and Lysimache,
AduNia, festivalsin honour of Adonis, first was kingof Argos. Polynicesbeingbanished
celebrated at Byblos in Phoenicia. They from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to
lasted two days,the firstof v/hich was spent Argos,where he married Argia,daughterof
in bowlingsand lamentations,the second in Adrastus. The king assisted his son-in-law,
joyful clamours, as if Adonis was returned to and marched againstThebes with an army
life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt headed by seven of his most famous generals.
they lasted eightdays ; the one half of whicii All perishedin the war except Adrastus, who,
was spent in lamentations,and the other iii with a few men saved from slaughter, fled
rejoicings.Only women were admitted,and to Athens, and imploredthe aid of Theseus
such as did not appear were compelled to against the Thebans, who opposedthe burjing
prostitute themselves for one day; and the of the Argivesslain in battle. Theseus went
money obtained by this shameful custom was to his assistance, and was victorious.
devoted to the service of Adonis. The time Adrastus, after a long reign,died through
of the celebration was supposed to be veiy grief,occasioned by the death of his son
unlucky. The fleet of JNlcias sailed from .i-Egialeus. A temple was raised to his me- mory

Athens to Sicilyon that day, whence many at Sicyon,where a solemn festival was
lanfortunateomens were drawn. Plut. in M- annually celebrated. Homer. II. 5.
"

Virg.
cid. Ammian.
"
22, c. 9. JEn. 6, V. 480." Apollod. 1,c. 9, 1.3, c. 7."
Adonis, son of Cinyras,by his daughter Stat. T/ieb.4 and ^."Hygin.fab. 68, 69, and 70,
Myrrh a, ft'irf. Myrrha] was the favourite of "Paus. 1, c. 39, 1. 8, c. 25, I. 10, c. 90."
Venus. He was fond of hunting,and was Herodot. 5, c. 67, ":c. A peripatetic losopher,
phi-
often cautioned by his mistress not to hunt disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed
wild beasts for fear of being killed in the at- that a copy of his treatise on harmonics
tempt. is pre-
served
This advice he slighted, and at last in the Vatican. A Phrygianprince,
received a mortal bite from a M'ildboar which who having inadvertently killed his brother,
he had wounded, and Venus, after sliedding fled to Croesus,where he was humanely re- ceived,

many tears at his death, changed him into a and intrusted with the care of his son
fiower called ancmony. Proserpineissaid to Atys. In huntinga wild boar, Adrastus slew
have restored him to life, on condition that he the young prince,and in his despairkilled
should spendsix months v"ith her,and the rest himself on his grave. Herodot. 1, c. 35, Sac.
of the year with Venus. This impliesthe ""A Lydian,who assisted the Greeks against
alternate return of summer and winter. nis
Ado- the Persians. Paus. 7,c. 5. A soothsayer in
is often taken for Osiris,because the fes- tivalsthe Trojan war, son of Merops. Homer. II.
of both were often begun with mournful 2 and 6. The father of Einydicc, who mar-
ried

lamentations,and finished vvitliarevival of joy, Ilus the Trojan. Apollod. 2, c. 12. A

as if they were returning to life again. Ado- king of Sicyon,who reigned4 years B. C,
uis had templesraised to his meujory, and is 1215. A son of Hercules. Hygin.242.
5-aidby some to have been l)eloved by iVpollo Adria, Adrianum, or Adruiticum mare,
and Bacchus. Aj'ollod,
"
3; c. 14. Fro^tcrt.
" 2. a se^ lyingbetween lilyricuHi and Italy,
 JEA iEC
now called the gulfof Venice, firstmade Thessaly. Of Africa.- "A fountain of Jta-
known to the Greeks by the discoveries cedonia near Amydon.
of the Phocasans. Herodot. 1. Horat. 1, od.
"
iEACEA, games at .^gina,in honour of Ma-
33, 1.3, od. 3 and 9,"Caiull. 4, 6. cus.

Adrianopolis, a town of Thrace on the -^AciDAs, a king of Epirus,son of Neop-

Hebrus. Another in ^tolia, Pisidia,tolemus, and brother to Olympias. He was
and Bithynia. expelledby his subjects for his continual w^ars
Adrianus, or Hadriauus, the 15th em- peror with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus,
of Rome. He is represented as an tive, only two
ac- veal's old, whom Chaucus king of
learned,warlike and austere general. He Ihyricum,educated. Paus. 1, c. 11.
came to Britain,where he built a wall be- tween ^'Eacides, a patronymic of tlie descen-
dants
the modern towns of Carlisle and New-
castle of iEacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Te-
80 miles long, to protect the Britons laraon,Pyriiius, k.c. Virg.JEn. 1, v. 103,
from the incursions of the Caledonians. He 6LC.

tilled in battle 500,000 Jew^s who had re- belled, ^Acus, son of Jupiterby anginadaughter
and built a cityon the ruins of Jeru- salem, of Asopus,was king of the island of (Enopia,
which he called iEiia. His memory which he called by his mother's name. A
was so retenti%'e, that he remembered every pestilence havingdestroyedall his subjects, he
incident of his life, and knew aJlthe soldiers entreated Jupiterto re-peoplehis kingdom ;
of his army by name. He was the firstem- peror and accordingto his desire,all the ants whlcU
who wore a long beard, and this he did were in an old oak were changed into men,
to hide the warts on his face. His successors and called by .^acus myrmidons,from /^-jei^nr,, ait.

followed his example not through necessity, ant. ^acus

" married Endeis, by whom he had
but for ornament. Adi-ian w'ent always bare-
headed,Telam.on and Peleus. He afterwards had
and m long marches generally travel- Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids.
led He
on foot. In the beginningof his reign, he was a man of such integrity
that the ancients
followed the virtues of his adoptedfather and havehim one of the judges
made of hell,with
predecessorTrajan; he
remitted all arrears Minos and Rliadarng^athus.Horat. 2, od. 13,
due to his treasuiyfor 16 yeai's, and publicly1.4, od. Q."Paus. 1,^c.44, 1. 2, c. 29." OclJ,
burnt the account-books, that his word might Met. 7, fab. 25, 1. 13, v. 25." Propert.4, el.
not be suspected.His peace with the Par- 12. Plut. de consol. ad "poll. ^pollod,3, c.
" "

thians proceededfrom a wish of punishing the 12." Diod. 4.

other enemies of Rome, more than from the 2Ej", Mb., or JEsea,an island of Colchis,ia
effects of fear. The travels of Adrian were the Phasis, Vid. JEa.. Apollon. 3.
not for the displayof imperialpride,but to JEma.,a name givento Circe,because bora
see whether justicewas distributed impartial-
ly atiEffi. Virg.Mji.S, v. 386.
; and public favomnvas courted by a conde- scending! .^ANTEUM, a city of Troas, where AJax
behaviour,and the meaner familiarity was buried. Plin. 5, c. 30. An island near
of bathing with the common people. It is said the Thracian Chersonesus. Id. 4, c. 12.
that he wished to enrol Christ among the gods ^AXTiDEs, a tyrant of Lampsacus, inti- mate
of Rome; but his apparent lenitytowards the with Darius. He married a daughterof
Christians was disproved,by the erection of a Hippias,tyrantof Athens. Thucyd.6, c. 59-
statue to Jupiter on the spot where Jesus rose One of the 7 poets,called Pleiades.
from the dead, and one to Venus on mount .SIantis, an Athenian tribe. Plut. Si/mp.2.
Calvaiy. The '^veight of diseases became in- JEas, a river of Epirusfalling
tolerable. into the Ioni-
an
Adrian attemptedto destroyhim- self; sea. In the fable of lo,Ovid describes itas
and when prevented, he exclaimed; that falling into the Peneus, and meetingother riv- ers
the lives of others were in his hands, but not at Tempe. This some have supposedto
his own. He wrote an account of his life,be a a:eographical mistake of the poet. LucaR.
and published itunder the name of one of his 6, w^Sdl."Ovid.Met. 1, v. 580.
domestics. He died of a dysentoryat Baias, ^ATus, son of Philip,and brother of Po-
July 10, A. D. 133,.in the 72d year of his lyclea,was descended from Hercules. Aii
age, after a reignof 21 years. Dio. An oracle havingsaid that whoever ot the two
officer of Lucullus. Plut. in Luc. A rhe-
torician
touched the land after crossingthe Achelous
of Tyre in the age of M. Antoninus, should obtain tliekhigdom,I'olycle? pretended
who wrote seven books of metamoiphoses^ to be lame, arid prevailed upon her brother to
besides other treatises now lost. carry her across on his shoulders. V^'h^n they
Adrimktum, a town of Africa, on the came near the opposite side,Pclyclealeaped
Mediterranean, builtby the Phoenicians. Sal- ashore from her brother's back, e,-;cla'r:)ing
lust in Jug.
.
that the kingdom was her own. ^'Eatuc joined
An u AT AC A, a town of Belgic Gaul, now jier in her exclar-ation, and afierwaids maj'-
Tongres,on the Maese. rici her, and rei.^ned conjointlywith hrr.
Adula, a mountain among the Rhactian Their son Ti^essahis gave his name to The.s-
Alps,near which the Rhine takes its rise,
now saly. tolycRti.
8.
ijl.Gothard. .t'EcH?.i"c:oKAs,
a son of Hercules,by PhyJ-
Adui-is,a town of Upper Egypt. lone,daugiiter of Alcimedon. V" hen the fa-
ther
AnYRMACH!x"JE,a maritime peopleof Africa, heaid that his daughterhad had a child,
near Egypt. Ihrodot. 4, c. 163. he exposedhtr and the infant in Uie woods
^A, a huntress changed into an island of to wild beasts,where Hercules, conducted by
the same name by the gods,to rescue her from the noise of a mag^)icwiiich imitated the crie?
ihc pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis It of a child,found and delivered thera. Pavi.,
l)ada town which was the capital c. 12
called .-^Ca, JS,
'
oi ColchI.":./7or"-.*,.v. 420. A town ol /Ecumis, succeeded his falherPolyranesto
 JEG
on the throne of Arcadia, in the reignof Theo- tiy,and the artfulRoman, by employing one

pompus, of Sparta.Paus. 8, c. 5. faction against

the otiier,
Avas enabled to con-
quer

.^DEPSUM, a town of Euboja, Plin. 4, c. them all,thoughthe insurrection of Am-

12."Sirab. 10. and that more
biorix, powerfully
supportedby
-.Odessa, or Edessa, a town neap Pella. shook
Vercingetorix, for a while the dominion
Caranuskingof Macedonia took itby follow- ing of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of
goats that soughtshelter from the rain,the conqueror. Cces.i?ibell.G.
and called it from that circumstance,(^'y^, lEiivTA^ or -^etes,kingof Colchis, son of Sol,
capras)i^Cgeas. It was the burying-place of and Perseis daughterof Oceanus, was father
the Macedonian king?; and an oracle had said,of Medea, Absyi'tus, and Chalciope, by Idya,
that as longas the kingswei-e buried there,so one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxusson
longwould their kingdom subsist. Alexander of Athamas, Avho had fled to his court on a
V;ras buried in a different place; and on that goldenram. This murder he committed to
account, some authors have said that the king- dom obtain the fleece of the goldenram. The Ai'-
became extinct. Justin. 7, c. L gonautscame against Colchis,and recovered
iEoicuLA Ridiculi,a temple raised to the the goldenfleece by means of Medea, though
god of mirth, from the following circumstance : it was guardedby bulls that breathed fire, and
after the battle of Cannae, Hannibal marched by a venomous dragon. Their expedition has
to Rome, whence he was driven back by the been celebrated by allthe ancient poets.[Vid.
"inclemency of the weather ; which caused so Jason, Medea, S^ Phry.xv.s.'] Apollod. 1, c. 9.
much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a "Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 1, he" Paus. 2, c. 3."
templeto the god of mirth. This deitywas Justin.43, c. 2. Flacc. ^ Orpheusin Argon.
"

worshippedat Sparta. Pint, in Lye.Agid. i^ETiAS, a patronymicgivento Medea, as

4' Cleom. Pausanias also mentions a 3^f@'daughterof .'Eetes. Ovid. Med. 7, v. 9.
"

^OA, an island of the j^geansea between

iEniLES, Roman magistrates that had the Tenedos and Chios.
care of all buildings, baths and aqueducts, and ^TiGEAS,a town whose inhabitants are called
examined the v"'eights and measures, that no- thing jSgeates.[Vid. j^dessa.]

might be sold without its due value. ^G^, a cityof Macedonia, the .-same as
There were three different sorts ; the ^diles Edessa. Some writers make them different,
PItbeii,or Minores ; the Majores^diles,and but Justin proves this to be eiToneous, 7, c. 1.
the ^diles Cereales. The plebeianediles
" "
Plin. 4, c. 10. A town of EubceajWhenca
"vere two, firstcreated with the tribunes ; they Neptuneis called jEgseus.Strab. 9.
presidedover the more minute affairsof the -^G^^, a town aud sea port of Cilicia,
state, good order,and the reparation of the Lucan. 3, v. 227.
sVeets. They procuredail the provisions of -/Eg^on, one of Lycaon'sSOsons."poUod.
the city- and executed the decrees of the peo- ple. 3, c. 8. The son of Crelus,or of Pontus
The Majoresand Cereales had greaterand Terra,the same as Briareus. [Firf. Bria-
privileges, though they at firstshared in the reus.']It is supposedthat he was a notorious
labour of the plebeian ediles : they appearedpiratechiefly residing at JEga., whence his
ivith more pomp, and were allowed to sitpub-
liclyname ; and that the fable about his 100 hands
in ivorychairs. The officeof an edile ai'isesfrom his having100 men to manage his
w"?s honourable,and was alwaysthe primaiy oars in his {)iratical excursions. Virg. JEn. 10,
step to greaterhonours in the republic.The V. 5G5." //es?orf.Th. 149." Homer. II. 10, v.
ediles w^ere chosen from the plebeians for 127 404." Otic/.Met. 2, v. 10.
vcars. tillA. U. C. 338. Vnro de L. L. 4, c. Mcrmyj^x mare (now Archipelago), part of
U."Cic. Legib. 3. the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia
tEdipscs, a town in Euboea,now Dipso,Minor. It isfullof islands, some of which are
aboundingin hot-baths. called Cyclades, others Sporades, k.c. The
Vm.. iEniTuus, a Roman poet before the word jEga?um is derived by some from ^Egae,
age of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry a town of Eubo2a ; or from the number of
and epigrams. islands which it contains,that appear above
jS^don, daughterof Pandarus,married Ze- the sea, as """"", goals; or from the promonto- ry
thus brother to Amphion, by whom she had a iEga,or from JEgea., a queen of the Ama-
zons
son called Itylus She was so jealous of her ; or from iEgeus, who is supposedto
sLsterNiol)e,because she Ijad more children have drovv'ned himself there. Plin. 4, c. 11. "

than herself, that .'^heresolved to murder the Slrab. 7.

elder,who was educated with Itylus.She by Mgjevs, a surname of Neptune, from -Eg?e
mistake killed her own son, and was changed in Eubcea. Strab. 9. A river of Corcyra.
into a goldfinch as she attempted to killherself. A plainin Phocis.
flomcr. Od. 19,v. 518. .'EoALEOs,or itgaleum, a mountain of
JF.nvi,or Hedui, a powerfulnation of Cel- tic Attica oppositeSalamis,on which Xerxes sat
Gaul known for their valour in the wars of dunng the engagement of his fleet with the
Cresar. ^^ hen their country was invaded b)'^ Grecian ships in the adjacent sea. Hcrodot. 8,
thi^ celebrated general, theywere at the head c. 90." TImcyd.2, c. 19.
of a faction in opi"osition to the Sequaniand jEgaN, [GrCPC.a"j.ai,OF ouytem] tllC^Egcau
their jiartisau'^, and theyhad establisliedtheir sea. Stat. Thtb. 5, v. 56.
sujjcrinrity in frequent battles. To support iEcAs, a placeof Eubrca. Another near
their cause, however,the Secpiani obtained the Daunia in Italy.Polyb. 3.
assistance of Ariovistus kingof Germany, and iEcATES, a promontory of ^Eolia.
soon defeated their opponents. The arrival Three islands op}"osite Carthage, called Ar.'*^
otCu\"ar changedthe face of affairs, the y"dui by Virg. JEn. 1, near which the Ronmns der
un-

were restored t" the sovereignty of th" couu- CsituliB, ia the firstPunic war, defe"tciJ
 MG
tUe Carthaginian fleet,under Hanno, 242 They allreturned home safe,
except^gial6uSj
B. C. Liv. 21, c. 10 and 41,1.22,c. 54." Mela. was who
killed. That expedition is called the
2, c. I."Sil. 1,V. 61. of the Epigoni. Paws. 1,c. 43,44, 1. 2, c.
war

^GELEON, a town of Macedonia taken by 20, 1.9, c. b."Apollod.1,c. 9, 1. 3, c. 7. "

kingAttains. Liv. 31,c. 46. The same as Absyrtus,brother to Medea.

uEgeria. Vid. Egeria. Justin. 42, c. 3." Cic. de Nat. D. 3." Diod. 4.
jSgesta, the daughterof Hippotes, and mo-
ther JGgialus, son of Phoroneus, was intrusted
of iEgestus,
called Acestes. Virg. JEn. 1, with the kingdom of Achaia by kingApis go- ing
V. 554. An ancient town of Sicilynear to Egypt. Peloponnesus v/as called ^gia-
mount Eryx,destroyed by Agathocles. It was lea from him. A man who founded the
sometimes called Segesta and Acesta. Diod. 10. kingdom of Sicyon,2091 before the Christian
iEGEUS, kingof Athens, son of Pandion, era, and reigned52 years.
beingdesirous of havingchildren, went to con-
sult .a^GiALus,a name givento partof Pelopon-
nesus.
the oracle,and in his return, stopped at [Vid.x\chaia.]Paus. 5, c. 1, 1. 7,
the court of Pittheus king of Troezene, who c. 1. An inconsiderable town of Pontus.
gave him his daughter iEthra in marriage. A city of Asia Minor. A city of
He lefther pregnant,and told her,that if she Thrace near tlie Strymon. A mountain of
had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as Galatia.- A cityof Pontus. Another in
he could lifta stone under which he had con-cealed Ethiopia.
his sword. By this sword he was to be -^gides,a patronymicof Theseus. Hornet'.
known to jEgeus, who did not wish to make II. 1, V. 265.
any publicdiscoveryof a son, for fear of his JEgila, a place in Laconia, where Aristo-
nephews, the Pallantides, who expectedhis menes was taken prisoner by a crowd of reli-
gious
erown. JCthra became mother of Theseus, women whom he had attacked. Paiis.
whom she accordingly sent to Athens with his 4,c. 17.
father's sword. At that time iEgeus lived /Egilia,an island between Crete and Pelo-
ponnesus.
with Medea, the divorced wife of Jason. A placein Eubcea. Herodot. 6,
When Theseus came to Athens, Medea c. 101.
tempted
at-
poisonhim ; bat he escaped,and
to 4!^GiMius,an old man who lived,according
upon showing^geus the sword he wore, dis- coveredto Anacreon, 200 years. Plin. 7, c. 48. A
himself to be his son. When seus
The- kingof Doris,whom Hercules assisted to con-
quer
returned from Crete after the death of the Lapithffi. ^pollod. 2, c. 7.
the Minotaur, he forgot, agreeable to the en-
gagement ^.GiMORiTs oriEGiaiuRUs,an island near bya,
Li-
made with his father,to hoist up supposedby some to be the same which
white sails as a signalof his success ; and Virgil mentions under the name of Arag. Plin.
.Sg^us,at the sightof black sails, concluding5, c. 7.
that his son w^as dead, threw himself from a ^GiNA, daughterof Asopus, had iEacu's
high rock into the sea; which from him, as by Jupiterchanged into a flame of fire. She
some suppose, has been called the j^^gean. afterwards married Actor, son of Myrmidon,
^geus reigned4S years, and died B. C. 1235. by whom she had some children, who con-
spired

He is supposed to have firstintroduced into against their father. Some say that she
Greece the worshipof Venus Urania, to ren- der was changedby Jupiterinto the island which
the goddess prbpitlous to his wishes in bears her name. Plin. 4, c. 12. Strah. 8. " " "

havinga son. [Vid.Theseus,Minotaurus, S/-Mela, 2, c. l."Apollod.1, c. 9, 1.3..c. 12."

Medea.] ^poUod. 1, c. 8, 9, 1. 3, c. 15." Paus. 2, c. 5 and 29. An island formerly
Paus. 1,c. 5, 22, 38,1.4, c. %"Plut. in Thes." called (Enopiaand now Engia,in apart of the
Hygin.fab. 37, 43, 70, and 173. .Egean sea, called Saronicus Sinus,about 22
"Egiale, one of Phaeton's sisters, changed miles in circumference. The inhabitants were
into poplars, and their tears into amber. They once destroyedby a pestilence, and the coun-
are called Heliades. A daughterof Adras- tiywas repeopledby ants changed into men
tus, by Amphitea,daughterof Pronax. She by Jupiter, at the prayer of king^acus. They
married Diomedes, in V\'hose absence,during were once a very powerfulnation by sea. but
the Trojanwar, she prostituted herselfto her they cowardly gave themselves up to Darius
servants, and chiefly to Cosmetes, whom the when he demanded submission from all the
kinghad leftmaster of his house. At his turn,
re- Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles made
Diomedes beingtold of his wife'swanton-
against
ness, them ; and after taking
war 70 of their
went to settle in Daunia. Some say shipsin a naval battle,they expelledthem
that Venus implantedthose vicious and lustful from ^gina. The fugitives settled in Pelo-
ponnesus,
propensities in ^gialc,to revenge herself on and after the ruin of Athens by hy-
Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Tro-
jan Sander, they returrted to their country, but
war. Ovid, in Ih.
350. v.Homer. II.5, v. never
"
afterrose to their former power or con-
sequence.
412." Apollod.
1, c.Slat. 3, Silv. 5, v. 48.
9." Herodot. 5, 6, and 7. Paus. 2, c" "

JEgialea, an island near Peloponnesus,in 29, 1. 8, c. 44." Sirah. S."jj:iian. V. H. \%

the Cretan sea. Another in the Ionian sea, c. 10.
near the Eciiinades. Plin. 4, c. 12. llerodot. " ^GiNKTA Paulus, a physiciau born in
4, c, 107. The ancient name of Pelopon-
nesus. iEgina. He flourished in the 3d, or, accord- ing
Sirnb. 12. Mela. 2, c. 7. to others, the 7th century,and firstdeserv-
jfEciALEuSi, son of Adrastus by Amphiteae"l to be culled man-midwife. He wrote Dt
orDemoanassa, was one of the Epigoni,i. e. Re Medic/i,in seven books.
one of the sons of those generals who were iEoiNETEs,a kingof Arcadia,in whose age
killed in the firstTheban war. They went Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Paua.
against the Thebans, who Iiad refused to give I, c. 5.
burial to their^fathers,and were Victorion?. frara ki"
/EciocKirs, asurusu^e of Jupiter,
6
Ueingbroughtup by the goat Amaltksga,and of Apollo,to return thanks to the god for iil?
ushiglier skin,instead of a shield,in the war death. Orestes,who had secretly
concealed
of the Titans. Diod.b. himself in the temple,attacked them, and put
iEciPAN, a name of Pan, because he had them both to death, afte/ a reign of seven
goat'sfeet. years. They were buried w^ithout the city
^gIra, a town between ^tolia and Pelo-
ponnesus.
walls. [Vid. Aganiemtwn, Thyestes., Orestes,
A town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. Clytemnestra,Pylades,mid Ekctra.l Ovid,
26.~-Herodot. 1, c. 145. de Rem. .^m. 161. Trist. 2, v. S96.~Hygin.
^GiROEssA, atoAvn of x^tolia. Herodot. 1, fab.87 and S8."JEHan. V. H. 12, c. 42." Patw.
"c. 149. 2, c. 16, ";c. So'phocl. in Electra. .JEschyl, "
"

yEcis, the shield of Jupiter, "^o t"k """-"-";^^ Senec. in ^9gam. Homer. Od. 3 and 11. "
"

a goat'sskin. This was the goat Amalthasa, Laclant. in T/ieb. 1, v. 684. Porapey need
with whose skin he his shield. The
covered to call J. Cffisar iEgisthus,
on account of his
goat was placedamong piter adulterywith his wife Mutia ;wiiom he repu-
the constellations.Ju- diated
gave this shield to Pallas, who placed after she had borne him three children.

upon it Medusa's head, which turned into Suet, in Cces. 50.

stones all those who fixed their eyes upon it. ^^GiTUM, a town of ^Eolia, on a tain
moun-

Virg.JEn. 8, v. 352and 435. eightmiles from the sea. Thucyd. 3,

iEoisTKus, king of Argos, was son of c. 97.
Thyestesby his daughterPelopea. Thyestes Mgwu, a town on the Corinthian isthmus,
beingat variance with his brother Atreus, was where Jupiterwas said to have been fed by a
told by the oracle,that his wrongs could be goat, whence the name. Strab. S."Liv. 28,
revenged only by a son born of hirassli and c. 7.
his daughter. To avoid such an incest,Pe- JEgle, the youngest daughter of Jillscula-
lopea had been consecrated to the service of piusand Lampetie. A nymph, daughterof
Minerva by her father,who some time after Sol and INeccra. Virg.Ec. 6, v. 20. A
met her in a wood, and ravished her, without nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by
knowing who she was. Pelopea kept the Theseus after he had left Ariadne. Pint, in
sword of her ravisher,and finding it to be her Tlies. One of the Hesperides. One of
father's, exposed the child she had brought the Graces. A pi'osiitute. Martial. 1, ep.
forth. The child was preserved,and when 95.

grown up, presentedwith the sword of his ^GLES, a Samlan wrestler, born dumb"
mother's ravisher. Pelopea soon after this Seeingsome unlawful measures pursuedin a
melancholy adventure,had married her uncle contest, he broke the stringwhich held his
Atreus, who received into his house her na-
tural tongue, through the desire of speaking,and
son. As Thyestes had debauched the ever after spoke with ease. Val. Max. lyc. 8.
firstwife of Atreus, Atreus sent -Sgisthusto -^GLETEs, a surname of Apollo.
put him to death ; but Thyestesknowing the McLOGT.) a nurse of Nero. Sueton. in
assassin's sword, discovered he was his own Mr. 50.

son, and, fullyto revenge his wrongs, sent j3^gobplus, a surname of Bacchus at Pot-
him back to murder
Atreus. After this mur-
der, nia, in Bceotia.
Thyestesascended the throne,and banish-
ed ^GocERos, or Capricornus,an animal to
in-
Agamemnon and Menelaus, the sons, or which Pan transformed himself when fly-
ing
as others say, the grandsonsof Atreus. These before Typhon in the war with the giants.
children fled to Polyphidusof Sicyon ; but as made
Ju])iter him a constellation. Lucret. 1,,
he dreaded the power of their persecutors,he V. 013.
remitted the protectionof them to ffineus, ^GON, a shepherd. Virg.Eel. "
Tlieocril.
kingof ^tolia. By their marriage with the Idyl. A promontory of Lemnos. A
daughtersof Tyndarus,king of Sparta,tlieyname of the JEgean sea. Flacc. 1,v. 628.
were empowered to recover the kingdom of A boxer of Zacynthus,who dragged a large
Argos,to which Agamemnon succeeded,while bull by the heelirom a mountain into tliecity.
Menelaus reignedin his father-in-law's place, Theocrit. Idyll. 4.
^gisthus had been reconciled to the sons of iEcos POTAMOs, i. e. the goal's river,a town
Atreus ; and When they went to the Trojan in tiie Thracian Chersonesus, with a river of
war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon's the same name, Avhere the Athenian fleet, sisting
con-

kingdoms, and of his W ifeCl}i:emnestra.Jiu- of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander,

gisthusfell in love with Clytemnestra,and on the 13th Dec. B. C. 405, in the lastyeai' of
lived with her. On "Agamemnon's return, tlie Peloponnesianwar. Mela, 2, c. 2. Pliv. "

these two adulterers murdered him, and, by a 2, c. 6S."Paus. 3, c. 8 and 11.

publicmarriage,strengthenedthemselves on jEgosag.^, an Asiatic nation under Attalus,
the throne of Argos. Orestes,Agamemnon's with whom he conquered Asia, and to whom
son, would have shai'ed his father's fate,had he gave a settlement near the Hellespont.
not his sister Electra privately sent him to his Polyb.5.
uncle Strophius, king of Phocis, where he ^'Egus and JRoscilluS; two brothers amongst
contracted the most Ultimate friendship with the Allobroges, who deserted from Caesar t"
^'hiscousin Pj'lades.Some time after, Orestes Pompey. Cess bell.civ. 3, c. 59. .

came to Mycenie,the residence of iCgisthus, JCgusa, the middle island of the jEgate5
and resolved to punish the murderers of his near Sicily.
father,in conjunctionwith Elcctra,wiio lived iEcv, a town near Sparta,destroyedbe- cause
in disguise in the tyrant'sfamily. To eftect its inhabitants were suspectedby the
this more cirectually, Electra publicly declared Spartansof favouring the Arcadians. Pa^is. 3,
that her brotiier Orestes Avas dead ; upon which c. 2.

."']:)jj;isthus
*nd Ciytemmsstra
went to the temple .^GiTANE^;a nation in the middle of Afri-
ta, whose body is human above the waist, and slantine ManasseSjtl'^piSbgdom
of Egypt lasl-=
that of a goat beloAV. Mela, 1, c. 4 and 8. ed 1663 years from its under Misra- ^|[ginning
.^GYPsus, a town of the Getse,near the im the son of Ham, 218^^. (3.to the conq^iest
Danube. Ovid, ex Pont. 1, ep. 8, 1. 4, ep. 7. of Cambyses,525 B. C. ^^I^j^t
revolte,^^eri-
a freedraan
^Egypta, of Cicero, ad Attic. 8. wards from the Persian
pow'CT B. C. 414^nd
JEcYPTit, the inhabitants of Egypt. iVid. Amyrta}us then became king. After him
.a:gyptus.] succeeded Psammetichus, whose reignbegan
tEgyptium mare, that part of tlie Mediter-
ranean 408 B. C. Nephereus 396 : Acoris, 389 :
sea which is on the coast of Egypt. Psammuthis, 376 : Nepherites4 months, and
jEgyptus, son of Belus, and brother to Nectanebis, 375 : Tachos, or Teos, 363 "

Danaiis,gave his 50 sons in marriage to the Nectanebus, 361. It was conqueredby Ochus
50 daughtersof his brother. Danaus, who 350 B. C. ; and conquest after the of Persist
had established himself at Argos, and was lous by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the king-
jea- dom,
of his brother,who, by followinghim and began to reign 323 B. C. Phila-
from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of delphus,284: Evergetes,246: 'Philopater,
his prosperity, obligedall his daughtersto 221 : Epiphanes,204: Philomator, 180 and
murder their husbands the firstnightof their 169,conjointly Vv'ithEvergetesII.or Physcon,
nuptials.This was executed;but Hyperm- for 6 years: Evergetes U. 145: Lathurus
nesti'a spared her husband
alone Lynceus. Soter,and his mother Cleopatra,116: Alex- ander
Even uEgyptuswas killed by his niece Po- of Cyprus, and Cleopatra,106: La-
lyxena. Vid. Danaus, Danaidcs, Lynceus. thunis Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. 6
"

JCgyptus was king, after his father,of a months, with Alexander the second 19 days,

part of Africa, Avhich from him has been ed

call- 81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80 :
iEgyptus. HyginAoh. 168, 170. Apollod.Dionysius,surnamed"
Auletes, 64 : Dionysius
% c. \."Ovid. Heroid. 14." Pans. 7, c. 21." II. with Cleopatra III. 51 : Cleopatra III.
An extensive countiy of Africa watered with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B. C. it
by the Nile, bounded on the east by Ai-abia,was reduced by Augustusinto a Roman vince.
pro-
and on the west by Libya. Its name is deriv-
ed The historyof Eg\^ptj therefore,can
from iEgyptusbrother to Danaus. tent, be
Its ex- divided into three epochas: the first be- ginning
accordingto modern calculation,is 180 with the foundation of the empire,to
leaguesfrom north to south, and it measures the conquest of Cambyses ; the second ends at
120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean ; the death of Alexander ', and the third com-
prehends

but at the distance of 50 leaguesfrom the sea, the reignof the Ptolemies, and ends
k diminishes so much as scarce to measure 7 at the death of Cleopatra,in the age of Au- gustus
or 6 leagues between the mountains on the " Justin. l.-r-Hirtius in Alex. 24. "

east and west. It is divided into lower, which Macrob. in somn. Scip.\,
HerO' c. 19 ". 21 "

lies the Mediterranean, and

near upper, dian 4, c. 9."Slrab. 17."Herodot. 2, 3, " 7.
which is towards the south. Upper Egypt was "TJieocrit. Id. 17, v.'79."Polyb. l5."Diod. 1.
famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower Plin. 5, c. 1, 1. 14, c. l."Marcell. 22, c. 40."
Egypt was the most peopled,and contained Justin. 1. C. JXep,in Paus. 3, i7i Iphic.in "

the Delta, a number of large islands,which, Datum. ^. Cu7't.4,c.1. Jiiv. 15, v. 175. " "
"

from their form, have been called after the Pans. 1, c. 14. Plut. de Facie in Orb. Lim. dt "

fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. Tliis hid. Sy^Osir. in Ptol. inAhx."Mela. 1, c. 9.
country has been th.e mother of ai'ts and Apollod. 2, c. 1 " 5. A'minister of Mau-
"

.sciences. The greatestpart of Lower Egypt solus kingof Caria. Polyxn. 6. The " ancient
has been formed by the mud and sand carried name of the Nile. Homer Od. ?, v. 258,-*
down by the Nile. The Egyptiansreckoned Paus. 9, c. 40.
tliemselves the most ancient nation in the uni-
verse, jEgys. Vid. JF^gy.
but
{Vid Psammetichus.) some autliors ^gysthus. Vid. ^gisthus.
make them of
Ethiopian origin.They are iELiA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in 3yU.
; they paid as
remarkable for their superstition " " The name of some towns built or ed
repair-
much honour to the cat, the the bull,
crocodile, the emperor Adrian. by
and even to onions, as to Isis. Rain never Mlix lex, enacted by JElius Tubero the
or seldom fallsin this country ; the fertility of tribune,A. U. C. 559, to send two colonies
the soil originatesin the yearlyinundations of into the country of the Brutii. Liv. 34, c. 53.
the Nile, which rises about 25 feet above the Another A. U. C. 568, ordaiuing, that,
surface of the earth,and exhibits a largeplain in publicaffairs,the augurs should observe the
of waters, in which are scattered here and appearance of the sky,and the magistrates be
there, the towns and villages, as the Cyclades empowered to postpone the business. ther
Ano-
in the ^Egeunsea. The air is not wholesome, called MVia Sexta, by JElius Sexlus,
but the population is great,and the cattle very A. U. C. 756, which enacted, that all slaves
prolific. It issaid that Egypt once contained who bore any marks of punishment received
20,000 cities, the most remarkable of which from their masters, or who had been imprison-
ed,
were Tliebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelu- should be set at liberty, but not rank as
giura,Coptos; Arsinoe,".c. It was governed Roman citizens.
by kingswho have immortalized themselves by tElia Petina, of the ftxmilyof Tubero,
the pyramidsthey have raised and the canals married Claudius Caesar, by whom she had a
they have opened. The prieststraced the son. The emperor divorced her, to marry
existence of the country for many thousand Messalina. Sueton. in Claud. 26.
years, and fondlyimaginedthat the gods v/erc .^^LTANus Claudus, a Roman sophistof
and thattlieir monarciiy Pra^neste, in the reignof Adrian.
their firstsovereigns, He fir.^^t
had lasted 11,840 years according to Hero- taughtrhetoric at Rome ; but being disgusted
)riotu5. Accordftigto the calculation of Cpn- with fais pr"*tV^'ion;hr becume author, and
 .,.JS]
edifrc.atii^-9
"publish or lisin J7 books,on words. Sextus Paetus,a lawyer,consul at
various/^dbtorv Rome A. U. C. 566. He is greatly commen-
ded

lam ^d t.(5Xati". Ill his by Cicero for his learning, and called cor-
Very fond of the datus homo by Ennius for his knowledge of
ijj -iVP-'IHj.UJ4y-UJJiP*'' many stories which law. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 48. in Brut. 20.
Sier^tmEfV 'Brfmcl of elegance and purityof Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master to N. Ter.
styJfs'^^hbugh Philostratus has commended his Varro, and author of some treatises. Lamia^
lali'iuage as superior to what could be expect-ed Vid. Lamia.
from a person who was neither born nor ^Ello, one of the Harpies(from"\et"7" aja",
educated in Greece. iElian died in the 60th alienum tollens, or "!"."." lempeslas.) Flac. 4,
year of his age. A. D. 140. The best editions of V. 450." Hemd. Th. 267." Ovid. Met. 13,v.
his works collected together are that of Con-
rad 710. One of Acta3on's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3,
"
"

Gesner, folio; printed Tiguri,.1556, though V. 220.

now seldom to be met wMth,and that of Kae- i^LURus, (a cat,) a deityworshippedby
nius, 2 vol. 8vo. Lips.1780. Some attribute the Egyptians ; and after death,embalmed,
the treatiseon the tactics of the Greeks to ano- ther and buried in the city of Bubastis. Herodot. 2,
iElian,. c. 66, kc."Diod. l."Cic.de Nat. D. \."Jl.
JEhivs and ^lia, a familyin Rome, so Gell. 20,c.I."Plut. in Pr.
poor that 16 lived in a small house, and were jEmathion, and .^mathia. Vid. Ema-
maintained by the produce of a littlefield. thion.
Their povertycontinued tillPaulus conquered iEMiLiA LEX, was enacted by the dictator
Perseus kingof Macedonia, and gave his son- .Emilius, A. U. C. 309. It ordained that the
indaw Ml, Tubero five pounds of goldfrom censorship, which was before quinquennial,
the booty. VaL Max. 4, c. 4. should be limited to one year and a half. Lit.
iELius Adrianus, an African, grandfa-
ther 9, c. 33. Another in the second consulship
to the emperor Adrian. Galhis,a Ro-man of iEmilius Mamercus, A. U. C. 391. It gave
knight,the firstwho invaded Arabia power to the eldest pretor to drive a nail in
Felix. He was very intimate with Strabo the the capitol on the ides of September. Liv. 7,
geographer, and sailedon the Nile with him c. 3. The driving of a nail was a super-
stitious
to take a view of the country. Flin. 6, c. 28. ceremony, by which the Romans posed
sup-
Publius,one of the firstquestorschosen that a pestilence could be stopped, or

from the plebeians at Rome. Lii\ 4. c. 54. an impendingcalamityaverted.

Q. M. Paetus,son of Sextus or Publius. As ^MiLiANus, (C. Julius) a native of Mau- ritania,
he sat in the senate-house,a w^ood-pecker proclaimed emperor afterthe death of
perchedupon his head ; upon which a sooth- Decius. He marched against GaUus and Va-
sayer exclaimed,that ifhe preserved the bird,lerian,
'
but was informed theyhad been mur-
'^ ^
his house would fiourish, and Rome decay; and dered by their own troops. He soon after
if he killed it, the contrary must hap[)en. shai-edtheir fate. One of the thirty tyrants
Hearing this,iElius,in the presence of the who rebelled in the reignof Gallienus.
senate, bit off the head of the bird. All the .^JULIUS. Vid. j^^mylius.
youthsof his familywere killed at Cannaj, and tEmnestus, tyrant of Enna, was deposed
the Roman arms were soon attended with by Dionysius the elder. Diod. 14.
success. Val. Max 5, c. 6. Saturninus,a iEiMON. Vid. Hajmon.
satyrist thrown doAvn from the Tarjjeian rock jflEMONA, a largecityof Asia. Cic. pro
for writing verses against Tiberius. Sej^nus,Flacc.
Vid. Sejaaus. -Sextus Catus, censor with iEMONiA, a countiy of Greece, which re- ceived

M. Cethegus, He separatedthe senators itsname from ^mon, or .Jj^rnus, and

from the peoplein the public spectacles. ring w'as
Du- afterwards called Thessaly.Achilles is
his consulship, the ambassadors of the called JEmonius. as being born there. Ovid.
^tolians found him feasting in earthen dishes,Trist. 3. el. 11, I. 4, el. l."Horat. 1, od. 37.
and offered hii;n silver vessels, which he refu-
sed, It w as also called Pyrrha, from Pyrrha,Deu- calion's
satisfiedwith the earthen cups, "ic. w ife, who reigned there. The word
"

which, forhis virtues,he had received from has been indiscriminately applied to allGreece
his father-in-law^, L. Paulus,after the conquest by some Avi-iters.Plin. 4, c. 7.
of Macedonia. Plin. 33, c. 11. Cic.de Oral.
"
^MuNiDiiS. A priest of Apollo,in Italy,
I. Spartianus wrote the lives of the empe- rors killed by iEneas. Virg.JEn. 10. v. 537.
Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and M. Aure- ^Mus, an actor in Domitian's reign. Juv.
lius. He flourished A. D. 240. Tubero, 6, V. 197.
grandsonof L. Paulus,was austere in his mo- iEMYLiA, a noble familyin Rome, dc
I'als, and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. scended from Mamercus, son of Pythagoras,
His grandsonwas accused before Cassar, and who for hishimianity was called Ai^j'Cihlandus.
ably defended by Cicero. Cic. ep. ad Brut. A vestal who rekindled the fireof Vesta,
' Verus Ciesar,the name of L. C. Com- which was extinguished by putting her veil
modui Verus, afterAdrian had adoptedhim. over it. Val. Max. 1,c. 1. Dionys.Hal. 2.
"

He was made pretorand consul by the em- peror, The wife of Africanus the elder,famous
who was soon convinced of his incapa-
city for her behaviour to her husband, when pected
sus-

in the discharge of public duty. He killed of infidelity. Val. Max. 6, c. 7.

himself by drinking an antidote ; and Antoni-
nus, Lepida,daughterof Lepidus,married Dru-
surnamed Pius, was adoptedin his place.sus the younger, whom she disgraced by her.
.Slius was father to Antoninus Verus, whom wantonness. She killed herselfwhen accuse^
Pius adopted. A physician mentioned by of adultery Avith a slave. Tacit.6, c, 40. ;

Galen L. Gall us, a lawyer, who wrote 12 A partof Italy called alsoFlaininia. Martini
the
books concerning of all|aw 6,cp. 85.
signification A Pl^
isovo^
publicroitdReading
 JEN JEN
ceiUa td Ariminum ; called after the consul -^NATiiwM,a forest near Olenoa in Achaia
JEmylius,who is supposed to have made it. sacred to Jupiter.
Martial. 3, ep. 4. iENAsius, one of the Ephori at Sparta.
^MVLiANUS, a name of Africanus the Thucyd.9, c. 2.
In hira the fa-
milies JEnea, or ^NEiA, a town of Macedonia,
younger, son of P. j^^mylius.
of the Scipios and ^mylii were united. 15 miles from Thessalonica, fomided by
Many of that familybore the same name. Juv. TEneas. Liv. 40, c. 4, 1.44, c. 10.
9, V. 2. ^NEAOES, a town of Chersonesus,builtby
JEmylu, a noble family in Rome, descend-
ed ^neas. Cassander desti-oyed it,and carried
from j^mylius the son of Ascanius. the inhabitants to Thessalonica,
"

latelybuilt.
Plutarch says, that they are descended from Dionys. Hal. 1.
Mamercus, the son of Pythagoras,surnamed JEt;'iljiJE,
a name given to the friends and
iEmyliusfrom the sweetness of his voice, in companions of ^Eneas, by Virg.Mn. 1, v.
JSlum. 4^JEmyl. The familywas
"
distinguished 161.
in the various branches of the Lepidi,Ma- M^i,A s, a Trojanprince, son of Anchises and
merci,Mamercini, Barbulag, Pauli,and Scauri. the goddessVenus. The opinions of authors
iEMYLius, a beautiful youth of Sybaris-concerninghis character are different. His
whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph,
Vid. Procris. Censorinus, a cruel tyrant and at the age of 5 he was recalled to Troy-
of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly
invented new ways of torturing. Paterculus under Chiron, a venerable sage, w^hose house
gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and Avas frequented by the young princesand he- roes
the tyrantmade the firstexperiment upon the of the age. Soon after his return home
donor. Plut. de Fort. Rom. Lepidus,a he married Creusa, Priam's daughter,by
youth who had a statue in the capitol, for sav-
ing whom he had a son called Ascanius. During
the lifeof a citizen in a battle. Val. Max. the Ti ojanwar, he behaved with greatvalour,
4, c. 1. A triumvir with Vid. in defence of his country,and came
Octavius. to an en-
gagement

Lepidus. Macer, a poet of Verona in the \tith Diomedes and Achilles. Yet
Augustanage. He wrote some poems upon Strabo,Dictysof Crete, Dionysiusof Halicar-
birds,and, as some
serpents, suppose, on bees. nassus, and Dares of Phrygia,accuse him of
Vid. Macer. Marcus Scaurus, a Roman betraying his country to the Greeks, with An-
who flourished about 100 years B. C. and tenor, and of preserving his lifeand fortune by
wrote tliree books concerninghis own life.this treacherous measure. He lived at va-
riance

Cic. in Brut. A poet in the age of Tibe- rius, with Priam, because he received not
who wrote a tragedycalled Athens, and sufficientmarks of distinction from the king
destroyedhimself. Sura, another writer on and his family, as Homer, II. 13, says. This
the Roman year. Mamercus, three times mighthave provoked him to seek revenge by
dictator, conquered the Fidenates,and took perfidy.Authors of credit report,that whea
their city. He limited to one year and a half Troy was in flames,he carried away, upon his
the censorship, which before his time was ercisedshoulders,
ex- his father Anchises,and the statues
during five years. Liv. 4, c. 17,19, of his household gods,leadingin his hand his
"-C. Papinianus, son of Hostilius Papinia-son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow
nus, viras in favour with the emperor Severus, behind. Some say that he retired to Mount
and was made governor to his sons Geta Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships, and set
and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, sailin questof a settlement. Strabo and others
andPapinianus for upbraiding himwas ed
murder- maintain that ^neas never left his country,
by his soldiers. From his school the Ro- mans but rebuilt Troy, where he reigned, and his
have had many able lawyers, who were posterity afterhim. Even Homer, who liyed
called Papinianists. Pappus,a censor, who 400 years afterthe Trojan war, says, II,20, v,
banished from the senate, P. Corn. Ruffinus,30, ".C.that the gods destined ^neas and hi."5
who had been twice consul,because he had at posterity to reign over the Trojans. This
his table ten poundsof silver plate, A. U. C. 478.
passage Dionys.Hal. explained, by sayingiXmi
Lit\ 14. Porcina,an elegantorator. Cic. in Homer meant the Trojanswho had gone over
Brut. Rectus,a severe governor of Egypt, to Italy with ^neas, and not the actnal inhub
under Tiberius. Dio. Regillus,conquered itants of Troy. Accordingto Virgil and other
the generalof Antiochus at sea, and obtained Latin authors,who, to make their court to the
a nav^al triumph. Liv. 37, c 31, Scaurus, Roman traced Uieir originup to
emperors,
a noble, but poor citizen of Rome. His iEneas. and described his arrival into Italyas
father,to maintain himself, was a coal-mer-
chant. indubitable, he with his fleet firstcame to the
He was edile,and afterwards praetor,Thracian Chersonesus, wiiere Polymncsloj',
and foughtagainst Jugurtha. His son Marcus one of his allies, reigned. After visiting Dc-
was son-in-law to Sylla,and in his edileship he los,the Strophades, and Crete, where he ex.-
built a very magnificent theatre. Plin. 36, c. pectedto find the empirepromised him by the
15. A bridgeat Rome, called also Subli- oracle,as in the place where hjsprogenitor.s
pius. Juv. 6, v. 32, were born, he landed in Epirus and Drejia-
^Enaria, an island in the bay of Puteoli, num, the court of king Acestus jn Sicily,
aboundingwith cypress trees. It received its wiiere he buried his father. From Sicilyhe
name from iKneas, who
is supposedto have sailed for Italy,but was driven on the coasts of
landed there on his way to Latium. It is Africa, and kindlyreceived by Dido queen of
tailed Pilhecusa by the Greeks, and now Carthage,to whom, on his firstinterview,he
Ischia,and was famous once for its mineral gave one of the garments of the beautiful
Tvatcrs. Liv. 8, c. 22.~Plin. 3, c. 6, 1.31,e. 2. Helen .
Dido beingenamoured of him, wisheej
T'Sta^.d.Si/lv.6,V.
104, to marry by order
him ; but he left Cartilage
 't)fthe gods. In his voyage he wa* driven to be dejG ended from the kingsof
Troy, The
and from thence
SiciiV, he passedto Curaai ^neid had engagedthe attention of the
poet
where the Sybilconducted him to hell,that for 1 1 years, and in the firstsix books it seems
he might hear from his fatherth-efateswhich that it was Virgil'sdesignto imitate Homer's
attended him and all his posterity. After Odyssey,and in the lasttiieIliad. The action
voyage of seven years, and the loss of 13 ships. of the poem conjprehends eightyeai's,,one of
lie came to the Tyber. Latinus,the kingof which only, the last,is really taken up by ac-
tion,
the country,received him with hospitality, as the seven first are merely episodes,
and promisedhim his daughterLavinia,who such as Juno's attemptsto destroy the Trojans,
had been before betrothed to kingTurnus by the loves of .^neas and Dido, the relation of
her mother Amata. To prevent this mar- riage, the faU of Troy,"c. In the first book of the
Turnus made war against ^'Eneas ; and ^neid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh
after many battles, the war was decided by a year of his expedition, sailing in the Mediter-
ranean,
combat Ipetvveen the two rivals, in which Tur-
nus and shipwrecked on the African coast,
was killed. iEneas married Lavinia,in where he isreceived by Dido. In the second,
"nrhose honour he built the town of Lavinium, iEneas,at the desire of the Phoenician
queen,
and succeeded his father-in-law.After a short relates the fallof Troy, and his flight through
reign, ^ neas was killed in a battle against the the generalconflagration to mount Ida. In the
Etrurians. Some say that he was droAvned in third,the hero continues his narration, by a
the Numicus, and his body weighed down by minute account of his voyage through the Cy-
his armour ; upon which the Latins,not find- ing clades,the placeswhere he landed,and tlie
their king, supposedthat he had been taken dreadful storm, with the description of which
up to heaven, and therefore olFered him sacri- fices the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book,
as to a god. Dionys. Hal. fixesthe arrival makes publicher partiality to /Eneas, which
of ^neas in Italy in the 54th olyrap. Some is slighted by the sailing of the Trojansfrom
authors suppose that ^neas, afterthe siege of Carthage,and the book closes with the su- icide

Troy, fellto the share of Neoptolemus;toge- ther ox the disappointed queen. In the fifth
with Andromache, and that he was ried
car- book, iEneas sails to Sicily, wiiere he ce- lebrates
to Thessaly, whence he escapedto Italy. the anni'^ersary of his father'sdeath,
Others say, that afterhe had come to Italy, and thence pm-sues his voyage to Italy.In
he returned to Troy,leaving Ascanius kingof the sixth, he visitsthe Elysian fields, and learns
Latium. j^neas has been praised ty, from,his father the fate which attends him and
for his pie-
and submission to the Vv'ill of ti:e gods.his descendants the Romans. In the seventh
Homer. II.13 and 20. Hymn, in Vener. Apol- book, the hero reaches the destined land of
"

lod. 3, c. 12." Diod. S."Paus. 2, c. 33, 1.3, c. Latium, and concludes a treatywith the king
22, 1. 10, c. 25." Plut. in Romnl. i/-Corol. of the country,which is soon broken by the in-
Qiiaist. Rom. "
Val. Mar. 1, c. 8. Flor. 1, c. terfei-ence
"
of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to
l.~Justi7i. 20, c. 1, 1.31, c. 8, 1.45, G. l."Dic- war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enu- merated

iys.Cret. 5. Dares Phry.6. Dionys.

" "
Hal. 1,c. ; and in the eighthbook, vEneas is
il."Slrab.13." Lit', i,c. l." Virg.JEn." assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus
Aur. Victor." JFMan. V. H. 8, c. 2%"Propert. a shield veroughtby Vulcan, on which are
4, el. 1, V. 42." Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 3, "c. represented the futui'e Riory and triumphsof
Trist.4, V. 798. A son of iCneas and La- vinia, the Roman nation. The reader is pleased in
called B3dvius, because his mothor re- tired the ninth book, with the account of battles
with him into the woods afterhis fat'ner's between tlie rival armies, and the immortal
depth. He succeeded Ascanius in Latiura,friendship of INisus and Euiyalaus.Jupiter
thoughopposedbv Julius the son of his prede- cessor. in the tenth attemptsa reconciliation between
Virg.Ml. 6, V. 770." Lm'. 1, c. 3. Venus and Ji'no,who patronised the opposite
An arabatsador sent by the L-dceda3mo- parties ; the tightis renewed, Pailas killed,
iilans to Atliens,to treat of peace, io the 8t.h and Tirnus saved from the avenginghand oif
year of ihe Peloponiicsian ^/ar. An ancient /Eneas, by the intei-position of Juno. The
author who. wiote on lactics, besides other eleventh book gives an account of the funeral
treatises, which, accordingto yElian,were of Pallas, and of the meditated reconciliation
"epitomised by ri.ieas ihe friend of Fyrrhus. between j$^neas and Latinus,which the sud-
" den
A native of Ga.'^a, who, from a platonic philo-
sopher appearance of tlie enemy defeats. Ca-
became a christian, A. D. 4S5, and wrote mili.'tis slain, and the combatants separated by
a dialogue called Theophrastus, on the immor- the ni^iit.In the last book, .Fano prevents
lality of the soul,and the resurrection. the siiigle combat agreedupon by Turnus and
JiIneu, or .(Enia, a place near Rome, iEneas. The Trojansare defeated in the ab- sence
sfferwards called Janiculum. A city of of their king: but on the return of .^Ene-
'Iroas. Sfrab. 17. A cityof Macedonia. as, the battle assumes a different turn, a single .

Dionys.Hal. 1. combat is foughtby the rival leaders, and the

j^NKiDJEs,a patronymicgivento Ascanius, poem is concluded by the death of kingTur- nus.
^5 son of iEneas. Firi":.Mn. 9, v. 653. Plin. 7. c. 30, k.G.
-fiNEis, a poem of Virgil, which has for its iENE"iDKMns, a brave generalof Argqs.
.subject the settlement of ^neas in Italy Lii\ 32, c. 25. A Cretan philosopher, who
The greatmerit of this poem is well known, v.role 8 books on the doctrine of his master
rhe author has Imitated Homer, and as some Pyrrho. Diog.in Pyr.
s"y, Homer is superior to him onlybecau=;e he iENtsiufi, a surname of Jupiter,from
is more ancient,and is an original.Virgilmount ^Bum.
died before he had corrected it,and at his iENKTi^s, a victor at Olympia,w)io, in the
tieatlidi':ired it might be burnt. This was moment of victory, died through excess of joy.
happilydisobeyed, and Augustussaved from Pirns. 3,c. 18.
the t^ajnc?,
a ])oem which proved hisfamily
to
 ^0 MS-
be derived from m"(Ao;,various,because tue
iENicTTs,a comic writer at Athens.
winds over which he presided are ever ing.
vary-
iENiocHi, a peopleof Asiatic Sarmatia.
591.
There were two others,~a king of
Lucnn. 2, v.
Etruria, father to Macareus and Canace, and
JEifOBARBUs, or Ahenobarbus, the surname
and Pollux ac- a son of Hellenus,often confounded with the
of Domitius. When Castor
with he discredited god of the winds. This la^tmarried Enaretta,
him victory,
Suainted
lem : upon which they touched his chin and by
whom he had seven sons and five daugh-
ters.
beard iwhich instantly became of a brazen co-
lour, Apollod. 1,c. 7. Homer. Od. 10, v. 1.
" "

1. 14,^v.224."Apollon.
whence the surname given to himself Ovid. Met. 11, v. 478,
4, Argon. Fiacc. 1,v. 556.
" Diod.4 and 5. " "

and his descendants.

of Rhodes. Aihen. Virg. ^n. 1,v. 56, k,c.
iEsocLES, a writer
jUnos, now Eiio, an independentcity of iEoKA, a festivalin Athens, in honour, of
Thrace, at the easternmouth of the Hebrus, Erigone.
confounded with ^nei'a,of which ..^neas was /Epliius, a king of Greece, restored to his
founder.
tilie Mela, 2, c. 2. kingdom by Hercules, whose son ITyliushe
^Enum, a town of Thrace of Thessaly
"
.
adopted. Strab. 9.
A mountain in Cephallenia.Strab. 7. A aEpEA, a town of Crete,calledSolis,in ho-
nour
Ossa. A cityof Crete of Solon. Plul. in Solon.
river and villagenear
JEiPxJLO,a general of the Istrians, who
built by JEneas.
Herodot. 6, drank to excess, after he had stormed the
^nFra, a town of Thasos.
camp of A. ifiaulius, the Roman general. Be-
C.47.
attacked by a soldier, he Qtid to a neigh-
jEolia, a nanje given to Arne. Sappho is iiig bouring
town, which the Romans took, and
caWed ^F.oHajmella, and lyric poetry JEolium
killed himself for feai-of beiiig taken. Flor. 2,
carmen, because of .Alcceus and Sappho,, na-
tives

Horat. 4, od. 3, v. 12j and c. 10.

of Lesbos.
od. 9, V. 12. JEpy, a town of Elis,under tlie dominion of
Nestor. Stat. 4, Theb. v. 180.
jEolia, or ^.olis, a country of Asia Minor,

near the ^-gean sea It has Troas at the Mpytcs, king of Mycenaj, son of Chre^-'
north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabi- tants phcnLes and ivierope, was educated in Arca--
uia with Cypselus,his mother's father. To
were of Grecian origin, and were ters
mas-

of many of the neighbouringisland.?.recover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes,

who had raaiiied his mother against her will,,
They had 12. otlier; say 30, considerable ci- ties,
and usurpf'd the crown. Apollod. 2, c. 6.
Cau~"ie and Lesbos Avere tba
"

of which
A king of Aixadia, son of
most famous. Thev- received theirname from Faus. 4, c, 8.
Elaius. *A son of Hippothous, who forcibly
^olus son of Hellenus. They migratedfrom
about 1124 B C. 80 years before the
entered the temple of iscptune, near Mauti-
Greece
uea; and was scruck blind by the suaden erup- tion
migraaon of the Ionian tribes. Herodot. 1, of salt waisr from the altar. He was kill- ed
c.2^, kc" Strab. 1,2, andC" PZfn.5, c. 30."
Dj a serpent in hunting. Fau^. 8, c. 4
Mela, 1, c. 2 and 18. Thessalyhas been
anciently called ^olia. Dffiotus, son of Pvep- and 5.
settled called followers M'^'s: or iEQ,uicuLi,a peopleof Latiura,
tune, having there, his
Boeotians,and thsir country Bceotia. neai* Tybur; they were great enemies to
tweenRome in its infant state,and were conquered
JEjlije and tEolides, seven Islands be-
Sicily and Italy;called Lipai-a, Hiera,
with much diiSculty.Flor. 1,c. 11. Liv. 1, "

i. 1. kc. Plin. 3, c. 4.
Didyme, Ericusa, Phcenicusa,and c. 32, 2, c. 30, 3, c. 2,
"
"

Stroiigyle,
of Virg. J"n. 7, v. 747, 1. 9, v, QS4."Qvid. Fast.
Euonymos They were the retreat the
winds; and Plrg.Mn. 1, v, 66, calls them 3, v. ys."Dtonys. Hal. 2, c.
19.

and the kingdom of ^Eolus the god of Mqvniihivii, a placein Rome where the
jS^alia,
and vvinds house of Melius stood,v/ho aspired to sove-
reign
storms They sometimes bear the
name of VidcanicB and Ilephasliadts, and are povi'er, for which crime his habitatioa
Ldc. 4, c. 16.
known now among the moderns under the was levelled to the ground.
generalappellation of Lipari islands. Liican. ^^RiAS, an ancient king of Cypi-us, who,
built the temple of Paphcs. Tacit. Hist. 2"
#, V. 609." J"^//?i,4, c. 1.
jEor.inA, a city of Tenedos. Another c. 3.
^K'jpEjWifeof Atreiis, committed adultery
near Therraopvlje.Herodot. 8, c. 35
M ^^oLiDEs. a" patronymic of'
"

Uivsses, I from ^^"^^^ Thyestes, her brother-in-law, and had

Mo lus; because Anticlea, his mother, was by him tv/ms, who were placedas ioodbetoro
pregnantby Sisyphus,
the son of iEolu5,when Atreus. Oi'^U 2WW. 3, v.39l. A daughter
she married Laerics. It is also givento Atba- of Cepheus,ravished by Mars. She died iir
inas and Misenus, as sons of .S^olus. Ovid. child-bed : her child was preserved,and called
Met. 4, V. 511,1. 13,v. ^l."Virg.JEn. 6,v. 164 jEropus, Paus.8, c. 44.
and 529. iERopxTS,a genera]of Epirus,in the reign
iEoLus, the kingof storms and winds, was of Pyrrhus. A person appointedregent to
the son of I lippotas.He reignedover ^olia ; Orestes,the infant son of Archelaus, king of
"ud because he was the inventor of sails, and Macedonia. An officer of kingPhilip, nished
ba-
a great astronomer, the poetshave called him for bringinga singerinto his camp.
llie god of tiiewind. Itis said that he coniined Puli/nin.4, c. 2. A mountain of Chaonia.
"ina baf^,and gave to Ulysses, allUie winds tliat Liv. 31, c. 5.
":ould blow against his vessel when he returned iEsAcus, a river of Troy near Ida.
to Ithaca. The companionsof Ulyssoe untied A son of Priam, by Alexirhoe ; or, according
the bag, and to others,by Arisba. enamoured
gave the wind.s their liberty. He became
iEolus was indebted to Juno for his royaldig- nity,of Hesperia, whom he pursuedinto the..vood".
according
ty Viigii.The n"nie ."eem"? t"" The nymph threw he"self
iiitotu^ sea, and
 MS
was changedinto a bird, ^sacus followed .^scHYLus, an excellent soldierand poet
her example,and was changedinto a cormo-
rant of Athens, son of Euphorion, and brother t"
in the Athenian army at
by Tethys. Qvid. Met. 11,fab. 11. Cynsegirus. He was
iEsAPus, a river of Mysia,in Asia,falling the battle of Marathon, Salamis,and Plataea.
into the Hellespont.Plin. 5, c. 32. But the most solid fame he has obtained, isthe
^SAR, or iEsARAS, a river of Magna Grae- offspring less of his valour in the field of bat-
tle
cia,falling into the sea near Crotona. Ovid. than of his writings.Of ninetytragedies,
Met. 15, V. 28. however, the fruitof his ingenious labours, 40
^scHiNEs, an Athenian orator, who flou- rishedof which were rewarded with the public prize,
about 342 B. C. and distinguished self onlyseven
him- have come safeto us : Prometheus
by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His vindus, Septem duces apud Thebas, Persctt
father's name was Atroraetus,and he boasted Agamemnon, Chmphori,Eumenides, Suppli-
of his descent from a noble family,though ces. iEschylus isthe firstwho introduced two
Demosthenes reproachedhim as beingthe son actors on the stage,and clothed them with
of a courtezan. The firstopen signsof en- mity dresses suitable to their character. He like- wise
between the rival orators appeared at removed mui-der from the stage. It is
the court of Philip, where theywere sent as said, that when he composed,his countenance
ambassadors ; but the chai'acter of ^schines betrayed the gi-eatest ferocity ; and, according
was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides
from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny were represented, many children died tiirough
kad hitherto been the generalsubject of his fear, and several pregnant women actually
declamation. When the Athenians wished to miscarried in the house, at the sightof the
reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes horrible masks that were introduced. The
with a goldencrown, iEschines impeached imagination of the poet was strongand com- prehensive,

Gteslphon, who proposedit; and to their sub- sequent but disorderly and wild ; fruitful
dispute we are indebted for the two in prodigies, but disdaining probabilities. His
celebrated orations de corona. iEschines was style isobscure, and the labours of an excellent
defeated by his rival'ssuperior eloquence, and modern critic have pronounced him the
banished to Rhodes ; but as he retired from most difficult of all the Greek classics. A few
Athens,Demosthenes ran after him, and no- bly expressions of impioustendencyin one of his
forced him to accept a presentof silver. plays, nearlyprovedfatalto ^Eschylus ; he was
In his banishment,the orator repealed to the condemned to death : but his brother Amyni-
Rhodians,what he had delivered against De- as, itis reported,
mosthenes; reversed the sentence, by
and afterreceiving much applause, uncoveringan arm, of which the hand hat!
he was desired to read the answer of his an- been cut off at the battle of Salamis in the ser-
tagonist. vice

It was received with gi'eater marks of his country,and the poetwas pardoned.
"f approbation ; but,exclaimed jEscbines, how ^Eschylus has been accused of drinking to ex-
cess,

much more would your admiration have been and of never composingexcept when in
raised,had you heard Demosthenes himself a state of intoxication. In his old age he re- tired

speakit ! iEschines died in the 75th year of to the court of Hiero in Sicily.Being
his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at informed that he was to die by the fallof a
Samos. He wrote three orations, and nine house,he became dissatisfiedwith the fickle-
ness
epistles, which, from their number, received of his countrymen, and withdrew from
the name, the firstof the graces, and the last the city into the fields, where he sat down. An
of the muses. The orations alone are extant, eaglewith a tortoise in her bill, flew over his
generally found collected with those of Lysias. bald head, and supposingit to be a stone,
An oration which bears the name of Ddlaca droppedher prey upon it to break the shell,
lex., is said not to be his production, but that of and j5]schylus instantly died of the blow, in
^schines, another orator of that age. Cic. de the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. It is said
Orat. 1, c. 24, 1.2, c. 53, in Bnit. c. 17." Plat, that he wrote an account of the battle of Ma- rathon
in Demostli. Diog.2 and 3. Plin. 7, c. 30.
" " in elegiac verses. The best editions of
Diogenesmentions seven more of the same his works are that of Stanley, fol. London,
name. A philosopher, disciple of Socrates,1663,that of Glasg. 2 vols,in 12mo. 1746,and
who wrote several dialogues, some of which that of Schutz,2 vols. Svo. Hal", V7S2."Ho-
bore the following titles: Aspasia, Phasdon, rat.AH. Poet. 27S."QuinliL10, c. l."Plin.
Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia,Polyaiuus, Telau- 10, c. 3." Val. Max. 9, c. 12. The 12tta
ges, ",c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus,and perpetual archon of Athens. A Corinthian,
ascribed to Plato,is supposed to be his compo-
sition. l3rother-in-law to Timophanes,intimate with
T-liebest editionsare that of Leovard, Timoleon. Pluf. in Timol. A Rhodiaa
1718, with the notes of Horraeus,in 8vo. and set over Egypt with Peucestes of Macedonia.
that of Fischer,8vo. Lips.1766. A man Curt. 4, c. 8. A native of Cnidus,teacher
who Avrote an oratory. An Arcadian. of rhetoric to Cicero. Cic. in Brut.
A Mitylenean. A of Melanthius, ^EscuLAPius,
disciple son of Apollo,by Coronis,
.
A Milesian writer.statuaiy. ^A or as some say, by Larissa,daughter of Phle-
jEscnRio"r,a Mityleneanpoet, intimate gias, was god of medicine. After his union
with Aristotle. He accompaniedAlexander with Coronis, Apolloset a crow to watch her,
in his Asiatic expedition. An Iambic poet and was soon that she admitted th"
informed
of Samos. Allien. A physician commended caresses of .-Emonia.
of Ischys, The god,in a
hy Galen. A treatiseof his on husbandryhas fitof anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning,
been quotedby Pliny. A lieutenant of Ar- but saved the infantfrom her womb, and gave
chas:athu9, killed by Hanno. Diod. 20. him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him
^scHVLiDEs, a man who wrote a book on the art of medicine. Some authors say, that
agriculture. JElian.H. Jia. 15. Coronis lefth"r fatherto avoid the discovery

ll
 MS
of her pregnancy, an ; hat she exposed her atelythe old man recovered the vigourand
4;hild near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocksof bloom of youth. Some say that Mson killed
Aresthanas gave him her milk, and the dog himself by drinking bull's blood, to avoid the
who keptthe flock stood by him to shelter him persecutionof Pelias. Died. 4. Apollod.1, "

from injury. He was found by the master of c. 9." Ovid. Met. 7, v. 28b."Hygin. fab. 12.-
the flock,who went in search of his straygoat, A river of Thessaly, with a town of the
and saw his head surrounded with resplendent same name"

rays of light,^sculapius was physician to the iEsoNiDES, a patronymicof Jason,as being

Argonauts,and considered so skilled in the descended from iEson.
medicinal power of plants, that he was called ^sopus, a Phrygian philosopher, who,
the inventor as well as the god of medicine. thoughoriginally a slave, procured his liberty
He restored many to life, of which Pluto com- plained by the salliesof his genius. He travelledover
to Jupiter, who struck ^Esculapius the greatestpart of Greece and Egypt, but
with thunder,but Apollo, angry at the death of chiefly resided at the court of Croesus, king of
his son, killed the Cyclopswho made the thun- Lydia,by \'^hom he was sent to consult the ora-
derbolts. cle

jEsculapius received divane honours of Delphi. In this commission jEsop be-haved

after death, chiefly at Epidaurus,Pergaraus, with greatseverity, and satiricallycom-

Athens, Smyrna, fcc. Goats,bulls, lambs, and ])ared the Delphians to floating sticks,which
pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and the appear large at a distance,but are nothing
cock and the serpent were sacred to him. when broughtnear. The Delphians, offended
Rome, A. U. C. 462,was delivered of a plague,with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of
and built a templeto the god of medicine,who, having secreted one of the sacred vessels of
as was supposed, had come there in the form Apollo's teniple,and threw him dov/n from a
of a serpent,and hid himself among the reeds rock, 561 B. C. Maxiraus Plarmdes has writ-
ten
in an island of the Tyber. ^sculapiuswas re- his lifein Greek ) but no credit is to be
resented with a largebeard, holdingin his givento the biographer, who falselyasserts
E and a stafl^", round which was wreathed a ser-
pent that the mythologist was short and deformed,
; his other hand was supportedon the ^sop dedicated his fables to his patron Croe- sus
head of a serpent. Serpentsare more cularly ; but what appeal's now
parti- under his name, is
sacred to him, not only as the ancient no doubt a compilation of ail the fables and
physicians used them in their prescriptions ; apologues of wits before and afterthe age of
but because theywere the symbolsof })r"dence/Esop, conjointly with his own. Plat, in So-
lon."
and foresight, so necessaiy in the mcdicalpro- Pliced. 1. fab. 2, 1. 2, fab, 9. Claudus,
fession. Ke married Epione,by whom he had an actor on the Roman stage,very intimate
two sons, famous for their skillin medicine, with Cicero. He amassed an immense tune.
for-
Machaon and Podalirus ; and four daughters, His son, to be more expensive,melted
of whom Hygiea, goddessof health, is the preciousstones to drink at his entertainments,
most celebrated. Some have supposedthat he Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 239." Val. Max. 8, c. 10.
lived a short time afterthe Trojanwar. He- 1.9, c. l."Plin. 9, c. 35, 1. 10,c. 51. An
siod makes no mention of him. Homer. 11.4, orator. Diog:- An historian in the time
V. 193, Hymn, in Mscul."Apollod. 3, c. 10. of Anaximenes. Plat, in Solon. A river
"
Appollon.4, Jlrgon.Hygin,- fab. 49.
"
"
of Pontus. Strab. 12 -An attendant of Mi-
Ovid. Mel. 2, fab. S."Paus. 2, c. 11 and 27, I. thridates, w^ho ^vrote a treatise on Helen, and
7, c. 23, kc."Diod. 4." Pindar. Pyth. 3." a panegyric on liisroyalmaster.
Lucian. Dial, de Saltat. Val. Max."
1, c. 8. iEsTRiA,an island in the Adriatic. Melaj
" Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 22, says there' were 2, c. 7.
three of this name ; the 1st, a son of Apollo, iEsuLA, a town on a mountain between Ty"
worshipped in Arcadia;2d, a brother of Mer- cury bur and Praneste. Horat. 3, od, 29.
; 3d, a man who firsttaughtmedicine. ^SYETES, a man from whose tomb Polites
iEsEPus, a son of Bucolion. Homer. II. 6, spiedwhat the Greeks did in their shipsdur- ing
V. 21, A river. Fi(/..^Isapus. the Trojanwar. Homer. II.2, v. 793.
^SEKA^IA, a cityof the Samnites, in Italy, ^sYMNETEs, a sumame of Bacchus. Paus.
Liv. 27, c. 12." *"(/. 8, v. 567. 7, c. 21.
iEsioN,an Athenian,known for his respect iEsYMNus, a person of Megara, who con- sulted
for the talentsof Demosthenes. Plut. in Be-, Apollo to know the best method of
most. governinghis country. Paus. 1,c. 43.
-ffisis,a river of Italy, which separates Um- iETHALiA, or Etheria, now Elba, an
bria from Picenum. island between Etruria and Corsica. Plin. 3,
iEsoN, son of Cretheus,was born at the c. 6, 1. 6, c. 30.
same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his fa-
ther -^THALiDEs, a herald, son of Mercury,to
in the kingdomof lolchos,but was soon whom it was grantedto be amongst the dead
exiled by his brother. He married Alcimeda, and the living at stated times. Apollon. Argon.
by whom he had Jason, whose education he 1, V, (yi\,
intrusted to Chiron,being afraid of Pelias. iExHioN, a man .slainat the nuptials of An-
dromeda.
When Jason Ovid. Met. 5, v. 146.
was
u]),he demanded
grown his
lather's kingdom from his uncle, v.ho irave .(Ethjupia, an extensive countiy of Africa,
him evasive answers, ami persuadedhim to at the south of Egypt,divided into east and
go in quest of the golden fleece. son.]west by the ancients,
[Fid.Ja- the former division ly- ing
At his return, Jason found his father near Meroc, and the latter near the Mauli.
very infirm ; and Medea [Vid.Meden,] at his The country, properlynow called Abyssinia,
request, drew the blood fron) /Eson's veins, as well as the inhabiiants, were littleknown
and refilledthem with the
juiceof certain to the ancients,tlioughHomer has styled
herbs which she had gathered,and immedi- them of men,
the jnstest "ud the favonj-itTs
7
 AF
ef the gods. Diod. 4, says, that the zEthio- iEToLiA, a country bounded by Epulis,
pianswei-e the firstinhabitants of the earth," Acarnania, and Locris,supposedto be about
They were the firstwho worsliipped the gods, the middle of Greece. It received its name
for which,as some suppose, their country has from iEtolus. The inhabitants were covetous
never been invaded by a foreign enemy. The and illiberal,
and were littleknown in Greece,
inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The tillafter the ruin of Athens and Spartathey
country is inundated for five months every assumed a consequence in the country,and af- terwards
and nights almost of made themselves formidable as the
year, and their days are

an equallength. The ancients have giventhe alliesof Rome and as its enemies, till they
name of Ethiopiato every country whose in- habitants
were conquered by Fulvius. Liv. 26, c. 24,
are of a black colour, Liican. 3, v. kc."Flor. 2, c. 9."Slrab. 8 and 10." Mela, 2,
'253,1.9, V. 2, v. 2S."Virg. eel.6, c,3." P/m.4, c. 2." Pans. 10,c. IS." Plut. in
Qol."Juv.
V. QS."Plin. 6, c. 29. Pans. 1,c. 33." Homer. Flam.
Od.l,y.22. //. 1, V. 423. ^ToLus, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphi-
^TiiLius, sou of Jupiterby Protogenia,anassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had
Was father of Endymion. JlpoUod. 1,c. 7. Pleiu'on and Calvdon. Having accidentally
^THON, a horse of the sun. Ovid. Met. 2, killed Apis, son ot Phoroneus, he lefthis coun-
try,

fab. 1. A horse of Pallas, represented as and came to settle in tliat part of Greece
sheddingtears at the death of his master, by which has been called, from him, ^Etolia.
Virg.Mn. II, V.89. A horse of Hector. ApoLlod. 1, c. 7 and 9. Pans. 5, .c. I.
Homer. II. 8, v. 185. "

iEx, a rocky island between Tenedos and

^THRA, daughterof PItheus king of TrcB- Chios. Plin. 4, c. 11. A cityin the coun-
try

zene, had Theseus by iEgeus. [Vid.JEgeiis.'] of the Marsi. The nurse of Jupiter
Slie was carried away by Castor and Pollux, changed into a constellation.
"when theyrecovered their sisterHelen, whom Afer, an inhabitant of Africa. An former
in-
Theseus had stolen, and intrusted to her care. under Tiberius and his successors. He
[Vid.Helen.] She went to Troy with Helen. became also knovv'n as an orator and as the
Homer. 11.3, v. 144." Pans. 2, c. 31, 1. 5, c. 19. preceptorof Quintilian,and was made consul
""Hygiii. fab. 37 and 79." Plut. in Thes." by Domitian. He died A. D. 59.
Olid. Her. 10,v. 181. One of the Oceanides,
"
Afrania, a Roman matron who fi-equented
Avife to Atlas, She is more generally called the forum forgetful of female decency. Val.
Pleione, Ma.v. 8, c. 3.
JEthvsa, a daughterof Neptune by Ara- Luc. Afranius, a Latin comic poet in the
phitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of age of Terence, often compared to Menander,
Kleuthereand two sons. Pans. 9, c. 20. whose style he imitated. He is blamed for the
An island near Plin. 3, c.
Lilybffiura. 8. unnatural gratifications which he mentions in
JEtia, a poem of Callimachus,in whicli Jiiswritings, some fragmentsof which are to be
he speaksof sacrifices, and of the manner in found in the CorpusPoeiarum. Qui7it. 10,c. 1.
which theywere offered. Mart. 10, ep. 4. "
Sueton. JVer. li."Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 57. "

jE-noy, or Eetion, the father of Andro- Cic. defin. 1, c. 3."^. Gell. 13,c.8. A ge-
neral
maciie, Hector's wife. He was killed at The- bes, of Pompey, conquered by Caesar in
with his seven sons, by the Greeks. Spain.Sueton. in Cas. 34. Plut. inPomp.
"

A famous painter.He drew a paintingof Q. a man who wrote a severe satire against
Alexander goingto celebrate his nuptials with Nero, for which he was put to death in the
Roxane. This piecewas much valued, and Pisonian conspiracy.Tacit. Potitus,a ple-
beian,
v.as exposed to publicview at the Olympic who said before Caligula, that he would
games, where itgainedso much applausethat willingly die ifthe emperor could recover from
The president of the games gave the painter his the di.^temper he laboured under. Caligula
daughterin marriage. Oic Br. 18. i-ecovcred, and Afranius was put to death that
jiilTNA,a mountain of Sicily, now called Gi- he might not forfeithis word. Dio.
bello,famous for its volcano, which, for about Africa, called Libya hy the Greeks, one
31100 years, has thrown out fire at intervals. of the three parts of the ancient world, and
It is 2 miles in perpendicular height, and mea- the greatestpeninsulaof the universe, was
.sures 100 miles round at the base, with an boimded on the east by Arabia and the Red
ascent of 30 miles. Its crater forms a circle Sea, on the north by the Mediterranean, south
about 3 1-2 miles in circumference,and its and west by the ocean. In its greatest lengtli
top is covered with snow and smoke at the it extends 4300 miles,and in its greatest
same time, whilst the sides of the mountain, breadth it is3500 miles. It is joined on the
from the great fertility of the soil,exhibit a east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long,
rich scenery of cultivated fieldeand blooming which some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to
vineyards.Pindar is the first who mentions cut, in vain, to join the Red and Mediterra- nean
an eruption of^i^tna ; and the silence of Homer seas. It is so immediately situate under
on the subject is considered as a proofthat the the sun, that only the maritime partsare in- habited,
Jires of tiiemountain W'ere unknown in his age. and the inland country is mostlybar- ren
From the time of Pythagoras, the supposeddate and sandy,and infested with wild beasts.
of the firstvolcanic aj)j)earance, to the battle The ancients, throughignorance, peopledthe
of Pharsalia, itis computed that dclUm has bad southern parts of Africa with monsters, en- chanters,
100 eruptions.The i)oetssiipj)Osed that Ju-piter and chimeras ; errors which begia
had confined the giantsunder this moun- tain, to be corrected l)ymodern travellci's. Vid.
and it was rej"rese]jted as the forgeof Libya. Mela, 1, ";. 4, he " Diod. 3, 4, and
Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops fabi'i- 20." Hcrodot. 2, c. IT, 26 and 32, 1.4, c. 41,
cated thunderbolts, "ic. Heslod. Theog. v. 860. ^c. " Plin. 5, c. 1, "". There is a part of
"Virg. JEtk. 3, v. olO."Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6. Africa,called Propria,which lies aboat the
I. 15,V. 340." Hal 14, v. o9.
 AG AG
middle,"n the Mediterranean, and has Car-
bath,to embarras him, she gave him a tunic
thage
for its capital. whose sleeves were sewed together, and while
Atricaxus, a blind poet, commended by he attemptedto put it on, she broughthim to
Ennius. A christian writer, who flourished the ground with a stroke of a hatchet,and
A. D. 222. In his chronicle, which Avas uni- iEgisthusseconded her blows. His death was "

esteemed, he
vereaily reckoned 5500 years revenged by
Orestes. [Firf.
nestra,
Clytem- his son
from the creation of the world to the age of Menelaus, and Orestes.]Homer. II.
Julius Ceesar. ISotliingremains of this work, 1,2, "c. Od. 4, he" Ovid, de Rem. Am. v.
but what Eusebius has preserved. In a letter Til." Met. 12, V. 30." Hytrin,fab. S8 and 97.
to Origen, Africanus proved,that the history"Strab. S."Tliucyd.1, c "^."JElian. V. H. 4,
of Susanna is supposititious
; and in another to c. 26. Didys Cret. 1,2, k:c. Dares"

Phryg. "
"

stillextant, he endeavours
Ainstides, Sophocl.
toin Elect. Euripid.
cile
recon- in Orest. Senec. "
"

t!ieseeming contradictions that appear in in Jgatn. Pans. 2, c. 6, 1. 9, c. 40, "ic."

"

the genealogies of Christ in St. Matthew and Virg.JEn. 6, v. 838." .4/e/a,

2, c. 3.
Luke. He is supposed to be the same who Agamemnonius, an epithet applied to
wrote nine books, in which he ti'eats of physic,Orestes,a son of Agamemnon. Virg.,Sn. 4,
agriculture, uc. A lawyer,disciple to Papi- V. 471.
nian, and intimate with the emperor der.
Alexan- Agametor, an athleteof Mantinea. "
Pans.
An orator mentioned by Quintilian. 6, c. 10.
The surname of the Seipios,from the AGA5INEST0R; a kingof Athcus.
conquest of Africa. Vid. Scipio. Aganippe, celebrated
fountain of Bceotia,
a

Africum mare, is that part of the Mediter-

ranean at the foot of mount
Helicon. It flows into
which is on tliecoast of Africa. the Pei'niessus, and is sacred to the muses,
Agagrian.^ port.e, gates at Syracuse,who, from it,were called Aganippedes. Pam, "

near which the dead were buried. Cic. in 9, c. 29." Propert. 2, el. 3." Olid. Met. 5, v.
Tusc. 312." Piin. 4, c. 7.
Agalasses, a nation of India,conqueredby Agapjjsor, tlie commander of Agamem-
non's
Alexander. Diod. 17. fleet. Homer. II. 2. The son of An-
Agalla, a woman of Corcyra,who wrote ca?us, and grandsonof Lycurgus, who afterthe
a treatise upon
grammar. Athen. 1. ruin of Troy,was carried by a storm into Cy-prus,
Agamedes and Trophonius, two tects
archi- W'here he built Paphos. Puus. 8, c. 5."
who made the entrance of the temple Homer. 11.2.
of Delphi,for which they demanded of the Agar, a town of Africa. Hirl. hell. Afr-
god;whatever giftAvas most advantageousfor 76.
a man to receive. Eightdays after they were Agareni, a people of Ai-abia. Trajan
found dead in their bed. Plut. de cons, ad destroyedthen* city,called AgcU'um. Shah.
JlpoL Cic. Jmc. 1, c. 47. Pans. 9, c.
" "
16.11 and
37, givesa different account. Agarista, daughter of Clisthenes, was
Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and Argos, courted by all the princesof Greece. She
was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthe- married ^.legacies. Mlian. V.H.12,c.24. "

nes, the son of Atreus. Homer calls them Herodol. 6, c. 126, fcc. A daughterof Hip-pocrates,
sons of Atreus, which is false upon the autlio- who married Xantippus.She dream- ed
rityof Hesiod, Apollodorus, tc. [Vid.Plis- that she had broughtforth a lion,and some
iJienes.'] When Atreus was dead, his brother time afterbecame mother of Pericles. Plut. "

Thyestesseized the kingdom of Argos, and in Pericl. Herodot. 6, c. 131. "

removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled AGAsicLEs, king of Sparta, was son of Ar-
to Poh^hidus,king of Sicyon,and hence to chidamus, and one of tbe Proclidae. He used
CEneus,kingof ^tolia,where tliey were cated. to say that a kingoughtto govern his subjects
edu-
Agamemnon married Clytemnestra,as a father governs his children. Pans. 3,
and Menelaus Helen, both daughters of Tyn- c. 7. Plut. in Apoph.^"

darus,kingof Sparta, who assistedthem to re- cover Agassi, a cityof Thessaly.Liv. 45, c.
their father's kingdom. After tlie ba- nishment
27.
of theusui-jDerto Cythera,Agamem-
non Agasthenes, father to Polyxenus,was, as
established himself at Mycena?, whilst one o{ Helen's suitors, concerned in tlieTro-
jan
Menelaus succeeded his father-in-lawat Spar-
ta. war. Homer. II.2. Apollod. 3,c. 11. "

AVhen Helen was stolen by Paiis,Aga-memnon A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of

was elfected commander in chief of Elis. Paus. 5, c. 3.

the Grecian forces goingagainst Troy ; and he Agastrophus, a Trojan,wounded by Di-
showed his zeal in the cause by furnishing 100 omedes. Homer. II. 11, v. 33S.
ships, and lending60 more to the people of Agasthus, an archon of Athens.
Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, Agasus, a harbour on the coast of Apulia.
where Agamemnon sacrificedhis daughterto Plin. 3, c. 11.
appease Diana. [Vid.Iphigenia.'] Duringthe Agatha, a town of France near Agde, in
Trojan war, Agamemnon behaved with much Languedoc. Mela, 2, c. 5.
valour; but his quarrelAvilh Achilles,whose Agatharchidas, a generalof Corinth in
mistress he took by force, was fatal to the the Peloponnesian war. Tliucyd. 2, c. 63. "

Greeks. [Vid. Briseis.]After the ruin of A Samian philosopherand historian,who

Troy, Cassandra fell to his share,and foretold wrote a treatise on stones, and a histoiy of
him that his wife would put him to death. Persia and Phcenice,besides an account ot the
He gave no credit to this, and returned to Ar- Red Sea, of Europe,and Asia. Some make
^os with Cassandra.
adullercr TEgisthus,
Clytemnestra,
[Vid.^^isihus,]
with her him a native of Cnidas, and addtliat he flou-
prepared about 177 B. C. Joseph, cont. Ap.
rished
I
to murder hi^mj "ud as he came from i\v AcATiiAr"cuvs; an officer in tbe Sym-
 AG AG

c.osan fleet. Thucyd.7, c. 25. -A painterchanals. [Vid.Pentheus.'] She is said to have

in the age of Zenxis. Phd. in Ptrid. killed her husband in celebrating the orgies of
Agathias, a Greek historian of .^tolia. A Bacchus. She received divine honours after
poet and iiistorianin the age of Justinian, of death,because she had contributed to the edu- cation
whose reignhe piil}{ished the historyin five of Bacchus. Theocrit. 26. Ovid. Met. "

books. Several of his epigramsare found in 3, V. 12b."Lucan. 1,v. S14."Stal. Theb. 11,
the Anlhologia.His history is a sequelof thai V. Sl8."Jlpollpd. 3, c. 4. One of the Ne- reides.
of Procopius. The best edition is that of Pa-
ris, Apollod.1. A tragedyof Statius.
foi. 1660. Juv. 7, V. 87, he.
Agatho, a Saniian historian, wlio nation who lived uppn
wrote Agaui, a northern
an account of Scjdhia. A poet,who
tragic II. 13. milk. Homer.
flourished 406 B. C. The names of some of his Agavus, a son of Priam. -Homer. II.24.
tragediesare preserved,such as Telephns, Agdestis, a mountain of Phrygia,whei'e
Thyestes, "c. A comic poet who lived in the Atyswas
"
buried. Pans. 1,c. 4. A surname
A son of Priam. of Cybele.
same age. Plut. in Parall.
Homer. II. 24. A governor of Babylon. Agelades. a statuaryof Argos. Pans. 6, c.

Cart. 5, c. 1. A Pythagoreanphilosopher. 8, 1. 7, c. 23.

JFMan. V. H. 13, c. 4. A learned and me-
lodious Agelastus. a surname of Crassas,the gi'and-
'
musician,who fii^stintroduced songs father of the rich Crassus, He onlylaughed
in tragedy. Arislol. in Poet. -A youth of once in his life,and this,it js said,was upon
"

Athens, loved by Plato. Dlog. Laert. 3, seeingan ass eat thistles. Cic. defin.b."Plin.
c. 82. 7, c. 19. The w^ord is also applied to Pluto,
"

Agathoclea, a' beautiful courtezan of from the sullen and melancholy eippearance
Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyedhis of his countenance.
wife Eurv'dice to marry her. She, witli her Agelaus, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion
brother,"long governedthe kingdom, and at- tempted One of Penelope'ssuitors. Homer. Od.
to murder the king'sson. Plul. in 20. ^^Ason of Hercules and Omphale, from
Clcon. " Justin. 20 yC. \. whom Croesus was descended. "
Apollod.2,
Agathocles, a lascivious ignoblec. 7, and A servant of Priam, who preserved
youth,son of a in the Paris
pottgr,v/ho,by entering when exposed on mount Ida. Id. 3,
Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours, c. 12.
and made himself master of Syracuse. He Agexdjcum, now Sens, a town of Gaul,
reduced all Sicil^ under his power, but being the capital of the Senones. Cccs.bell. Gail. 6,
defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he c. 44.
carried the war into Africa,where, for four Agenor, king of Phcenicia, was son of
years, he extended his conquestsover his ene-
my.
Neptune and Libya,and brother to Belus. He
He afterwards passed into Italy,and married Telephassa, by whom he had Cad-mus,
made himself master of Crotona. He died in Phoenix,Cilix,and Europa. Hygin.fab.
his 72d year, B. C. 289, after a reignof 28 Q."Ital. 1,V. 15, 1. 17, V. oS."/JpoUod 2, c. 1,
years of mingled prosperity and adversity. 1 , c. 1, A son of .Tasus and father of Ar-
'pint,in .^popth.Justin. 22 and 23.
"

Polyb.gus. Apollod.2, c. 10.

"
A son of iEgyp-
15. "Diod. IS, "c. A son of Lysimachus, tus. Id. 2, c. 1. A son of Phlegeus. Id: 3,
taken prisonerby the Getae. He was somed,
ran- C.7.- A son of Pleuron, father to Phineus.
and married Lysandra,daughterof Id. 1 c. 7. :^ A son of and Niobe. " "
Amphion
Ptolemy Lagus. His father,in his old age Id. 3, c. 4. A king of Argos,father to Cro-
married Arsinoe.the sisterof Lysander.After topus. A son of Antenor. Homer. II. 21, v.
her husband's death, Arsinoe,fearful for her 579 A Mitylenean,- who wrote a treatise
children, attempted to murder Agathocles. on music.
Some say that she fell in love with him, and AoiiNORi'DEs, a patronymicapplied to Cad-
mus,
killed him because he sligiited her. When and the other descendants of Agenor.
Agathocleswas dead, 283 B. C. Lysandrafled Ovid. Met. 3, v. 8.
toSeleucus. Strab. 13. Plut. in Pyrrh. and
"

Agerjnus, a freed man of Agrippina,acr

Demetr. Pans. 1,c. 9 and 10. A Grecian his-
" toriancused of attemptingNero's life, Tadt. Ann,
"

of Babylon, who wrote an account of 14,c. 16.

Cyzicus. Cic. de div. 1, c. 24. A Chian
Agesanrer, a sculptorof Rhodes under
who wrote on husbandry.Varro. A Sami-
Vespasian, who made a representation of Lao-
wiiter. A physician. An Athenian coon's history, which
an now passes for the best
archon. relictof all ancient sculpture.
Agathon, vid. Agatho. AgestaS; a platonicphilosopherwho taught
Agathonymus, wrote an of Persia.
history the of the soul. One of the Pto-
immortality lemies
Plut. de Fluni. forbade him to continue his lectures,
Agathosthenes, apoet,^c. because his doctrine w^as so that
jjrevalent
Agathyixus, an elegiacpoet of Arcadia. many of his auditors committed suicide.
Dionys.Hal.1. Agesilaus, king of Sparla,of the family
Agathyrkum,town of Sicily.
a of the Agidffi, was son of Doryssus, and father
Agathyrsi,
an effeminate nation of Scy- of Archelaus. During his reign,Lycurgiis
thia,who had their wives in common. They instituted his famous laws. Herodot. 7, c. 204,
receivedtheir name from Agathyrsus, son of Pans. 3, c. 2. A son of Archidamus
"

of the
Hercules. Uerodot. 4, c. 10, Virg.JEn. 4, v. familyof the Proclidas,
"

made king in prefer-

ence
146. to his nephew Leotychides.He made
Agave, daughter of Gadraus "and Her- war againstArtaxcrxes kingof Persia with suc- cess
mione, married Echion, by whom she had ; but in the midst of his conquestsin Asia,
Pcntheus,who was torn to piecesby the Bap- he W51S recalled home to the AtheniEia" oppose
 AG AG

and Boeotians, who desolated his country; and war which the Spartans
\vagedagainst
Epldau-
his return was so expeditiousthat he passedin He obtained a victory
rus. at Mantinea, and
d ays that tract of country which wasfiuccessfal in the Peloponnesian He
thirty over war.
had taken up a whole year of Xerxes' expedi-
tion. reigned27 years. Thucyd.3 and 'i."Paus 3
He defeated his enemies at Coronea ; c. Sand 10. Another, son of Archidamus.
but sickness prev'ented the progress of his con-
quests, kmg of Sparta,who endeavoured to deliver
and the Spartanswere beat in every Greece from the empire of Macedonia- with
at Leuctra,tillhe ap- the assistance of the Persians. He was
engagement, especially peared quered
con-

at their head. Though deformed, small in the attempt,and slain by Antipater.

of st"ture, and lame, he was ness Alexander's general,and
brave;anda great- 5300 Lacedajrao-
of soul compensated all the tions
imperfec-nians perished with him. Curt. 6, c. L Diod.
of nature. He was as fond of sobriety as n. -^Justin. 12,c. 1, he. Another, son of
of military discipline ; and when he went, in Eudamidas, killed in a battle againstthe Man- tineans.
his 80th year, to assistTachus king of Egypt, Pans. 8, c. 10. An Arcadian in the
the servants of the monarch could hardlybe expedition of Cyrus agfiinst his brother Arta-
persuaded that the Lacedaemonian general was xerxes. Polycen. 7, c. 18. A poet of Argos,

eatingwith his soldiers on the ground, bare-headed,who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and
and without any coveringto repose said that Bacchus and tlie sons of Leda A^ould
jipon. Agesilausdied on his return from givevvay to his hero,when a god. Curt. 8,
A Lycian who
Egypt,aftera reignof 36 years, 362 B. C. and c- 5. followed ^neas into
his remains were embalmed and broughtto Italy, where he was killed. Virg.JEn. 10,
Laceda3mon. Justin. 6, c. 1. " Phit. and C. V. 751.
JYep.in vit. " Pans. 3, c. 9.
"

Xenop/i.Orat. Aglaia, one of the Graces, called times

some-

pro "ges. A brother of Themistocles,who Paslphae.Her sisterswere EuphrosjTic

was sent as a spy into the Persian camp, where and Thalia, and they were all daughtersof
he stabbed Mardonius instead of Xerxes. Jupiterand Eurynome. Pa.ns. 9, c. 35.
Pint, in Parall. A surname of Pluto. Aglaonice, daughter of Hegemon, was
A Greek who wrote a history of Italy. acquainted with astronomy and eclipses,
Agesipulis, 1st,king of Lacedasmon, son whence she boasted of her power to draw the
of Pausanias,obtained a great'victoiy over the moon from heaven. Pint, de Orac. defect.
Mantineans. He reigned14 years, and was Aglaope, one of the Sirens.
succeeded by his brother Cleombrotus, B. C. Aglauphon, an excellent Greek painter
380. Pans. 3, c. 5, 1. 8, c. 8."Xenoph. 3. Plin. 35, c. 8.
Hist. Grotc. ^2d,son kingof
of Cleombrotus, Aglaosthenes, wrote an historyof Naxos.
Sparta,was succeeded by Cleomenes, 2d, Strab. 6.
B. C. 370. Pavs. 1,c. 13, 1.3, c. 5. Aglauros, or Agraulos, daughterof E-
Agesistrata, the mother of king Agis.rechtheus,the oldest king of Athens, was
Pint, in Jigid. changed into a stone by Mercury. Some
Agesistratcs, a man who wrote a tise
trea- make her a daughterof Cecrops. Pid.Herst.
De arte machinali.
entitled, "Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 12.
Aggrammes, a cruel king of the Ganga- Aglaus, the poorest man of Arcadia,pro-
nounced
rides. His fatherwas a hair-dresser, of whom by the oracle more happv than Gyges
the queen became enamoured, and whom she king of Lydia. Plin. 7, c. 46."Val. Max. 7, .

made governor to the king's children,to gra-

tify c. 1.
her passion. He killed them, to raise Ag- Agna, a woman in the age of Horace, who
grammes, his son by the queen, to the throne. thoughdeformed,had many admu-ers. Horaf
Cart. 9, c. 2. I,Sat. 3.V. 40.
Aggrin.^, a people near Agno, one of the nymphs who nursed Ju-
mount Rhodope. piter.
^

Cic. in L. Pis. 37. She gave her name to a fountain on

AgidjE, the descendonts of Eurysthenes,mount LycoBus. When the priest of Jupiter,
who shared the throne of Spartawith the Pro- after a prayer, stirred the waters of this foun-tain
clida3; the name is derived from Agisson of with a bough,a thick vapour arose, which
Eurj'sthenes. The family became extinct in was soon dissolved into a plentifulshower.
the person of Cleomenes son of Leonidas. Pans. 8, c. 31, k,c.
Virg.JEn. 8, v. 682. Agnodice, an Athenian virgin,who dis- guised
Agilaus, king of Corinth, reigned 36 her sex to learn medicTne. She was
years. One of the Ephori,almost murdered taughtby Hierophilus the art of midwifery,
by the partizansof Cleomenes. Pint, in and when employed always discovered her
C learn. sex to her patients.This broughther into so
Agis, kingof Sparta, succeeded his father,much practice, that the males'ofher profes-
sion,
Eurysthenes, and after a reignof one year, was who were now out of employment. ac"
succeeded by his son Echesitratus, B* C. 1058. cused her before the Areopagusof cornjption.
Pnus. 3, c. 2. Another kingof Sparta, who She confessed her sex to the judges, and a law
waged bloody wars against Athens, and re- stored was immediatelymade to empower all free-
liberty to many Greek cities. He at-
temptedborn women to learn midwifery.Hygin.fab
to restore the laws of Lycurgus at 274.
Sparta,but in vain ; the perfidyof friends, Agnon, son of Nicias,was present at the
who pretended to second his views, brought takingof Samos by Pericles. In the Pelopon- nesian
him to difficulties, and he was at last dragged war he went against Potida, but aban-
doned
from a temple where he had taken refuge,to his expedition through disease. He
a prison, where he was strangled by order of built Amphipolis, whose inh- Sitantsrebelled to
the Ephori. Pint, in Agid.- Another, son "
Brasidas, whom theyregardedas their founder,
of Archidam^s, who signalized himi-elf hi the forgetful of Agnon, thucyd, 2, 3, kc. A
 AG AG
writer. Qulntil. % c. 17. One of Alexan-
der's commissioner? were authorized to make adivi-
officers. Plin. 3J, c. 3. sion of the lands. This la^v at lastprovedfatai
AcNomDEs, a rlietoricianof Athens,who to the freedom of Rome under J. Caesar. Ftor.
accused Phocion of betraying the Piraeus to 3, c. 3 and 13. Cic. pro Leg. .^gr.Liv. 2,
" "

IVicanor. When the peoplerecollected what c. 41.

services Phocion had rendered them, they Agraule, a tribe of Athens. Plut. in
raised him statues,and put to death his accu- ser. Tfiem.
Flut. ami jYcp. in Phocion. Agraulia, a festivalat Athens in honour
Agunalia and Agonia, festivalsin Rome, of Agraulos. The Cyprians also observed these
celebratedthree times a year, in honour of festivals, by offering human victims.
Janus, or Agonius.They were institutedby Agraulos, a daughterof Cecrops. -A
Pvuma, and on the festivedaysthe chief priest surname of Minerva.
used to offer a ram. Ovid. Fast. 1,v. 317. "

Agrauonit^, a peopleof Illyria. Liv. 4o,

Varro. dt L. L.b. c, 26.

Agonks Capitolini, games celebrated eve- ry Agre, one of Actajon's dogs. Ovid. Met.
fifthyear upon the Capitoline hill. Prizes 3, V. 213.
"

were proposedfor agility and strength, as Agrianes, a river of Thrace. Herodot. 4,

well as for poetical and literary compositions. c. 9. Apeo[)le that dwelt in the neighbour-
hood
The poet Statins publicly recited there his of that river. Jd.b.c. 16.
Thebaid, which was not received with much Agricola, the father-in-lawof the histO'*
applauae. rian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He was em- inent

AcoNis, a woman in the templeof Venus, for his public and private virtues. He
on mount Eiyx. Cic. Verr. 1. was governor of Britain,and firstdiscovered
Agonius, a Roman deity,who patronised it to be an island. Domitian envied his vir- tues
uver the actions of men. Vid. Agonalia. : he recalled him from the province he
Agofackitus, a sculptor of Pharos, who had governed with equity and moderation, and
made a statue of Venus for the people of ordered him to enter Rome in the night, that
Athens, B.C. 150. no triumphmightl)egrantedto him. Agrico-
Agoranomi, ten magisti'ates at Athens, who la obeyed,and without betrajing any resent-
ment,
iratched over the cityand j)ort, and inspect-
ed he retired to a peaceful solitude, and
whatever was exposedto sale. the enjoymentof the society of a few friends.
Agoranis, a river falling into the Ganges.He died in bis o6tli year, A. D. 93. Tacit, in
.^rrian.de Ind. Jjgric.
Agor^a, a name of Minerva at Sparta. Agrigentum, now Girgcnti, a town of Si-
cily,
Tmis. ^,c.l\. 18 stadia from the sea, on mount Agra-
Agorsus, a surname of Mercury among gas. It was founded by a Rhodian,or, accord- ing
file Athenians,from his presiding over the to some, by an Ionian colony.The inhabi- tants
markets. Pnvs. 1, c. 15. were famous for their hospitality and for
Agra, a placeof Bojotia where the lllissustheir luxurious manner of living.In itsflom'-
yfees, Diana was called Agra3a, because she ishing situation, Agrigentumcontained 200,000
minted tltere. 'A cityof Susa " of Arcadia, inhabitants, who submitted witiireluctance to
and Ara])ia. the superior power of Syracuse.The gov- ernment
Agr.ili and Agreksj:s. a peopleof Arabia. was monarchical,but afterwards a
Plin. 6. c. 23. Of jEtolia. Liv. 42, c. 34. democracywas established. The famous Pha-
Agraga?, or AcRAGAs, a river,town, and laris usurped the sovereignty, which was also
mountain of Sicily ; called also, Agrigentum.for some time in the hands of the Carthagin- ians.
The town was built by the peopleof Gela, Agrigentumcan now boast of more ven- erable

who were a Rhodian colony. Virg. JEn. 3, remains of antiquity than any other
\-.70S."Diod. 11. town of Sicily.Polyb. 9."Strab. 6.~-Diod.
Agrarta i"ex, was enacted to distribute \3."Virg.JEn. 3, v. 707. " Sil. It. 14, v.
among the Roman peopleall the lands which 211.
theyhad gainedby conquest. It was firetpro- posed Agrinium, a cityof Acarnania. Polyb.6.
A. U. C. 268, by the consul Sp.Cassius Agrionia, annual festivalsin honour of
Vieollinus,and rejected by the senate. This Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night.
produceddissentions between the senate and They were instituted, as some suppose, be- cause
the people, and Cassius,upon seeingthe ill the god was attended with wild beasts.
saccess of the new regulations he proposed, Agriopas, a man who wrote the history of
offered to distribute among the peoplethe all those who had obtained the publicprize
cioney which was producedfrom the corn of atOlympia. P/m.8,c.22.
Picily, afterit had been broughtand sold in Agriope, the wife of Agenor, king of
Rome. This act of liberality the peoplerefu- sed, Phffinicia.
and tranquillity was soon after re-estab-
lished M. Agrippa ViPSANirs,a celebrated Ro- man,
in t'lestate. It was proposeda second who obtained a victory over S. Pompey,
lime A. U. C. 269, by the tribune Licinius and favoured the cause of Augustus at the
Stolo ; but with no bettersuccess ; and so great battles of Acfium and Philippi, where he be- haved
were the tumults which followed, that one of with greatvalour. He advised his impe- rial
the Iribunesof the people was killed, and many friend to re-establishthe republican ment
govern-
of the senators fined for their opposition. Mu- at Rome, but he was over-ruled by Me-
lius SccHvola, A. U. C. 620, persuadedthe Cccnas. In his expeditions in Gaul and Germa-ny
tribune TiberiiisGracduis to propose ita third he obtained several victories, but refused
time ; and altho(j';h Octavius, his colleague in the honours of a triumph, andtiu'ued his libe-
the tribuneship, Oj)posed it,yet Tiberius made rahtytowards the embellishing of Rome, and
it pass into a law?yfterjxiuch altercytion, and the raising of magnificent buildings, one of
 AG AG

which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he Agrippina, a vnie of Tiberius. I'he em- peror

had retiredfor two years to Mitylene,in con- sequence repudiated her to marry Julia. Sueion.
of a quai-rel with Marcellus,Augus-
tus in Tib. 7. "A
"
daughterof M. Agrippa,and
recalled him, and as a proofof his regard,grand-daughter to Augustus. She married
Julia in marriage, and Germanicus, whom she accompaniedin Syria;
gave him his daughter
left him the care of the empireduringan ab- senceand W'hen Piso poisonedhim, she carried his
of two years employed in visiting the ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who
Roman provinces of Greece and Asia. He stabbed himself. She fellunder the displeas-
ure
died universally lamented at Rome in the 51st of Tiberius,who exiled her in aa island,
year of his age,
12 B. C. and his body was ced where she died, A. D. 26, for want of bread.
pla-
in the tomb which Augustushad prepared She leftnine children, and was universally tinguished
dis-
for himself. He had been married three for intrepidity and conjugal tion.
affec-
times, to Poraponiadaughterof Atticus,to Tacit. 1,Ann. c. 2, ^c. Sueton.in Tib. 52,
"

Marcella daughterof Octavia,and to Julia,by Julia,daughter of Germanicus and Agrip-

pina,
whom he had five children, Caius,and Lucius, man-ied Domitius TEnobai'bus, by wdiom
Caesares,Posthumus Agrippa,Agrippina, and she had Nero. After her husband's death she
Julia. His son, C. CffisarAgi-ippa, was ed
adopt- married her uncle the emperor Claudius,
and made consul, by the tery
flat- whom she destroyed, to make Nero succeed to
by Augustus,
of the Roman people,at the age of 14 or the throne. After many crueltiesand much
15. promisingyouth w^ent to Armenia, licentiousness,
This she was assassinated by order oF
on an expedition againstthe Persians, where her son, and as she expired,she exclaimed,
he received a fatalblow from the treacherous strike the bellywhich
'"
could give birth to
hand of Lollius,the governor of the such a monster,"
of one She died A. D. 69, aftera
neighbouring cities. He languished for a little lifeof prostitution and incestuous gratifications.
time, and died in Lycia. His younger brother,It is said that her son view ed her dead body
L. Cgesar Agrippa,was likewise adoptedby with all the raptures of admiration,saying, he
his grandfather Augustus ; but he w'as soon af-ter never could have believed his mother was so
banished to Campania, for usingseditious beautiful a woman. She leftmemoirs which,
language againsthis benefactor. In the 7th assisted Tacitus in the composition of his an-
nals.

year oihis exile he w^ould have been recalled,

The tow' n which she built,where she w-as
had notLivia and Tiberius, jealousof the par-
tialityborn,on the borders of the Rhine, and called
of Augustusfor him, ordered him to be AgrippinaColonia, is the modern Cologne.
assassinated in his 26th year. He has been Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 75,1. 12, c. 7,22, "c.
called ferociousand savage ; and he gave him-self Agrisius. Vid. Acrisius.
the name of Neptune,because he was fond Agrisope, the mother of Cadmus. Hygim
of fishing.Virg.JEn. 8, v. QS2."Horat. 1,od. fab. 6.
6, Sylvius,ason of Tiberinus Sylvius, king Agrius, son of Pai'thaon,drove his bro- ther
of Latium. He reigned 33 years, and was suc-
ceeded (Eneus from the throne. He was wards
after-
Romulus
by Illsson Sylvius.Dionys. expelledby Diomedes, the grandsoa
Hal. 1,c. 8. of the servants of the mur-
One dered of (Eneus,upon which he killed himself. Hy-
prince assumed his name and raised gin.fab. 175 and 242. "

Apollod. 1, c. 7. Ho-
" mer.
commotions. Tacit.Ann. 2, c.39. A consul 11. 14, V. 117. A giant. A centaur
who conquered the iEqui. A philosopher. killed by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 5. ^Asoa
DioiT. Herodes, a sou of Aristobulus, son
grand- of Ulysses by Circe. Hesiod. T/ieog. v. 1013.

of the Great Herod, who became tutor to The father of Thersites. "
Ovid ex Pont,
the grand-child of Tiberius, and w^as soon ter 3, el. 9, V. 9.
af-
imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant.When Agrolas, surrounded the citadel of Atheris
Caligulaascended the throne, his favourite with walls,except that part which afterwards
was released,presented with a chain of gold was repaired by Cimon. Paus. 1,c, 28.
as heavy as that which had latelyconfined Agron, a king of Illyria, who, after con-quering

him, and made kingof Judaia. He was a po- pular the iEtolians, drank to such excess
character with the Jews ; and itis said, that he died instantlv, B. C. 231. Polyb.2,
thatwliile they were flattering him with the c. 4. .

appellation of God, an angelof God struck him Agrotas, a Greek orator of Mai'seilles.
with the lousydisease, of which he died,A. D. Agrotera, an anniversaiysacrifice of
43. His son, of the same name, was the last goats oiiered to Diana at Athens. It was stituted
in-
kingof the Jews, deprivedof his kingdom by by Callimachus the Polemarch, who
Claudius,in exchangefor other provinces.He vowed to sacrificeto the goddessso many goats
was with Titus at the celebrated siege of Jeru-
salem, as there might be enemies killed in a battle
and died A. D. 94, It w^as before him which he was goingto fight against the troops
that St. Paul pleaded,and made mention of of Dai-ius, who had invaded Attica. The
his incestuous commerce with his sister Bere-
nice. quantity of the slain was so great, that a suiB-
Juv. 6, v. 156.
,
Tacit. 2. Hisl.c. 81.
" cient number of goats could not be procured;
Menenius, a Roman general,who obtained a therefoi'etheywere limited to 500 every year,
trium)))) over the Sabines, appeasedthe popu- lace tilltheyequalled the number of Persians slain
of Rojne by the well-known fable of the in battle. A templeof .^girain Pelopon-nesus
bellyand the limbs,and erected the new office erected to the goddess under this name.-
of tribunes of the people,A. U. C. 261. He Pulls. 7, c. 26.
died poor, but universally regretted; his fune-
ral Agylj":us and Aoyiius, from """-";" a
was at the expense of the public, from street, a surname of Apollo,becan.se sacrifices
which also hii daug.'iters received doneries. were oifered to him in the publicstreets of
Lu.2, e. 32. FLor. 1, c. 23. A mathema-
tician Athens. Hornt. 4, od. 6.
in the rei^ii of Doaiitian : he was a na-
tive Agylla, a t"nvn of Etrmia, founded by "
of BiilivniH. colonyof Pe!as;;icur-; and governed l"v'Me-
 AJ AL
zentluswhen ^neas came to Italy.It was offeredon his tomb. According to Virgil's count,
ac-
afterwards called Ca^re, by the Lydians, who Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and
took possession of it. Virg.Mn, 7, v. 652, dashed him against a rock, where he
expired,
1. 8, V. 479. consumed by thunder. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 43,",c.
Agyll/Eus, a gigantic wrestler of Cleonas,"Homer. II. 2, 13, ^c. Od. 4."Hygin. fab.
scarce inferiorto Hercules in strength. Slat. 116 and 213." Philostr. ho. 2, c. \3."Senec.
Tlieb.Q,V. 837. m Agam." Horat. epod.10, v. 13." Pans. 10,
Agvrus, a tyrantof Sicily, assisted by Dio- c. 26 and 31. " The two Ajaceswei'e, as some
nysiusagainst the Carthaginians. Diod. 14. suppose, placedafter death in the island of
AayRiuM, a town of Sicily, where Diodo- Leuce, a separate
placereserved onlyfor the
rus the historian was born. The inhabitants bravest heroes of antiquity.
were called Mgyrinemes.Diod. 14. Cic. in "
AiDoNEus, a surname of Pluto. A kin**"
Verr. 2,c. 65. of tiieMolossi,who imprisoned Theseus, be- cause
Agyrius, an Atlienian generalwho suc- ceeded he and Pirithous
attemptedto ravish
Thrasybulus. Diod. 14. his daughterProserpine, near the Acheron ;
Agyrtes, a man who killed his father. whence arose the well-known fableof the de- scent
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 148. ---A piper. Sil.2, "ch. of Theseus and Pirithous into hell.
r. 50. Plat, in Tiits. A river near Troy. Pam.
Ahala, the surname of the Servilii at 10,c. 12.
Rome. AisivLus,son of Ascanius, was, according
Ahexobakbus. Vid. -ffinobarbns. to some, the progenitor of the noble family of
AjAX, son of Telamon by PeribcKa or Eri- the iEmilii in Rome.
boea daughter of Alcathous, was next to Achil-
les Aius LocuTius,a deity to whom the Ro-
mans
the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan erected an altar, from the following cumstance;
cir-
war. He engaged Hector, with whom at one ofthe common people,called
parting he exchangedarms. After the death Ceditius, informed the tribunes,that as he
of Achilles, Ajax and Ulyssesdisputedtheir passedone nightthrough one of the streets of
claim to the arras of the dead hero. When the city, a voice more than human, issuing
theywere givento the latter, Ajaxwas so en- raged, from above Vesta'stemple, told liim that Rome
that he slaughtered a whole flock of would soon be attacked by the Gauls. His in-
formation
sheep, supposing them to be the sons of Atre- was neglected, but his veracity was
us, who had giventhe preference to Ulysses, provedby the event ; and Camillus,after the
and stabbed himself with his sword. The conquestof the Gauls,built a temple to that
blood which ran to the groundfrom the wound, supernaturalvoice which had
givenRome
was changedinto the flower hyachith.Some warningof the approaching calamity, under
say that he was killed by Pai-isin battle, others,the name of Aius Locutius.
that he was murdered by Ulysses.His body Alabanda, ce, or oram, an inland town of
was buried at Sigaevmi, some say on mount Caria,abounding with scorpions. The name
Rhoetus,and his tomb was visitedand honour- ed is derived fromAlabandus, a deity worshipped
by Alexander. Hercules, accordingto there. Cic. de jYat. D. 3, c. lo."Herodot. 7,
some authors,prayedto the godsthat his friend c. 195." Sirab. 14.
Telamon, who was childless, mighthave a son, Al ABA STRUM, a town of Egypt. Plin.
with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the 36, c. 7.

jS'emaean lion,which he then wore. His pray-

ers Alabus, a river 6f Sicily.
were heard. Jupiter, under the form of Alj^sa,a city on a mountain of Sicily.
an eagle,promised to grantthe petition, and Al.i;a,a surname of Minerva in Pelopon-
nesus.
when Ajaxwas born,Hercules wrap})ed him Her festivalsare also called Aleea
up in the lion's skin,v/hich rendered Jiisbody Paus. 8, c. 4, 7.
invulncralile, exceptthat partwuich was left Altei,a number of islands in the Persian
uncovered by a hole in tho ski':!, throughgulf, aboundingin tortoises. Arrian in Perip.
which Hercules hung his quiver. This vulner-
able ALa;us, the father of Auge, who married
partwas in his breast, or, as some pay, Hercules.
-

behind the neck. Q. CaJab. 1 and 4. Apol- Alagonia, a cityof Lac on ia. P(tus.Z,c
"

lod. 3, c. 10 and 13." Philostr.in Heroic. ";. 12. 21 and 26.

" Pindar. Is'hm. 6, Homer.
"
II. 1, ^c. Od. Alala, the goddessof war, sisterto Mars.
11. Didys Orel. 5. Dares Phry. 9. Qvid. Pint, de glor.
" " "
Mhen.
Met. 13." Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. VJ"7."Hijgin.ALALcor.i"N.T., a city of Bojotia, where
fab. 107 and 242." PaM5. 1,c. 35, 1. 5, c. 19. some suppose that Minerva was born. Plut
The son of Oileus kingof Locris,was surna- Q,uast. Gr."Slat. Tlieb.7, v. 330.
med Locrian, in contradistinction to the son Alalia, a town of Corsica,builtby a co- lony
of Telamon. He went with 40 shipsto the of Phocteans,destroyed by Scipio, 562
Trojanwar, as beingone of Helen's suitors. B. C. and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. Hero-
The nightthat Troy was taken, he offered dot. 1,c. IQb."Flor. 2, c. 2.
violence to Cassandra, who fledinto Minerva's Alam.vnes, a statuaryof Athens,discipJe
' 1 -

temple; and for this offence,as he returned of Phidias.

home, the goddess,who had obtained the Alamanni, or Alemawni, a people of
thunders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests Germauy, near the Hercynianforest. They
from Neptune,destroyed his shipin a storm. were very powerful, and inimical to Rome.
Ajax swam to a rock,and said that liewas safe Alani, a people of Sarmalia, near the
in spheof allthe gods. Such impiety offended Palus Mceotis, who were said to have 26 dil-
iScptunp, who struck the rock with his trident, ferentlanguages.Piin. 4, c. 12. "Strah. "

and Ajaxtumbled into the sea with partof the Alares, a peopleof Pannonia. Tac. 15,
rock,and w as drowned. His body was after- wards Jinn. c. 10.
fouud by the Greeks,and black sheep Alaiuc us, a famous king of the Goths,
 AL AL
who plundered
Rome in the reignof Hono- people. Liv. 2, c. 33, 1. 6, c. 30. " Sallmt: de
rius. He was respected
greatly Jug.Bell.
for his military-
valour,and duringhis reignhe keptthe Ro-
man Albinovanus Celsus. Vid. Celsus.
empirein continual alarms. He died after Pedo, a poet contemporary with 0\id. He
a reignof 13 years, A. D. 410. wrote elegies, and heroic poetry in
epigrams,
Alarouii, a nation near Pontus. Herodot. a styleso elegantthat he merited the epithet
3, c. 94. of divine. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep, 10. "
Quintil.
Alastor, a son of Neleus and Chloris. 10, c. 5.

ApoUod. 1,c. 9. An arm-bearer to Sarpe- Albintemelium, a town of Liguria. Tadt.

don, kingof Lycia,killed by Ulysses.Horn. II. 2, Hid. c. 13.
5, V. 677." Ovid. Met. 13, v. 257. One of Albinus, w^as born at Adrumetum in Af-
rica,
Pluto's horses when he carried away pine.
Proser- and made governor of Britain,by Com-
Claud, de Rapt.Pros. 1, v. 286. modus. After the murder of Pertinax, he
ALAUDiE, soldiers of one of Ceesar's legionswas elected emperor by the soldiers in Bri- tain.
in Gaul. Sutton, in Jul. 24. Severus had also been invested with the
Alazon, a river flowing from mount sus
Cauca- imperial dignity by his own army and these ',

into the Cyrus, and sepai-ating Albania two rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came
from Iberia. Flac. 6, v. 101. into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire.
Alba Svlvius, son of Latinus Sylvius,Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the
succeeded hisfather in the kingdom of Latium, head of Albinus to be cut off;and his body to
and reigned36 years. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 612. be thrown into the Rhone, A. D. 198. Albi-
Longa, a cityof Latium, built by Ascani- nus, accordingto the exaggerated account of a
us, B. C, 1152,on the spot where .Eneas found, certain writer,called Codrus, was famous for
accordingto the prophecy of Helenus, (Virg.his voracious appetite, and sometimes eat for
JEn. 3, v. 390, Sic),and of the god of the ri- ver,breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches,
{^a. 8, V. 43,)a white sow with 30 young 20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400
ones. It was called longa, because itextended oysters. A pretoriansent to Sylla,as am- bassador

alongthe hill Albanus. The descendants of from the senate duringthe civil wars.
iEneas reignedthere in the followingorder: He was put to death by Sylla's soldiers. Plut.
1, Ascanius, son of jEneas, with littleinter-
mission,in Syll. An usurer. Horat. A Roman
8 years. 2. SylviusPosthumus, 29 plebeian who received the vestals into his cha- riot
years. 3. iEneas Sylvius, 31 years. 4. Latin-
us, in preference to his family, when they
5 years, 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atysor Ca- fled from Rome, w^hich the Gauls had sacked.

petus,26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years/

8. Cal- Val Max. 1, c. I." Liv. 5, c. 40." Flor. 1, c.
petus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus,8 years. 10. 13. A. Posthumus, eonsul with Lucullus,
Agrippa,33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. A. U. C. 603, w rote an historyof Rome in
12. Aventinus,37 years. 13. Procas,13 years. Greek.
14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba, which had Albion, son of Neptune by Amphitrite,
longbeen the powerfulrival of Rome, was de- stroyed
came into Britain,where he established a
by the Romans 665 B. C. and the in- kingdom, and firstintroduced astrology
habitants and
were carried to Rome. Lrv. Flor. the art of building
"
ships. He was killed at the
" Justin. "c. A cityof the Marsi in Italy. mouth of the Rhone w ith stones thrown by
Pompeia. a cityof Liguria.Plin. 3, c. 5. Jupiter, because he opposed the passage o"
Albani and Albenses, names appliedto Hercules. Mela, 2, c. 5. The greatest
the inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. Cic. island of Europe, now called Great-Britain.
ad Her. 2, c. 28. It is called afterAlbion, who is said to have
Albania, a country of Asia, between the reigned there ; or from itschalkywhite (albus)
Caspiansea and Iberia. The inhabitants are rocks,which appear at a greatdistance. Plin.
said to have their eyes all blue. Some tain
main- 4, c. 16. Tax:.it. in Agric. The ancients com-
"
pared

that theyfollowed Hercules from mount its figureto a longbuckler, or to the

Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the iron of a hatchet.
conquest of Geryon. Dionys.Hal. 1,c.
15. Albis, a river of Germany falling
" into the
Justin.^, c. S."Strab. U."Plin. 40." 8,German
c. ocean, and now called the Elbe. Ial-
Mela, 3, c. 5. The
Caspian sea is called can. 2, V. 52.
Albanam, as beingnear Albania. Plin. 6, c. 13. Albius, a man, father to a famous spend- thrift.
Albanus, a mountain with a lake in Italy, Horat. 1. Sat. 4. A name of the
16 miles from Rome, near Alba. It was on poet Tibullus. Horat. 1. Od. 33, v. 1.
this mountain that the Latince ferice were brated
cele- Albl'cilla, an immodest woman. Tadt.
with greatsolemnity. Horat. 2, ep. 1, An. 6, c. 47.
V. 27. The word taken adjectively, is applied Albula, the ancient name of the river Ti- ber.
to such as are natives of, or belongto,the town Virg.A^ln. 8, v. 332." Lrv. 1 , c 3. .

of Alba. Albunea; a wood near Tibur and the ri%er

Albia Terentia, the mother of Otho. Anio, sacred to the muses. It received its
Suet. name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, wor- shipped

AlbIci, a peopleof Gallia Aquitana. Ca^. as a goddessat Tibur, whose temple

Bell. Civ. 1, c. 34. stillremains. Near Albunea there was a small

Albieta;, a people of Latium. Dionys.lake of the same name, whose waters w-ere of
Hal. a sulphureous smell,and possess"^d some cinal
medi-
Albigaunum, a town of Liguria. Mela, properties.This lake fell by a smnil
2, c. 4. stream called Albula,into the river Anio, with
Alb INI, two Roman orators of great me-rit, whicli it soon lost itselfin the Tiber. Horat
mentioned by Cicero in Bruk This 1. Od. 7, V. \2." Virg. JEn. 7, v. 83.
tiAme is common to manv tribunes of the ALBtrKNoS, a loftymountain of Lucamia
8
 AL AL
iwITcrcthe Tanagertakes itsrise. Vkg. G.% damia,daughter of Anchises. He was killed!
V. 147. in the
Trojanwar, by Idomeneus.
Homer. 11.
Pagus, a place near
Alb us Sidon, where 12, v. 93. A son of Parthaon, killed by Ty-
Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. deus. .Apollod. 1, c. 7, ".c.^ A friend of
Albutius, a princeof Celtiberia, to whom ^neas, killed in the Rutulian war. Virs. JEn,
Scipiorestored his wife. Arrian. A sordid 10,v. 747.
man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants Aloe, one of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. A
before they were guiltyof any offence, lest,town of Spain,which surrendered to Grac- chus,
said he, I should have
no time to punishtliem now Alcazar,a littleabove Toledo. L%v.
when they offend.
Horat.2,. Sat. 2. A rhe- 40, c. 47.
torician
in the age of Seneca. An ancient Alcenor, an Argive,who alongwith Chro-
satirist. Cic. in Brut. Titus, an epicure-
an mius survived the battle between 300 of his
philosopher, born at Rome; so fond of countiymen and 300 Lacedeemonians. Hero-
Greece, and Grecian manners, that he wished dot. 1, c. 82.
not to pass for Roman. a He was made gover-
nor Alceste, or Alcestis, daughterof Pelias
of he grew oft'ensive to the and Anaxibia, married
Sardinia;but Admetus. She, with
senate, and was banished. It is supposedthat her sisters, pat to death her father,that he
he died at Athens. might be restored to youth and vigourby Me- dea,
Alc.eus, a celebrated lyricpoet, of Mity- who, however, refused to perform her
lene in Lesbos, about 600 years before the promise. Upon this, the sistersfled to Adme-
tus,
christian era. He fled from a battle,and his who married Alceste. They were soon

enemies hung up, in the templeof Minerva, the pursuedby an army, headed by their brother
armour which he left in the field, as a monu-
ment Acastus ; and Admetus being taken prisoner,
of his disgrace.He is the inventor of was redeemed from death by the generous of- fer
alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the of his wife,who was sacrificed in his stead
famous Sappho,to whom he paidhis addresses. to appease the shades of her father. Some say-
Of all his works nothingbut a few fragmentsthat Alceste,with an unusual display of conju-
gal
remain, found in Athenasus. Quintil. 10, c. 1. affection.laiddown her lifefor her husband,
"Herodot. 5, c. 95. Hor. 4, od. 9.
"
Cic. 4. when
"
she had been told by an oracle,that he
Tusc. c. 33. A poet of Athens, said by Sui- could never recover from a disease except
das to be the inventor of tragedy. A writer some one of his friends died in his stead. Ac-
cording
of epigrams. A comic poet. A son of to some authors,Hercules broughther
Androgens, who went with Hercules into back from hell. She had many suitors while
Thrace, and was made king of part of the she lived with her father. Vid. Admetus. Jwv.
countiy. Apollod.
2, c. 5. A son of Hercn- 6, V. 651. Apollod.1, c. 9. Paus. 5, c. 17.
"
"
"

les by maid of Oniphale.

a A son seus, Hygin.fdb.
of Per- 261. Eurip.in Alcest. "

father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From Alcetas, a king of the Molossi,descended

him Hercules has been called Alcides. .4po/. from Pyrrhus,the son of Achilles. Paus. 1,
2, c. 4." Pans. 8, c. 14. c. 11. A generalof Alexander's
army, bro-
ther
Alcamenks, one of the Agidas,king of to Perdiccas. The eiglitli king of Ma-
cedonia,
Sparta,known by his apophthegms. He suc- ceeded who reigned29 years. An histori-
an,
his father Teleclus, and reigned37 who wrote an account of every thingthat
years. The Helots rebelled in his reign.had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi.
Pans. 3, c. 2, 1. 4, c. 4 and 5. "A generalof Athen.
" A son of Arybas,king of Epirus,
the Achseans. Pans 7, c. 15. A statuary,Paus. 1, c. 11.
who lived 448 B. C. and was distinguishedfor Alchidas, a Rhodian, who became moured
ena-
his statues of Venus and Vulcan. Pans. 6, c. of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. Plin.
10. The commander of a Spartanfleet,
put 36, c. 5.
to death by the Athenians. Thucyd.4,c,5,"ic. Alchimachus, a celebrated peunter. Plin.
At.cander, an attendant of Sarpedon,ed kill- 35, c. 11.
by Ulysses. Ovid. Mel. 13, v. 257. A AkciBiADES, an Athenian general,famous
Lacedaemonian youth, who accidentally put for his entei'prising
spirit,
versatile genius,and
out one of the eyes of Lycurgus,and was natural foibles. He was
nerously
ge- disciple to Socrates,
forgiven by tiie sage. Plut. in Lye. whose lessons and example checked, for a
"

Pans. 3, c. 18. A Trojan,killed by Turnus. while,his vicious propensities. In the Pelo--

Virg.JEn. 9, v. 767. ponnesianwar he encouragedthe Athenians
Alc ANDRE, the wife of a rich The-
Polybius, to make an expedition againstSyracuse. He
ban. Homer. Od. 4, v. 672. was chosen generalin that war, and in his ab-
sence,
Alcanok. a Trojan of mount Ida, whose liisenemies accused him of impiety,
.""ons Pandarus and BriLias followed ii^neas into and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled,
Italy. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 672. A son of Pho- stirred up the Spartansto make war against
rus,*killed by ."Eneas. Ibid. 10,v. 338. Athens, and when this did not succeed, he re- tired

Algatjioe, a name of Megara in Attica, to Tlssaphernes, tlie Pei-sian general.

because rebuilt bv Alcathoos,son of Pelops.Being recalled by the Afiienians, he obliged
Odd. Met. 8, V. 8.' the Lacedaemonians to sue for peace, made veral
se-

Alcathous, a son of Pelops,who being conquests in Asia, and was received in

suspectedof murdering his brutlier Chrysip-triumph at Athens. His popularity was of
pus, camt' to 3Iegara,where he killed a lion, .short duration ; the failure ot an expedition
winch had dc."-troyed the king's son. ceeded against
He suc- Cyme, exposed him again to the re- sentment

to the kingdom of "Megara, and, in of the people,and he fled to Phar-

oommem.oration of his services, festivals, ed
call- nabnzus, whom he almost induced to make
Alcalhoia,were instiliUed at Megara.Pnuf. war upon Lecedajmon. This was told to Ly-
y,c. 4, i;c. A Trojan who married Hippo- sander;the Spartangeneral,who prevailed
 AL AL

upon Phamabaztis to murder Alcibiades.Two note improbability.

Homer. Od. 7."
Orpli.
servants were seiit for that purpose, and they in Argon. Virg.G. 2,
"
v.87. "
Slat. 1. Syl.
set fire the cottagewhere he was, and killed .3,V. 81." Jut'. 5, V.
on lo\."Ovid. Am. 1, el. 10,
him with darts as he attemptedto make his V. 6Q." Plato de Rep. 10." Apollod.1, c. 9.
He died in the 46th year of his age, A son of Hij)pocoon. Apollod.3, c. 10.
escape.
404 B. C. after a life of perpetual difficulties. A man of Elis. Pans. A philosopher
If the fickleness of his countrymen had known in the second century, who wrote a book, De
how to retain among them the talentsof a man doclrina Platonis, the best edition of which is
who distinguished himself,and was admired the 12mo. printedOxon. 1667.
wherever he went, they might have risen to Alcioneus, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid.
and
greater splendour, to the sovereignty of Met. 5, fab. 4.
Greece. His character has been cleared from Alciphroit, a philosopherof Magnesia,
the aspersions of malevolence, by the writingsin the age of Alexander. There are some

of ThucydidesjTimaeus, and Theopompus ; epistles in Greek, that bear his name, and
and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the contain a veiy perfectpicture of the customs
principles of the debauchee, added the intelli-
gence and manners of the Greeks. They are by
and sagacity of the statesman, the cool some supposedto be the productionof a writer
intrepidity ofthe general, and the humanity of of the 4th centur}^ The only edition is that
the philosopher. Plut. "^ C. JVcp.in Alcib. of Leips. 12mo, 1715, cum notis Bergleri.
"
Thucyd.5, 6 and 7. Xenoph. Hist. Crete. " AxcippE, a daughter of the god Mars, by
1, k,c."Diod. 12. Agraulos. She was ra\'ished by Halirrhotius.
Alcidamas, of Cos, father to Ctesilla,Apollod. 3, c. 14. The wife of Metion, and
who was changed into a dove. Ovid. Met. 7, mother to Eupalamus. Id. 3, c. 16. The
fab. 12. A celebrated wrestler. Slat. Theb. daughterof (Enomaus, and wife of Evenus,
10, V. 500. A philosopher and orator, who by whom she had Marpessa. A woman
wrote a treatise on death. He was pupilto who broughtforth an elephant. Plin. 7. ^

Gorgiasj ajidflourishedB. C. 424. Quintil. 3, A countrywoman. Virg.Eel. 7.

e. 1. Alcippus, a reputedcitizen of Sparta, nished
ba-
Algid AMEA, was mother of Bunus by Mer- cury. by his enemies. He married Demo-
of whom
crite, Plut. in Erat.
generalof the Messenians,
Alcidamidas, a Alcis, a daughterof .^gyptus. Apollod.
who retired to Rhegium, after the takingof Alcithoe, a Theban woman who ridiculed
Ithome by the Spartans,
B. C. 723. Strab. 6. the orgiesof Bacchus. She was changed
Alcidamus, an Athenian rhetorician,who into a bat, and the spindleand yarn with
wrote an eulogyon death,"uc. Cic, 1. Tuse. which she worked, into a vine and ivy. Ovid
c. 4S."Plut. de Orat. Met. 4, fab. 1.
Alcidas, a Alcm^ox, was son of the prophetAmphia-
Lacedasraonian, sent with 23
galleysagainstCorcyra,in the Peloponnesianraus and Eriphyle. His father going to the
war. Thucyd.3, c. 16, ".c. The])an war, where, accordingto an oracle,
Alcides, a name of Hercules, from his he was to perish,
charged him to revenge liis
strength, "^-'f, or from his grandfatherAlcffi- death upon Eriphyle,who had betrayedhim.
us. A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. IVid.Eriphyle.'] As soon as he heard of his
Liv. 42, c. 51. father's death,he murdered his mother, for
AicimcE, the mother of Tyro, by Sal- Avhich crime the fuiies persecutedhim till
moneus. JlpoUod. 2, c. 9. Phlegeus purifiedhim and gave him his
Alcimachus, an eminent painter. Plin. daughterAlphesibcea in marriage. Alcma^on
35, c. 11. gave her the fatal cojiarwhich his motlierhad
Alcimede, the mother of Jason, by .^son. received to betrayhis father,and afterwards
Place. 1, V. 296. divorced h,er,and married Callirhoe,the
Alcimedon, a plain of Arcadia, with a daughterof Achelous, to whom he promised
.cave, the residence of Alcimedon, \yhose the necklace he had given to Alphesibaa
daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules. When he attemptedto recover it,Alphesi-
Pam, 8, c. 12. An excellent carver. Virg.bcea's brotliers murdered him on account of
Ed. 3. A sailor,he. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. the treatment he had shown their sister,
and
10. lefthis body a prey to dogs and wild beasts.
Alcimenes, a tragicpoet of Megara. Alcmeeon's children by Callirhoe revenged
A comic writer of Athens. An attendant their father'sdeath by killinghis murderers.
of Demetrius. Plut. in Dein. A man ed
kill- \_Vid.
Alphesibcea,
Amphiarus.} Pans. 5, c,

by his brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, 17, 1. 6, c. 18, 1. 8, c. 24." Plut. de Exil"

c. 3. Apollod. 3,c. 7. Hygin.fab. 73 and 245. Stat.
" "

AlcTmus, an historian of Sicily, who wrote Theb. 2 and 4." Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 44. Mei. 9,
an account of
Italy. An orator. Diog. fab. 10. A son of j^^gyptus, the husband of
Alcinoe, daughterof Sthenelus
a son of Hippomedusa. Apollod. A philosopher,
Perseus. Jpollod.2, c. 4. discipleto Pythagoras,
He born in Crotona.
Alcinor. Vid. Alcenor. wrote on physic,
sected
dis- and he was the firstwho
Alcinous, son of Nausithous and Peribcea animals to examine into the structure of
was kingof Phseacia,and ispraisedfor his \oVe the human frame. Cic. de Nat. D. 6, c. 27.
of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, A son of the poet iEschylus, the 13th
by whom he had several sons and a daughter archon of Athens. A son of Sylhis, driven
Nausicaa. He kindlyentertained Ulysses, who from Messenia with the rest of Nestor's family
had been shipwreckedon his coast, and heard by the Hcraclidai. He came to Athens, and
the recital of his adventures ; whence arose from him the 4^Icma;ouidaearo descended
the proverl^
ef the storiespf Alciu^aS;
to de- Pans. 1,c. 18.
 AL AL
ALCM"^.osfip;E,.a noble family of Athens, supposhig the old w'oraanto be a witch,and
descended from Alcnieeon. They undertook to be the cause of the painsof her mistress,
for olK) talents to rebuikl the temple of Del-
phi, told her that she had brought fortli. Lucina
which had been bm*nt, arid they finished retired from her posture, and immediately
the work in a more splendidmanner than Alcmena broughttorth twins, Hercules con-
ceived

was required,in consequence of which they by Jupiter, and Iphiclusby Amphitiy-

on.
gained popularity, and by their influence the Eurystheuswas alreadyborn, and there-
fore
prevailed
Pythifi upon the Lacedajraonian? to Hercules was subjectedto his power.
deliver their country from the tyranny of the After Amphitryon'sdeath, Alcmena married
Pisistratidffi. Herodot. 6 and G. Thut.yd.6, Rhadamanthus, and retired to Ocalea m Bce-
"

e. 59. "Pint, in Solon. '

otia. This mamage, accordingto some thors,
au-

Alcman, a very ancient lyricpoet, born was celebrated in the island of Leuce.
in Sardinia,and not at Lacedaemon, as some Tlijepeopleof Megara said that she died in
He wrote, iti the Doric dialect, 6 her way from Ar-gos to Thebes, and that she
suppose.
books of verses, besides a play called Colym- was buried in the templeof Jupiter Olympius.
bosas. He flourishedB. C. 670, and died of Pans. I, c. 41,1. 5, c. 18,1.9,c. 16."Plut. in
the lousydisease. Some of his verses are pre- T/ies. ^ Romul." Homer. Od. 11, //. 19."
sened by Athenaeus and others. Piin. 11, Pindar. Pyth. 9. Lucian. Dial. Deor.
"
"

c. 33." Pai/y. 1, c. 41, 1. 3, c. \b."Arislot. Diod. 4."Hygin. fab. 29." "pollod. 2, c. 4, 7,

Hist.Jlnim. 5, c. 31. I. 3, c. 1. Plant, in Amphit. Herodot. 2, c.
"
"

Alcmena, was daughterof Eleetryonking 43 and 45. Vid. Amphitiyon, Hercules,

of Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plul. de Reb. Euiystheus.
Gr(Ec. calls Lysidice, and Diod. 1. 2, Eury- Alcon, a famous archer, who one day
mede. Her father
promisedhis crown and hishis son attacked by a serpent,and aimed
saw

daughterto Amphitryon,if he Avould

revenge at him so dexterously that he killed the beast
the death of his sons, who had been all killed,without hurtinghis son. A silversmith.
except Licymnius,by the Teleboans, a peo- ple Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 5. xV son of Hippo-
of iEtoiia.While Amphitiyon was gone coon. Pans. 3, c. 14. A surgeon under
againstthe ."Etolians, Jupiter,who w^as ena-
moured Claudius, who gained much money by his
of Alcmena, resolved to introduce profession, in curinghernias and fractures.""
himself into her bed. The more ettectually A son of Mars. A son of Amycus. These
to insure success in his amour, he assumed two last w^ere at the chase of the Calydoniaa
the form of Arnphiiryon, declared that he had boar. Hygin.fab. 173,
obtained a victory over Alcmena's enemies,and Alcyone, or Halcyone, daughtero f
even pre.sented her with a cup, which he said iEolus, married Ceyx, who was drowned as

he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. he was going to Claros to consult the oracle.
Alcpaena yieldedto her lover what she had The gods apprizedAlcyone, in a dream, of
promisedto her future husband ; and Jupiter,her husband's fate; and when she found,oa
to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered the morrow, his body washed on the sea-
shore,

his messenger, Mercury, to stop the rising of she threw herself into the sea, and was
Phoebus, or the sun, so that the nighthe passed with her husband changed into birds of the
with Alcmejia was prolonged to three long same name, who keep the waters calm and
nights.Amphitryon returned the next day ; serene while they build,and sit on their nests
and fiftercomplainingof the coldness with on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7,
which he Avas received, Alcmena acquainted II, or 14 days. Virg. G. 1, v. 399." Apot-
him with tlie receptionof a false lover the lod. 1, c. 7." Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 10." Hygin,
precedingnight, and even showed him the cup fab. 65.- One of the Pleides, daughterof
which she had received. Amphitryon w^as Atlas. She had Arethusa by Neptune, and
perplexedat the relation, and more so upon Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters,
missingthe cup from among his spoils.He was changed into a constellation. Vid. Plei- ades.
went to the prophet Tiresias, who told him Pans. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 18. Apollod. 3,
of Jupiter's intrigue ; and he returned to his c. 10." Hygin. fab. 157. The daughterof
wife, proud of the dignity of his rival. Alc-mena Evenus, carried away by Apollo alter hep
becaij.e pregnant by Jupiter, and af- marriage. Her husband pursuedthe ravishep
terwards
by her husband ; and \\ lien she was with bows and arrows, but was not able to
going to bringforth,Jupiterboasted in hea- ven, recover her. Upon this,her parents called
that a child was to be born that day, to her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that
whom he would giveabsolute power over his of the wife of Ceyx. Homer. II. 9, v. 568.
neighbours, and even over all the children of The wife of Moleager. Hygin.fab. 174.
his own blood. Juno, who was jealousof A town of Thessaly, where Philip, ander's
Alex-
Jupiter's amours with Alcmena, made him father,lost one of his eyes.
swear by the Styx, and immediately pro- longed Alcyone us, a youth of exemplary vir- tue,
the travails of Alcmena, and hastened sou to Antigonus. Pluf. in Pyrrh. "

the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus Diog.4. A giant,brother to Porphyrion.

king of Argos, who, after a pregnancy of He was killed by Hercules. His daughters,
seven months, had a son called Eurystheus.mourning his death,threw themselves into the
Oi'id.Met. 8, fab. 6, ":c. says that Juno sea, and were changed into alcyons,by Am-
was assisted by Lucina to put ofT the bring- ing phitrite.Claudian. de Rap. Pros. Apollod. "

fo'th of Alcmena, and that Lucina, in the 1, c. 6.

form of an old woman, sat before the door of Alcvona, a pool of Greece, whose depth
Amphitryon with her Ie;"s and arms crossed. the emperoi- INero attemptedin vain to find.
This postme was the cause of infinite tor-
ment Pans. 2, c. 37.
to Alcaiena,tillher servant, Galantbis. Aldescus; a river of European Sarmatia^
 AL AL
from
rising the mountains, and
Riphasan fall-potas. Paus. 2, c. 4.
ing A companion of
into the northeni sea. Dionys.Per. ^neas, described as a prudentand venerable
Alduabis. Vid. Dubis. old man. .Xn. 1, v. 125,1.9, v. 246.
Virg.
Alea, a surname of Minerva, from her Alethia, one of Apollo's nurses.

temple,built by Aleus,son of Aphidasat Te- ^Aletidas, (from ^f^uo.uxi,

to wander.)certain
of the goddess sacrificesat Athens, in remembrance of Eri-
gaea in Arcadia. The statue
made of ivory was carried by Augustusto gone, who wandered with a dog afterher fa-
ther
Rome. Pans. 8, c 4 and 46. A town of Icarus.
Arcadia,built by Aleus. It had three famous Aletrium, a town of Latium, whose in- habitants
temples, that of Minerva, Bacchus,and Diana are called Aletrinates, Liv. 9, c. 42,
the Ephesian. When the festivalsof Bacchus Aletum, a tomb near the harbour of Car- thage
were celebrated, the women were whipped in m Spain. Polyb.10.
the temple. Pans. 8, c. 23. Aleuad^, a royalfamilyof Larissa in
Alebas, a tjTantof Larissa,killed by his Thessaly, descended from Aieuas kingof that
OWQ guardsfor his cruelties. Ovid, in lb. 323. countfy. They betrayedtheir countiy to
Alebion and Dercynus, sons of Neptune, Xerxes. The name is often appliedto the
Tvere killed by Hercules,for stealing his oxen Thessalians without distinction. Diod. 16. "

in Africa, ^pollod. 2, c. 5. Herodot. 7, c. 6, 172." Pau^. 3, c. 8, 1.7, c. 10.

Alecto, one of the furies, (",Myi^, non dt- "
JElian. Anim. 8, c. 11.
sino,) is represented with flaming torches,her Aleus, a son of Aphidaskingof Arcadia^
head covered with serpents,and breathing famous for his skillin building temples.Pans.
V'engeance, war, and pestilence. Vid. Eurae- 8, c. 4 and 53.
nides. Virg. JEn. 7, v, 324,":c.1. 10,v. 41. At.ex,a river in the countryof tlieBrutii.
Alector, succeeded his father AnaxagorasDionys. Perieg.
in the kingdom of Argos, and was father to Alexamenus, an .^tolian, who killed Na-
Iphisand Capaneus. Pans. 2,c. 18. "pollod.bis,tyrantof Lacedffimon,and was soon after
"

3, c. 6. murdered by the people. Liv. 35, c. 34.

Alectryon, a youth whom Mars, during Alexander Ist,son of Amyntas, was the
his amours with Venus, stationed at the door tenth kingof Macedonia. He killed the Per-
sian
to watch against the approachof the sun. He ambassadors for theirimmodest behaviour
fellasleep, and Apollocame and discovered to the women of his father's court, and was the
the lovers,who were exposedby Vulcan, in firstwho raised the reputation of tlieMacedo-
nians.
each other's arms, before all the gods. Mars He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B.
was so incensed that he changed AlectryonC. Jiislin.7, c. 3. Herodot. 5, 7, 8 and 9.
"

into a cock,which, still mindful of his neglect, Alexander 2d, son of Amyntas 2d, king
earlyannounces the approach of the sun. of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered,
Lucian. in died. B. C. 370, by his younger brotlierPtolemy,
Alectus, a tyrantof Britain, in Dioclesian's who held the kingdom for four years, and
reign, "c. He died 296, A. D. made w^ayforPerdiccas and Philip.Justin.
Aleius Campus, a place in Lycia,where 7, c. 5, says, Eurydice, the Avifeof Amyntas,
Bellerophonfellfrom the horse Pegasusand was the cause of his murder.
wandered o^r the country tillthe time of his Alexander 3d, surnamed the Great, was
death. Homer. II. 6, v. 201. Dionys.
"

Perieg.son of Philipand Olympias. He was born

872." OritZ.'in Ibid.257. B. C 355, that nighton which the famous
Alemanni, or Alamanni, a peopleof Ger- many. templeof Diana at Ephesus ^^as burnt by
They are first mentioned in the Erostratus. This event, accordingto the
reignof Caracalla,who was honoured with magicians, was an eai-ly prognostic of his fu-
ture
the surname of Jilemanicus, for a victoiy over greatness, as well as the tamingof Bu- cephalus,
them. a horse whom none of the king's
Alemon, thefather of Myscellus.He built courtiers could manage ; upon which Philip
Crotona in Magna Graecia. Myscellusis said,with teai-s in his eyes, that his son must
often called Alemonides. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 19 seek another kingdom,as that of Macedosjia
and 26. would not be sufficiently largefor the display
Alemusii, inhabitantsof Attica,in whose of his greatness.Olympias,duringher preg- nancy,
country there was a temple of Ceres and of declared that she was with child by a
Proserpine. Pans, in Attic. dragon; and the day that Alexander was

Ai.ENs,a placein the island of Cos. born, two eaglesperchedfor some time on
Aleon, or Ales,a river of Ionia,near Colo- phon. the house of Philip, as if foretelling tliat his
Pavs. 7, c. 5, 1.8, c. 28. son would become master of Europe and Asia
Alese, a town of Sicily, called afterwards He was pupilto Aristotle duringfive years,
Ai'chonidion, after the founder. The Romans and he received his learned preceptor'sin- structions
made it an independent city. with becoming deference and plea- sure,
AlIksia,or Alexia,now .^lise,a famous city and ever respected his abilities. When
of the xMandubri,in Gaul,founded by Hercules Philipwent to war, Alexander,in his 15th
as he returned from Iberia, on a highhill. J. year, was left governor of Macedonia, whei-e
Caesar conquered it. Flor. 3, c. 10. Cocs. he quelled
" a dangerous sedition, and soon after
Bell. Gall. 7,c. 68. followed his father lo the field, and saved his
Alesium, a town and mountain of Pelo- lifein a battle. He v/ns highly
ponnesus. offended when
Pans. 8, c. 10. Philip divorced Olympiasto marry Cleopatra,
Aletes, a son of j^gisthus, murdered by and he even caused the death of Attains,the
Orestes. Hygin.fab. 122. new queen'sbrother. After this he retired
At-ethes, the firstof the Heraclidae, who from court to his mother Olympias,but w;i?
was kingof Corinth. He w"8 fou of Hip- reculled} and when Philip was assassinated-

r
 AL
he punished his murderers ; and, by his prn- upon the virtues and exploit? of Philip, and
tlence and moderation, gainedthe affection of preferred them to those of his son. His
his subjects. He conqueredThrace and Illy- victories and success increased his pride ; he
ricum, and destroyedThebes ; and after he dressed himself in the Persian manner, and .

had been chosen chief commander of allthe gave himself up to pleasure and dissipation.
forces of Greece, he declared war against the He set on lire the town of Persepolis, in a fit
Persians,who, under Darius and Xerxes, had of madness and intoxication, encouragedby
laid waste and plunderedthe noblest of the the courtezan Thais. Yet among allhis ex- travagancies,
Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 he was fond of candour and of
horse,he invaded Asia,and afterthe defeat of truth ; and when one of his oificersread to
Darius at the Granicus,he conquered allthe him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes,an history
provincesof Asia Minor. He obtained two vvhich he had composed of the wars with
other celebrated victories over Darius at Issus Porus, and in which he had too liberally negyrised
pa-
and Arbela,took Tyre afteran obstinate siege him, Alexander snatched the book
of seven months, and the slaughter of 2000 of from his hand, and threw it into the river,
*' what
the inhabitants in cool blood, and made him- self saying, need is there of such flattery ?
master of Egypt, Merlia,Syria, sia. are not the exploits
and Per- of Alexander sutficientiy
FrorairEgypt he visited the temple of meritorious in themselves,without tlie co- louring

JupiterAmmon, and bribed the priests who of falsehood ?" He in like manner
saluted him as the son of their god, and en- joinedrejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount
liisarmy to pay him divine honours. Atlios like him, and represent him as holding
He built a town which he called Alexandria,a town in one hand, and pouring a river from

on the western side of the Nile,near the coast the other. H" forbade any statuary to make
of the Mediterranean,an eligible situation, his statue except Lysippus, and any painter
which his penetrating eye marked as best en-titled to draw his picture except Apelles.On his
to become the futurecapital of his im-mensedeath -bed he gave his ringto Perdiccas,and
dominions,and to extend tlie com- merce it was supposedthat by this singular present,
of his subjects from the Mediterranean he wished to make him his successor. Some
to the Ganges. His conquestsv/ere spreadtime before his death,his officersasked him
over India, where he foughtwith Porus, a whom he appointed to succeed him on the
powerfulking of the country; and afterhe throne .'' and he answered, the worthiest
had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian among you ; but I am afraid,added he, my
ocean, he retired to Babylon,loaded with best friends will performmy funeral'obse-
quies
the spoils of the east. His entering the city with bloody hands. Alexander,with
was foretold by the magicians as futal, and all his pride, was humane and libei-al, easy
their prediction was fulfilled.He died at and familiarwith his friends, a greatpatron
Babylonthe 21st of April, in the 32dyear of of learning, as may be collected from his
his age, after a reignof 12 years and 8 months assisting Aristotle with a purse of money to
of brilliantand continued success, 323 B.C. effect the completion of his natural histoiy.
His death was so premature that some have He was brave often to rashness ; he frequently
attributedit to tiieeffectsof poison, and ex-cels lamented that his father conquered every
of drinking.Antipater has been accused thing, and lefthim nothingto do ; and ex- claimed,
ef causing the fatalpoison to be givenhim at a in all the prideof regaldignity,
feast ; and perhapsthe resentment of the Ma- Give me kingsfor competitors, add I will "n-
ecdor)ians, whose services he seemed to forgetter the listsat Olympia. All his family and
hy intrusting the guard of his body to the infantchildren were put to death by Cassander,
Persians, was the cause of his death. He was The firstdeliberation that was made after his
so universally regretted, that Babylon was decease,among his generals, was to appoint
filled witli tears and lamentations ; and the his brother PhilipAridajus successor, until
Medes and Macedonians declared, that no one Roxane, who was then pregnant by him,
was able or worthyto succeed him. Many broughtinto the world a legitimate heir. Per-
diccas
conspiracies were formed against him by the wished to be supreme regent, as Aridaeus
officersof his army, but they were sonably wanted
all sea- capacity; and, more strongly to esta-
blish
suppressed.His tender treatment himself,he married Cleopatra, der's
Alexan-
efthe wife and mother of kingDarius,who sister, and made allianceswith Eumenes.
were taken prisonei's, has been greatly prais-As he endeavoured to deprivePtolemy of
ed
; and the latter, who had survived the death Egjpt,he was defeated in a battle by Seleu-
of her son, killed herself when she heard that cus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river
Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity Nile,and assassinated by his own cavalry.
more than once endangeredhis life he always Perdiccas was the firstof Alexander'sgenerals
',

foughtas ifsure of victoiy, and the terror of who took up arms against his fellow soldiers,
his name was often more powerfully effectual and he was the firstwho fella sacrificeto his
tlian his arms. He was always forward in rashness and cimelty.To defend himself
every engagement, and bore the labours of the against him,Ptolemymade a treatyof alliance
field as well as the meanest of his soldiers.with some generals, among whom was pater,
Anti-
Duringhis conquestin Asia,he founded many who had strengthened himself by giving
cities, which he called Alexandria,after his his daughterPhila,an ambitious and aspiring
own name. When he had conqueredDarius woman, in marriageto Craterus, another oi
he ordered himself to be worshipped as a god ; the generals of Alexander. After many dis?
and Cnllisthenes, who refused to do it,was sentions and bloodywars among themselves,
shamefully put to death. He murdered, at the generals of Alexander laid the foundation
a banquet, his friend Clit.us,Avho had once of several greatempiresin the three quarters
saved his lifein a battle, because he enlarged of the globe. Ptolemys"i5fedEgypt,wiierch^
 AL AL
firmlyestablishedhimself,and where cessors dom.
his suc- He was murdered by his subjectsa
called Ptolemies, in honour
were of few days after his restoration, Appian. 1.
the founder of their empire,which subsisted Bell. Civ. 'Ptolemy3d, was king of Egypt, "

till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his after his brother Alexander the lastmentioned.
posterity reignedin Babylon and Syria. An- After a peacefulreignhe was banished by his
nor, subjects, and died at Tyre, B. C. 65, leaving
tigonus firstestablishedhimself in Asia Mi-
at
and Antipaterin Macedonia. The de- his kingdom to the Roman
scendants people. Vid.
of Antipaterwere conquered by ^gyptusSf PtolemcEus. Cic. pro Rail. " -

the successors of Antigonus,who reignedin A youth ordered by Alexander the Great to

Macedonia tillit was reduced by the Romans climb the rock Aaornus, with 30 other youths.
in tlie time of king Perseus. Lysimachus He was killed in the attempt. Curt. 8, c, 11,
made himself master of Thrace ; and Leona- An historian mentioned hy Plut. in Ma-
tus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, ditated
me- rio. "An Epicurean philosopher. Plvt.
for a while to drive Antipaterfrom A governor of ^olia, who assembled a

Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in multitude on pretenceof showing them an un-common

Cappadocia,but was soon overpoweredby the spectacle,and confined them tillthey

combinations of his rival Antigonus, and star-
ved had each bought their liberty with a sum of
to death. During his life-time, Eumenes money. Polycen.
6, c 10. A name givento
appeared so formidable to the successors of Paris,son of Priam. "
Pld. Paris. Jannseus,
Alexander, that none of them dared to assume a kingof Judea, son of Hyrcanus,and brother
the titleof king. Curt. Arrian. S^ Plul. have Arutobiilus, who of
reignedas a tyrant,and.
written an account of Alexander's life. Diod. died throughexcess of drinking, B. C. 79, af-
ter
17 and 18." Paw*. 1,7, 8,9." Jicslin.11 and 12. massacring800 of his subjects for the en-
tertainment

" Val. Max. Strab. 1, fcc. A son of Alex-

ander of his concubines. .A Paphla-
the Great, by Roxane, put to death, gonianwho gaineddivine honours by his ma- gical

with his mother, by Cassander. Justin. 15, tricks and impositions, and likewise pro-
c. 2. A man, who, after the expulsionof curied the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He
Telestes,reigned in Corinth. Twenty-fivedied 70 years old. A native of Caria,in the

years after, Telestes dispossessed him, and put 3d century,who wrote a commentary on the
hlna to death. A son of Cassander, king of writings of Aristotle, pail of which is stillex-
tant.
two years conjointly
Macedonia, who i-eigned Trallianus, a physicianand philoso-
pher
with his brother and was
Antipater, prevented of the 4th century,some of whose works
by Lysimachus from revenging his mother in Greek is stillextant. A poet of ^Eto-
Thessalonica,whom his brother had murdered. lia,in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. A
Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, philosopher,
put him to peripatetic said to have beea
death. Justin. 16, c. 1. Paus. 9, c. 7, " rs'ero. An historian,
A preceptor to
called
kingof Epirus,brother to Olympias,and cessor
suc- also Polyhistor,v/ho wrote five books on the
to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to Roman republic, in which he said that the
Peloponnesus,and made war in ItalyagainstJews had received their laws, not from God,
with but from a woman
the Romans, and observed that he fought he called Moso. He also
men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, wrote treatises on the Pytliagoreanphiloso-
phy,
was fightingwith an array of women ing
(mean- B. C. 88. poet of Ephesus,who
A
the Persians.)He was surnamed Molossus. wrote a
poem on astronomy and geography.
Justin. 17,c. 3. " Diod. 16. " Liv. 8. c. 17 and writer of Myndus. quoted
A At hen^ hy"
27. Strab. 16.
" A son of Pyrrhus, was and JElian. A sopliistof Seleucia,in the
king of Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, age of Antoninus. A physicianin the age
from which he was expelledby Demetrius. of Justinian. A Thessalian,
who, as he was
He recovered it by the assistance of the Acar- goingto engage in a naval battle,gave to his
nanians. Justin. 26, c. 3. Pint, in Pyrrk. soldiers a great number
" of missile weapons,
A kingof Syria,driveu from dom and ordered tliem to dart them continuallv
his king-
by INicanor- son of Demetrius Soter,and upon the enemy, to render their numbers
his father-in-lawPtolemy Philometor. Justin. useless. PoJycEn.
6, c. 27. A son of Lysi-
machus.
So, c. 1 and 2. "

Joseph.13. Ant. Jud. Strab. Pulycpn.

"
6, c, 12. A governor of
17.-" "A king of Syria,firstcalled Bala, was Lycia,who broughta reinforcement of troop?
a merchant, and succeeded Demetrius. He to Alexander the Great. Curt 7, c. 10. A
conqueredjyicaiiorby means of PtolemyPhys- son of Polysperchon, killedin Asia by the Dy-
eon, andafterwards killed by Antioclms
was meeans. Diod. 18 and 19. A poet of Pleu-
Gryphus,son of Nicanor. Joseph.Snt. Jud. ron, son of Satynisand Stratoclaa, who said
13,c. 18. Ptolemywas one of the Ptole- that Theseus had a daughtercalled Iphigenie,
mean kingsin Egypt. His mother Cleopatra,by Helen. Paus. 2, c. 22. A Spartan, led
kil-
raised him to the throne, in preference to his with two hundred of his soldiera by the
brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reignedcon- jointly Argives, when he endeavoured to jprevent
with him. Cleopatra,however, ex-pelled their passing through the country of^Tegca"
him, and soon afterrecalled him ; and Diod. 15. A cruel tyrant of Pha2ra, in
Alexander, to prevent being expelled a cond Thessaly,
se- who made wai* against the Macedo-
nians,
time, put her to death,and lor this unna-
tural and took Pelopidasprisoner.He wa?
action was himself murdered by one of murdered, B, C. 357, by his wife called Thebe,
his subjects. Joseph.13. Ant. Jud. c. 20, ".c. %* hose room he cajefully
"
guarded by a Thra-
Ju.%lin. 39, c. 3 and 4. Paus. 1, c. 9. "
cian sentinel, and searched every night, fear
Ptolemy 2d, king of Egypt, was son of the ful of some daggerthat might be concealed to
preceding. He was educated in the islandof take ftway hi3 life. Cic. dt^ Inv. 2, c. 49. dr.
into the haiida of Mithridales,Off.
Cos, and falling a, c. 9.~Val. Aiaz:.9, c. 13." Plul. ^ ( .

who restored him to his ting- J\"jt.

escapedto Sylla, in Pdojf. Pa7ifr6,t 5.-*l"rf. 15 and "
 AL AL
J6." Ovid,in lb. v. 821.- -Sevcrus, a Roman by the Athenians,because he deliveredthem
emperor. Vid. Severus from the plague duringthe Peloponnesian wai-.
Alexandra, the name of some queens of Alexinus, a disciple of Eubulides the Mi-
lesian,
Judaja,mentioned by Joseph. A nurse of famous for the acuteness of his genius
l^ero. Suel. in J\er. 50. A name of Cas- and judgment, and for his fondness for con-
^ndra, because she assisted mankind by her tention and argumentation. He died of a
prophecies. Lycophr. wound he had received from a sharp-pointed
ALEXA"fDRi ARj", the boundarics, ing
accord- reed,as he swam across the river Alpheus.
to some, of Alexander's victories, near Diog.in Euclid.
the Tanais. Plin. 6, c. 16. Alexion, a physician intimate with Cice-
ro.
Alexandria, the name of several cities Cic. ad Att. 13, ep. 25.
which were founded by Alexander, during Alexippus,a physician ofAlexander. PM.
feisconquestsin Asia ; the most famous are "
in Mex.
A greatand extensive city, builtB. C. 332, by Alexiraes, a son of Hercules by Hebe.
Alexander, on the western side of the Delta. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A placeOf Bceotia, where
The iikistriousfounder intended it not only Alexiraes was born, bears also this name.
for the capital of Egypt,but of his immense Pans. 9, c. 25.
conquests,and the commercial advantages Alexiriioe,a daughter of the river Gran-
which itssituation commanded continued to icus. Ovid. Met. 11,v. 763.
improvefrom the time of Alexander tillthe in- vasion Alexis,a man of Samos, who endeavoured
of the Saracens in the 7tli century.to ascertain, by his writings, the borders of his
The commodities of India were broughtthere, country. A comic poet, 336 B. C. of Thu-
and thence dispersed to the differentcountries rium,who wrote 245 comedies,ofwhich some
ai-ound the Mediterranean. Alexandria isfa- mous,few fragmentsremain. A servant of Asi-
among other curiosities, for the largenius Poliio. An ungrateful youthof whom
library which the prideor learning lemiesa shepherdis deeplyenamoured, in Virgil'^
of the Pto-
had collected there at a vast expense, Ed. 2. A statuary, disciple to Polycletes,
from all partsof the earth. This valuable re- 87 01ym. Plin. 34, c. 8.
pository A school-fellow
was burnt by the orders of the caliphof Attious. Cic. ad Attic.7, ep. 2.
Omar, A. D. 642; and itis said,that during6 Alexon, a native of Myndos, who wrote
montlis,the numerous volumes supplied fuel fables. Diog.
for the 4000 baths,which contributed to the Alfaterna, a town of Campania, beyond
health and convenience of the populous capitalmount Vesuvius.
"f Egypt. Alexandria has likewise been dis- tinguishedP. Alfjenus Varus, a native of Cremona,
for itsschools, not onlyof theologywho, by the force of his genius and his appli-
cation,
and philosophy, but of physic, where once to raised himself from his original sion
profes-
have studied was a sutficientrecommendation of a cobler,to officesof trust at Rome,
to distant countries. The astronomical school,and at lastbecame consul. Horat. 1,Sat. 3, v,
founded by Philadelphus, maintained itssupe-
rior 130.
reputation for 10 centuries tillthe time of Algidum, a town of Latium near Tuscu-
the Saracens. The modern town of Scande- lum, about 12 miles from Rome. There is a
roon has been erected upon the ruins of Alex- andria,mountain of the same name in the neighbour-
hood.
and,as ifit were an insultto itsformer Eoral. 1, od. 21.
greatness, itscarce contains 6000 inhabitants. Aliacmon and Haliacmon, a river of Ma- cedonia,
Curt. 4, c. S."Strab. l7.~-PHn. 5, c. 10. separating itfrom Thessaly.Itflows
Another in Albania,at the foot of mount Cau- into the iEgeansea. Plin. 4, c. 10.
cassus. Another in Arachosia, in India. Aliartum, a cityof BoBotia,taken by M.
The capital of Aria, between Hecatompylon Lucretius. Liv. 42, c. 63.
and Bactra. Another of Carmania. ther
Ano- Aliartus and Haliartus, a town of Bce- otia,
in CiIicia,on the confines of Syria. Ano-ther, near the river Permessus. Another
the capital of Margiana. Another of in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia.
Troas,kc. Curt. I."Plin. 6, c. 16,23, 5. Slat. Tilth.7, V. 274.
Alexandrjdes, a Lacedaemonian who mar-
ried Alicis,a town of Laconia. -A tribe of
his sister's daughter, by whom he had Athens. Sirab.
Dorycus,Leonidas and Cleombrotus. Alienus CvEcina, a questor in Boeotia,
"

A native of Delphi,of which he wrote an appointed, for his services,commander of a

histoiy. legionin Germany, by Galba. The emperor
Alexandrina aqua, baths in Rome, built disgraced him for his bad conduct,for which
by the emperor Alexander Severus. he raised commotions in the empire. Tacit.
Alexandropolis, a cityof Parthia,built 1,Ilist. c. 52.

by Alexander the Great. Plin. 6, c. 25. ALiFiE,Alifa, or Alipha, a town of Italy,

Alexanor, a son of Machaon, who built near the Vulturnus,famous for the making of
in Sicyona templeto his grandfather ^scula- cups. Horal. 2, Sat. 8, v. 39. "
Liv. 8, c. 25.
pius, and received divine honours after death. AliljEi,a peopleof Arabia Felix.
Paus.2, c. 11. Alimentus, C. an historian in the second
Alexarchus, a Greek historian. Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account of
Alexas, of Laodicea,was recommended to Annibal,besides a treatiseon military affairs.
M. Antonyby Timagenes. He was the cause Lir. 2 land 30.
that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry AlindjE,a town of Caria. Arrian.
Cleopatra.Augustuspunishedhim severely Alipheria, a town of Arcadia,situate on
afterthe defeat of Antony. Plul. in .Anton. a hill. Polish. 4, c. 77.
Alexia, or Alesia. Vid. Alesia. Alirrothius, a son of Neptune. Hearing
Alexicacus;a sarnarne givcBto Apollothathis faflierhad bceiidefeuied by Minerva.-
 AL AL
i\i.his dispute about givinga name to Athens, Hippothoon was preserved by some shepherds,
he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut and placedby Theseus upon his grandfather's
down the olive which had sprung from the throne. Pans. 1, c. 5 and 39.
Hygin.fab. 187. "

ground,and giventhe victory to Minerva ; but One of the Harpies. Hygin.fab. 14.
in the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his A town of Thessaly. Plin. 4, c. 7. Homer.
own legsso severely that he instantly expired.II. 2, v. 682.
T. Alledius Severds, a Roman knight Alofece, an island in the Palus Maeotis.
who married his brother's daughterto please Slrab. Another in the Cimmerian Bos-
Agrippina. A noted glutton in Domitian's phorus. Plin. 4, c. 12. Another in the
reign. Jut?.5, v. 118. uEgean sea, oppositeSmyrna. Id. 5, c. 31.
Allia, a river of Italy, fallinginto the Ti-ber. Alopeces, a small village of Attica,where
The Romans were defeated on itsbanks was the tomb of Ancliimolius, Avhom the Spar-
tans
by Brennus and tlie Gauls,who were goingto had sent to deliver Athens from the ty-ranny
plunderRome, 17th July, B. C. 390. Pint, in of the Pisistratids. Socrates and Aris-
Camil. "
Liv. 5, c. 37. Flor. 1, c. 13. Virg.tides were
" "
born there. JEschin. contra Ti-
Mn. 7, V. 717." Orirf.^rt. Jim. 1,413. march. Herodot. 5, c. 64.
"

Allienos, a pretorof Sicily, under Cajsar. Alopius, a son of Hercules and Antiope.
Bin. Afric.
2. .ipollod. 2, c. 35.
Allobroges, a warlike nation of Gaul near Alos, a town of Achaia. Strcd). 9. Plin. "

the Rhone, in that partof the countrynow led 4, c. 7.

cal-
Savoy, Dauphine, and Vivarais. The Alotia, festivalsin Arcadia, in comme-
moration
Romans destroyed their city,
because theyhad of a victory
gainedover Lacedaemon
assisted Annibal. Their ambassadors w ere lured
al- by the Arcadians.
by greatpromisesto join in Catiline's Alpenus, the capitalof Locris, at the
conspiracy againsthis country ; but they north of Thermopylae. Herodot. 7, c. 176, ",c.
scorned the offers, and discovered the plot. Alpes, mountains that separateItalyfrom
"

JDio."Strab. 4.--Tacit. 1. Hist. c. 66." Sal- Spain,Gaul, Rhsetia, and Germany : consider-
ed
lust,in Jug.bell. as the highestground in Europe. From
Allobryges, a people of Gaul supposed them arise several rivers which afterwatering
to be the same the Allobroges.Polyb.30, the
as
neighbouring
countries selves
them- discharge
C.56. into the German, Mediterranean and
Allotriges, a nation on the
Euxine seas. southern
The Alps are covered with per-
petual
partsof Spain. Strab. 2. snows, and distinguished, accordingto
Allutius, or Albutius, a prince of the tlieirsituation, by the different names of Cot-
Celtiberi,towhom Scipiorestored the beauti-
ful tuR, CarniccR,Graice,JVoriccB, me,
Mariti-
Julias,,
princesshe had taken in battle. Pannonio'., Pennince,PancB,RhceticcB, Tri-
Almo, a small river near Rome, falling into deiUince, Venetce. A traveller is generally five
the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 387. Lucan. 1, daysin reaching the top in some parts. They
"

V.600. were supposedfor a long time

to be impassa-
ble.
Almon, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus.
Hannibal marched his army over them,
He wa.s the firstRutulian killed by the Tro-
jans; and made his way throughrocks,by softening
and from the skirmish which happened and breakingthem with vinegar.They were
before and afterhis death, arose the enmities inhabited by fierce uncivilized nations,who
which ended in the fallof Turnus. Virg. ^^n. were unsubdued tillthe age of Augustus, who,
7, V. 532. to eternize the victoryhe"had obtained over
Aloa, festivalsat Athens in honour of Bac-
chus them, erected a pillar in their territory. Strab.
and Ceres, by whose beneficence the 4 and 5." Liv. 21, c. 35." ^uv. 10, v. 151." //o-
husbandmen received the recompense of their rat. 2, Sat. 5, v, 41." Lwan. 1, v. 183." Tacit.
labours. The oblations were the fruitsof the Hist.3, c. 53.
earth. Ceres has been called, from this,Aloas Alpheia, a surname of Diana in Ells. It
and Alois. was her when given
the river voured
endea- Alpheus
Aloeus, giant,
a son of Titan and Terra. to ravish her without success. A
He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune had of the
surname nymph Arethusa,because lov-
ed
the twins,Othus and Ephialtus,Aloeus edu-
cated by the Alpheus. Ovid. Met. 5, y. 487.
them his own, and from that circum-
as stance of
Alphenoh, one Niobe's sons. Ovid.
they have been called Aloidts. They Met. 6, fab.6.
made war against the gods,and were killed by Alphenus. Vid. Alfenus.
Apolloand Diana. They grew up nine inches Alphesibcea, daughterof the river Phle-
every month, and were only nine years old geus, married Alcmaion, son of Amphiaraus,
when theyundertook their war. They built who had fled to her father's court after the
the town of Ascra, at the foot of mount con.
Heli- murder of his mother. [VidAlcmxon.] She
Pans. 9, c. 29. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 582. received as a bridal present, the famous neck-
lace
"
"

Homer. II.o, Od. 11. which Polynices

had givento Eriphyle,
to
Aloides and Aloidje, the sons of Aloeus. induce her to betrayher husband Amphiaraus.
Vid. Aloeus.
Alcmaeon, beingpersecutedby the manes of
Alope, daughterofGercyon,kingofEleu-hismother, lefthis wife
by order of the oracle,
sis,had a child by Neptune, whom she expo-
sed and retired near the whose Achelous,
in the woods, covered with a pieceof her Callirhoe had
daughter
two sons by him, and begged of
gown. The child was preserved,and earned him, as a present, the necklace uhicli was
to Alope'sfather, who, upon knowing the then in the hands of Alphesibcea.He endea-voured
gown, orderful iiisdaughterto be put to death. to o])(ain it,and was killed by Tenic
Neptune, who could not save his mistress, neus and Axion, brothers,who AJphcsiba?a-s
tthahgcd
her into afou^Uain. The childrailed thus
revengedtheirsi."ler;
who had been so iu-
0
 AL AM
flo6enlly abandoned. Hygin. fab.244. Pro- Inhabitants
" attacked him,supposing him to be
pert.1,el. 15,V. 15." Pans. 8, c. 24. an
enemy, and he was killedby the hand of hi^
Alphksiboeus, a shepherdoften mention-
ed own son. When Altha;menes knew that h"
in Virgil'seclogues. had killedhis father,he entreated the godsto
Alpheus, now Alpheo,a famous river of remove him, and the earth immediately open-
ed
Peloponnesus, which risesin Arcadia, and after and swallowed him up. Apollod. 3, c. 2.
passing throughElis fallsinto the sea. The Altinum, a flourishing cityof Italynear
god of this river fellin love with the nymph Aquileia, famous foritswool. Martial. 14,ep.
Arethusa,and pursuedher tillshe was changed 25." P/wi.3,c. 18.
into a fountainby Diana. The fountain Aretliu- Altis, a sacred grove round Jupiter's ple
tem-
sa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse; at Olympia, where the statues of the
and the ancients affirm, that the river Alpheus Olympicconquerors were placed. Paus. 6/
passes under the sea from Peloponnesus, and c.20, "c.
without mingling itselfwith the salt waters, ri- ses Altus, a city of Peloponnesus.Xenoph..
againin Ortygia, and joinsthe stream of Hist. Grcec.
Arethusa. If any thing isthrown into the Al- pheus Aluntium, a town of Sicily. Plin. 5, c,
in Elis,according to their traditions, it 8. Cic in Verr. 4.
"

will re-appear, aftersome time,swimming on Alus, Aluus, and Halus, a village of Ar-
cadia,
the waters of Arethusa neai* Sicily.Hercules called also the templeof iEsculapius.
made use of the Alpheusto clean the stables Paus. 8, c. 25.
of Augeas. Slrab. Q." Virg.JEn. 3, v. 694." Alyattes I. a king of Lydia,descended
Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 10." Lucan. 3, v. 176." from the Heraclidae. He reigned 57 years.-
Stat. Theb. 1 and 4." Mela, 2, c. 7."Paus. 5, II. kingof Lydia,of the family of the Merra-
c. 7,1.6, c. 21."Marcellin. 25."Flin. 2, c. 103. nadse, was father to Crcesus. He drove the
Alphius, or Alfeus, a celebrated usurer, Cimmerians from Asia,and made war against
ridiculed in Horat. Epod.2. the Medes. He died when engagedin a war
Alphius Avitus, a writer in the age of against Miletus, after a reignof 35 years. A
Severus,who gave an account of illustrious monument was raised on his grave with flie
men, and an history of the Carthaginian war. money which the women of Lydiahad obtain-
ed
Alpinus, belongingto the Alps, Virg. by prostitution. An eclipse of tliesun ter-
minated
M,n. 4, v. 442. a battle between him and Cyaxares.
Alpinus, (Cornelius) a contemptible Herodot. 1,c. 16,17,kc"Strab. 13.
poet,whom Horace ridiculesfor the awkward Alyb A, a countiynear Mysia. Homer. 11.2.
manner in which he introduces the death of Alyc^a, a town of Ai'cadia. Paus. 8, c.
Memnon in a tragedy, and the pitiful style27.
with which he describes the Rhine in an epic Alyc^us, son of Sciron,was killed by
poem he had attempted on the wars in Ger-
many. Theseus. A place in Megara received its
Horat. 1,Sat. 10,v. 36. Julius, one name from him. Plut. in Thes.
of the chiefsof the Helvetii. Tacit. Hist. 1, Alymon, the husband of Ch'ce.
C 68. Alyssus,a fountain of Arcadia,whose ters
wa-
into the Dan-
Alpis, a small river falling ube. could cure the bite of a mad-dog. Parn^
8, c. 19.
Alsium, a maritime town at the west of Alyxothoe, or Alexirhoe, daughter
the Tiber,now Slatua. Sil. 8. of Dymus, was mother of .Ssacus by Priam.
Alsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus,
Ovid. Met. 11,v. 763.
flowingfrom mount Sipylus.Pans. 7, c. 27. Alyzia, a town of Acarnania on the wes-
tern
A shepherdduring the Rutulian wars. mouth of the Achelous, opposite to the
Plrg.^n. 12, v. 304. Echinades. Cic. ad Fam. 16. ep. 2.
Alth^a, daughterof Thestius and Eu- Amadocus, a kingof Thrace, defeated by
rythemis, married Qilneus,kingof Calydon, his antagonist Seuthes. .^-istot.
5, Polit. 10.
by whom she had many children, among whom Amaoe, a queen of Sarmatia,remarkable
was Meleager. When Althaea broughtforth forher justice and fortitude. Polycen. 8, c. 56.
Meleager,the Parcae placeda logof wood in Amalth^a, daughterof Melissus king of
the fire, and said, that as longas it was preser-
ved, Crete,fed Jupiter with goat'smilk. Hence
so longwould the lifeof the child justsome authors have called her a goat,and have
born be prolonged.The mother saved the maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kind-
nesses,
wood from the flames,and keptit very care- fully placedher in heaven as a constellation,
",but when Meleagerkilled his two un- cles, and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who
Althi"a's brothers,Altheea,to revenge had taken care of his infantyears. This horn
their death,threw the loginto the fire,.and as was called the horn of plenty, and had the pow-
er
soon as itwas burnt,Meleagerexpired.She to givethe nymphs whatever they desired-
was afterwards so sorry for the death which Diod. 3, 4, and 5," Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 113."
she had caused,that she killed herself, unable Slrab. li)."Hygin. fab. 139." Paus. 7, c. 26.
to survive her son. Vid. Meleager. Ovid.
"
A Sibylof Curaaj, called also Hierophile
Met. 8, fab. ^."Horner. 11.9." Pans 8, c. 45, 1. and Demophile. She is supposedto be the
10,c.31.""poUod.1, c. 8. same who brought nine books of prophecies to
Alth^menes, a son of Creteus king of Tarquinkingof Rome, "ic. Varro. Tibul.
"

Crete. Hearingthat either he or his brothers 2, el.5, V. 67. {Vid.Sibylla.^

were to be their father'smurderers,he fled to Amaltheum, a publicplace which Atti-
Rhodes, where he made a settlementto avoid cus had opened in his country-house, called
becominga parricide. After the death of all Amalthea in Epirus, and provided with every
Ms other sons, Creteus went afterhis son Al- thingwhich could furnish entertainment and
thsemcnes ; when he landed in Rhodes,the convey instruction. Cic. ad. Mic. J,ep. 1?.

II
 AM AM
AmaNa or Am ANUS, part of mount Taurus in
unfrequently applied to the goddessof the
Oilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 244. place. Virg. Ma. 10,v. 6\."Ptol. 5, c. 14.
Cn. Sal. Amandus, a rebel general under Amaxampeus, a fountain of S^.ythia, whose
Dioclesian,who assumed imperialhonours, waters imbitter the stream of the river Hypa*
and was at last conquered by Dioclesian 's col-
league.
nis, Herodot. 4, c. 52.
Amaxja or Amaxita, an ancient town of
Amantes or Amantini, a people of Illyri- Troas.- A placeof Cilicia abounding with
eum, descended from the Abantes of Phocis. wood fit for building ships. Plin. 5, c. 9. "

CaUimach. Sirab, 14.

Amanus, one of the deities worshipped in Amazenes or Mazenes, a prince of the island
Armenia and Cappadocia, Strab. 11. -A Oractus, who sailed for some time with the
mountain of Cilicia. Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander's ex- pedition
Amaracus, an officer of Cinyras,changed into the east Arrian. in Indie.
into marjoram. Amazones or Amazonides, a nation of
Amardi, a nation near the Caspian sea. famous women who lived near the river Ther-
Mda, 1,c. 3. modon in Cappadocia. AH theirlifewas ployed
em-

Amartus, a cityof Greece. Homer. Hymn, in wars and manly exercises. They
in Apoll. never had any commerce with the other sex :
Amaryllis, the name of a country woman but,onlyfor the sake of propagation, they vi-sited
in Virgil's eclogues. Some commentators the inhabitantsof the neiglibouring try
coun-

have supposed,that the poet spoke of Rome for a few days,and the male children which
under this fictitiousappellation. they broughtforth were given to the fathers.
Amarynceus, a king of the Epeans,buried Accordingto Justin,they were strangledas
at Buprasium. Strah. S."Paus. 8, c. 1. soon as born, and Diodorus says that they
Amarynthus, village
a of Eubcea, whence maimed them and distorted their limbs. The
Diana is called Amarysia,and her festivalsin females were carefully educated with their
that town Amarj^nthia. Eubcea is some- times mothers,in the labours of the field; their right
called Amarynthus. Paus. I,c. 31. breast was burnt oflf, that they might hurl a
Amas, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 3. javelin with more force, and make abetter use
Amasenus, a small river of Latium, falling of the bow ; from that circumstance,thereforCi
into the Tyrrhenesea. Virg.JEn. 7, v. 685. their name is derived (" jion, m"^" mamma.)
Amasia, a city of Pontus, where Mithri- They founded an extensive empire in Asia
dates the great,and Strabo the geographer,Minor, alongthe shores of the Euxine, and
were born. Strab. 12. Plin. 6, c. 3.
" near the Thermodon. They were defeated in
Amasis, a man who, from a common dier,a battlenear the Thermodon, by the Greeks ;
sol-
became king of Egypt. He made war and some of them migratedbeyond the Tanais,
againstArabia,and died before the invasion of and extended their territories as far as the
his country by Cambyses king of Persia. He Caspiansea. Themyscyra was the most capi- tal
^

made a law, that every one of his subjects of their towns. Smyrna, Magnesia,Thya-
should yearlygive an account to the public tira, and Ephesus, according to some authors,
magistrates, of the manner in which he ported
sup- were built by them. Diodorus 1. 3, mentions
himself. He refused to continue in al- a nation of Amazons
liance in Africa,more ancient
with Polycrates the tyrantof Samos, on than those of Asia. Some authors,among
account of his uncommon prosperity.When whom is Strabo,deny the existence of the Am-
azons,
Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the and of a republicsupportedand govern-
ed
body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insult-
ed by women, who banished or extirpated all
and burnt ; an action which was very of-
fensive
their males; but Justin and Diodorus particu^
to the religious notions of the Egyp-
tians.larlysupportit; and the latter says, that Pen-
Herudot. 1, 2, 3. A man who led thesilea, one of their queens, came to the Tro-
jan
the I'ersians against the inhabitants of Bai-ce. war, on the side of Priam, and that she was
Herodot. 4, c. 201, ".c. killed by Achilles, and from that time the glo-
ry
Amastris, the wife of Dionyslusthe tyrant and character of the Amazons gradually de-
cayed,
of Sicily,was sister to Darius, whom der
Alexan- and was totally forgotten. The Ama-
zons
conquered. Strab. Also, the wife of of Africa flourished long before the Tro-
jan
Xerxes, king of Persia. [Vid.Amesiris.] yvm', and many of their actions have been
A cityof Paphlagonia, on the Euxiue sea. attributed to those of Asia, It is said,that af
Catuil, ter theyhad almost subdued all Asia,they in-vaded
Amastrus, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, Attica,and were conqueredby These-
us.
against.ft^etes,king of Colchis,killed by Ar-
gus, Their most famous actions were their
son of Phryxus. Flacc. 6, v, 644. A expedition againstPriam, and afterwards the
friend of JUneas, killedby Camilla in the Ru- assistance they gave him during the Trojan
tulianwar. FiVg.^n. 11,v. 673. war ; and their invasion of Attica,to punish
Amata, the wife of king Latinus. She had Theseus, who had carried away Antiope,
betrothed her cjaughter Lavinia to Turnus, one of their queens. They were also con-
quered

before the arrivalof jEneas in Italy. She zeal-

ously by Bellero{)hon and Hercules,Among
favoured the interest of Turnus ; and their queens, Hippolyte,Antiope, Lampeto,
when her daughterwas givenin marriageto Marpesia,".c. ase famous. Curlius says, that
iEneas, she hujigherself to avoid the sight of Thalestris, one of their queens, came to Alex-
ander,
lierson-in-law, Virg.JEn. 7, he. whilst he was pursuinghis conquests in
Amathus, (gen.untis)now Limisso,a city Asia, for the sake of raising children from a
on the southern side of the island of Cyprus, man of such militaryreputation; and tliataf-
ter
dedicated
jiarticularly to Venus. The island she had remained 13 days with him, sho
is Eometimes called AraathuM^,a name not retiiredinto h(*rcountry. The .\vnazons wore
 AM AM
that,to denote the good-
such expertarcliersj ness whence the word ambrones implieda disho- nourable
of a bow or quiver, it was usual to call it meaning. They were conqueredby
Amazonian. Vir^. Mn. 5,v. 311. Journand. Marius.
"
Plut. in Mario.
de Reb. Get. c. 7. Philostr. Icon. 2, c. 5.
"
"
Ambrosia, festivals observed in honour of
Justin. 2, c. 4:." Curt. 6, c. 5. Plin. 6, c. 7, 1. Bacchus, in some
" cities in Greece. They
34, c. 8; 1.36, c. b."Herodot. 4, c. 110." Strab. were the same as the Brumalia of the Roman.s.
ll."Diod. 2. Dionys.Hal. 4. Paus. 7, c. 3.
" "
One of the daughters of Atlas,changed
" Pint, in Thes. Apolhod.
" 2, c. 3 and b."rHy- into a constellation after death. The food
gin.fab. 14 and 163. of the godswas called ambrosia, and their drink
Amazonia, a celebrated mistress of the em- peror nectar. The word signifies immortal. It had
Commodns. The country of the the power of givingimmortality to all those
Amazons, near the Caspiansea. who eat it. It was sweeter than honey,and of
Atwazonium, a placein Attica,where The- a most odoriferous smell ; and itis said,that
seUs obtained a victory over the Amazons. Berenice,the wife of PtolemySoter,was sav- ed

Amazonius, a surname of Apolloat Lace- from death by eating ambrosia givenher by

dasmon. Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Au- rora,
Amearri, a peopleof Gallia Celtica, on the by eating ambrosia ; and in like mannei'
Arar, related to theiEdui. Cces.bell.G. 1,c. 11. Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their
Ambakvalia. a joyful procession round the impietyhad been driven from heaven, and
ploughed fields, in honour of Ceres, the god- dess compelledto die upon earth. It had the pow- er
of corn. There were two festivals of that of healing wounds, and therefore, Apollo,
name celebrated by the Romans ; one about in Homer's Iliad, saves Sarpedon's body from
the month of April, the other in July. They putrefaction, by rubbingitwith ambrosia ; and
went three times round their fields, crowned Venus also heals the wounds of her son, in
"with oak leaves,singing hymns to Ceres, and Virgil's iEneid with it. The gods used gener
pntreatiiig her to preserve their corn. The rally to perfumetheir hair with ambrosia,as
w^ord isderived ab ambiendisarvis. goinground Juno when she adorned herselfto captivate
the fields. A sow, a "heep, and a bull, called Jupiter, and Venus when she appearedto
ambarvalice hostile., ^vere afterwards immola-ted, iEneas. Homer. II. 1, 14,16 and 24. Lucian.
"

and the sacrificeha^ sometimes been call- ed de dea Syria. Calull. ep. 100.
" " Theocrit. Id,
suovetaurilia from sus, ovi^,and taurus. lb." Virg. JEn. 1, v. 407,1. 1%,v. 419." OwVf.
Virg.G. 1,V. 339 and Mb." Tib. 2,el. 1,v. 19. Met. 2. Pindar. 1, Olymp."

"Cato de R. jR.c. 141. Ambrosius, bishop of Milan, obligedthe

Ambenus, a mountain of European Sarma- emperor Theodosius to make penance for the
tia. Flacc. 6, v. 85. murder of the peopleof Thessalonica, and dis-
tinguished
Ambialxtes, a peopleof Gallia Celtica. Ccbs. himself by his writings, especially
bell.G. 3, c. 9. against the Arians, 'His3 books de officiis are

Ambianum, atown of Belgium,now Smiens. stillextant, besides 8 hymns on the creation.

Its inhabitants conspiredagainstJ. Cassar. His style isnot inelegant, but his diction issen- tentious,

Cce.^.2,bell. G.c.4. his opinionseccentric,though his

Ambiatinum, a village of Germany, where subject isdiversifiedby copiousness of thought.
the emperor Caligula was born. Sueton. in He died A. D. 397. The best edition of his
'Cal.8. works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols. fol.
AiMBiGATus, a kingof the Celtaj, in the time Paris,1686,
of Tarquiniiis Priscus. Seeingthe greatpopu- Ambrvon, a man who wrote the lifeof The- ocritus
iatioji of his country,he sent his two nephews, of Chios. Diog.
Sigovesus and Beliovesus, with two colonies, Ambryssus, a city of Phocis,which receives
m quest of new settlements ; the former to- wardsits name from a hero qf the sEime name. Paus.
the Hercynianwoods, and the other to- wards10,c. ;35.
Italy.Liv. 5, c. 34, ";c, Ambubaj^, Syrian wonaen of immoral
Ambiorix, a kingof the Eburones in Gaul. lives, who, in the dissolute period of Rome, at- tended
He was a greatenemy to Rpme, and was ed
kill- festivalsand assemblies as minstrels.
in a battle with J. Ca?sar, \n which 60,000 The name is derived by some from Syrian
of his countiymen were slain. Cces.bell.G. 5, words, which signify a flute. Horat. 1,Sai. 2,

c. 11,26, 1.6,c. 30. " Suet.inMr.21.

Ambivius, a man mentioned by Cicero de Abibulli,a surname of Castor and Pollux,
Stnect, in Sparta.
Amblada, a town of Pisidia. Slrab. Ameles, a river of hell,whose waters no
A.MBRACiA, a cityof Epirus, near the Ache-
ron, vessel could contain. Plut. 10,de Rep.
the residence of kingPyrrhus.Augustus, Amenanus, a river of Sicily, near mount
aftertliebattle of Actium, called it Nicopolis. jEtna,now GuidictUo. Strab. 5.
Mela, 2, c. S."Plin. 4, c. l."Polyb. 4, c. 63. Amemdes, a secretaiy of Darius,the last
"Slrab. 10. kingof Persia. Alexander set him over the
Ambracius Sinus,a bay of the Ionian sea, Arima.spi. Curt.7, c. 3.
near Anibracia,about 300 stadia deep,nar- row Amenocles. a Corinthian, said to be the first
at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia Grecian who built a three-oared galley at Sa-
in breadth,and now called the gulfof Larta. mos and Corinth. Thuryd.1,c. 13.
Polyb.4, c. 63." Mela, 2, c. 3."Flor. 4, c. 11. Ameria, a cilyof Umbria, whose o.5iers
"Strab. 10. (amerina, salices) were famous for the binding
Ambri, an Indian nation. Justin. 12,c. 9. of vines to the elm trees. Plin. 3, c. 14. "

Ambrones, certain nations of Gaul, who Virg.G. 1,V. 265.

lost their possessions by the inundation of the Amkstratus. a town of Sicily, near the
sea, and Hved upon rapineand plunder, Halesus. The Romans besiegedit for seven
 AM AM
montiis,and it yieldedat last after a third Aminocles,a native of Corinth,who flour-
and the inhabitants
siege, were sold as slaves. ished 705 B. C. kc.
1, C.24.
Folijb. Amisjena,acountiy of Cappadocia. Stmb.
Amestris, queen of Persia, was wife to
Xerxes. She cruellytreated the mother of Amisias, a comic poet,whom Aristophanes
Artiante, lier husband's mistresS:and cut off ridiculed for his insipidverses.

her nose, ears, lips, breast,tongtie.and eye Amissas, an oificerof Megalopolis in Alex-
ander's
brows. She also buried alive 14 noble Persian army. Curt. 10, c, 8.
youths,t\}appease the deitiesunder the earth. Amiternum, a town of Italy,where Sal-
Herodof. 7, c. 61, 1.9, c. 111. A daughterof lust was born. The inhabitants assisted Tur-
Oxyartes,wife to Lysimachus. Diod. 20. nus against^neas. Virg.Mn. 7, v. 710. "

Amida, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged Plin. 3, c. b."Lit. 28, c. 45.

^nd taken by Sapor,kingof Persia. Atnmian. Ar.iiTHAON,or Amythaon, was father to
19. Melarapusthe famous prophet. Stat. Theb.
Amilcar, a Carthaginian generalof great 3, V. 451.
eloquenceand cunning,surnamed Rhodanus. Ammalo, a festivalin honour of Jupiterm
When the Athenians were afraid of Alexan-
der, Greece.
Amilcar went to his camp, gained his Ammiaxus. Vid. Marcellinus!
confidence,and secretly transmitted an ac-count Ammon, and Hammon, a name of Jupiter,
of all his schemes to Athens. Trogus.worshippedin Libya. He appearedunder the
21, c.6. A Carthaginian, whom the Syra- form of a ram to Hercules, or, accordingto
cusans called to againstthe othei-s,
their assistance to Bacchus, Avho, with his army, fered
suf-
who
tyrant Agathocles, besiegedtheir city. the greatestexti'emities for want of ter,
wa-
Amilcar after favoured the interest of
soon in the deserts of Africa,and showed him
for
Agathocles, which he was thage. a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected a tem-
accused at Car- ple
He died in Syracuse, B. C. 309. Diod. to his father,under the name of Jupiter
20. Justiyi"2, c. 2 and 3.
"
A Carthaginian. Ammon, i.e. sandy,with the horns of a ram.
surnamed Barcas, father to the celebrated The ram, accordingtosome, was made a con- stellation.
Annibal. He was generalin Sicilyduringthe The temple of Jupiter Ammon
firstPunic war ; and after a peace had been was in the deserts of Libya,nine daysjourney
made with the Romans, he quelleda rebellion from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle,
of slaves who had besiegedCarthage, ken which; according
and ta- to ancient tradition,was tablished
es-

many towns of Africa, and rendered about 18 centm-ies before the time of
themselves so formidable to the Augustus,by two doves,which
Carthaginians flew away from
that theybegged and obtained assistancefrom Thebais in Egypt,and came, one to Dodona,
Rome. After this,he passedinto Spainwith and the other to Libya,where the peoplewere
his son Annibal,who was but nine years of age, soon informed of their divine mission. The
and laid the foundation of the town of Barcelo-
na. oracle of Haramon was consulted by Hercules,
He was killed in a battle against the Vet- Perseus,and others ; but when it pronounced
tones, B. C. 237. He had formed the plan of Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flat-
tery
an invasion of Italy, by crossingthe Alps, destroyeditslongestablished reputation,
which his son afterwards carried into execu-
tion. and in the age of Plutarch itwas scarce knomi .

His great enmity to the Romans was The situation of the temple was pleasant ; and
the cause of the second Punic Avar. He used accordingto Ovid. Met. 15, v. 31t" Lucref. "

to say of his three sons, that he kept three 6, V. 847. Herodot. in Mclpom. Ci'rt.4, c.
" "

lions to devour the Roman power. C. JVep.7. there was near it a fountain,whose waters
in Vit."Liv. 21, c. l."Polyb. 2."Plut. in were cold at noon and midnight, and warm in
Jlnnih. A Carthaginian general, who assis-
ted the morning and evening. There were above
the Insubres against Rome, and was taken 100 priests in the temple,but only the elders
by Cn. Cornelius. Liv. 32, c. 30, 1. 33, c. delivered oracles. There was also an oracle
8. A son of Hanno, defeated in Sicily by of JupiterAmmon in .Ethiopia.Plin. 6, c.
Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated 29." Sfrab. 1, 11 and 17." Plut. cur orar. edi
at Salarais by Themistocles. He burnt him-self, desierint, 4-'wi Isid. Curt. 6, c. 10, 1. 10, c
"

that his body might not be found among 5" Herodot. 1, c. 6, 1. 2, c. 32 and 55, 1. 4, c.
the slain. Sacrifices were offered to him. 44." Paus. 3, c. 18,1. 4, c.2S."Hygin. fab.
Herodot. 7, c. 165, "c. 133. Poet, astr.2, c. 20." Jusiin. i,c. 9, 1
Aiviir.os, or Amilus, a river of Mauritania, 11, c. II. A king of Libya, father to Bac- chus.
where the elephantsgo to wash themselves He gave his name to the temple of
by moonshine. Plin. 8, c. 1. A town of Haramon, accordingtoDiod. 8.
Aj-cadia. Pans, in Arcadic. Ammok and Brothas, two brothers mous
fa-
Amimune, or Amymune, a daughterof Da- for their skill in boxing. Ovid. Met. o,
naus, changed into a fountain which is near V. 107.
Argos,and flows into the lake Lerna. Ovid. in Elis, as be-
Ammonia, ing a name of Juno
Met. 2, V. 240. the wife of
Paus. 5, c. 15. JupiterAmmon.
Aminea, or Amminea, a part of Campa-nia, Ammu.mi, a nation of Africa,who derived
where the inhabitants are greathusband-
men. their origuifrom the Egj'ptiansand JEih\o[n-
Its wine was highlyesteemed. Virg.ate. Tiieir languagewas a mixture of that of
G. 2, V. 97. A place of Thessaly. (he two peoplefrom whom they were descen-
ded.
a famous
Aminias, pirate, who'm Antigo- Herodot. 2, 3 and 4.
nus employed againstApollodorus, tyrantof Ammonius, a christian philosopher, wh"?
Cassandrea. Polycpn.
4, c. 18. opened asciioolof platonic philosophyat Alex
AminiuS; a river of Arcadia, Paus. 8, andria,232 A. 1). and had among his pupils
c. 30, Ori?en and Plotinus. His treati?;c ii"r"o.".eiwK
 AH AM
was publishecl in 4to. by Vaclkenaer, L. Bat. ease, werd permitted to bathe in it, afterwhicfe
1739. A writer who gave an account of sa- theythrew piecesof goldand silver into the
crifices,

as also^ a treatise on the harlots of stream. Those who consulted the oracle of
Athens. Alhen. 13. An Athenian generalAmphiaraus, firstpurified themselves,and ab- stained
surnamed Barcas. Polnh. 3. from food for 24 hours, and three days
Ammothea, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. from wine, afterwhich theysacrificed a ram
Thedg. to the prophet, and spreadthe skin upon the
Amnias, a river of Bithynia. ^pian. de ground,upon which theyslept in expectatioa
bell.Mithr, of receiving in a dream the answer of the ora-
AMKises, a port of Gnossus,at the north cle. Plutarch de oral, defect, mentions,
of Crete,with a small river of the same name, that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once sulted
con-
near which Lucina had a temple. The in the time of Xerxes,by one of the ser- vants
nymphs of the placewere called Aranisiades. of Mardonius,for his master, who was
"allim. then with em array in Greece ; and that the ser- vant,
Am(eb."us, an Athenian player of great when asleep, saw in a dream the priest
reputation, who sung at the nuptials of Deme-
trius of the temple, who upbraided him, and drove
and Nicaea. Polycen.4, c. 6. him away, and even threw stones at his head
Amometus, a Greek historian. Plin. 6, when he refusedto comply. This oracle was
|:.17. verified in the death of Mardonius, who was
Amor, the son of Venus, was the god of actually killed by the blow of a stone he re- ceived

love. Vid. Cupido. on the head. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 40. "

Amorges, a Persian genei-al, killed in Philostr.in vit. ^ollon. 2, c. 11. Homer. "

Caria in the reignof Xerxes. Herodot. 5, Od. 15,v. 243, kc."Hygin.fab. 70, 73, 128
c. 121. and 150." Diod. 4.~~0vid. 9, fab. 10." Paws.
Amorgos, an island among the Cyclades,1,c. 34, 1.2, c. 37, 1.9, c. 8 and 19." ^scliyl.
wliere Simonides was bom. Strab. 10. Sept. ante Theb. "
Apollod. 1,c.^8 and 9, 1.3, c.
Ampelus, a promontory of Samoa. ^A 6, k.c." Strab. Q.
town of Crete, ^Macedonia, Liguria,and
" " "
Amphiaraides, a patronymicof Alcmae-
Cyrene. K favouriteof Bacchus, son of a on, as beingson of Amphiai-aus,Ovid. Fcui.
satyrand a nymph, made a constellation after 2, V. 43.
death. Ovid. Fa^t. 3, v. 407. Amphicrates, an historianwho wrote th"
Ampelusia, a promontory of Africa,in lives of illustriousmen. Diag.
Mauritania. Mela, 1,c. 5 and 6. AMPHicTYorf,son of Deucalion and Pyr-
Ar^PHEA, a cityef Messenia, taken by the rha,reignedat Athens afterCranaus,and first
Lacedaemonians. Paus. 4, c. 5. attempted to givethe interpretation of dreams,
Amphailaus, a famous dancer in the island and to draw omens. Some say, that the deK
of the Phaeacians. Homer. Od.S. uge happenedin his age. Justiii.2, c. 6. r

AriPHiANAX, a kingof Lyciain the time of The son of Helenus,who firstestablishedthe

Acrisius and Prcetus. ^pollod. 2, c. 2. celebratedcouncil of the Amphidyons, sed
compo-
Amphiaraus, son ofOicleus,or according of the wisest and most virtuous men of
to others,of Apollo, by Hypermnestra, w^as some citiesof Greece. This augustassembly
at the chase of the Calydonianboar,and ac- consisted of 12 persons, originally
companied sent by the
the Argonauts in their expedi- tion. following states ; the lonians,Dorians,Perhae-
He was famous for his knowledgeof fu- bians, Boeotians,Magnesians, Phthians,Locri-
turit}', and thence he is called by some son of ans, Malians,Phociaus,Thessalians, Dolopes,
Apollo. He married Eriphyle, the sister of and the peopleof (Eta. Other citiesin pro- cess
Adrastus kingof Argos, by whom he had two of time sent also some of their citizens to
sons, Alcmason and Amphilochus. When A- the council of the Amphictyons,and in the
drastus, at the request of Polynices, declared age of Antoninus Pius,theywere increased to
war against Thebes,Amphiaraus secreted him-self, the number of 30. They generally met twice
not to accompany hisbrother-in-law in an every year at Delphi,and sometimes sat at
expedition in which he knew* he was to perish. Thermopylas.They took into consideration
But Eriphyle, wlio knew where he had con- cealed allmatters of difference which mightexist be- tween
himself,was prevailed upon to betray the different states of Greece. When
liimby Polynices, who gave her,as a reward the Phocians plundered the templeof Delphi,
for her perfidy, a famous goldennecklace set the Amphictyonsdeclared war against them,
'wfth diamonds. Amphiarausbeingthus dis- covered,and thiswar was supported by allthe states of
went to the war, but previously ged
char- Greece,and lasted 10 year.?. The Phocians
his son Alcmson, to put to death his mo- ther with their allies, the Lacedaemonians, were prived
de-
Eriphyle, as soon as he was informed that of the privilege of sitting in the council
be was killed. The Theban war w^as fatalto of the Amphictyons,and the Macedonians
the Argives, and ximphiareius was swallowed were admitted into their place, fortheir servi-
ces
np in his chariotby the earth as he attempted in supportof the w'ar. About 60 years af- ter,
to retire from the battie. The news of his when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded
flcnth was broughtio Alcmaeon,who immedi- ately Greece,the Phocians behaved with such cour- age,
executed his father's command, and mur- dered that theywere reinstated in alltheir for- mer
Eriphyle.Amphiarausreceived divine privileges. Before tiiey proceededto bu- siness,
Jionours afterdeath,and had a celebrated tem- ple the Amphictyonssacrificedan ox to the
and oracle at Oroposin Attica. His sta- god of Delphi, andcuthisfiesh into small pie- ces,
tae was made of w hite marble,and near his intimating tiiatufiion and unanimity vailed
pre-
fomplev/as a fountain, whose waters were ever in the several citieswhich theyrepre- sented.
ijcldsacred. They onlywho had consulted Their decisionswere held sacred and
Ills oracle,Oi*had been deliveredfrom a dis- inviolable, and even aims were taken up tc

i\
 Ail AM
^kiorce them. Pans, in Phocii. ^ Schdic. pRKuaded, by his eloquence, a wild and ubgI-

"Strab. S."Suidas. "

Hesych."^diin. vilized people to unite togetherand build a
Amphiclea, a town of Phocis,where Bac- chus town to protectthemselves against the attacks
had a temple. of their enemies. Homer. Od* 11. Apollod.
"

Amphidamus, a son of Aleus,brother to 3, c. oand \0."Paus.Q, c.6,1. 6, c, 20, 1. 9,

Lycurgus. He was of the familyof the Ina- c. Sand 17. Proper!3, el, 15. Ovid. de Art.
"
.
"

chidae. Paus, 8, c. 4. One of the Argo-

nauts.Am. 3, v.S23."Horat.S,od. 11. Art. Poet.
Flac. 1, V. 376. A son of Busiris,V. 394.--Stat. Theb. 1,v. 10. A son of Ja-
killed by Hercules, ^pollod. 2, c. 5. sus, king of Orchomenos, by Persephone
Amphidromia, a festivalobser\'ed by pri- vatedaughterof Mius. He married Niobe, daugh- ter
families at Athens, the fifthday afterthe of Tantalus,by whom he had many dren,
chil-
birth of every child. It was customary to run among whom was Chloris the wife of
round the fire with a child in their arms ) Neleus. He has been confounded by mytho-
whence the name of the festivals. lo^ists witiithe son of Antiope,thoughHomer
Amphigenia, a town of Messenia in Pe- in his Odysseyspeaksof them both,and distin-
loponnesus. guishes
Stat. 4. TVtet/. v. 178. them beyond contradiction. The num- ber

Amphilochus, a son of Amphiaraus and of Amphion's children,accordingto Ho- mer,

Eriphyle. After the Trojan war, he leftAr- was 12, six of each sex ; accordingto
gos,his native country, and built Amphilochus,Julian,20; and according to Ovid, 14, seven
a town of Epirus. Strab. 7. Paus. 2, c. 18. males and seven
" females. When ISlobe boast-
ed
Athenian philosopherwho
An wrote upon herself greater, and more deservingof im- mortality
agriculture.Varro de R. R. 1. than Latona, all her children,ex- cept

Amphilytus, a sootlisayer of Acarnania, Chloris,were destroyedby the arrows of

who encouragedPisistratus to seize the sove- reign Apolloand Diana ; Niobe herself was changed
power of Athens, Herodot. 1,c. 62. into a stone, and Amphion killed himself in a
Amphimache, a daughterof Amphidamus, fitof despair.Homer. Od. 11,v. 261 and 282,-
wife of Eurystheus.Jipollod. 2. "JElia?!. V. H. 12,v. 3Q.'"0vid. Met. 6, fab.
Amphimachus, one of Helen's suitors,5, One of the Argonauts. Hygin.fab. 14.
son of Cteatus. He went to the Trojan war. A famous painterand statuaiy, son of
Apollod. 3, c, 10. Hygin. fab. 97.
" A son Acestor of Gnossus. Plin. 36, c. 10. One
01 Actor and Theronice. Paus. 5, c. 3. of the Greek genemls in the Trojan war.
Amphimedon, a Libyan killed by Perseus Homer. II. 13,v. 692.
in the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 75. Amphipoles, magistrates appointedat Sy- racuse,
One of Penelope's suitors killed by Tele- by Timoleon, after the expulsionof
machus. Homer. Od. 22, v. 283. Dionysiusthe younger. The otficeexisted for
Amphinome, the name of one of the at- above 300 years. Diod. 16.
tendants
of Thetis. Homer. II. 18,v. 44. Amphipolis, a town on the Strymon,be- tween
Amphinomus, one of Penelope'ssuitors, Macedonia and Thrace. An Athenian
killedby Telemachus. Homer. Od. 16 and 22. colonyunder Agnon, son of Nicias, drove the
Amphinomus and A;?apius, two brothers,ancient inhabitants, called Edonians, from the
who, when Catana and the neighbouring cities country,and built a city,which they called
were in flames,by an eruptionfrom mount Amphipolis, i.e.a town surrounded on allsides"
jEtna, saved their parentsupon their shoulders. because the Strymon flowed all around it. It
"The fire, as it is said,spared them Avhile it has been also called Acra, Strymon, Myrica,
consumed others by dieirside ; and Pluto,to Eion, and the town of Mars. It was the cause
reviard their uncommon piety,placedthem of many wars between the Athenians and
afterdeath in the island of Leuce, and they Spartans. Thucyd. 4, c. 102, he" Herodot.
received divine honours in Sicily.Val. Max. 5, c, 126, 1, 7, c. 114." i"/o^. 11, 12, "c."
5, c. 4." Strab. 6."Itat. 14, v. 197." Seneca, C. JVep. in dm.
de Benef. AiMPHiPYRos, a surname of Diana, be-
cause
Amphion, was son of Jupiter,by Antiope she carries a torch in both her hands,
daughterof Nycteus,who had married Lycus, Sophocles,in Track.
and had been repudiated by him when he Amphiretus, a man of Acanthus, who
married Dirce, Amphion was born at the artfully escaped from pirates who had made
same birth as Zethus, on mount "itheron, him prisoner,Polyan.6.
where Antiopehad fled to avoid the resent- ment Amphiuoe, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod.
of Dirce ; and the two children were Theog.v. 361.
exposedin the woods, but preserved by a shep-
herd. Amphis, a Greek comic poet of Athens,
[Vid.Antiope.'] When Amphion grew son of Amphicrates; contemporary with Plato.
up, he cultivated poetry, and made such an Besides his comedies, he wrote other pieces,
uncommon progress in music, that he is said which are now lost. S^iidas. Diog.
"

to have been the inventor of it,and to have Amphisb.":na, a two-headed serpent iii
built the walls of Thebes at the sound of his the desei-tsof Libya,whose bite was venomous

lyre. Mercury taught him music, and gave and deadly.Lucan. 9, v. 719.
him the lyre. He was the firstwho raised an Amphissa, or Issa, a daughter of Ma-
altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion united careus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her
to avenge the wrongs which their mother had name to a city of Locris near Phocis,in which
suffered from the cruelties of Dirce. They was a temple of Miner\'a. Liv. 317,c, 5. "

besiegedand took Thebes, putLycus to death, Ovid. Met. 15, v. 703." Lucan. 3, v. 172.
and tied his wife to the tailof a wild bull,who A town of the Brutii on the east coast.
draggedher throughprecipices tillshe expired. Amphissene, a country of Armenia.
The fable of Amphion's moving stones and Amphissus, a son of Dryope. Ovid. Met.
raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of his 9, fab. 10.
\ ui'm"i"vvvc. a T :"r'"(1^rr)pnian, who
 AM AM
to Diana.
felldeliriousin sacrificing Pans. 3, a priest
Atiiphitus, of Ceres, at the court ol
c. 16. Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 5.
Amphistidks, a man so naturally destitute Amphoterus, was appointedcommander
of iutellects, that he seldom remembered that of a Heet in the Hellespont by Alexander,
he ever had a father. He wished to learn Curt. 3, c. 1. ^A son of Alcmaeon.
arithmetic, but never could comprehendbe- yond Amphrysos, a river of Thessaly,near
the figure 4. Jlrisiot. probl. 4. which Apollo,when banished from heaven,
Amphistratus and Rhecas, two men of fed the flocks of king Admetus, From this
Laconia, charioteers to Castor and Pollux. circumstance the god has been called Am-
Strab. 11. Justin. 42, c. 3.
"
phryssius, and his priestess Amphryssia.Ovid.
Amphitea, the mother of iEgialeus, by Met. 1,V. 580. Lucan. 6^ v. S67.~-Virg.
" G. 3,
Cyanippus,and of three daughters, Argia,v. 2. JEn. 6, V. 398. A river of Phrygia
D'eipyle, and iEgialea, by Adrastus kingof whose waters rendered women liable to bar-renness.
Argos. She was daughterto Pronax. ^pol- Plin. 32, c. 2.
lod. 1. The wife of Autolycus, by whom Ampia Labiena Lex was enacted by T. Am-
she had Anticlea, the wife of Laertes. Ho- mer. piusand A. Labienus,tribunes of the people,
Od. 19, V. 416. A. U. C. 693. It gave Pompey the Great the
Amphitheatrum, a largeround or oval privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and
building at Rome, where the people assembled with a goldencrown at the Circensian games,
to seethe combats of gladiators, of wild beasts, and with a prastesta and golden crown at the-
atrical
and other exhibitions. The amphitheatres
"
of plays.
Rome were generally builtwith wood ; Stati- Ampracia. [Vid.Ambracia.]
liusTaurus was the first who made one with Ampysxdes, a patronymic of Mopsus,son of
stones, under Augustus. Ampyx. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 316.
Amphithemis, a Theban general,who Ampyx, a son of Pelias. Paus. 7, c. 18.
involved the Lacedaemonians into a war with A man mentioned by Ovid. Met. 6, v. 184."-"
iiiscountry. Plul. in Lys. Pans. 3, c. 0.
" The father of Mopsus. Orpli. in Argon. Paus:
"

Amphjthoe, one of the Nereides. 5, c. 17.

Amphitrite, daughter of Oceanus and Ams ACTUS, a lake in the countryof the Hir-
Tethys, married Neptune,though she had pini, at the east of Capua, whose waters are

mads a vow of perpetual celibacy.She had so sulphureous that they infect and destroy
by him Triton, one of the sea deities. She whatever animals come near the place. It
had a statue at Corinth in the templeof Nep- tune.was throughthis placethat Virgil made the
She issometimes called Salatia, and is fury Alecto descend into hell,after her visit
often taken for the sea itself. Varro. de L. L. to the upper regions.Virg.JEn. 7, v. 565."
4. "
Hcsiod. Theog. 930. AjwUod. 3.
" "
Clau- Cic. de Div. 1,c. 36,
dian de Rapt. Pros. 1, v. 104. Ovid. Met. 1,
"
Amulius, kingof Alba,was son of Procas,
V. 14. One of the Nereides.
" and youngest brother to Numitor. The
AaiPiiiTRYON, a Theban prince,son of crown belongedto Numitor by right of birth ;
AlccEus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo but Amulius dispossessed him of it,and even
had married Electryon kingof MycenfB,whose put to death his son Lausus,and consecrated
sons Were killed in a battle by the Teleboans. his daughterRhea Sylviato the service of
Electryonpromisedhis crown, and daughterVesta,to prevent her ever becoming a mo- ther.

Alcmena, to him who could revenge the death Yet, in spiteof all these precautions,
of his sons upon the Teleboans ; and Ara})hi- Rhea became pregnantby the god Mars, and
tryon offered himself,and was received,on bi-ought forth twins, Romulus and Remus.
condition that he should not approach Alcmena Amulius,who was informed of this,ordered
before he had obtained a victory.Jupiter, the mother to be buried alive for violating the
who was captivated with the charms of Alc- mena, laws of Vesta,which enjoined perpetual tity,
chas-
borrowed the features of Amphitryon, and the two children to be thrown into
when he wa? gone to tiiewar, and introduced the river. They were providentially saved by
himself to Electryon's daughter,as her hus- band some shepherds, or, as others say, by a she-
returned victorious. Alcmena became wolf; and when theyhad attained the years
pregnant of Hercules, by Jupiter,and of of manhood, they put to death the usurper,
iphiclusby Amphitryon after his return. Amulius, and restored the crown to their
{Vid.Mcvicna.] When Amphitiyonreturned grandfather. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 67. Liv. 1, c
"

from the war, he broughtback to Electryon, 3 and 4. Plut. ijiRomul.

" " F/or. 1,c. 1. JD/o-
"

the herds wiiich the Teleboans had taken from 7iys.Hal. A celebrated painter.Plin. 35,
him. One of tlie cows havingstrayed from c. 10.
the rest,Amphitryon, to bringthem together, Amvci Portus, a placein Pontus, famous
tlirew a stick,which struck the horns of the for the death of Amycus kingof the Bebryces.
cow, and rebounded with such violence upon His tomb was covered with laurels,whose
Electryon, that .he died on the spot. After boughs, as is reported, when carried on board
tillsaccidental murder,Sthenelus, Electiyon's a ship, caused uncommon dissentions among
brother, seized the kingdom of Mycenaj, and the sailors. Plin. 5, c. 32. "
Arrian.
obligedAmphitryon to leave Argolis, and re-
tire Amvcla, a daughterof Niobe, who, with
to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon, king her sister Melibcea, was spared by Diana,
of Thebes, purified him of the murder, .^pol- when her mother boasted herself greater than
lud. 2, c. 4."Vir^.JEn. 8, v. 2l'3."Properi. Diana. Paus. 2, c. 22. Homer says that
4, el. 10,V. 1. Ilcdod in Soiit.Ilcrcul. Hy- allthe daughters
" "

perished.11.24. [^7rf. JNi-

gin.fab. 29." Pans. S, c. 14. obe.] The mn-se of Alcibiades.
Ami'iiituyoniades, a surname of Hercules, Amvci, ^:, a town of Ilaiybetween Caieta
as the supposedsou of Amphitryon, lug. and Tarricina, built b}'the companionsof Ca.s-
JLn, 8,V. lua tur and Pollux. The inhabitant'? were blrict
 AM AM
followers of the preceptsof P5rthagoras, and Peloponnesus,flowing throughArgolisintX"
therefore abstained from flesh. They were the lake of Lerna. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 240.
killedby serpents, which theythoughtinripious Amyntas, 1st,was king of Macedonia after
to destroy, thoughin their own defence. Plin his father Alectas. His son Alexander mur- dered

8, c. 29. Once a reportprevailed in Amyclaj the ambassadors of Megabyzus for their

that the enemies were coming to storm it;w-anton and insolent behaviour to the ladies of
upon which the inhabitants made a law, that his father'scourt. Bubares,a Persian general,
forbade such a reportto be credited,and when was sent with an army to revenge the death of
the enemy arrived,no
really one mentioned the ambassadors ; but instead of makingwar,
it,or took up arms in his own defence, and he married the king's daughter, and defended
the town was easily taken. From this circum-
stance his possessions. Justin. 7, c. 3. Herodot. 5,
"

the epithet of tacitK has been givento 7 and 8. The second of that name was son

Amyclae. Virg.JEn. 10,v. 564." Sj7.8, v. 529. of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia, afterhis
A city of Peloponnesus, built by Amyclas. murder of Pausanias. He was expelled by the
Castor and Pollux were born there. The lUyrians, and restored by the Thessalians and
country was famous for dogs, Apollo,called Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians
Amyclaeus,had a rich and magnificent temple and Olyiithians, ant! lived to a greatage. His
there, surrounded with delightful groves. wife Emydice conspiredagainst his life; but
Pans. 3, c. IS."Stat. Theb. 4, v. 223." Strab. her snares were seasonably discovered by one
S." Virg.G. 3, v. 34o." Ovid, de Art. Am. of his daughters by a former wife. He hsui
a, V. 5. Alexander,Perdiccas,and Philip, Alexander
Amycl^us, a statuaiy. Paus. 10,c. 13. the Great's father, by his firstwife ; and by
A surname of Apollo. the other he had Archelaus,Aridesus, and Me-
nelaus.
Amyclas, son of Lacedsem^on and Sparta, He reigned24 years ; and soon after
builtthe cityof Amyclag. His sisterEurydice his death,his son Philip murdered all his bro-
thers,
married Acrisius, king of Argos,by whom she and ascended the throne. Justin. 7, c.
had Danae. Paus. 3, c. 1,1. 7, c. 18. The 4 and 9."Diod. 14,k.c."C. Xep.8^Plul. inPe-
master of a shipin which Cajsar embarked in lopid. There is another kingof Macedonia
disguise.AVhen Amyclas wished to put back of the same name, but of his lifefew particu- lars
to avoid a violent storm, Caesar unveiling his are recorded in histoiy. A man who
head, discpveredhimself, and bidding the pilotsucceeded Dejotarusin the kingdom of Gal-
After his death itbecame
pursue his X^oyage,exclaimed, Ccesarem vehis,logra3cia. a Roman

Casarisque forlunam. Lucan. 5,y. 520. provinceunder Augustus. Strab. 12. One
Amycus, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bi- of Alexander's officers. Another officer
thynisaccordingto^others, was kingof the Be- who deserted to Darius,and was killed as he
bryces.He was famous for his skillin the ma- nagement attempted to seize Egypt. Curt. 3, c. 9.
of the cestus,and he challenged all A son of Antiochus, who withdrew himself
strangersto a trial of strength. When the from Macedonia, because he hated Alexander.
Argonauts,in their expedition, stoppedon his An officer in Alexander's cavalry. He
coasts,he treated them with great kindness, had two brothers, called Simias and Polemon,
and Pollux acceptedhis challenge, and killed He was accused of conspiracy against the king,
him when he attemptedto overcome him by on account of his greatintimacy with Philotas,
fraud. Jipollon. 2. Argon. Theocrit. Id. 22. and acquitted.Curt. 4, c. 15,1. 6, c. 9, 1.8, e.
"

"^Apollon.
1, c. 9. of the companions 12.
One A shepherd's name in Virgil's Eclog.
of iEneas,who almost perished in a storm on A Greek writer who composed severalv
i\\ecoast of Africa. He was killed by Turnus. works quotedby Athenaeus 10 and 12.
Virg.Mn. 1, v. 225, 1.9, v. 772. Another, Amyntianus, an historian in the age of An- toninus,
likewise killed by Turnus. lb. 12, v. 509. who wrote a treatise in commenda-
tion
A son of Ixion and the cloud. Ovid, Met. 12, of Philip, Olympias,and Alexander.
V. 245. Amyktor, a king of Argos,son of Phras-
Amydon, a cityof Paeonia,in Macedonia, tor. He deprivedhis son Phcenix of his eyes,
which sent auxiliaries to Priam duringthe to punishhim for the violence he had offered
Trojan war. Homer 11.2,
.
to Clytia, his concubine. Hygin.fab. 173. "

AmvmOne, daughterof Danaus and Europa, Ovid. Met. 8, v. 307." Apollod. 3." Homer. II
married Enceladus, son of Egyptus, whom she 9. A generalof the Dolopes. Ovid. Met,
murdered the firstnightof her nuptials.She 12, V. 364. A son of .ffigj'ptus, killed by
wounded a satyrwith an an*ow which she had Damone the firstnightof his marHage. Hy- gin.
aimed at a stag. The satyrpursuedher, and fab. 170.
even ottered her violence,but Neptune deli- vered Amyris, a man of Sybaris, who consulted
her. It was said,that she was the only the oracle of Delphiconcerningthe probable
one of the 50 sisterswho was not condemned duration of his countr}''s prosperity, kc.

to filla leakytub with water in hell,because Amykicus Casipus, a plain of Thessaly.

she had been continually employed,by order Polyb.3.
of her father,in supplyingthe cityof Argos Amyrius, a kingby whom Cyrus was killeil
with water, in a greatdrought. Neptune saw 'n\a battle. Clcsiaa.
her in this employment, and was enamoured Amyrus, a town of Thessaly. A river,
of her. He carried her away, and in the plaee mentioned by Val. Flacc. 2, v. 11.
where she stood,he raised a fountain,by stri- king A.MYSTI9, a river of India,falling into the
a rock. The fountain has been called Ganges. An-ian iyiIndie.
Amymone. She had Naupliusby Neptune. Amythaoji, a son of Cretheus,kingof lol-
Propcrl. 2, el. 26, v. 4^."Apollod. 2." Strab. chos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, by
a." Paus. 2, c. 37." Ovid. Amor. 1,v. 515." whom he had Bias and Melampus. After his
fub. 169.
Hj/^in. A fountainand rivnlet of father's
death,he e5t8L'?]i5hc!Li
hijnself
in Mcs-
10
 AN AN
seuia,with Lis brother Neleus, and re-esta- AxACTORiA and Anactoripm, a town of Epr'
Vlfshedor regulated the Olympic games. "

rus, in a peninsula towards the gulf of Ambra-

Melampus is called Amythaoriius, from his fa- thercia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony,
Amythaon. Virg.G. 3, v. 550. Diod. 4. ana was the cause of many quarrels
"

between
Apollod. 1. llomer. Od. 11. A son of Hip- the Corcyreansand Corinthians.
" "
Augustus
pasus, who assistedPriam in the Trojanwar, carried the inhabitantsto the city of Nicopolis,
and was kiUed by Lycomedes. Homer. II.17. afterthe battleof Actium. Strab. 10. Thvcyd. "

Amytis..a daughter of Astyages, whom Cy- 1,c. 55. Plin. 4, c. 1,1.5, c. 29.
" An an- cient
r'usmarried. Ctesias. A daughter of Xerses, name of Miletus.
who married Megabyzus, and disgraced her-
self Anactorie, a woman of Lesbos,wantonly
by her debaucheries. loved by Sappho. Ovid. Her. 15,v. 17.
Anacks or Anactes, a name givento Cas-tor Anadyomene, a valuable painting of Ve-
nus,
and Pollux among the Athenians. Their represented as rising from the sea, by
festivals were called Anaceia. Flut. in Thes. Apelles.Augustas boughtit,and placeditin
Cic.^'. D. 3,c. 21. the templeof J. Caesar. The lower part of it
Anaciiarsis,a Scythianphilosopher, 592 was a little defaced,and there were found no
B. C. who, on account of his wisdom, temper- ance, painters in Rome able to repair it. Plin. 35,
and extensive knowledge, hasbeen called c. 10.
one of the seven wise men. Like his country-
men, Anagnia, now Jlndgni, a cityof the Her-
he made use of a cart instead of a house. nici in Latium, where Antony stixicka medal
He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, when he divorced Octavia and married Cleo- patra.
which can stoponlysmall flies, and are unable Virg. JEn. 7, v. m^." Strab. b."Ital.
to resist the superiorforce of largeinsects. 8, V. 392.
When he returned to Scythia, from Athens, Anagogia, a festivalcelebrated by the peo- ple
where he had spent some time in study, and in of Eryx in Sicily, in honour of Venus.
tliefriendship of Solon, he attempted to intro-
duce JElian. V. H. 1,c. 15. H. A. 4, c. 2.
there the laws of the Athenians, which so Anagyrontum, a small village of Atticai
irritated his brother,who was then on the Herodot.
throne, that he killed him with an arrow. Aii- Anaitis,a goddessof Armenia, The vir-
acharsis has rendered himself famous among ginswho were consecrated to her service,
the ancients by his writings, and his poems on esteemed themselv^es more dignified by public
war, the laws of Scythia, ";c. Two of his let- ters prostitution. The festivalsof the deity were
to Crcesus and Hanno are still extant. called Sacarum Fesia ; and when they were
Later auth?)rs have attributed to him the in- celebrated,
vention both sexes assisted at the ceremo- ny,
of tinder, of anchors,and of the pot- ter's and inebriated themselves to such a decree
wheel. The name of Anaciiarsis is be- come that the whole Avas concluded by a scene ot tlie
very familial*to modern ears, by that greatestlasciviousnessand intemperance. They
elegant, valuable,and trulyclassicalwork of were firstinstitutedby C}rus, when he march-
ed
Barthelemi,called the travels of Anacharsis. against the Sacje,and covered tables, with
Ilcrodol.4, c. 46,47 and 4S. "
Pint, in Conviv. the most exquisite dainties, that he mightde- tain
"Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 32." Slrab. 7. the enemy by the novelty and sweetness
Anacium, a mountain with a temple,sa- cred of food to which theywere unaccustomed,and
to the Anaces in Peloponnesus. Polycen. thus easily destroy them. Slrab. 11. na
Dia-
3,C.21. is also worshipped under this name by the
Anacreon, a famous lyricpoet of Teos. Lydians. Plin. 33, c. 4.
in Ionia, highlyfavoured by Polycra.tes and Ananias, an Iambic poet. Allien.
Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus. He was of a Anaphe, an island that rose out of the
lasciviousand intemperate disposition, much Cretan "ea, and received this name from the
givento drinking, and deeplyejiamoured of a Argonauts, who, in the middle of astorm, sud- denly
yor.th called Bathyllus. His odes are stillex- tant, saw the new rnoon. Apollowas wor- shipped

and the uncommon sweetness and ele-

gance there,and called Anapha;us.Apol-
of his poetry have been the admiration lonliis.
of every age and country. Fie lived to his Anaphlystus, a smallijillage of Attica,near
Soth year, and afterevery excess of pleasure the sea, called after an ancient,hero of the
and debauchery, choked himself with a grape same name, who was son of Troezen. A
.stone,and expired.Plato says, tliathe was small village near Athens.
descended from an illustriousfamily, and that Anapus, a river of Epirus. Thucyd. 2,
Codrus, the lastkingof Athens,was one of his c. 82. Of Sicily, near Syracuse. Id. 6^
progenitors.Hi" statue Vvas placedin the ci- tadel c. 90.
of Athens, i-epresenting him as an old Anartes, a peopleof lower Pannonia. C"rs.
drunken man, singing, with every mark of dis- 6, bell.G. c. 25.
:{ipationand intemperance.Anacreon rished Anas, a river of Spain,now
flou- called Guadi-
532 B. C.All that ho wrote is not ex- ann. Sired).3.
Cant ; his odes flrstpuhlished
wore by fl. Ste-
phens, Anatule, one of tho Horaf. Hygin.fab,
with an elegant translation. The best 183. A mountain near the Ganges,where
editions of Anacreon are, that of Maittaire, Apolloravished a nymph called Anaxibia.
4to. London, 1725,of which onlyone hundred AjfAucHiUAs, a Samian wrestler. Pans. 5,
copies wei-e printed,and the very correct one c.37.
of Barnes, 12mo. Cantab. 1721,to Vvhich may Anaurus, a rive? of Thcssaly, near the foot
be added that of Brunck, 12mo. Argentor, of mount Pelion,where Jason lost one of his
"1778. Pans. 1, c. 2, 25." Slrab. U.".T.Uan. sandals. CaHim. in Dian. A river of Troas
r. //. 9, c. 4." Cic. in Tusc. 4, c. 33."Ifor(U. near Ida. Colulh.
epod.14,V. 20.~P^w. 7, c. 7." J/trurfo^. 3, c. killed by
Anausis, one of Medea's suitoi'S,
121. Sfyiust Val Place.6,v. 43.

1;
 AN AN
AsAX, a SOB of Ccelu? and Terra, father to was the iirstLacedsemonlaa who had two
Aslerius, from whom Miletus has been called wives. Herodot. 1, Sand 7. Plut.in Apoph. "

Anactoria. Pans. 1, c. 36, 1. 7, c. 2. 1. Paus. 3, c. 3, ^c. A son "

of Theopom-"
Anaxagokas succeeded his father Mega- pus. Herodot. 8, c. 131 A comic poet of
pentlieson the throne of Argos. He shared Rhodes in the age of Philipand Alexander.
thesovereignpower with Bias and Melam- He was the firstpoetwho introduced intrigues
pus, who had cured the women of Argos of and rapes upon the stage. He was of such a
madness. Pans. 2, c. 18. A Clazomenian passionate disposition that he tore to piecesall
philosopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to his compositions which met with no success.
Anaximenes: and preceptor to Socrates, and He composed about ahundredplays, of which
Euripides.He disregarded wealth and honours, ten obtained the prize. Some fragmentsof
to indulgehis fondness for meditation and phi- his poetry remain
losophy. in Athenajus. He was
He applied himself to astronomy, was starved to death by order of the Athenians^
acquaintedwith eclipses, and predicted that for satirizing their government. Aristot.3,
one day a stone would fallfrom the sun, which RJiet.
it is said really fellinto the river -3]gos. Anax- Anaxarchus, a philosopherof Abdera,
agoras travelled into Egypt for improvement, one of the followers of Democritus, and tlie
and used to say that he preferreda grainof friend of Alexander. When the monarch had
wisdom to iieaps of gold. Pericles was in the been wounded in a battle,the philosopher
number of his pupils,and often consulted him pointedto the place,adding,that is human
in matters of state ; and once dissuaded him blood, and not the blood of a god. The free-
dom
from starving himself to death. The ideas of of Anaxarchus offended Nicocreon at
Anaxagoras,concerningthe heavens, were Alexander's table,and the tyrant,in revenge,
wild and supposedtliatthe seized the philosopher,
extravagant. He and pounded him in a
sun was inflammable
matter, about the bignessstone mortar with iron hammers. He bore
of Peloponnesus; and that the moon was this with much
habited.
in- resignation, and exclaimed,
The heavens he believed to be of '- Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou
stone, and the earth of similar materials. He dost not pound his soul." Upon this,Nico-
was accused of impiety,and condemned to creon threatened to cut his tongue,and Anax- archus
die ; but he ridiculed tliesentence, and said it bit it otF with his teeth,and spitit out
hadlongbeenpronouncedupon him by nature. into the tyrant's face. Ovid. ^in lb. v. 511. "

Being asked whether his body should be car- ried Plut. in Symp. 7. Diog. in Vita. "
Cic. in "

into his own country,he answered, no, Tusc. 2, c. 22."" A Theban general.Thucyd,
as the road that led to the other side of the 8, c. 100.
grave was as long from one place as the Anaxarete, a girl of Salarais,who so ar- rogantly
other. His scholar Pericles pleadedeloquent-
ly despisedthe addresses of Iphis,a
and successfully for him, and the sen-
tence youth of ignoblebirth,that the lover hung
of death was exchanged for banish-
ment. himself at her door. She saw this sad spec-
tacle
In prison, the philosopher is said to without emotion or pity, and was ed
chang-
have attemptedto square the circle, or mine
deter- into a stone. Ovid. Met. 14,v. 748.
exactlythe proportionof its diameter Anaxenor, a musician, whom M. ny
Anto-
to the circumference. When the people of greatlyhonoured, and presented,with the
Lampsacus asked him before his death, whe-ther tribute of four cities. Slrab. 14.
he wished any thingto be done in com-memoration Anaxias, a Theban general, Paus. 2"
of him, Yes, says he, let the c. 22.
boys be allowed to playon the anniversEiry of Anaxibia, a sister of Agamemnon, ther
mo-

my death. This was carefullyobserved,and of seven sons and two daughters by Nes-
tor.
that time dedicated to relaxation,was called Paus. 2, c. 29. A daughterof Bias^
Anaxagorsia. He died at Lampsacus in his brother to the physician Melarapus. She mar-
ried

seventy-second year, 428 B. C. His writings Pelias,king of lolchos,by whom she had
were not much esteemed rates. Acastus, and four daughters,
by his pupil Soc- Pisidice,
Pelopea,
Dios.
Vila. Plut. in JVlcia ^ Pericl. Hippothoe,and Alceste. ApoUod. 1,c.9.
m "

"Cic. AcaJ^q. 4, c^ 2S."Tusc.

1, c. 43. She is called daughterof Dymas, by Hygin.
A statuaryof jEgiYia,Pans. 5, c. 23. A fab. 14.
grammarian,discipleto Zenodotus. Diog. Anaxicrates, an Athenian archon. Paus.
An Socrates.
orator, disciple
to Diog. 10,c.23.
A of
Echeanaxj Avho,with his brothers
son Anaxjdamus, succeeded his father Zeuxi^
Codrus and Dlodorus, destroyedHegesias, ty- damns on the throne of Sparta, Paus. 3, c,
rant
of Ephesus, 7, 1. 4, c. 15.
Anaxander, of the familyof the Hera- AnaxTlas and AnaxYlaus, a Messenian,
clidai,was son of Eurycrates,and king of tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and
Sparta. The second Messenian war mild and popularduring his reign,
began in was so

his reign, in which

Aristomanes when he died, 476 B. C. he lefthis in-
so egregi-that fant
himself
ouslysignalized His son was called sons to the care of one of his servants,
Eurycrates. Herodot. 7, c. 204. Plut. in and the citizens chose rather to obey a slave
"

Apoph. Paus. 3, c. 3, 1. 4, c. 15 and IG.

" than revolt from their benevolent sovereign's
A generalof Megalopolis, taken by the The- children. Justin. 3, c. 2. Paits. 4, c. 23, 1, "

bans. 5, c. ^a."Thucyd. 6, c. 5." Herodot. 6, c. 23,

AnaxandrVdks, son of Leon, and father 1.7, c. 167. A magicianof Larissa, banish-
.
ed
to Cleomenes 1st,and Leonidas, was kingof from Italy by Augustus. A Pythagorean
Sparta. By the order of the Ephori he di- philosopher. A physician.Plin. 19, c. 1.
vorced
his wife, of whom he was extremely An historian, who began his history with
"nd,on accoant of her barrenness j anel he former writers.
against
hitterinvectives Dionys
 AN
ffal. A Lacedaemonian. PIvt. Alcib.""-' was
A comic writer,about the 100 olympiad.
Anasilides, wrote some treatisesconcern-
ing
AN
in the expedition of the Argonaufi!. He
was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in
which he perished. Hygin.fab. 173 and 248. "

philosophers, and mentioned that Pla-

to's Ovid. Met. 8. The son of Neptune and
mother became pregnantby a phantomof Astypalaea.He went with the Argonauts,
fhe god Apollo, from which circumstance her and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the shipArgo ,

son was called the princeof wi"dom. Diog. He reignedin Ionia,where he married Samia,
in Plut. daught(yof the Meeander, by whom he had
Ajvaximander, a Milesian philosopher, the four sons, Perilas, Enudas, Samus, Alithersus,
companionand disciple of Thales. He was the and one daughter called Parthenope.Orpher
first who constructed spheres, asserted that the us Argon. He was once told by one of his ser-
vants,
earth was of a cylindrical form,and thought that whom he pressed with hard labour in his
men were born of earth and water mixed toge- ther, vineyard, that he never would taste of the
and heated by the beams of the sun ; that produceof his vines. He had already the cup
fhe earth moved, and that the moon received in his hand, and called the prophet to convince
light from the sun, which he considered as a cir- cle him of his falsehood ; when the servant, yet
of firelike a wheel about 28 times bigger than firm in his prediction, uttered this wellknowa
the earth He made the first
. geographical maps proverb,
and sun dials. He died in the 64th year of his
age, B. C. 547. Cic. Acad. Quatst. 4, c. 37." Multa cadunt inter calicem suprcmaque labra.
Diog.in Vit."Plin. 2, c. 79. Plut. Ph. He And that very moment Anceus was told that a
had a son who bore his name. Strab. 1. wild boar had entered his vineyard upon
;
Anaximenes, a philosopher, son of Era- which he threw down the cup, and ran t"
sistratus, and disciple of Anaximander, whom drive away the wild beast. He was killed iu
be succeeded in his school. He said that the the attempt.
air was the cause of every created being, and Ancalites, a peopleof Britain near the
a self-existentdivinity, and that the sun, the Trinobantes. Cas. Bell. G. 5, c. 21.
moon, and the stars,had been made from the Ancarios, a god of the Jews. Vid. Ant
earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and chialus.
the heavens as a solidconcave sphere, on which Ancharia, afamily of Rome. The name
the stars were fixed like nails, an opinionpre-, of Octavia's mother. Plut. in Anton.
valent at that time,and from which originated Ancharius, a noble Roman killed by the
the proverb,t" " supw"^ i/tmiroi, if the heavens partizans of Marius duringthe civilwars with
should fall ? to which Horace has alluded, 3 Sylla.Plut. in Mario.
Od. 3,v. 7. He died 504 years B. C. Cic.Acad. Anchemolus, gon of Rhcetus, kingof the
Qumt. 4, c. 37, de JVat.D. 1, c. 10. Plut. Ph. Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law,
" Plin. 2, c. 76. A native of Lampsacus,Casperia, for which he was expelled by his fa?
5on of Aristocles. He was pupil to Diogenes ther. He fledto Turnus,and was killed by
the Cynic, and preceptorto Alexander the Pallas,son of Evander, in the wars ofiEneas
Great, of whose life,and that of Philip, he against the Latins. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 389.
wrote the history. When Alexander,in a fit Anchesites, a wind which blows from
of anger, threatenedto put to death all the in- Anchisa,a harbour of Epirus. Cic. ad Attic.
habitants
of Lampsacus, because they had 7, ep. 1. Dionys. Hal. ,

maintained a longsiege against him, Anaxime-

nes Anchesmus, a mountain of Attica, where
was sent by his countrymen to appease the Jupiter Anchesmius has a statue.
king,who, as soon as he saw him, swore he Anchiale and Anchiala, a city on the sea
would not grantthe favour he was goingto ask. coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the last king
Upon this, Anaximenes beggedthe kingto de- stroyof Assyi-ia, built it,witliTarsus in its neigh- bourhood,
the cityand enslave the inhabitants, and in one day. Strab. 14. Plin. 5, c.
"

by this artful requestthe cityof Lampsacus 27. The founder was buried there,and had a
was saved from destruction. Besides the life statue, under which was a famous inscription
of Philip and his son, he wrote an history of in the Syrianlanguage, denoting the great in-temperance
Greece in 12 boolcs, allnow lost. His nephew and dissipation which distinguish-
ed
Lore the same name, and wrote an account of all his life. There was a cityof the same
ancient paintings. Pans. 6, c. 18. Val.Max.
" name in Thrace, called by Ovid the cityof
T, c. 3. Diog.in Vit. Apollo. There was another in Epirus.Orid
Anaxipolis, a comic poet of Thasos. Plin. Prist.1,el. 10,V. 36." Plin. 4, c. U."Mela,
14, c. 14. A writer on agriculture, likewise 2, c. 2.
of Thasos. Anchialus, a famous astrologer.A
Anaxippus, a comic writer in the age of great warrior,fatherof Mentes, One ofthe
"emetrius. He used to say that philosophers Phaeacians Homer. Od. A godofthe Jews.,
were v/ise onlyin their speeches, but foolsin as some suppose, in JWarttar*epigrams,11 ep. ^
theiractions. Alhen. 95. .

of Coronas,
Anaxirriiok,a daugh.ter who Anchimolius, a Spartan generalsent a-
married Epeus. Pavi. 5, c. 1. gainst
the Pisistratidae,
and killedin the expe-
dition.
who
Akaxis, a Boeotian historian, wrote Herodot. 5, c. 63. A son of Rhcef
an down
history to the age of Philipson of tus. Vid. Anchemolus.
Amyntas. Diod. 25. -A son of Castor and Anchinoe, a daughter
of Nilus,and wifa
Hilaira. of Belus. Apollod.
2, c. 1.
Anaxo, a of
virgin
Trcezene carried away Anchion. Vid. Chion.
by Theseus. Pint, in Thcs. A daughter of Anchise, a cityof Italy.Dionys.
Hal.
Ulceus,mother of Alcmene by EIectr}'on. Anchises, a son of Capys by Themis,
the son
A"'CiEUSj of Lycurgus
anU Antinoe,daughterofIlua. He was of sucUa beautiful
 AN AN
that Venus
complexion, came down from hea-
ven preservation
of thisshield dependedthe fattj
on mount Ida,in ttieform of nymph, to
of ti}e Roman
a empire,and therefore Isuma
enjoy his company. The goddess became
ordered 1 1 of the same size and form to be
pregnant,and forbade Anebises ever to men- tion made, that if ever any attempt was made to
the favours he had received,on pain of cany them away, the plunderermight find it
beingstruck with thunder. The cJiildwhich difficultto distinguish the true one. They
Venus broughtforth,was called .Eneas ; he were made with such exactness, that the king
was educated as soon as born by the nymphs of promisedVeterius Mamurius, the artist, ever
what-
Ida,and, when of a proper age, was intrusted reward he desired. [Vid.Mamurius.}
to the of Chiron the Centaur. When
care Troy They were kept in the temple of Vesta, and
was taken,Anchises was become so infirm that an order of priests was chosen to watch over
^neas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take their safety.These priests were called Salii,
away whatever he esteemed most, cEirriedhim and were twelve in number; they carried eve-
ry

through the flames upon his shoulders,and year, on the firstof March, the shields in a
thus saved his life. He accompaniedhis son in solemn procession round the walls of Rome,
his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicilyin dancing and singingpraises to the god Mars.
the 80th year of his age. He was buried on This sacred festival continued three days,dur-
ing
mount Eiyx,by
Mneas and Acestes, king of which every importantbusiness was ped.
stop-
the countiy,and the anniversary of his death It was deemed unfortunate to be married
was afterwards celebrated by his son and the on those days, or to undertake any expedi-
tion,
Trojans on his tomb. Some authors have and Tacitus in 1 Hist, has attributed the
Maintained that Anchises had forgotthe in- unsuccessful campaign of the emperor
junctions Otho
of Venus, and boasted at a feast,that against Vitellius,to his leavingRome during
he enjoyedher favours on mount Ida, upon the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. "

which he was killedwith thunder. Others say, These two verses of Ovid explainthe origin of
that the wounds he received from the thunder the word Ancyle, which is appliedto these
were not mortal, and that theyonly weakened shields :
and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the 6th IdqueancylevoccUj quod ah omni parte red'
book of the ^Eneid,introduces him m the Ely- sum est,
sian fields, relating to his son the fates that oculis,angulusomnis abest.
notes
Quemque
were to attend him, and the fortune of his des-
cendants, Fast. 3, 377, "c.
V.
the Romans. [Fid.JEnesis.'\
Virg. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 6.
e Val. Max. 1,c. 1.
" "

JEn. 1,2, kc."Hygin.fab.94, 254, 260, 270." Juv. 2, V. 1M."Plut. in mim."Kirg. JEn. S,
Hesiod. Theog-. v. S."Ovid. V. 664." Dionys.Hal. 2."Liv. 1, c. 20.
1010." .^pollod.
Fast. 4, v. 34." Homer. II. 20. 4^Hipnn.in Ve-
rier." Ancon and Ancona, a town of Picenum,
Xcnoph.Cyaeg.c. 1*. Dionys.Hal. 1, de built by the Sicilians,
" with a harbour in the form
Antiq,Rom. Pausanias, 9, c. 12, says, that of a crescent or elbow, {"y/."^)
"
on the shores of
Anchises was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous
which, from him, has been called Anchisia. chapelof Loretto, supposed by monkish histo-
rians
""An Athenian archon. Dionys.Hal. 8, to have been broughtthroughthe air by
Anchisia, a mountain of Arcadia, at the angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, from Juda?a,
bottom of which was a monument of Anchises. where it w^as a cottage,inhabited by the virgin
Pans. 8, c. 12 and 13.
Mary, The reputedsanctityof the placehas
Anchisiades, a patronymicof iEneas, as often brought 100,000 pilgrimsin one day to
beingson of Anchises. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 348, Loretto. Plin. 3, c. 13. Lucan. 2, v. 402. " "

he. Ital.8, v. 437.

Anchoe, a placenear the mouth of the Ce- Martius,
Angus tlie 4th king of Rome,
phisus,
where there is a lake of the same name. was grandsonto Numa, by his daughter. He
Strab. waged a successful war againstthe Latins,
Anchora, a fortifiedplacein Gralatia. Veientes, Fidenates,Volsci,and Sabines, and
AnchCrus, a son of Midas, king of Phry- joined mount Janiculum to the cityby a
gia,who sacrificed himself for the good of his bridge,and enclosed mount Martius and the
country,when the earth had opened and swal-
lowed Aventine within the walls of the city. He,
up many buildings.The oracle had
extended the confines of the Roman territor
been consulted,and gave for answer, that the
ries to the sea, where he built the town of
gulfwould never close,if Midas did Ostia,at the mouth of the Tiber. He inherit-
not throw ed
into itwhatever he had most precious. Though the valour of Romulus with the modera-
tion
the kinghad partedwith many thingsof im-
mense of Numa. He died, B. C. 616, after a
value,yet the gulfcontinued open, till reignof 24 years, and was succeeded by Tar-:
Anchurus, thinkinghimself the most preciousquin the elder. JDionys. Hal. 3, c. 9. Liv. 1, "

of his father's possessions, took a tender leave c. 32, kc."Flor. 1, c. 4." Virg.JEn. 6, v.
of hiswife and family, and leapedinto the earth, 815.
which closed immediately over his head. das
Mi- Ancyr^, a town of Sicily. A town of^
erected there an altar of stones to Jupiter, Phrygia. Pans. 1.
and that altar was the firstobjectwhich he Anda, a cityof Africa. Polyb.
turned into gold, when he had received his fa-
tal ANDABATiE, certain gladiators who fought
gift from the gods. This unpolished lump blindfolded,wiience the proverb,Jlndabala-
of gold existed stillin the age of Plutarch. rum more to denote rasli and inconsiderate
Pint, in Parall- measures. Cic. 7, ad Famil. ep. 10
Ancile and Ancvle, a sacred shield, which, Andania, a cityof Arcadia, where Aristo-
accordingto the Roman authors,fellfrom hea- ven menes was educated. Pans. 4, c. 1, ".c. It
in the reign of Numa, when tlie Roman received its name from a gulfof the sani"
peoplelaboui'edunder a pestilence.
Upon the name. fd.4j c. 33"
 AN

Akdecavia, a country of Gaul, near the following letterto Alexander. Vmumpotalu^ "

Turones and the ocean. Tacit. Jinn. 3, c. 41. rus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem lerrm,
Andera, a town of Phiygia. sicuti venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum.
Andes, a nation among the CeltaB,now Plin. 14, c. 6.
Anjou. CcES 2, Bell. Gall. c. 35. A village Androdamus. Vid. Andromadas.
of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was born, Androdus, a slave knowrx and protected in
hence AndiniLS. Ital.S, v. 595. the Roman circus,by a lion whose foot he
Andocides, an Athenian orator, son of had cured. Gell. 5, c. 15.
Leogoras He lived in the age of Socrates the Androgeos, a Greek, killed by Mne^s and
and
philosopher, was intimate with the most his friends,whom he took to be his country-
men.
illustriousmen of his age. He was often ban-
ished, Virg.ASn.2,v.S11.
but his dexterity alwaysrestored him to Androgeus, son of Minos and Pasiphae,
favour. Plut. has written his life in 10 orat. was famous for his skillin wrestling.He over-
came

J'our of his orations are extant. every antagonist at Athens, and became
AND0MA.T1S, a river of India,falling into the such a favourite of the people, that iEgeusking
Ganges. Jlrrian. of the country grew jealousof his popularity,
Andr^mon, the fatlierof Thoas. Uygin. and caused him to be assassinated as he was
fab. 97. The son-in-law and successor of goingto Thebes Some say that he was killed
CEneus. Apollod. 1. by the wild bull of Marathon. Minos declared
Andragathius, a tyrant,defeated by Gra- war against Athens to revenge the death of his
tian, A. D. 383, "c. son, and peace was at last re-establishedon
Andragathus, a man bribed by Lysima- condition that .^geus sent yearlyseven boys
ehus to betrav his country, "c. Polymi.4, c. and seven girls from Athens to Crete to be de-
voured
12. by the minotaur. [Vid.Minotaurns.'}
Andragoras, a mtm who died a sudden The Athenians establishedfestivalsby order of
death. Martial. 6, ep. 53. Minos, in honour of his son, and called them
AfTDRAaivLES, a king of Lydia, who trated Androgeia. Hygin. fsb. 41.
cas- Diod. 4. Vir. " "

women, and made use of them as JEn. 6, V. 20." -P"w. 1,c. 1 and 27. Apollod. "

eunuchs. ..^Ihcn. 2, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 1 and 15." Plut. in Thes.

Andreas, a statuary of Argos. Paus. 6,. Androgvn.^, a fabulous nation of Africa,
c. 16. A man of Panormum, who wrote an beyond the Nasaniones, Every one of them
account of all the remarkable that had bore the characteristics of the male and female
events
happened in Sicily.jWim. of the sex ; andoneoftheirbreasts wasthatof aman,
A son

Peneus. Part of Bceotia, especially where and the other that of a woman. Lucret. 5, v.
Orchemenos was built,was called Jlndrtis af-
ter 837." P/?n, 7, c. 2.
him. Pans. 9, c. 34, he. Andromache, a daughterof Eetion, king

ANDR1CI.US, a mountain of Cilicia. Slrah. of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector son of

14. A river of Troas, falling into the Sca- Priam, king of Troy,by v/hom she had Astya-
mander. Plin.b, c. 27. nax. SheAvas so fond of her husband, that she
Andriscus, a man who wrote an historyeven fed his horses with her own hand. ing
Dur-
of Naxos. Allien. 1. A worthless person
" " the Trojan war she remained at home ployed
em-

called Pse.itdophilippu", on account of the like- in her domestic concerns. Her parting
"ess of his features to kingPhilip. He incited with Hector, who was goingto a battle ;inwhich
the Zvlacedonians to revolt against Rome, and he perished, has alwaysbeen deemed the best,
^vas conquered and led in triumphby Metei-
tender and pathetic
most of all the passages in
h\s, 152 B. C. Flor. 2, c. 14, Homer's Iliad. She received the news of her
Androbiusj a famous painter. Plin. 35, husband's death with extreme soitow; and af- ter
c. U. the takingof Troy, she had the misfortune
Androclea, a daughter of Antipcenusof to see her only son Astyanax,after she had
Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida,sacrificed saved him from the flames, thrown headlong
herself in the service of her country, when the from the walls of the city, by the hands of the
oracle had promised the victory to her coun-
trymen, man whose father had killed her husband. "

who were engaged in a war against(Senec.in Troad.)Andromache, in the divi- sion

Orcho'nenos, if any one of noble birth devoted of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the
liimself for the gloiy of his nation. Antipce-
nus share of Neoptoiemus,who treated her as his
refused to do it,and his daughters fully
cheer- wife,and carried her to Epirus. He had by
acceptedit,;ind received greathonours af- ter her three sons, Molossus,Piclus,and Perga-
death. Hercules,who foughton the side mus, and after^^ards repudiatedher. After
of Thebes, dedicated to them the image of a this divorce she married Helenusson of Priam,
lion in the templeof Diana. Paus. 9, c. 17. M ho, as herself,v.as a captiveof Pyrrhus.
Anj)Rocles, a son of Phintas who reigned She reignedwith
him over partof the countiy,
in Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 5, fcc.
and became
" " mother by him ofCestrinus. Some
A man

\vho wrote an history of Cyi)rus. say that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and
Androclides, a noble Theban who fended
de- Euripides says that Menelaus put him to death.
the democratical, against the encroach-
ments Hoiner. II. 6, 22 and 24." q. Calah. l." Virg.
of the oligarchical power. He was ed
kill- JEn. 3, V. 486.~-IIygin. fab. l23.~Dares
by one of his enemies. A sophist in the Phnjg."Ovid. Am. 1, el. 9, v. 35. Trist. 5,
age of Aurelian,who gave an account of phi-
losophers.
el. tt,V. 43. Apollod. 3, c. 12. Paus. 1, c. 11.
" "

ANDROMACHin.'R, a nation who presented

Androclus, a son of Codrus, who reigned to their king all the virginswho were of bile
nu-

in Ionia, and took Ephesusand Samos. Paus. years, and permitted him to use them as

7, c. 2. he pleased.
AsDiiocvDEs. a physician,
who wrote the AKDuoMACiirs, an opwlentperson of Si
 AN AN
cUy,fatherto the historianTlmsetis. Diod. 16. sis IS eltant, the best"?ditionof which isthatof
He assisted Timoleon in recoveringthe libertyHeinsius,8vo. L.Bat. 1617. Plut. in Syll.
of the Syracusans. A general ot Alexander, A Latin
poet in the age of Caesar. A Latin
to whom Parmenio gave the government of grammarian, w'hose lifeSuetonius has WTitten .

Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samaritans. A king of Lydia, surnamed

Alpvus.
Curt. 4, c. 5 and 8. An officer of Seleucus One of Alexander's officers. One of the offi-
cers
the younger. Polycen.4. A poet of Byzan-
tium. of Antiochus Epiphanes. An astrono-
mer
A physicianof Crete in the age of of Athens, who built a marble
octagonal
Nero A sophistof Naples,in tlie age of tower in honour of the eightprincipal winds,
Dioclesian. on the top of which was placed a Triton with
Andkomadas or Androdamus, a native a stick in his hand, pointmg always to the
ofRhegium, who made laws for the Thracians side whence the wind blew.
concerningthe punishmentof homicide,fee. Androphagi, a savage nation of Europejui
Scythia. Herodoi. 4, c. i8, 102.
Andromeda, a daughterof Cepheus, king Andropompus, a Theban who killed Xan-:
of iEthiopia, by Cassiope. She was promised thus in single combat by fraud. Pans. 2, c. IS.
in marriageto Phineus,her uncle,w hen Nep- tune Andros, an island in the iEgeansea, known
drowned the kingdom,and sent a sea mon-
ster by the different names of Epagrys,Antandro^,
to ravage the counti'y, because Cassiope Lasia,Cauros, Hydrussa,Nonagria. Its chiei
had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the town was called Andros. It had a harbour,
Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was near which Bacchus had a temple, with a foun-
tain,
consulted,and nothingcould stop the resent-ment whose waters duringthe ides of January
of Neptune, if Andromeda was posed tasted like wine.
not ex- It received the name of An-
dros
to the sea monster. She was accordingly from Andros son of Anius, one of itskings,
tied naked on a rock, and at the mouient that who lived in the time of the Trojanwar. Ocuh
tlie monster was going to devour her,Perseus, Met. 13,V. 643." F/V^. .".n. 3, v. SO. Jui\3y
who returned through the ah' from the con- quest V. lO."Plin. 2, c. 103. Mda, 1 and 2.
of the Gorgons,saw her,and was capti-
vated Androstheses, one of Alexander's gene-
rals,
with her beaut}".He promisedto deli-
ver sent with a shipon the coast of Arabia.
her and destroythe monster, if he receiv-
ed Arrian. 7, c. 10. Strab. 16. A governor of
her in maniage as a reward for his trouble. Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pora-
Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the pey. He was conquered by J. Cajsar. Ctes.
sea monster into a rock, by showing him Me-
dusa's3, Bell. Civ. c. 80. A statuaryof Thebes.
head; and untied Andromeda and mar-
ried Pmi.s. 10, c. 19. A geographer in the age of
her. He had by her many children,Alexander.
among whom were Sthenelus,Ancajus, and Androtrion, a ureeic, who
Greek, who wrote
wrote a his-
Electryon. The marriageof Andromeda with tory of Attica, and a ti-eatiseon agriculture.
Perseuswas opposedby Phineus, who after a Plin."Paus. 10, c. 8.
bloodybattle was changedinto a stone by Per-
seus. Anelostis, a river near Colophon. Paits.
Some say that Minerva made Androme-
da 8, c. 28.
a constellation in heaven after her death. Anerastus, a kingof Gaul.
Vid. Medusa, Perseus. Hyi^in,fab. 64. Cic. Anemoha, "
a city of Phocis, afterwards
de jYat. D. 2, c. 43." .dpollod. 2, c. 4."Manil. called Hyampolis. Strab.
6, v. 533. Propert.
"
3, el.21. According to of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 35.
Anemosa, a village
Pliny,1, 5, c. 31, it was at Joppain Judaea that A"iiNOMus and A"asias, rather Amphino-
Andromeda was tied on a rock. He mentions nuis, which Vid.
that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to Angelia, a of Mercury.
daugliter
which she had been exposed,was broughtto Angelios, a statuary,who made Apollo's
Ronieby Scaurus and carefully preserved. The statue at Paus. 2, c. 32.
Delphi.
feble of Andromeda and the sea monster has Angei-ls, a son of Neptune,born in Chios,
been explained,by supposingthat she was of a nymph whose name is unknown. Paus.
courted by the captain of a ship,who attempt-
ed 7, c. 4.
tocaiTy heraway, but waspreventedby the AiCGiTES, a river of into tht
Thrace, falling
interposition of another more faithfullover. Strymon, Jlerodvt. 7, c. 113.
Andron, an Argive,who travelled all oyer A"'GLi, a peopleof Germany, at the nortk
the deserts of Libya without drink. Arhtot. of the Elbe, from whom, as beinga branch ot"
1. de Ebriet. A man set over the citadel of the Saxons, the English have derived their
Syracuseby Dionysius. Hermocrates advised name. Tacit. G. 40.
him to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, Angrls, a river of Illyricum,flowingin a
which he refused to do. The tyrantput him nortliern direction. Herodoi. 4, c. 49.
to de:itlifor not discovering that Hermocrates Anguitia, a wood in the countiy of tilt?
had incited him to rebellion. Polyif;n.o,c.
Marci, between the lake Fucinus and Alba.
2. A man of Halicarnassus who composed Serpentsit is said could not injure the inhabi-
tants,-
some historical works. Plat, in Thes. because theyweredescendedfrom
A Circ(%-
nativeofEphesus,
who v.Tote an of the
whose power over
account these venomous creaturw
seven wise aien of Greece. Viog. A man has been much celebrated. Slh 8. Virg. "

of Argos. Another of Alexaiidria, ki:.Apot-JEn. 7, v. 759.

tim. Hist. Mirab. c. 25. Athen.
"
Ania, a Iloraaa widow, celebrated for her
Andkonicus Livius. Vid. Livius. beauty. One of her friends advised hor Iv
Anduonicus, a peripatetic philosopherof marry again No, said she, if I marry a man
J
Rhodes, wlio flourished 59 years B. C. He was as allectionate a,s my | I shallbt"ap-
Hrst hu.sbajid,
the firstwho {..ihlished and revised the works prclieusive for his deatli; and if he h bad, why
}
of Aristotleand Theophraslus. His periphra-
' have him aftersuch a kind and indulgent
pne
*

,
 AN AN
AsicETCS. a son of Hercules,by Hebe the opinion
maintains,that Anna was an old in-*
2. A freedman dustrious woman of Bovillae,
who, when the'
godclesst)fyouth. Apollod.
came Roman
who directedthe education of Nero, and be- populacehad fled from the cityto
the instrument of his crimes. Suet, in
mount Sacer,broughtthem cakes every day :
for which kind treatment the Romans, when
was re-established, decreed immortal
Anicia, a familyat Rome, which, in the peace
flourishing times of the republic, producedhonours to her whom they called Perenna,
illustriouscitizens. lation ab ptrennitaie
A re- cultHs,and who, as they sup-
posed,
many brave and of their deitiesjOvid,
w^as become one
of Atticus. C Mpos.
Fast. 3, V. 653, hc."Sil. 8, v. Id." Virg. JEn.
Anicium, a town of Gaul. Cces.Bell.Gal. 7.
Anicius Gallus triumphedover the II- 4, V. 9, 20, 421, and 500.
Anna Cobimena, a princess of Constan-
tinople,
lyrians and their kingGentius, and was pro-
A consul world for
known to the the Greek
praj^orof Rome, A. U. C. 585.
A. U. C. 594. Pro- history, which she wrote of her father Alexius,
with Corn. Cethegus,
bus, a Roman consul in the fourth century, emperor of the east. The character of this
famous for his humanity. historyis not very highfor authenticity or'
of composition : the historian is lost in
Anigrus, a rs\'er of Thessaly, where the beauty
had the daughter : and instead of simplicity of style
tjentaurs washed the Avounds which they
Gibbon says, an elaborate
received from Hercules,and made the waters and narrative,as
unwholesome. Owrf. Jlfef. 15, v. 281. The affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in

nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. every page the vanityof a female author.
The best edition of Anna Comraena, is tiiatof
Paus. 5, c. 6.
Amo and Anien, now Taverone, a river Paris,folio, 1651.
"f Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, ANNiEus, a Roman familywhich was sub- divided
river Tiber, about live into the Lucani, Senecae, Flori, k.c.
and fallinginto the
miles at the north of Rome. It receives its Annales, a chronological historywhich
from Anius, a kingof gives an account of all the important events
name, as some suppose,
who drowned himself there ^vhen he of every year in a state,without entering into
Struria,
his daughter, who had been the causes w^hich producedthem. The annals
oould not recover
carried away. Stat. \. Sylv.3,\.20."Virg. of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In
the firstages of Rome, the writing of the an-
JEn. 7, v. 683." Strab. 5."Horai. 1,od. 7, v.
naU was one of the duties and privileges of
13." Plut. de Fort, llorn.^
Anitorgis, a cityof Spain, near which a the high-priest ; whence theyhave been called
from the priest Pontifex
battle was foughtbetween Asdrubal and the Annales Maximi,
Liv. 33. Mazimus, who consecrated them, and gave
Scipios. 25, c.

Anius, the son of Apolloand Rhea, was

them as truly genuineand authentic.
settled the age at which,
kingof Delos,and father of Andrus. He had
Annalis lex

Oeno, Spermo, among the Romans, a citizen could be ad- mitted

by Dorippe,three daughters,
whom Bacchus had given the to exercise the offices of the state.
andElais, to
whatever theypleased into This law originated in Athens, and was troduced
in-
power of changing could be a knight
in Rome. No man
wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went
to the Trojanwar, he wished to carry them
before 18 years of age, nor be invested with
\ the consular power before he had
arrived to his
with him to supplyhis army with provisions
but theycomplained to Bacchus, who changed 25th year.
them into doves. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 642." Annianus, a poet in the age of Trajan.
Hal l."Diod. 6."Virg.JEn. 3, v. 80. Annibal, a celebrated Carthaginian ge-
neral,
Dionys. of Amilcar. He was educated in
Anna, a goddess, in w hose honour the mans
Ro- son

festivals. She was, accordinghis father's camp, and inured from his eai-ly
instituted
to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister years to the labours of the field. He passed
and at thft;
of Dido, who afterher sister'sdeath,fledfrom into Spainwhen nine years old,
and of his father, took a solemn oath he
Carthage, which Jarbashad besieged, came recjuest
to Italy, where ^Eneas met her, as he walked never would be at peace with the Romans.
on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an After his father's death, he was appointed
honourable reception, for the kindnesses she over the cavalryin Spain; and some time
after, tiiedeath of Asdrubal,he was vested
in-
bad shown him when he Avas at Carthage. upon
of the with the command of all the armies
Lavinia,the wife of Mneas, was jealous
tender treatment which was shown to Anna, of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year
of continual success,
and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprizedof his age. In three years
of thisby her sisterin a dream, and she fled to he subdued allthe n'ations of Spainwhich op- posed
the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, the Carthaginian power, and took Sa-
and ordered the inhabitants of the countryto guntum after a .siege eight
of months. The
railher .^nna Perenna, because she would re- main city was in alliance with the Romans, and it?
Her festivalsfall w^as the cause of the second Punic war,
for ever under the waters.
were performed with many rejoicings, and the which Annibal preparedto support w-ith all
females often,in the midst of their cheerful- ness, the courage and prudenceof a consummate
forgot their natural decency. They general.He levied three largearmies, one of
were introduced into Rome, and celebrated w hich he sent to Africa ; he left another in
the 15th of March. The Romans generally sa- Spain,and marched at the head of the third
have calcula-
ted
"rificed to her,to obtain alongand happylife: towards Italy.This army some
and hence the words Jinnar" and Pertnnare. at 20,000 foot and 6000 horse ; others say-
Some have supposedAnna to be the moon, that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000.
others callher horse. Liv. 21, c. 38. He came to the Alps,
fjuia memibus impleat annum;
deemed alnuist inaccessible, and
Themis, or lo, the daughterof Inachus,and which were
sQjnetimes Maia. Another more received bad never been p8is.5e"i over before him but by

ift
 AN AN
Hercules, and aftermuch trouble gainedthe heart of Italy. Antiochus distrustedthe lidcl"
top in nine days.He conqueredthe uncivilized ityof Annibal, and was conquered by the
inhabitants that opposedhis passage, and after Romans, who grantedhim peace on the con-
dition

the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his of his delivering their mortal enemy
way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire into their hands. Annibal, who was apprized
and vinegar, that even his armed elephantsof this,left the court of Antiochus,and fled
descended the mountains without danger or to Prusias,king of Bithynia.He encouraged
difficulty, where a man, disencumbered of him to declare war against Rome, and even
his arms, could not walk before in safety.He assisted him in weakening the power of Eume-
was opposedby the Romans as soon as he en- tered nes, king of Pergamus, who was in alliance
Italy; and afterhe had defeated P. Corn. with the Romans. The senate received intel-
ligence
Scipioand Sempronius,near the xlhone,the that Annibal was in Bithynia, and im-
mediately
*
Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apen- nines, sent ambassadors, amongst whom
and invaded Etruria. He defeated the was L. Q. Flaminius, to demand him of Pru-
sias.
army of the consul Flaminius near the lake The kingwas unwilling to betrayAnni-
bal,
Trasiraenus,and soon after met the two con- suls and violate tlielaws of hospitality, but at
C. Terentius and L. JEmilius at Cannae. the same time he dreaded the power of Rome.
His army consisted of 40,000 foot and iOjOOO Annibal extricated him from his embarrass-
ment,
horse,when he engaged the Romans at the and when he heard that his house was
celebrated battle of Canna?. The slaughtar besiegedon every side,and all means of escape
was so great,that no less than 40,000 Romans fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which he
were killed, and the conqueror made abridge alwayscarried with him in a ringon his finger,
with the dead caixasses ; and as a signof his and as he breathed his last,he exclaimed,
victory,he sent to Carthage three bushels Solvamus diuturnd curd populum Romanunij
of gold ringswhich had been taken from quando mortem senis expectare longv.mctnset.
5630 Roman knightsslain in the battle. He died in his 70th year, accordingto some,
Had Annibal, immediatelyafter the battle, about 182 years B. C. That year was famous
marched his army to the gates of Rome, it for the death of the three greatestgenerals of
must have jieldedamidst the general nation,
conster- the age, Annibal, Scipio,and Philopoemen.
if we believe the opinionsof some The death of so formidable a rival was the
writers ; but his delay gave the enemy spirit cause of great rejoicings in Rome ; he had al-
and boldness,and when at last he approached Avays been a professedenemy to the Roman,
the walls,he was informed that the pieceof name, and ever endeavoured to destroyits
ground on which his army then stood, was power. If he shone in the field, he also distin-
guished
selling at a highpricein the Roman forum. himself by his studies. He was taught
After hoveringfor some time round the city,Greek by Sosilus,a Lacedaemonian,and he
he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginianeven wrote some books in that languageon
soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the pleasuresditferent subjects.It is remarkable, that the
and riot of this luxurious city. From that lifeof Aimibal,whom the Romans wished so
circumstance it has been said,and with pro- priety,many times to destroyby perfidy, was never
that Capua was a Cannee to Annibal. attemptedby any of his soldiers or country- men.
After the battle of Cannae the Romans came
be- He made himself as conspicuous in the
more cautious,and when the dictator government of the state,as at the head of ar- mies,

Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well and thoughhis enemies reproachedhim
as the valour of Annibal,theybegan to look with the rudeness of laughingin the Cartha- ginian
for better times. Marcellus,who succeeded senate,while every senator was bathed
Fabius in the field, first taughtthe Romans in tears for the misfortunes of the country,
tliatAnnibal was not invincible. After many Annibal defended himself by saying, that he,
important debates in the senate,it was decreed, who had been bred allhis lifein a camp, ought
that war should be carried into Africa, to re- move to be dispensedwith all the more polished
Aimibal from the gates of Rome ; and feelings of a capital.He was so apprehensive

Scipio, who was the firstproposer of the plan, for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia,
was empowered to put it into execution. his house was fortified like a castle,and on
When Carthagesaw the enemy on her coasts, every side there were secret doors, which
she recalled Aimibal from Italy; and that great could give immediate escape if his lifewas
generalis said to have left with tears in his ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, and
eyes, a countiy,which duringsixteen years embarked on board a vessel for Africa,he
he had kept under continual alarms, and so suspectedthe fidelity of his pilot,
strongly
which he could almost call his own. He and who told him that the lofty mountain which
Scipiomet near Carthage,and aftera parley,appearedat a distance was a promontory of
m which neither would give the preference Sicily, that he killed him on the spot ; and
to his enemy, they determined to come to when he was convinced of his fatalerror, ho
a general engagement. The battle was foughtgave a magnificent burial to the man whom he
near Zama : Scipio made a greatslaughter of had so falsely murdered, and called the pro- montory
the enemy, 20,000 were killed,and the same by his name. The labours which he
number made prisoners.Annibal, after he sustained, and the inclemencyof the weather
had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon to which he exposed himself in crossing the
afterthis decisive battle, the Romans granted Alps,so weakened one of his eyes, that \\"i
peace to Carthage,on hard conditions; and ever after lost the use of it. The Romans
afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and ap have celebrated the humanityof Annibal,who^
prehensive of tlieRoman po"\ver,fledto Syria,afterthe battle of Canna", soughtthe body v.'"^
to ki)ig Antiochus,whom he advised to make the fallenconsul amidst the heap?of slain,and
war against Rome, and lead an army into the honoured it with a funeral becoming the dij-
n
 AN AN
iiityof Rome. He performedtbe same theirslavery
what theyhad been taugl^t. ^H'
offices to
fi-iendly the remains of Marcellus an, V. II. ult. lib. c. 30. A Carthaginian
and Tib. Gracchus- who had fallen in battle. who wrote, in the Punic language, the account
He often blamed the unsettled measures of of a voyage he had made round Africa. This
his couatry; and when the enemy had book was translated into Greek, and is still
tlu'ovvninto his camp the head of his brother extant. Vossius de HiM. Gr. 4.- -AnotheJE"
Asdrubal, who had been conqueredas he banished from Carthagefor taminga lion foi*
came from Spain with a reinforcement into his own amusement, which was interpreted as

Italy,Annibal said thatthe Carthaginian arms If he wislied to aspire to sovereign power,

would no longermeet with their usual suc- cess. Plin 8, c. 16. Tliis name
"
has been common
Juvenal,in speakingof Annibal, ob- to many Carthaginians who have signaliced
ser\'es, that the ringwhich catised his death themselves among their countrjTnen during
made a due atonement to the Romans for the the Punic wars against Rome, and in their
many thotisaad rings which had been sent to wars against the Sicilians. Liv. 26, 27, k.c.
Carthage from the battle of Cannas. Annibal, Anop.sa, a mountain and road near the ri- ver
when in Spaiu,married a woman of Cat-tulo. Asopus. Herodot. 7, c. 216.
The Romans entertained such a highopijnon AifSER,a Roman poet whom Ovid, Trisf.
of him as a commander; that Sci|:io, who con-
quered 3, el. 1, v. 425, calls bold and impertinent.
him, callshim the greatest generalrfhat Virgil and Propertius are said to have played
ever lived,and givesthe second raiik to Pyr- upon his name with some degreeof severity.
rhusthe Epirot, and places himselfthe next to AjrsiBARii,a pebple of Germany. Tacit.
these in merit and abilities. It is plainthat Ann. 13, c. 65.
the failure of Annibal's expedition in Italy did AifT^A, the wufe of Proteus,called also
not arise from his neglect, but from that of his Stenobasa. Homer. 11. A goddesswor- shipped

countrymen, who gave him no assistance; far by the inhabitants of Antium.

from imitating their enemies of Rome, who Ant^as, a kingof Scythia, who said that
even raised in one year ISIegions to oppose the the neighing of a horse was far preferable to
formidable Carthaginian. Livy has painted the the music of Ismenias, a famous musician, who
chai'acter of Annibal like an enemy, and itis had been taken captive.Plut.
much to be lamented that a greathistorian has Antaeus, a giantof Libya, son of Terra
withheld the tribute due to the merits and vir- tues and Neptune. He Avas so strongin wrestling,
of the greatestof generals.C. JVep. in that he boasted that he would erect a temple
rila. Liv. 21, 22, "c.
"
"
Flut. in Flamin, he. to his father with the sculls of his conquered
" Justin. 32, c. 4. Sil. Ital. 1, ".c. Appi- antagonists.
" "
Hercules attacked him, and as he
an. " Florus 2 and 3."
Polyb. Diod. Juv. received new strength
"
" from his mother as often
10, V. 159, "c. Val. Max."Horat. 4, Od. 4, as he touched the ground,the hero liftedhim
Epod. 16. The son of the great Annibal, up in the air,and squeezedhim to death in
"vas sent by Himilco to Lilyba3um, which was his arms. Lucan. 4, v. 598. Stat. 6. Theb.
"

besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians V. 893. Juv. 3, v. 88.

" A servant of Atticus.
in their duty. Polyb.1. A Carthaginian Cic. ad Attic. 13, ep. 44. A friend of Tur-
general, son of Asdrubal,commonly called of nus, killed by -iEneas. Virg. Mn. 10, v. 561.
Rhodes, above 160 years before the birth of Antagoras, a man of Cos. Paus. 3, c, 5.
the greatAnnibal. Justin. IS, c. 2. Xenoph.
" A Rhodian poet,much admired by Anti-
Hist. Grace. A son of Giscon, and grand- son genus, Id. 1, c. 2. One day as he was cooking
of Amilcar,sent by the Carthaginians to some fish, the kingasked him whether Homer
the assistance of JCgista, a town of Sicily. ever dressed any meals v"'uen he was recordin ^j
He was overpoweredby Hermocrates,an ex- iled the actions of Agamemnon.' And do you think,
Syracusian.Justin.22 and 23. A Cai'- replied the poet,that be " ?^* t' nTunrcsi^xrxi xy,t
thaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquer- ed To-ru.
uiuvii^^ever inquired whether any indi-
vidual
by the consul,C. Sulpit. Paterculus, in dressed fish in his army .' Plut. Symp.
Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his countiy- 4'Apoph.
nien for his illsuccess. Antalcidas of Sparta, son of Leon, was
AsNicERis, an excellent cliarioteerof Cy- sent into Persia, where he made a peace with
rene, who exhibited his skillin driving a cha-
riot Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his coun-
try,
before Plato and the academy, \\hen by which, B. C. 387, the Greek cities
the philosopher was wantonly.soldby Diony- ot Asia became tributary to tiiePersian mo- narch.

jjius; Anniceris ransonaed his friend,and he Pans. 9, c. 1, "c." Diod. 14. Plut.
"

showed further his respectfor learning, by in Artax.

establishing a sect at Cyiene,called aftt^- his Antander, a generalof Messenia. against
nanle, which supported that all good consis- the Spartans.Paus. 4, c. 7. A brotlver
Ted in ))leasure.Cic. de Off.Z.^"Diog. in of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily.Justin. 24"
rUd.^-Arbti."JElian, V. H.2, c. 27. c.7.
A?i5ius Scapula, a Roman of gi*eat nity, Antastdrcs, now
dig- St. Dimilrl,a city"Jf
put to death for conspiring against Caa- Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near whick
sius. Hirt. Alt.r.55. j^jieas built his fleetafter the destruction of
A^KON and Hanko, a Csrthaginian ral
gene- Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris,
conqueredin Spainby Scipio, and .^ent to Assos, and Apoilonia.There is a hill in it*
Rome. He was son of Boniilcar, whom nibalneighbourhoodcalled Alexandreia, where
An-
sent privately to the Rhone Paris sat, as some
over to con-
quer
suppose, wlieu the tiiree
the Gauls. Liv. 21, c. 27. A thaginian
Car- rival goddesses apj"eared before him when con- tending
who taught birds to sing" Annon is for the prize of beauty. Strab. 13. "

a god," afi-erwhich he restored them to yirg. JEn. 3, v. 6. Mela, 1, c. 18.

"

theirnative liberty ; but the bird? let with AjTEKBPvOuir?, an afilbasjador to Ca;-
 AN AN
sap from the Rhemi, a nation of Gaul. Cces, AifTHEA, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c.
Bell. Gall?., c. 3. 18. Of Messenia. Id. 4, c. 31. Of Trce-
': Anteius Pubhus was appointedover Sy- ria zene. Id. 2, c. 30.
by Nero. He was accused of sedition Antheas, a son of Eumelus, killed in at- tempting
and conspiracy, and drank poison, which ope-
rating to sow corn from the chariot of Trip-
slowly,obligedhim to open his veins, tolemus drawn by dragons. Paus. 7, c. 18.
''"Tacit.An. 13, he. Anthedon, a city of Bcsotia,w^hich re- ceives

AntemnjE, a cityof the Sabines between its name from the floweryplains that
Bome and the Anio, whence the name (ante surround it,or Anthedon, a certain nymph. "^

amnem.) Virg.Mn. 7, v. 631 Dionys.Hal. Bacchus and Ceres had there temples. Paus.
An'tenor, a Trojan prince related to 7, c. 10, 1. 9, c. 22. It w as formerlyinhabit-
ed "

Priam. It issaid that duringthe Trojanwar, by Thracians. Homer 11.2. Ovid Met. 13, "

he alwayskept a secret correspondence with V. 905. A port of Peloponnesus. Plin. 4,

the Greeks, and chiefly wi*h Menelans and c. 5." Stat. 9, V. 291.
Ulysses. In the council of Priam, Homer in- troduces
Anthela, a town near the Asopus, near
him as advising tha Trojansto restore which Ceres and Amphictyonhad a temple.
Helen, and conclude the war. He advised Herodot. 7, c. 176.
Ulyssesto cany away the Trojanpalladium, Anthemis, an island in the Mediterranean;
and encouraged the Greeks to make the the same as the Ionian Samos. Strab. 10.
wooden hoi-se,
Vv'hich,at his persuasion, was Anthemon, a Trojan. Homer II.4.
broughtinto the cityof Troy by a breach made Anthejius, a cityof Macedonia at The.r^
in the walls, ^neas has been accused of be-
ing ms. A cityof Syria. Strab. *

a partnerof his guilt; and the nightthat Antkemusia, the same as Samos.' A
Troy was taken,theyhad a number of Greeks cityof Mesopotamia. Strab.
stationed at the doors of their houses to pro-
tect Anthene, a town of Peloponnesus. Thii'-
them from harm. After the destruction cyd.5, c. 41.
of his country,Antenor .migrated to Italyn^ar AxTiiERMus, a Chian sculptor,sonofMic-
the Adriatic,Vvhere he built the town of Pa-
dua. ciades,and grandson to Malas, He and his
His children were also concerned in the brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet
Trojanwar, and displayed much valour againstHipponax, which caused universal laughter,
the Greeks. Their names were Polybius,on account of the deformityof its counte-
nance.
Acamas, Agenor, and accordingto others, The poet was so incensed upon this,
Polydaraasand Helicaon. Liv. 1,c. 1. Plin. and inveighed
"
w ith so much bitterness against
3, c. Vi.~Virg. JEn. 1, v. 242." Tacit. 16, the statuaries, that they hung themselves,ac- cording
c. 2\" Homer. 11. 3, 7, 8, 11." OriU Met. to the opinion of sorne authors. P/w.
IS."Didys. Cret. 5. Dares Phryg. 6.
"
"
36, c. 5.
Strab. 13. Dionys. Hat.
" 1. Paus.
"

10, c. Anti-ies,a native of Anthedon, who first

27. A statuary. Pans. A Cretan who invented hymns. Plut de Mus. A son of
wrote a history of his countrj^ ^lian. Neptune.
Antenoriues, a patronymicgiven to the ANTHESPnoRi.A, fcstivalscelebrated in Sici- ly,
three sons of Antenor, all killed during the in honour of Proserpine, Vv^ho was carried
Trojanwar. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 484. a.v,'ayby Pluto as she v/as gathering flou'ers.
Anteros, ("tiiffs,, against love,)a son of Claudian de Rapt. Pros. Festivals of the
Mars and Venus. He vvas not, as the deriva-
tion same name were also observed at Argos in ho- nour
of his name implies, a deitythat presided of Juno, who was called Antheia. Paus.
over an oppositionto love, but he was the Corinth. "
Pollux. Onom. 1,c. 1.
god of mutual love and of mutual tenderness. AxTHESTERiA, fcstivals in honour of Bac- chus
Venus had complained to Themis, that her the Greeks. They were brated
cele-
among
son Cupid always continued a child,and was in the month of February,called An-
told,that if he had another brother, he would ihesterion, whence the name is derived, and
grow up in a short space of time. As soon continued three days. The firstw^as called
as Anteros born, Cupid felt his strengthntboytu,
was otrra TTs^-g
-r.u
o"Ktiv, bccause they tapped
increase,and his wingsenlarge; but ifever his their barrelsof liquor.The second day was
brother at a distance from him, he found called Xe f, from the measure %:", because eveiy
was

himself reduced to his ancient shape. From individual drank of his own vessel,in commcr
this circumstance itis seen, that return of pas- moration of the arrival of Orestes,who, after
.siongivesvigourto love. Anteros had a tem-
ple the murder of his mother, came without being
at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles purified, to Dernophoon, or Pandion, king of
had experienced the coldness and disdain of Athens, and w as obliged, with all the Atheni-
ans,
Timagoras,whom he passionately esteemed, to drink by himself,for fear of polluting
and for whom he had killed himself IVid. the drinkingwith them before he
people by
Meles.] Cupid and Anteros are often repre- sented was purifiedof the parricide.It was usual on
striving to seize a palm-tree from one tliatday, to ride out in chariots, and ridicule
another,to teach us that true love always en- deavoursthose that passedby. The best drinker was
to overcome by kindness and grati-rewarded with a crown of leaves,or rather of
1ude. They were alwayspaintedin the Gi-eek gold,and with a cask of wine. The third day
academies,to inform tiiescholars that itistheir was called Xurjo* from %ut(;", a vessel brought
immediate duty to be grateful to tiieirteachers,out fullof allsort^ of seed and herbs,deemed
and to rew^ard their trouble with love and reve-rence. sacred to Mercuiy,and therefoi^ not touched.
Cic. de. JVat. D. 3, c. 23. Pans. 1, c. The slaves had the permission
"

of beingmerry
iiO,1.6, c. 23. "A
"
grammarianof Alexandria,Iand free duringthese festivals; and at the end
in the age of the emperor Claudius. Afree- of the solemnitya herald proclaimed,eot ",
^^ of Atticiig. CiV.flrf.i?;ic. 9; ep. i4. 1K"{c, iw er' Av^,-";{"x:i. e. Bepart, ve Caiian
 AN AN
slaves,the festivalsare at an end. Mlian. V. Anticrates, a Spartan,who stabbed Epa*
H. 2, c. 41. minondas,the Theban general,
at the battle of
Antheus, a of Antenor, much
son ed
esteem- Mantinea. Phil, in Ages.
by Paris. of the companions of
One Anticyra, two toAvns of Greece, the one in
iEneas. Virg.JEn. 1, v. 514. Phocis,and the other near mount Oeta, both
Akthia, a sister of Priam, seized by the famous for the ellebore which theyproduced.
Greeks. She compelledthe peopleof Pallene This plantwas of infinite service to cure eases',
dis-
to burn their ships, and buikl Seione. Polyoen. and particularlyinsanity ;hence the pro-
verb
'7, c. 47. A toAvn. Vid. Jinihea. A JVavigetAnticyram. The Anticyra of
daughterof Thespius,mistress to Hercules. Phocis was ancientlycalled Cyparissa.It
^jiollod.
2, c. 7. had a temple of Neptune, who was sented
repre-
Anthias. Vid. Antheas. holdinga trident in one hand and rest-
ing
a daughterof Thestius.
Anthippe, the other on his side,with one of his feet
Anthium, a town of Thrace, afterwards on a dolphin. Some writers,especially race
Ho-
called Apollonia. Plin. 4, c. 11. A city {Art.P. 300),speak of three islands of
of Italy. this name, but this seems to be a mistake.
Anthius, (flowery,) a name of Bacchus Pam. 10, c. 36."Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 166. De
worshipped at Athens. He had also a statue Art. Poet. V. 300." Persiius, 4, v. 16." Strab.
at Patraj. 9." Mela. 2, c. S."Ovid Pont. 4, ep. 3, v. 53.
Antho, a daughter of Amulius king of ^A mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in D"-
Alba. metr.
Anthores, a companion of Hercules,who Antidomus, a wai'like soldierof kingPhilip
followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He at the siegeof Perinthus.
was killed in the war of Turnus against.^ne- Antidotus, an excellent painter, pupil of
as. Virg.JEn. 10, V. 'TIS. Euphranor. Plin. 35, c. 11.
Anthracia, a nymph. Pans. 8, c. 31. Antigenes, one of Alexander's generals,
Anthropinus, Tisarchus, and Diocles, publicly rewarded for his valour. Curt. 5, c. 14.
three persons who laid snares for Agathocles Antigenidas, a famous musician of The-
bes,
tyrantof Sicily.Polycen. 5, c. 3. disciple to Philoxenus. He taught his
Anthropophagi, a peopleof Scythiathat pupilIsmenias to despise the judgment of the
fed on human flesh. They lived near the populace. Cic. in Brut. 97.
country of ;theMessagetee.Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. Antigona, daughterof Berenice, was wife
6, c. 30." ."e/a,2, c. 1. to kingPyrrhus. Pint, in Pyrrh.
Anthylla, a cityof Egypt on the Cano- Antigone, a daughter of (Edipus,king of
pic mouth of the Nile. It maintained the Thebes, by his mother .Tocasta. She buried
queens of the country in shoes,or, according by nighther brother Polynices,againstthe
to Mhenoiiis 1,in girdles.Herodot. 2, c. 98. positive orders of Creon, who, when he heard
Antia lex was made for the suppression of of it,ordered her to be buried alive. She
luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not however killed herself before the sentence was

known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who executed ; and Hiemon, the king'sson, Avho
afterwards never supped abroad for fear of was passionately fond of her,and had not been
being himself a witness of the profusionand able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on
cxtravffgance which his lav/ meant to destroy,her grave. The death of Antigoneis the sub- ject
but without effect. Macrob. 3, c. 17. of one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The
Antianira, the mother of Echion. Athenians were so jileased Avith it at the first
AsTiAs, the goddessof fortune,chiefly shipped
wor- representation, that they])resented the author
at Antium. "A "
poet. Vid. Furius. with the government of Samos. This tragedy
ANTicLJiA, a daughterof Autolycusand Am- was represented32 times at Athens without
phithea. Her father,who \vas a famous rob- ber, interruption. Sophod.in Antig. Hygin. fab. "

permittedSisyphus, sonof JEolus, to en- joy 67, 72, 243, 254." Apollod.3, c. o."Ovid,
the favours of his daughter,and Anticlea Trisi. 3, el. 3."Philostrat. % c. 29." Stat.
was reallypregnant of Ulysseswhen she mar- ried Theb. 12, v. 350. A daughterof Eurjtion
Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was king of Phthia in Thessaly. Apollod. A
nevertheless the reputed father of Ulysses.daughterof Laomedon. She was the sisterof
Ulyssesis reproachedby Ajax in Ovid. Met. Priam, and was changed into a stork for com- paring
as beingthe son of Sisyphus. It is said that herselfto Juno. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 93,
Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false Antigon/a, an inland town of Epirus.Plin.
reportof her son's death. Homer. Od. 11, 19. 4, c. 1. One of Macedonia, founded by
"Hygin. fab. 201, 24:6." Pans. 10, c. 29. Antigonus,son of Gonatas. Id. 4, c. 10.
A woman who had Periphetesby Vulcan. One in Syria,on the borders of the Orontes.
Apollod.3. A daughterof Diocles, who Sfrab. 16. Another in Bithynia, called also
married Machaon the son of jEsculapius, by Nica3. Id. 12, Another in Arcadia, an- ciently

whom she had Nicomachus ?ind Gorgasus. called Mantinea. Paus. 8, c. 8.

Pans. 4, c. 30. of Troas in Asia Minor. Strab. 13.
One
ARTICLES, an Athenian
archon. A man one of Alexander's generals,
Antigonus,
who conspiredagainstAlexander with Her- universally supposedto be the illegitimate son of
molaus. Curt. 8, c. 6. An Athenian victor Philip,Alexander's father. In the division of the
at Olympia. provincesafter the king'sdeath, he received
Anticlides, a Greek historian, whose Pamphylia,LyciujandPhrygia. He united with
works are now lost. They are often quoted Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroyPerdiccas
by Athenxzus and Plui. in Mex. and Eumcnes ; and alter the death of Perdicr
Anticragus, a mountain of Lycia; oppo-
site cas,he made continual war againstEumenes,
mount Cragus. Utrab,4, whom, aflcrthree years of variousfoilunf^hf
 AN AN
tWok prisoner,and ordered to be stai-ved. He lents and 500 women. With these foreign
afterwards declared war againstCassander, troops he attacked his country,and cut tliR
whom he conquered, and had several engage-
ments ears of HvTcanus to make him unfit for the
by his generals with Lysimachus. He priesthood.Herod, Avith the aid of the Ro- mans,
obligedSeleucus to retire from Syria,and fly took him prisoner, and he was put to
for refugeand safety to Egypt. Ptolemy,who death by Antony. Joseph. 14. Dion ^ Pint.
"

had established himself in Egypt,promisedto in Anton. Carj^stius,

an historian in the age
defend Seleucus, and from that time allfriend- ship of Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some
ceased between Ptolemy and Antigonus,of the ancient philosophers.Diog. Athtn. "

and a new war was begun, in which Deme-

trius, A writer on agriculture. A statuary
the son of Antigonus,conquered the who wrote on his profession.
fleet of Ptolemy near the island of Cyprus,and Antilco, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his
took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships.death oligarchy prevailed in tliatcity. Arist.
After this famous naval battle, which happen-
ed 5, Polit.
26 years after Alexander's death, Antigo-
nus Antilibanus, a mountain of Syria oppo-
site
and his son assumed the titleof kings, and mount Libanus ; near which the Orontes
their example was followed by all the rest of flows. Strqb."Plin.5, c. 20.
Alexander's generals.The power of Antigo-
nus Antilochus, a king of Messenia. The
was now become lemy, eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice.He went to
so formidable,that Pto-

Seleucus,Cassander, and Lysimachus, the Trojanwar with his father,and was killed
combined togetherto destroyhim ; yet Anti- gonus by Memnon, the son of Aurora. Homer. Od.
despised them, sayingthat he would dis- 4. Ovid. Heroid. says he was killed by Hec-
" tor.
as birds. attemptedto enter A poet who panegyricupon
pei-se them He wrote a

Egypt in vain, though he gained several ries

victo- Lysander, and received a hat filledwith silver.
over his opponents,and he at lastreceived Plut. in Lys. An historian commended by
so many wounds in a battle,t hat he could not Dionys. Hal.
sui'vive them, and died in the 80th year of his x\ntimachls, a lascivious person. An
age, 301 B. C. During his life,he was master historian. A Greek poet and musician of
of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria; but after his Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a ti'ea-
death, his son Demetrius lost Asia, and estab-lished tise on the age and genealogyof Homer, and
himself in Macedonia after the death proved him to be a native of Colophon. He
of Cassander, and some time after attempted repeatedone of his compositionsbefore a
to recover his former possessions, but died in largeaudience,but his diction was so obscure

captivity, in the court of his son-in-law,cus.

Seleu- and unintelligible,that allretired except Plato;
Antigonuswas concerned in the different upon which he said,Legam 7iihilominus, to
Pla-
of the
intrigues Greeks. He made a treatyof enim mihi est unus instar omnium. He was
alliance with the jEtolians, and was pected reckoned
highlyres- the next to Homer in excellence,
by the Athenians,to Avhom he showed and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his po-
etry,
himself very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus that he preferredhim to Homer. He
dischargedsome of his officers because they wrote a poem upon the Theban war ; and be- fore
spent their time in taverns, and he gave their he had broughthis heroes to the cityof
commissions to common soldiers, who formedThebes, he had filled24 volumes.
per- He was sur-

their duty with punctuality. A certain named Clarius from Claros, a mountain neav

poet called him divine ; but the king despisedColophon,where he was born. Pans. 9, c.SS.
his flattery, and bade him go and inquu'eof Plut. in Lysand.4' Timol.
"

Propert.2, el.
"

his servants whether he was reallywhat he 34, V. 45. Quintil.10, c. 1.

" Another poet
supposed him. Strab. 13. Diod. 17, "c.
" of the same
"

name, surnamed Psecas,because

Pans. 1; c. 6, k.c. Justin. 13- 14,and 15.
"
C. he praised himself.
" Suidas. A Trojan
JS'ep.in Eumen. "
Plvl. in Demelr. Eumev. "f-whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of
Arat. Gonatas, son of Demetrius, and Helen to Menelaus and Ulysses, who had
grandsonto Antigonus, was kingof Macedonia. come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons.
He restored the Armenians to liberty, quered
con- Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by
the Gauls,and at last was expelledby Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11,v. 123, 1. 12,v,
Pjrrhus,who seized his kingdom. After the 188. A son of Hercules by a daughterof
death of Pyrrhus,he recovered Macedonia, Thestius. Apollod.2 and 3. A native of
"nd died after a reignof 34 years, leavinghis Heliopolis, Avho wrote a poem on the creation
son Demetrius to succeed, B. C. 243, Juslin. of the world, in 3780 verses.
21 and 26." Pol yb."Plut.in Demetr. The Antimenes, a son of Deiphon. Pans. 2,
guardianof his nephew, Philip, the son of De- V. 28.
metrius,
who married the widow of Deme-
trius, Antinoe, one of the daughtersof Pelius,
and usurpedthe kingdom. He was ed
call- whose wishes to restore her father to youthful
Doson, from his promisingmuch ing vigourproved so fatal. Apollod.1. Paus. 8,
and giv- "

nothing. He conqueredCleomenes, king c. 11.

of Sparta,and obligedhim to retire into Antinoeia, annual sacrificesand quinquen-
nial
Egypt, because he favoured the .^tolians games in honour of Antinous, instituted
against the Greeks. He died B, C. 221, aftera by the emperor Adi'ian at Mantinea, where
reignof 1 1 years, leaving his crown to the law- Antinous was worshippedas a divinity.
ful possessor, Philip, who distinguished self
him- Antinopolis, a town of B'gypt, built in ho-
nour
by his cruelties and the war he made of Antinous.
against the Romans. Jmdn. 28 and 29. "
Po- Antinous, a youth of Bithynia,of whom
lyb.2. Pint, in Cleom.
" A sou of Aristobu- the emperor Adrian was so extremelyfond,
lus kingof Judiea,who obtained an army from that at his death he creeled a temple to him,
tilekingof Parlhiaj by promisinghim 1000 ta- and wished it to be believed that he had been
 AN AN

cliaaged"mto constellation.
a. Some writers pian." The third of that name,
" sumameS
Suppose that Antinous was drow"ned in the the Great, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus. was
IN'ile;while others maintain that he offered king of Syriaand Asia, and reigned36 years.
himself at a sacrifice as a victim, in honour of He was defeated by PtolemyPhilopater at Ra-

the emperor. A native of Ithaca,son of Eu- phia,after which he made war against Persia,
peithes, and one of Penolope's suitors.He was and took Sardes. After the death of PhUo-
bnrtal and cruel in his manners, and excited pater,he eudeavom'ed to crush his infant son
his companionsto destroy Telemachus, wkosp Epiphanes; but his guardians solicited the aid
advice comforted Ids mother Penelope.When of the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled
Ulyssesreturned home, he came to the palace to resignhis preiensions.He conqueredthe
in a beggar'sdress,and beijged for bread, greatestpart of Greece, of which some cities
which Antinous refused,nnd
even struck him. implored the aid cji Rome ; and Annibal, who
After Ulysseshad di"covered himself to Tele- had taken refugeat his court, encounfgedhim
machus and Eumseus, he attacked the suitors, to make v^ar against Italy. He was gladto find
v.'ho were ignorantwho he was, and killed himself supportedby the abilitiesof such a ge- neral
Antinous among the first. Homer. Od. 1, 16, ; but his measures were dilatory, and not
17, and 22."FrGpert.2, el. 5, v. 7. agreeable to the advice of Annibal,and he was
Antiochia, the name of a Syrian pro- conqueredand obliged to retire beyond mount
"^ance. Mela, 1, c. 14. -A city,of Syria-Taurus, and pay a yeai'ly fine of 2000 talents
once the third cityof for beauty,to the Romans.
the world His revenues bei-ng unable to
and population.
jrreainess, It was built b}^An- pay the fine,he attemptedto plunderthe tem- ple
tiochus and Seleucus pNicanor,partly on a hill of Belus in Susiana, which so incensed the
and pfiitlyin a plain.It has the river Orontes inhabitants that theykilled him with his follow-
ers,
In lis lieighbourhood;with a celebrated grove 187 years before the christian era. In his
called Daphne; v.hence, for the sake of dis- character of king,Antiochus was humane
tinction, and
it has been called Antiochia near liberal; the patron of learning, and the friend
Daphne. Dionys. Piereg. A city called of Baerit : and he publishedan edict,ordering
aisa Misibis,in Mesopotamia,built by Seleu-
cus, his subjects never to obey except his com-mands

son of Antiochus. "The capital

" of Pisl- were consistent with the laws of the
dia 92 miles at the east of Ephe.su.'?.A city country. He had three sons, Seleucus Philo-
on mount Cragus.^ Another near the liver paterjAntiochus Epiphanes,and Demetrius.
Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia, on the west- The first succeeded him, and the two others
Another in Margiana,called Alexandria and vcere kept as hostages by the Romans. Jusihu
Seleucia. Anotlier near mount Taurus, on 31 and 32." 5/ra6. 16." Lir. 34, c. 50."Flor,
t!i8confines of Syria. Another of Caria,on. 2, c. 1. Appian.BelJ.
"

Syi\ The fourth An-

tiochus,
the river .Meander. surnamed Epiphanes,or Ilk:sirioi(Sf
Antiochis, the name of the mother of was king of Syria,after the death of his bro-
ther
Antiochus,the son of Seleucus. A tribe of Seleucus,and reignedeleven years. He
Athens. destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to
A?fTiocuus, surnamed Sotcr, was son of the Jews, that they called him Epimanes,or
Seleucus, and king of Syria and Asia. Ke Furious, and not Epiphanes. He attempted
made a treatyof alliance with Ptolemy Fhila- to plunderPersepoiis without effect. He
delphus,king of Eg}^pt.He fellinto a linger- ing was of a voi-acious appetite, and fond of
which
di.sease, none cians childish diversions;
of his father'sphysi- he used for his pleasure to
could cure for some time, tillit v.ns dis- empty bags of money
covered in the streets,io see thft-
that his pulse^vas mors irregulai'than people's eagerness to gatherit; he bathed in
usual, when Stratonice his step-mother enter-
ed the publicbaths with the populace,and Avas
his roouijandthat love for her '.vas the cause fond of perfuminghimself to e:icess. He invi-
ted
of his illness. This was told to the father, who all the Greeks he could at Antioch, and
willingly
gave Stratonice to his son, that his waited upon them as a servant, and danced
immoderate love might not cause his death. \A'ithsuch indecencyamong the stageplayers,
He died 2i"l B. C. after a reignof 19 years. that even the most dissipate and shameless
Justin. 17,c. 2, Lc."Val. Max. b."Polyb. 4. blushed at the sight.Polybius.Justin. 84, c.
"

J9ppia77. The second of that name, surna- med 3. The fifth, surnamed Eupalor,succeeded
Tkeos (God) by the Milesians,because his father Ep/iphanes on the throne of Syria,
he put to death their tyrantTimarchus, was 164 B. C. " He made a peace with the Jews,
son and successor of Antiochus Sotcr. He put and in tliesecond year of his reignwas sinated
assas-

an end to the war which had been begun with by his uncle Demetrius,who said that
Ptolemy ; and, to strengthenthe peace, he the crown was lawfully his own, and that ithad
married Berenice,the daughterof the Egyp- tian been seized from his lather. Justiri.34. Jo- "
seph.
king. This so offended his former wife 12. The sixth, king of Syria, was named
sur-

Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she Entheus, or J\oble. His father, ander
Alex-
poi-onedhim, and suborned Artemon, whose Bala, intrusted him to the ckre of Mal-
features were similar to his,to representhim cus, an Arabian ; and he received the crown
a.s King. Artemon, subservient to her ^vill, from Tryphon, in opposition to his brotlier
jn-etendcd to be indi5po.sed,and, as king, called Demetrius, whom the people hated. Before
.'illthe ministers; -liudrecommended to them he had been a yeai* on the throne,Tryphon
fceleucus, surnamed Callinicusjson of Laodice, murdered him 143 E. C. and reignedin his
}\s his successor. Affr this ridiculous impos-
ture, placefor three yeai's. Joseph. 13. The se-.
it was made public that the kinghad died venth, called iiidefes, reignednine years. In
a natural death, and Laodice placedher son on the beginningof his reign,he was afraid of
the throne, iind dispatchedBerenice and her Tryphon, and concealed himself,but he soon
gen, 246 years before the christianera. obtained the means
.-???- of destroying his enemy.
 AN
He made war against Phraates kingof Parthia, Atticus. Cie.ad Atlic. 3, ep. 33. A hair.*
and he fellin the battle which was soon after dresser mentioned by Martial,11, ep. 85. ^"

about 130 years before the christian era. A son of Hercules by Medea, Apollod. 2, c.
k, jfought
Justin. 36, c. 1. Appian. Bell. Syr.
"
The 7. A stage player. Juv. 3, v. 98. X
-eighth, surnamed Grupus.from his aqv.iline sculptor, said to have made the famous statue
nose, was son of Demetrius patra. of Pallas,preservedin the Ludovisi gardens
Xicanor by Cleo-
His brother Seleucus Avas destroyedat Rome.
by Cleopatra,nnt^ he himself would have Antiope, daughter of Nycteus, king of
shared the same fate, had he not discovered his Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter,
mother's artifice, and compelledher to drink who, to deceive her,changed himself into a sa- tyr.

the poisonwhich was preparedfor himself. He She became pregnaiit, and, to avoid ihf.
killed Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had resentment of her father,she fled to mount Ci'
set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and thxcron,where she broughtforth twins,Ara-
was at last assassinated B. C. il2,aftera reign phion and Zethus. She exposedthem, to pre-
vent
of eleven years. Justin. 39, ":c. Joseph.
"
"

discovery, but they w^ere preserved.Af-

ter
Jlppian. The ninth, surnamed Cyzcnicus, this she fled to Epopeus, king of Sicj-'on,
from the cityof Cyzicus,wHere he received his who married her. Some say that Epopeus
education, was son of Ardochus Sldetes,by earned Jier away, for which action iNyctens
Cleopati-a. He disputed* le kingdom with his made war against him, and at his death Icit
brother Grypus, who ce ed to him C{closy-his crown to his brother Eycus, intreating
ria, part of his patrira( ?y. He was at last him to continue the war and punish the ra-
conqueredby his nephi "v Seleucus near An- visher of irisdaughter. Lycus obeyed his in- junctions,
tioch,and rather thar to continue prisoner killed Epopeus, and recovered An-
in his hands, he killed himself, B. C. 93. tiope, whom he loved, and married,though
"While privateman, he seemed v/orthyto his niece. His firstwife,Dirce,was jealous
a ol
reign; but when on the throne, he was solute
dis- his new connection ; she prevailedupon her
and tyrannical.He was fond of n%e- husband, and Antiope was delivered into her
chanics;and invented some useful military gines. hands, and
en- confined in a prison, where she
Appian. Joseph. The tenth, was
" was dailytormented. Antiope,after many
ironically surnamed Pius,because he married years imprisonmenijobtained means to escape,
Selena,the wife of his father and of his uncle. and went after her sons, who mideilook to
He was the son of Antiochus ninth, and he ex- pelled avenge her wrongs upon Lycus and his wife
Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, Dirce. They took Thebes, put the king to
and was killed in a battle he foughtagainst tlie death,and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull,
Parthians,in the cause of the Gaiatians. Jo-
seph.vvho draggedhertiil shedied. Bacchus changed
"
Appian. dom her into a fountain,and deprivedAntiope of
After his death, the king-
of Syriawas torn to pieces by the faotions the use of her senses. In this forlorn situa-
tion
of the royalfamilyor usurpers, who, under a she wandered all over Greece, and at
good or false title, under the time of Antio-
chus last found relieffrom Phocus, son of Orny-
or his relations, established themselves for tion,who cured her of her disorder, and mar-
ried

a littletime sovereignseither of Syria,or

as lier. Hyginxis,fab. 7, says that Antiope
Damascus, other dej^endent
or proviuces.At was divorced by Lycus,because she had been
last Antiochus,surnamed Asiaticus, the son of ravished by Epopeus,v;-hom he calls Epaphus""
Antiochus the ninth,w^as restored to his pater-
nal and that after her repudiationshe became
throne by the influence of Lucullus the Ro-
man pregnant by Jupiter.Meanwhile Lycus mar-
ried

general,on the expulsion of Tigranesking Dirce, who suspectedthat her husband

of Armenia from the Syrian dominions; but still keptthe company of Antiope, upon which
four years after,Pompey deposed him, and he imprisonedher. Antiopehowever escaped
observed,that lie who hid himself while an Ix'ora ner confinement, and broughtforth on
usurper sat upon his throne,ought not to be a mount Cithasron. Some authors have called
king.From that time, B. C. 65, Syi'ia became her daughter of Asopus, because she was
a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus born on the banks of that river. The Scholi- ast
was extinguished. Justin. 40. A philoso-
pher on Apollon.1,v. 736, maintains that there
of Ascalon,famous for his writings, and were two pei-sons of the name, one tliedaugh-
ter
the respect with which he w^as treated by his of Nycteus,and the other of A.sopu3, aiid
pupils, Lucullus,Cicero,and Brutus. Plut. in mother of Amphion and Zatlius. Pmfs. 2, "c.
Lucull. An historian of Syracuse,son of 6, 1. 9, c. 17." CH^U 6. Met. v. WO.".QpoUod.
Xenophanes,who wrote, besides other w orks.3, c. b."Pr"pcrt.3, el. Ib.-^Hom. Od. 11, v.
Sin history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he 269. Hygin.iob.
" 7, 8, and 155. A daughtep
began at the age of kingCocalus. Strab. Di- of Thespius or
" Thestius, mother of Alopius
od. 12. A rich king,tributmyto the Ro- mans by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A daughter
in the age of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 2, of Mars, queen of the Amazons, taken prison- er
c. 81. A sophist Vv'ho refused to take upon by Hercules,and givenin marriageto The- seus.
himself the government of a etate,on account She is alfo called Hippolyte. Vid. Hip-
of the vehemence of his passions. A king polyte. A daughter of Jiolus, mother of
conqueredby Antony, ",c. C("S. 8, Bell. Civ. Bojotus and Hellen, by Neptune. Hygin.fab.
4. A king of Meseenia, Paux. 4. A 157. A daughterof Pilon, who manied.
commander of the Athenian fieet, under Alci- Eurytus. Id. fab. 14.
biades,conqueredby Lysander.Xenopk.Hist. Ai?TiaRi8,a son of Lycurgu5; Phtl. in
Orac. A writer of Alexandria,who pub- Lycurg.
lislieda treatise on comic poets. Athtn. A Aifi'iPARoa, a aniall island in the ^g^aa
scepticof Laodicea. Dioy;.in Pyrrh. A sea, oppositePoros- from wlii-Jli it j" abo'itsix
Icaropd sophist.
Philostra.^"^X servant of mile? dinant. .
 AN AN
iiPATER, son of lolaus,was soldier un- the two brothers by the advice of Lysimacbill?,
raised to tiierank of a
Philip,and and soon afterDemetrius killed Antipater,and
iing
/eralunder Alexander the Great. When made himself king of Macedonia, 294 B. C.
jxander went to invade Asia, he leftAiiti- Justin. 26, c. 1. A king of Macedonia, who

p^ter supreme governor of Macedonia, and of reignedonly 45 days,277 B. C. A king of

all Greece. Antipaterexerted himself in the Cicilia. A powerful prince, father to Her-
od.
eause of his king; he made war Sparta,
against He was appointedgovernor of Judea by
and soon
was after called into Persia with a Cajsar,whom he had
assisted in the Alexan-
drine
reinforcement by Alexander. He has been An
war. Joseph.
Athenian archon.
suspectedof givingpoison to Alexander, to One of Al('"\ander's soldiers, who conspir-
ed
raise himself to power. After Alexander's
"

against his life with Hermolaus. Curt. 8,

death, his generals divided the empire among c. 6. A celel"rated sophistof Hieropolis,
themselves,and Macedonia was allotted to An- preceptorto the children of the emperor Se-
tipater.
The wars which Greece, and chieflyverus, A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144
Athens, meditated during Alexander's life,years B. C- A poet of Sidon, who could
BOW burst forth with uncommon furyas soon compose a number of verses extempore, upon
as the news of his death was received. The any subject.He ri"nked Sappiioamong the
Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and muses, in one of h ^ epigrams. He had a fe- ver
equipped200 shipsagainst who was
Antipater, eveiy year on th.^ day of his birth,of which
master of Macedonia. Their expeditionwas at last he died. Hevflourished about 80 years
attended with iriuch success, Antipaterwas B. C. Some of his ^igi'ams are preserved in
routed in Thessaly,and even besiegedin the the anthologia. Plin.l, c. 51. Val. Max. 1,
"

town of Lamia. But when

Leosthenes the c. 10. Cic. de Or at. 3, le Office.
"

3, de Qucest.
Athenian general was mortallywounded under Acad. 4. A philosopher of Phoenicia,pre-
ceptor
the walls of Lamia, the fortune of the war was to Cato of Utica. Plut. in Cat. A
changed.Antipater obligedthe enemy to raise stoic philosopher, disciple to Diogenesof Ba-
bylon.
the siege, and soon after received a reinforce-
ment He wrote two books on divination, and
from Craterus from Asia, with which he died at Athens. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 3. Ac.
conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thes- saly. Qucest.4, c. 6. De Offic. 3, c. 12. A disci-
ple
After this defeat,Antipaterand Crate- rus of Ai'Istotle,
who WTote two books of let-
ters.
marched into Ba?otia,and conqueredthe A poet of Thessalonica,in the
age of
and grantedpeace
JEtolians, to the Athenians, Augustus.
on which Leosthenes
the conditions had pro-
posed Antipatria, a cityof Macedonia. Liv.
to Antipater when besieged in Lamia, i.e. 31, C.27.
that he should be absolute master over them. Antipatridas, a governor of Telmessus.
Besides this, he demanded from their ambas-
sadors, Polycen. 5.
Deraades, Phocion, and Xenocrates, Antipatris, a cityof Palestine.
that they should deliver into his hands the ora-
tors Antiphanes, an ingeniousstatuaryof Ar-
Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose quencegos.
elo- Pans. 5, c. 17. A comic poet of
had inflamed the minds of their coun-
trymen, Rhodes, or i*ather of Smyrna, who wrote
and had been the primary causes of above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year
the war. The conditions were accepted,a of his age, by the fall of an appleupon his
Macedonian garrison was stationed in Athens, head. A physicianof Delos, who used to
but the inhabitants stillwere permittedthe say that diseases originated from tlie variety
free use of their laws and privileges. Antipa- of food that was eaten.
ter Clem. Alex. Athen. "

and Craterus were the firstwho made Antiphatks, a king of the Laestrygones,
hostile preparations againstPerdiccas ; and descended from Lanius, who founded Formiae.
duringthat time, Polyperchonwas appointed Ulysses, returning from Troy, came upon his
over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated the coasts, and sent three men to examine the
iEtolians, who made an invasion upon Mace- donia. country. Antiphatesdevoured one of them,
Antipater gave assistance to Eumenes and pursued the others,and sunk the fleet of
in Asia, against Antigonus, accordingto Justin. Ulysseswith stones, except tiie shipin which
14,c. 2. At his death,B. C. 319, AntipaterUlysseswas. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 232. A
appointedPolyperchon master of all his pos- sessionsson of Sarpedon. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 696.
; and as he was the oldest of all the The grandfather of Amphiai'aus.Homer. Od.
generals and successors of Alexander, he re-
commended A man killed in the Trojan war bv Leon-
that he might be the supreme ler
ru- teus. Homer. 11. l%x.\9\.
in their councils,that every thingmight be Antiphili portus, a harbour on the Afri-
can
done accordingto his judgment. As for his side of the Red sea. Strab. 16.
son Cassander, he left him in a subordinate Antipiiilus, an Athenian who succeedeci
Jitation under Polyperchon. But Cassander Leosthenes,at the siegeof Lamia againstAn-
tipater,
was of too aspiring
a disposition
tamelyto obey Dlod. 18. A noble painterwho
his father'sinjunctions. He recovered Mace-
donia, represented a youth leaningover a fire and
and made himself absolute. Curt. 3, 4. blowingit,from which t)iewhole house seem- ed
ft,6, 7 and 10." Justin. 11, 12, 13, hc."Diod. to be illuminated. He was an Egyptianby
17, 18, ".C. C. JS'ep.
"
in Phoc. ^ Eimien. birth : he imitated Apelles,and was
"

disciple
Plut. in Eumtn. Mexand. ".c. A son of to Ctesidemus. Plin. 35, c. 10.
Cassander,king of Macedonia, and son-in-law Antiphon, a poet. A native of Rham-
of Lysimachns. He killed his mother, because nusia, called Neslor, from his eloquenceand
she wished his brother Alexander to succeed prudence. The sixteen orations that are ex- tant
to the throne. Alexander,to revenge the death under his name, are supposititious.An
of his mother, solicited the assistance of Deme-
trius orator, who promisedPhilip, kingof Macedo-
nia,
: but peace was re-estabHsbcd between tiaat he would set on fire the citadelof
 AN AN
Athens, for which he was put to death at the Rome and his country,in the age of Tarquiu
instigationof Demosthenes. Cic. de Div. 2. the Proud, Dionys.Hal. 4.
" C. Reginus,
Plut. in Alcih. "^ Demost. A poet who a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul. Cces.Bell. G.
wrote on agriculture. Mhen. An author 6 and 7. A soldier of Pompey's army, so

who wrote a treatise on peacocks. A rich confident of his valour,that he challenged all
man introduced by Xenophon as disputing the adherents of Caesar. Hirt. 25, Hisp.Bell.
with Socrates. An Athenian who preted
inter- Antitaurus, one of
the branches of
dreams, and wrote an of his art.
history mount Taurus, which in a north-east di-
runs rection
Cic. de Div. 1 and 2. A foolish rhetorician. throughCappadociatowards Armenia
A poet of Attica,who wrote tragedies, and the Euphrates,
epicpoems, and orations. Dionysiusput him Antitheus, an Athenian archon. Paus. 7,
to death,because he refused to praise positions. c. 17.
his com-
Being once asked by the tyrant, Antium, a maritime town of Italy, built
what brass was the best .' he answered, that by Ascanius, or, accordingto others, by a
"With which the statues of Harmodius and son of Ulyssesand Circe,upon a promontory
Aristogiton are made. Plut. Jlnstot."
32 miles from Ostium. It was the capitalof
Antiphonus, a son of Priam, who went the Volsci,who made war againstthe Ro-mans
with his father to the tent of Achilles to re- deem for above 200 years. Camillus took it,
Hector. Homer. II.24. and carried all the beaks of their shipsto
Anti'phus, a son of Priam, killed by Aga-
memnon Rome, and placed them in the forum on a
duringthe Trojanwar, A son of tribunal,which from thence was called jRos-
Thessalus, grandsonto Hercules. He went trum. This town was dedicated to the god-dess
to the Trojanwar in 30 ships. Homer. II. 2, of fortune, whose statues, when sulted,
con-

V. 185. An intimate friend of Ulysses. gave oracles by a noddingof the head,

Homer. Od. 17. A brother of Ctimenus, or other different signs. Nero was born there.
was son of Ganyctorthe Naupactian. These Cic. de Div. 1. Horat. 1,od.35.
"
Liv.8,c. 14.
"

two brothers murdered the poet Hesiod, on Antomenes, the last kingof Corinth. After
the falsesuspicion that he had offered violence his death, magistrates with regal authority
to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. were chosen annually.
The poet'sdog discovered them, and they Antonia lex, was enacted by M. Antony,
were seized and convicted of the murder. the consul,A. U. C. 710. It abrogatedthe Zea;
Flut. de Solert.Anim. Aiia,and renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking
Antip(enus, a noble Theban, whose away from the peoplethe privilege of choos-
ing
daughterssacrificedthemselves for the public priests, and restoring it to the collegeof
safety. Vid. Androclea. priests, to which it originally belonged. Dio.
Antipolis, a city of Gaul, built by the 44. Another by the same, A. U. C, 703.
peopleof Marseilles, Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 15. It ordained that a new decuryof judgesshould
Antirrhium, a promontory of ^tolia,op- positebe added to the two former, and that they
Rhium in Peloponnesus, whence the should be chosen from the centurions, Cic. in
name. Philip. 1 and 6. Another by the .same. It
Antissa, a city at the north of Lesbos. allowed an appealto the people, to those who
""An island neai* it. Ovid. Met. 15, v, 287, were condemned de majeslate, or of perfidious,

"Plin. 2, c. 89. measures against tliestate. Another by the

Antisthenes, a philosopher, born of an same, duringhis triumvirate. It made it a
Athenian father, and of a Phrygian mother. capital offence to propose ever afterthe elec"
He taughtrhetoric, and had among his pupilstion of a dictator, and for any person to accepS
the famous Diogenes; but when be had heard of the office. Jlppian. de Bell. Civ. 3.
Socrates,he shut up his school,and toldhis Antonia, a daughterof M, Antony, by
pupils," Go seek for yourselvesa master, I Octavia, She married Domitius .Snobarbus,
have now found one." He was the head of and was mother of Nero, and two daughters-
the sect of the cynic philosophers. One of A sister of Germaiiicus, A daughter
his pupilsasked him what philosophyhad of Claudius and iii^lia Petina, She was of the
taughthim ? " To live with myself," said he. familyof the Tu hero's,and was repudiated
He sold his all, and prescn-ed ged for her levity.Sueton. in Claud. 1.
anlya very rag- " Tacit.
coat,which drew the attention of Socrates,Ann. 11. The wife of Drusus the son ot
and tempted him to say to the cynic,who Livia,and brother to Tiberius, She became
carried his contempt of dress too far,"Antis- thenes, mother of three children,Germanicus, Cali- gula's
I see thyvanitythrough the holes of father ; Claudius the emperor, and tjie
thy coat." Antisthenes tauglit the unity of debauched Livia. Her hu^sband died very
God, but he recommended suicide. Some of early,and she never would marry again, but
his letters are extant. His doctrines of aus-terity sj)cnther time in the education of he? chil-
dren.
were followed as longas he was liimself Some peoplesuppose her grandsonCa- ligula
an exampleof the cynicalcharacter,but after ordered her to be poisoned,A. D, 38,
his death tii-^y were all forgotten. Antisthenes VrJ. Max.4, c. 3. A castle of Jerusalem,
"

flourislied396 years B. C. Cic. de Oral. 3, c. winch received this name in honour of M.

35."
Dio^.6. Plut. ill Lye.
"
A disciple of Antony.
Heraclitu.^. An historian of Rhodes. Diog. Antonu, a patrician and plebeianfamily,
ANTfsTins Lab7:o, an excellent lawyer at yv'li'ch were said to derive their origin from
Rome, who dcft-uded the libertiesof his coun- Antones, a son of Hercules,as Plut. in AiUon,^
tiy againstAugustus,for which he is taxed informs us.
with madness, by Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 82, AuTONiNA, the wife of Bellisarius,
" Sic.
niicton. in Ai'g.64. Pcti'O of Gabii, was Antoninus, Tixus, surnamed PiuSf was
^'le author of a celebrated treatybetween adopteil by the emperor Adri^^ to whom he
\2
 AN AN
fjucceeded.This princeis remarkable for all Aktoniopolis, a city of Mesopotamia*
the vii'tuesthat can form a perfect statesman, Marcdl. 8.
philosopher, and king. He rebuilt whatever M. Antonius Gnipho, a poet of Gaul
chies had been destroyed by wars in former who taughtrhetoric at Rome ; Cicero and
reigns.In cases of famine or inundation, he other illustriousmen frequented his school.
reheved the distressed, and suppliedtheir He never asked any thingfor his lectures,
wants with his own money. He suffered the whence he received more from the liberality
governors of the provinces to remain longin of his pupils. Suefon. de Illust.Gr. 7.
the administration, that no opportunity of ex-
tortionAn orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the
mightbe giveii to new-comers. In his same name. He was killed in the civil wars
conduct towards his subjects, he behaved w ith of Mariris, and his head was hung in the forum.
atFability and humanity, and listened with pa- tience Val. Max. 9, c. tl."Lucan. 2, v. 121.
to every complaint broughtbefore him. Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the
When told of conquering heroes,he said with same name, by means of Cotta and Cethegus,
Scipio, I prefer the lifeand preservation of a obtained from the senate the officeof manag- ing
citizen, to the death of 100 enemies. He did the corn on the maritime coasts of the
not persecutethe christianslike his predeces- sors, Mediterranean with unlimited power. This
but his lifewas a scene of univei'salbene-volence. ga\ e him many opportunities of plundering the
His lastmoments were easy, though provinces and enriching himself. He died of
precededby a lingering illness.When consul a broken heart. Sallust. Frag. Cains, a
of Asia,he lodgedat Smyrna in the house of a son of the orator of that name, who obtai"ed a
sophist, who in civility obliged the governor to troop of horse from Sylla,and plundered
changehis house at night.The sophist, when Achaia. He was carried before the pretorM.
Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, Lucullus, and banished from the senate by the
and was jocosely desired to use the palace as censors, for pillaging the allies, and refusing
his own house, without any apprehension of to appear when summoned before justice. "

beingturned out at night.He extended the Cains,son of Antonius Caius was consul,with
boundaries of the Roman provincein Britain,Cicero, and assisted him to destroy the con-
spiracy

by raising a rampart between the Friths of of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Ma- cedonia
Clydeand Forth ; but he waged no wars dur- ing as his province, and fought with illsuc-
cess
his reign, and onlyrepulsed the enemies of against the Dardani. He was accused at
the empireAvho appeared in the field. He died his return and banished. Marcus, the tri-umvir,
in the 75th year of his age, after a reignof was grandson to the orator M. Anto- .

23 years, A. D. 161. He w-as succeeded by his nius,andsoji of Antonius, surnamed Cretensis,

adoptedson, M. Aurelius Antoninus, sur- from his wars in Crete. He was augur and
named the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as tribune of the people, in which he distinguish-
ed
his father. He raised to the imperial dignity himself by his ambitious views. He always
his brother L. Verus, whose voluptuousness entertained a secret resentment against Cicero,
and dissipation were as conspicuous as the mo-
deration which arose from Cicero's havingputto death
of the philosopher. During their Corn. Lentulus,who was concerned in Cati- line's
reign, the Quadi,Parthians, and Marcomanni conspiracy.This Lentulus had married
were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in Antonius's mother after his father's death.
Gi-eek,entitled, r" -:*"'la-jTct.,concerning self, When
him- the senate was torn by the factions
the best editions of which are the 4to. of Pompey's and Cajsar's adherents,Antony
Cantab. 1652, and the Svo. Oxon. 1704. Af- ter proposed that both should lay aside tlie
the war with the Quadi had been finish- ed, command of their armies in the provinces ;
Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoni-
nus but as this proposition met not with cess,
suc-
survived him eightyears, and died in his he privately retired from Rome to the
61st year, after a reignof 29 years and ten camp of Cajsar,and advised him to mai^ch
davs. Dio. Cassius. "Bassianus
"
Caracalla,his army to Rome. In support of his at- tachment
son of the emperor SeptimusSeverus,was ce- lebrated ho commanded the left wing of
for his cruelties. He killed his bro- ther his army at Pharsalia, and according to a pre-
meditated
Geta in his mother's arms, and attempt- ed scheme, oflered him u diadem in
to destroythe writings, of Aristotle, ob- tl:e presence of the Roman people. When
.=erving that Aristotle was one of those who Ca3sar was assassinated in the senate house,his
sent poisonto Alexander. He married his friendAntonyspokean oration over his body;
mother, and publicly lived with her, which and to ingratiate himself and his party with
gave occasion to the peopleof Alexandria to the populace, lie reminded them of the libe- ral
s-aythat he was an OEdipu,=, and his wife a treatment they had received from Ciesar.
.Tocasta. This joke v;as fatal to them ; and He besieged Mutina, which had been allotted
the emperor, to punish their ill language, to D. Brutus, for which the senate judged
slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. him an enemy to the republic, at the remon-
After assuming the name and dress of Achilles, strationof Cicero. He was conqueredby the
""ndstyling himself the conqueror of provinces consuls Hirtius andPansa, and by young Ca?-
he had never seen, he was assassinated at sar, who soon afterjoinedhis interest with
F.dessa by Macrinus, A\)v\\ 8, in the 43d year that of Antony, and formed the celebrated
of his age, A, D. 217. His body was sent to triumvirate,which was established with such
his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight. cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even
There is extant a Greek itinerary, and spare his own
, uncle,that he mightstrike ofl'
another book called llcr Britannicum,which the head of his enemy Cicero. The triumvi-
rate
:ome have attributedto the emperor Antoni- divided the Roman empireamong them- selves;
;uis, ihoughitwas more probablywritten by a Lepiduswasset over allItaly, tus
Augus-
'person of that name whosre p.gG U unknown. ha.dthe west, and Antonyreturned into

ift^ II
 AN AO
tke east,where he enlargedhis dominions by freedraanof Claudius, appointed governor of
ditterent conquests.Antony had niarried Ful- Judaea. He married Drusilla,the daughter
via, whom repudiated
he to marry Octavia the of Antony and Cleopatra. Tacit. 4, Hist. 9.
sister of
Augustus, and by this connexion to Flamma, a Roman, condemned for extor-
tion,

strengthenthe triumvirate. He assisted Au-

gustus under Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 45,
at the battle of Philippi againstthe of Augustus. Plin. 29,
Musa, a physician
"
"

murderers of J. Caesar, and he buried the c. 1. Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A.

body of M. Brutus, his enemy, in a most mag- U. C. 304. Liv. 3, c. 35.
nificent Q. Merenda, a
manner. During his residence in the military tribune,A. U. C. 332. Liv. 4, c. 42.
east,he became enamoured of the fair Cleo-
patra, Antorides, a painter,disciple to Aristip-

queen of Egypt,and repudiated Octavia pus. Plin.

to marry her. This divorce incensed Augus-
tus, Antro CoRACius. Vid. Coracius.
who now preparedto depriveAntony of Antylla. Vid. Anthylla.
all his power. Antony, in the mean time, as-
sembled Anubis, an Egyptian deity,represented
all the forces of the east, and with under the form of"a man with the head of a
Cleopatramarched againstOctavius Cgesar. dog,because when Osiris went on his expedi- tion
These two enemies met at Actium, where a againstIndia, Anubis accompanied him,
naval engagement soon began,and Cleopatra,and clothed himself in a sheep'sskin. His
by flying with 60 sail,drew Antony from the worship was introduced from Egypt into
battle, and ruined his cause. After the battle Greece and Italy. He is supposed by some
of Actium, Antony followed Cleopatrainto to be Mercury, because he is sometimes re^-
Egypt, where he was soon informed of the presentedwith a caduceus. Some make him
defection of all his allies and adherents,and brother of Osiris, some his son by Nephthys,
saw the conqueror on his shores. He stabbed the wife of Typhon. Diod, 1. Lucan. 8, v.
"

himself,and Cleopatralikewise killed herself 3S1." Ovid. Met. 9, v, 6S6."Plut. de Isid.

by the bite of an asp. Antony died in the and Osind."Herodot. 4. "
Virg. JEn. 8, v.
56th year of his age, B. C. 30, and the con-
queror 698.
shed tears when he was informed that Anxius, a river of Armenia, falling into the
his enemy was no more. Antony leftseven Euphrates.
children by his three uives. He has been Anxur, called also Tarracina,a cit)^ of the
blamed for his great effeminacy, for his un-
common Volsci,taken by the Romans, A. U. C. 348.
love of pleasures, and his fondness It was sacred to Jupiter,who is called Jupiter
of drinking.It is said that he wrote a book in Anxur, and representedin the form of a
praiseof drunkenness. He was fond of imita-
ting beardless boy. Liv. 4, c. 59. Horat. 1, Sat.
"

Hercules, from whom, according to some 5, v. 2Q." Lucan. 3, v. 84." FtVg.Mn.l^x.'

accounts, he was descended ; and he is often 799.
representedas Hercules, with Cleopatrain Anyta, a Greek woman, some of whose
the form of Omphale, dressed in the arras of elegant verses are stillextant.
her submissive lover, and beatinghim with Anytus, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with
her sandals In his publiccharacter,Anto-ny Melitus and Lycon, accused Socrates of im- piety,
was brave and courageous, but with the and was the cause of his condemnation.
intrepidity of Ceesar,he possessed all his vo-
luptuousThese false accusers were afterwards put to
inclinations. He was prodigalto death by the Athenians. Diog. AEllian. V.
"

a degree, and did not scruple to call, from va-

nity, H. 2, c. VS." Horat. 2, Sat. 4, v. 3." Pint, in
his sons by Cleopatra,kings of kings.Alcib. One of the Titans.
His fondness for low company, and his de-
bauchery, Anzabe, a river near the Tigris.Mar-
form the best parts of Cicero's Phi-
lippics. cd. 18.
It is said that the night of Cassar's AoLLius, a son of Romulus by Hersila,af-
terwards
murder, Cassius supped with Antony ; and called Abillius.
beingasked whether he had a dagger with AoN, a son of Neptune,who came to Eu-
him, answered, yes, if you, Antony,aspire to boea and Bceotia, from Apulia,where he col- lected
sovereignpower. Plutarch has written an the inhabitants into cities, and reigned
account of his life. Virg.^m. 8, v. 685. "
over them. They were called Aones,and the
Horat. ep. 9. Juv. 10, v. 122,
" " C. Nep. in country Aonia, from him.
Attic. Cic. in Philip. Justin. 41 and
" " 42. AoNEs, the inhabitants of Aonia, called af- terwards
Julius,son of Antony the triumvir,by Bceotia. They came there in the
Fulvia,was consul with Paulus Fabius Maxi- age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to set-tle
mus. He was surnamed Africanus,and put with the Phoenicians. The muses have
to death by order of Augustus.Some say that been called Aonides,because Aonia was more
he killed himself. It is supposedthat he wrote particularly frequentedby them. Pavs. 9,
an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books. c. 3." Ovid. Met. 3, 7, 10, 13. Tri^t. el. 5,
Horace dedicated his 4 Od. 2, to him. Tacit. V. 10. Fast. 3, v. 456, 1. 4, v. 245." Virg.G.
4, Ann. c. 44. Lucius, tlietriumvir's bro-
ther, 3,v. 11.
was besiegedin Pehisium by Augustus, Aonia, one of the ancient names of Bce-
otia.
and obliged to surrender himself with 3(K)mcn
by famine. The conqueror .sparedhis life. AoRis, a famous hunter,son of Aras, king
Some say that he was killed at the shrine of of Corinth. He was so fond of his sisterAra-
Caisar. A noble, but unfortunate youth. thyraia, that he called part of the country by
His father,Julius, was put to death by Augus-
tus, her name. Pans. 2, c. 12. The wife of
for his criminal conversation with Julia, Neleus,called more
commonly Chloris. Id.
and he himself was removed by the emperor 9, 0. 36.
toMarseilles,
on pretence of finishing
his ed- Aornos, Aorm's, Aornis, a loftyrock,
Wcqtion. TacU. % Ann. c. 41 i^rclis,a supposedto be near the Ganges,in India,taken
"
 AP AP

by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it,but Apblles, a celebrated painter of Cos, or^
was able to conquer it. Curt. 8, c. 11. as others say, of Ephesus,
never or Colophon,son of
" Jlirian. 4. Slrab. 15. Plat, in Mcx.
" " A Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the
placein Epinis,with an oracle. Pans. 9, c. Great, who honoured him so much that he
80. A certain lake near Tartessus. forbade any man but Apelles to draw his pic-
ture.
Another near BaioR and Puteoli. It was also He was so attentive to his profession,
called Avernus. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 242. that he never spent a day without employing
AoTi, a people of Thrace near the Getaj, his pencil, whence the provei'b of Nulla dies
on the Ister. Piin. 4. sine tinea. His most perfect picture was nus
Ve-
ApaitjE, a people of Asia Minor. Slrab. Anadyomene, which was not totally ed
finish-
Apama, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who when the painter died. He made a paint- ing
married Pharnabazus, satrap of Ionia. A of Alexander holding thunder in his hand,
daughterof Antiochus. Pans. 1,c. 8. so much like life,that Pliny, who saw it,says
Apame, the mother of Nicomedes by Pru^- tiiatthe hand of the king witli the thunder
sias king of Bithynia. The mother of An- tiochus
seemed to come out of the pictui'e. This pic-
ture
Soter,by Seleucas Nicanor. Soter was placedin Diana's templeat Ephesus.
founded a citywhich he called by his mother's He made another of Alexander,but the king
name. expressednot much satisfaction at the sight of
Apamia or Apamea, a cityof Phrygia,on it ; and at that moment a horse passingby,
the Mai'syas. A city of Bithynia. Of neighedat the horse which was represented in
Media. Mesopotamia. Another near the piece, supposing itto be alive ; upon which
tileTigris, the painter said," One would imaginethat the
Apakjji, nation of shepherdsnear
a the horse is a better judge of painting than your
Caspiansea. Slrab. majesty." When Alexander ordered him to
ApATiJRiA, a festival at Athens, which re- ceived draw the picture of Campaspe, one of his mis-
tresses,
its name from !*.tt"xh,deceit,because it Apellesbecame enamoured of her,
was instituted in memory of a stratagem by and the king permitted him to marry her. "

which Xanthiis kingof Bceotia was killed by He wrote three volumes upon painting, which
Melanthus kingof Athens, upon the followingwere stillextant in the age of Pliny. It issaid
occasion : when a war arose between the Bo3o- that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring
tians and Athenians about a piece of ground against the lifeof Ptolemy,and that he would
which divided their territories, Xanthus made have been put to death had not the real con-.
a proposalto the Athenian king to decide spiratordiscovered himself,and saved the
the battle by single combat. Thynicetes, who painter. Apellesnever put his name to any
was tiien on the throne of Athens, refused,picturesbut three ; a sleeping Venus, Venus
and his successor Melanthus accepted the Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The verb
pro-
challenge. When theybegan the engagement, of JVe sutor ultra crepidam, is applied to
Melanthus exclaimed,that his antagonist had him by some. Plin. 35, c. 10. Horat. 2, ep.
"

some person behind him to support him ^ up- on 1, V. 238. Cic. in Famil. 1,ep. 9.
"
Ovid, de
"

which Xanthus looked behind, and was led Art. Am. 3, v. 401." Fa/. Max. 8, c. 11.
kil- A
by Melanthus. From this success, Jupitertragic writer. Suet. Calig.33. ^A Mace-
" "donian
was called a;7"T(,v")?,
deceiver, and Bacchus, Avho general, fcc.
was supposedto be behind Xanthus,was called Apellicon, a Teian peripatetic pher,
philoso-
M""^v:*";. clothed in the skin of a black goat.
",-, whose fondness for books was so great
Some derive the word from "7r"rof"",i.e. o/Mroax, that he is accused of stealing them, when he
because on the day of the festival, the children could not obtain them with money. He bought
accompanied their fathers to be registered the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but
among the citizens. The festivallasted three greatly disfigured them by his frequentinter- polations.
days, the firstday was called Soe^t",because The extensive librarywhich he
suppers, 'V'^oi, were preparedfor each separate had collected at Athens,was carried to Rome
tribe. The second day was called amieva-ii xtto when Syllahadconqueredthe capital of Attica,
rev um
ivsitv,because sacrifices were offered to and among tlie valuable books was found an
Jupiterand Minerva, and the head of the vic- tims original manuscriptof Aristotle. He died
was generally vens. about 86 years before Christ. Slrab. 13.
turned up towai'ds the hea-
The third was called KoyfiujTt;,from Apenninus, a ridge of high mountains
KojfO",a youth,or Koi/f:*, shaving,because the which run throughthe middle of Italy, from
young men had their hair cut off before they Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are
registered,
were and their parents swore joinedto the Alps. Some have supposedthat
that they were free-born Athenians. They theyran across Sicily by Rhegium before Italy
generally sacrificed two ewes and a she-goatwas separatedfrom Sicily.Lucan. 2, v. 306.
to Diana. This festivalwas adoptedby the "Ovid. Met. 2, v. 226." /to/. 4, v. 743."
lonians,except the inhabitantsof Ephesusand Strah. 2." Mela, 2, c. 4.
Colophon. A surname of Minerva of Aper, Marcus, a Latin orator of Gaul,
Venus. who distinguished himself as a politician, as

Apeauros, a mountain in Peloponnesus.well as by his genius.The dialogueof the ora- tors,

Polyb.4. inserted with the works of Tacitus and

Apella, a word, Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 10, Quintilian, He died A. D,
is attributedto him.
which has given much trouble to critics and Vid. INumerianus.
85. Another.
commentators. Some suppose itto mean Aperopia, a small island on the coast of
cumcised,
cir-
(sinepelk) an epithet cable Argolis.Pans. 2, c. 34.
highlyappli-
to a Jew. Others maintain that it is a Apesus, Apesas, or Apesantus, a tain
moun-

proper name, upon the authority of Cicero ad of Peloponnesus, nee^r Lerna. Siat. in
Jltiic.12, ep. 19, who mentions a person of Theb. 3, v. 463.
the sa^e no^mc,
 AP AP
ApHACAja town where Venus
of Palestine, Pelasgia,
terwards called .iEgialea, Argia,ami
was worshipped,and where she had a temple the island of Pelops.
at last Peloponnesus,
or

and an oracle. Also the name

Homer. of theII. 1, v. 270.
Aphjea, a name of Diana, who had a tem-
ple earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a
in jEgina. Paus. 2, c. 30. powerful deity. Herodot. 4, c. 59.
Aphar, the capital cityof Arabia,near the Apianus, or Apion, weis born at Oasis in
Red Sea. Arrian. in Perij)L Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of
Apharetus, fell in love with Marpessa, which he was deemed a citizen. He succeed-
ed
daughterof OEnoraaus, and carried her away. Theus in the profession of rhetoric in the
Aphareus, a king of Messenia, son of Pe- reignof Tiberius,and wrote a book against the
rieres and Gorgophone, who married Arene Jews, which Josephusrefuted. He was at the
daughterof CEbalus,by whom he had three head of an embassy which the peopleof Alex- andria
sons. Paus. 3, c. 1. A relation of Isocrates sent to Caligula, to complain of the
who wrote 37 tragedies. Jews. Seneca, ep. 88. Plin. prw/.Hist. "

Aphas, a river of Greece, which fallsinto ApiCATA, married Sejanus,by whom she
tliebay of Ambracia. Plin. 4, c. 1. had three children. She was repudiated.Ta-cit.
Aphellas, a king of Cyrene, who, with Ann. 4, c. 3.
the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce Apicius, a famous glutton in Rome. There "

his power.
all Africa under Justin. 22, c. 7. were three of the same name, all famous for
Aphesas, a mountain in Peloponnesus,their voracious appetite.The first lived in
whence, as the poets have imagined,Perseus the time of the republic,the second in the
attemptedto flyto heaven. Stat. 3. Theb. v. reignof Augustusand Tiberius,and the third
461. under Trajan. The second was the most mous,
fa-
Aphet-=e, a cityof Magnesia,where the ship as he wrote a book on the pleasures
Argo was launched. Apollod. and incitements of eating.He hanged himself
Aphidas, a son of Areas king of Arcadia. afterhe had consumed the greatestpartof bis
Paus. 8. estate. The best edition of ApiciusCajlius
Aphidna, a part of Attica, which received de Arte Coquinarid,is that of Amst. i2nio.
its name from Aphidnus, one of the compani-
ons 1709. Juv. 11,V. 3 "Martial. 2, ep. 69.
of Theseus. Herodot. Apidanus, one of the chief rivers of The's-
ApHiDNus, a friend of JEneas, killed by sah',at the south of the Peneus, into which it
Turnus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 702. falls,a littleabove Larissa. Lucan. 6, v. 372.
Aphoebetus, one of the conspirators
against Apina, and Afiisjz, a cityof Apulia,des- troyed
Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 7. with Trica, in its neighbourhood,by
Aphrices, an who
Indian prince, defended
Diomedes ; whence came the proverb of
the rock Aornus with 20,000 foot and 15 phants.
ele- Apina 4' Trica, to express things.
trifling
He was killed by his troops, and his Martial. 14,ep. 1. Plin. 3, c. 11. "

head sent to Alexander. Apiola, and ApioL5;,atown of Italy,

taken
Aphrodisia, an island in the Persian gulfby Tarquin the Proud. The Roman capitol
where Venus is worshipped. Festivals in was begun with taken from
the spoils tliaf,
honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts city. Piiyi.3, c. 5.
of Greece, but chieflyin Cyprus. They were Apion, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the
firstinstituted by Cinyras,from whose family descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. A gram-
marian.
the priests of the goddesswere alwayschosen. IVid.Apianus.]
All those that were initiated offered apiece of Apis, one of the ancient kingsof Pelopon "

money to Venus, asa harlot, and received as a nesus, son of Fhoroneus and Laodice. Some
mark of the favours of the goddess, a measure say that Apollowas his fatlier,
and that he was:
of salt and a f"?^a;; the salt,because Venus kingof Argos,while others call him king of
arose from the sea; the "f*"^^05, because she is Sicyon,and fixthe time of his reignabove 2C0
the goddessof wantonness. They were brated years earlier,
cele- which is enough to show he is
at Corinth by harlots, and in every part but obscurely known, if known at all. He
of Greece, they were very much frequented. was a native of Naupactum, and descended
Strah. 14." 4then. from Inachus, He received divine honouri.
Aphrodisias, a town of Caria, sacred to after death,as he had been muniiicent and hu- mane
Venus. Tacit. Jinn. 3, c. 62. to his subjects.The country where he
Aphrodisium or a, a town of Apuliabuilt reignedwas called Apia; and afterwards it re- ceived

by Diomede in honour of Venus. the name of Pelasgia, Argia,or Argolis,

ApiiRODisuai,a city on the eastern parts of and at lastthat of Peloponnesus, from Peiops.
Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis. A pro-
montory Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augus-
tine,
with an island of the same name on have imaginedthat Apis went to Kpypt
the coast of Spain, Plin. 3, c. 3. with a colonyof Greeks, and that he civili;ied
,

Aphrodite, the Greecian name of Venus, the inhabitants, and polishedtheir manner.-;,
from "?f3.-, froth,because Venus is said to have for which they made him a god after deatli,
been born from the froth of the ocean. Jfe- and paiddivine honours to him under the name
siod. Th. 195." Plin. 36, c, 5. of SerapLs. This tradition, accordingto some
AphytjE or ApHVTis, a city of Thrace, of the moderns, iswithout foundation. JEsthyl.
near Pallena, where Jupiter Amnion was shipped. in Suppl. August,de
wor- Civ. Dei, 18, c. 5.
" "

Lysander besiegedthe town ".

but Paus. 2, c. 5."
ApoUod. 2, c. 1. A son of
the god of the place appeared to him in a Jason, born in Arcadia ; he was killed by the
dream, and advised him to raise the siege,horses of i^^tolus. Paus. 5, 1.
c. A town
which he immediatelydid. Paus. 3, c. 18. of Egypton the lake Mareolis. A god of the
Apia, an ancient name of Peloponnesus,Egyptiansworsliippcd under the form of an
which it received from kingApis It was af- ox. Some say that Isis and Obiris me the
 AP AP
(feitiesworshipped under this name, because departedfrom the temple.The first sounds that
during their reigntlieytaughtthe Egyptians were heard, v\'ere taken as the answer of the
agriculture. Tiie Egyptiansbelieved tliatthe oracle to their questions.Fmis. 7, c. 22. "

soul of Osiris was departedinto the ox, Herodot. 2 and 3."Plin. 8, c. 38, hc."Strab.
really
where it wished to dwell, because that animal 7. Plut. ill Idd. and Osir. Jipollod.
" 1, c. 7. "

had been of the most essential service in the I. 2, c. l."Mda, 1, c. 9."Plin. S, c. 39, he.
cultivation of the ground,which Osiris had in-troduced
Strah. l."JElian. V. H. 4 and G."Diod. l._
into Egypt. The ox that was chosen Apisaon, son of Hippasus,assisted Priara
was alwaysdistinguished by particular marks ; against the Greeks, at the head of a Paeoniaa
his body was black ; he had a square white army. He was killed by Lycomedes. Horn.
spot upon the forehead,the iigure of an eagle II. 17,V. 348. Another on the same side.
upon the back, a knot under the tongue like a Apitius Galba, a celebrated buffoon in
beetle,the hairs of his tail were double, and the time of Tiberius. Juv. 5, v. 4.
his rightside was marked with a whitish spot, ApoLLiNAREs LUDi, games (jdebratedat
resemblingthe crescent of the moon. out
With- Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated
these, an ox could not be taken as the god from the following circumstance : an old pro-
phetic
Apis; and it is to be imagined that the priests poem informed the Romans, that if they
gave these^distinguishedcharacteristics to the instituted yearlygames to Apollo,and made a
animal on whom their credit and even rity
prospe- would
collection of money for his service,.they
depended. The festival of Apislasted se-
ven repelthe enemy whose approachal-
be able to ready
days; the ox was led in a solemn proces-
sion signified their destruction. The first
by the priests,and everyone Avas anxious time theywei"e celebrated,Rome was alarmed
to receive him into his house, and it was lieved
be- by the approach of the enemy, and instantly
that the children Vv'ho smelt his breath the people rushed out of the city,and saw a

received the knowledge of futurity. The ox cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on the
was conducted to the banks of the Nile with troopsof the enemy. With this heavenlyas- sistance

much ceremony, and if he had lived to the theyeasily obtained the victory.The
time when their sacred books allowed, tlieypeoplegenerally sat crowned with laurel at the
drowned him in the river,and embalmed his representation of these games, which were

body, and buried it in solemn state in the city usually celebrated at the optionof .thepraslor*
of Memphis. After his death, which some- times tillthe year U. C. 545, when a law was passed
w:as natural, the greatestcries and to settle the celebration yearlyon
mentations
la- the same
were heard in Egypt, as if Osiris day,about the nones of July. When this alte-
ration
was justdead; the priests shaved their headS; happened, Rome was infested with a
"wiiich was a sign of the deepestmourning. dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed
This continued tillanother ox appearedwith to be appeased by this act of religion.Lit.
the proper characteristics to succeed as the 25, c. 12.
which
deity, followed with the greatest
Avas clamations,Apollinaris, C. Sulpitius,
ac- a grammarian of

as ifOsiris was returned to life.This Caithage,in the second century, who is sup- posed
ox, which was found to representApis,was left to be the author of the verses prefixed
40 days in the cityof the Nile before he was to Terence's playsas arguments. A writer
carried to Memphis, duringwhich time none better known by the name of Sidonius. Vid*
but women were permittedto appear before Sidonius.
him, and this they performed,
accordingto Apollonides, a Greek iu the wars of Da-
rius
their notions,in a
superstitious wanton and in-
decent and Alexander, "c. Curt. 4, c. 5.
manner There was also an ox shipped
wor- AppoLTviNis Arx, a placeat the entrance of
Heliopolis,under the name
at of the Sibyl's cave. Vir^.JEn. 6. Promon-
Mnevis ; some supposed that he was Osiris,torium, a ])romontory of Africa. Liv. 30, c.
but others maintain that the Apis of Memphis 24. Templum, a place of Thrace, in "

was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis'to Isis.When Lycia. JEliun. V. H. 6, c. 9.

Carnbysescame into Egypt, the people were Apollo, son of Jupiterand Latona, called
celebrating the festivals of Apis with every also Phrebus,is often confounded with the sun.
mark of joyand triumph, which the conqueror According to Cicero, 3. de Js'^at. Deor. there
inteipreted as an insult upon himself. He were four persons of this name. The firstwas
called the priests' of Apis, and ordered the son of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the
deity himself to come before him. When he Athenians. The second "was son of Corybas,
saw that an ox was the objectof their venera-
tion, and was born in Crete, for the dominion of
and the cause of such rejoicings, he which he disputed even with Jupiterhimself
wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to The third was son of Jupiter and Latona, and
be chastised,and commanded his soldiers to came from the nations of the Hyperboreans
daughtersuch as were found celebrating such to Delphi. The fourth was born in Ai'cadia,
riotous fe.stivals.The god Apis had generallyand called Nomion, because he gave laws to the
two stables, or rather tempie.j. If he eat from inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona
tiie hand, it was a favourable omen allthe actions of the others seem
; but if he to have been
refused the food that va as offeredattributed. The Apollo,
him, it was son of Vulcan, was the
interpreted r.s unlucky. From as the Orus of the Egyptians,
this,Germani-
same and was the
cus, when he visited Egypt,drew the omens of most ancient, from whom the actions of the
his approachingdeath. When his oracle was others have been copied. The three others
consulted,incense v;as burnt on an altar,atid a seem to be of Grecian origin.The tradition
pieceof n)oncy placedupon it,after which the that the son of Latona was born in the floating
people that wished to know futurity appliedisland of Delos, is taken from the Egyptiai^
their car to the mouth of the god and imme-
diately mythology,which asserts that the son ol Vul-
can,
retired, theirears
stopping tillthey had to be Orus, wrs
which is supposed guved
 AP Ap
by hismother Isisfrom the persecution of Ty- heacl IS generallysuiTounded with beams cri
phon, and intrusted to the care of Latona, who light.He was the deitywho, according to the
concealed him in the island of Chemmis. notions of the ancients,inflicted plagues,
"
and
When Latona was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, in that moment he appearedsurrounded with
who w^as ever jealous of her husband's amours, clouds. His worshipand power wei-e sally
univer-
raised the serpentPython to torment Latona, acknowledged: he had templesand sta- tues
who was refused a place to givebirth to her in every country, particularly in Egypt,
moved
children,tillTN'eptune, at the severityof Greece, and Italy.His statue, which siood
her raised the island of Delos from the tom
fate, bot- upon
mount Actiura, as a mark to mariners to
of the sea, where Latona broughtforth avoid the dangerouscoasts, was particularly mous,
fa-
Apolloand Diana. Apollowas the god of all and it appeareda great distance at sea.
the fiiiearts,of medicine,music, poetry, and Augustus, before the battle of Actium, address-
ed
eloquence, ventor. himself to it for victory.The gi-iliin,
of all which he was deemed the in- the
He had received from Jupiterthe cock, the grasshopper, the wolf,the crow, the
power of knowing futurity, and he was the only swan, the liawk,the olive, the laurel,
the palm-
one of the gods whose oracles in generalti-ee,^z-c. were
were sacred to him ; and in his sacri-
fices,
reputeover the world. His amours with Leuco- wolves and hawks were offered,as they

thoe,Daphne, Issa,Bolina,Coronis, Clymene. were the natural enemies of the flocks over
Cyrene,Chione, Acacallis, Calliope, 6ic. are which he presided.Bullocks and lambs were
.

well known, and the various shapeshe assu- med also immolated to him. As he presided over
his passion.He was
to gratify very fond poetry,he was often seen on mount Pai-nassus
of young Hyacinthus,whom he accidentally with the nine muses. His most famous oracles
killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus,who were at Delphi, Delos, Clares,Tenedos, Cyr-
was changed into a cypress tree. When his son rha,and Patara. His most splendid templewas
./Esculapius had been killed with the thunders at Delphi,where every nation and individual
of Jupiter,for raising Apollo,made considerable presents when theycon-
the dead to life, sulted
in his resentment, killed the Cyclopswho had the oracle. Augustus,after the battle
fabricated the thunderbolts. Jupiterwas of Actium, built him a templeon mount
censed
in- tine,
Pala-
at this act of violence,and he banished which he enriched with valuable
a
library.
Apollofrom heaven, and deprivedhim of his He had a famous Colossus in Rhodes, which
dignity.The exiled deitycame to Admetus, was one of the seven wonders of the world.
kingofThessaly, and hired himself to be one of Apollohas been taken for the sun ; but it
may
his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he be provedby ditterent passages in the ancient
remained nine years ; from which circumstance writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phcebus aud
Hy-
be was called the god of shepherds, and at his sa- perion,were
crifices all differentcharactersand deities,
a wolfwas generally offered, mal thoughconfounded
as that ani- together. When once Apol*-
is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. 1q^was addressed as the Sun, and represented
Duringhis residence in Thessaly, he rcAvarded with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was
the tender treatment of Admetus. He gave adoptedby every writer, and from thence arose
him a chariot, drawn by a lion and a bull, with the mistake. Ovid. Met. 1,fab.9 and 10,L 4- fab
which he was able to obtain in marriageAlceste 3, kc.~Faus. 2, c. 7, 1.5, c. 7,i.7, c. 20, 1.9, ci
the daughterof Pelias;and soon after,the 30,tc. Hygin.fab.9, 14,50,93, 140,16 1 202, ,

Parcae granted, at Apollo's request, that Adme-

tus 203, ^t."Sial. 1. Theb. oGO."TibulL 2, el. 3.
mightbe redeemed from death,if another "
Plut. de Amor."
Horn. II. 4-Hymn, in ApolL
person laid down his lifefor hira. He assisted Virg. J"n. 2, 3, k.Q..G. 4, v. 323." Horct. 1,od.
Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and 10." Uician. Dial. Mer. 4'
Vulc.-Propert. 2,
when he was refused the promisedreward from el. 28. " Callimach. in Apoll. Apollod:.
"

1,c. 3,
Laomedon.the kingof the countiy,he destroy-
ed 4, a?id9, 1.2, c. 5, 1.3, c. 5, 10 and 12. One
the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon of the ships in the fleet of iEneas.
as
Virg.^n.
he was born, Apollodestroyed with arrows the 10,V. 171. Also a temple of Apollo
upon
serpentPython,whom Juno had sent to per- secutemount Leucas, which appearedat a great dis- tance
Latona; hence he w^as called Pythius; at sea, and served as a guideto
mariners,
and he afterwards vindicated the honour of his and reminded them to avoid the
dangerous
juother by putting to death the children of the rocks that were alongthe coast. Virs. JEn
^
proud Niobe. [l^/t/. IViob^] He Avas not the 3,v.275.
inventorofthe lyre, as some have imagined,but Apollochates, a friend of
Dion, supposed
Mercury gave ithim, and received as a reward by some to be the son of Dionysius.
the famous caduceus with Avhich Apollowas Apollodurus, a famous grammarian and
wont to drive the Hocks of Admetus. His con-
test mythologist of Athens,son of
Ascle])ias,and
witiiPan and Marsyas,and the punishment disciple to Panatius the Rhodfen
philosopher.
inllicted upon Midas, are well known. He re-
ceived He flourishedabout 115 years before the chris-
tian
the surnames of Phoebus,Delius, Cyn- era, and wrote an history Athens,
of sides
be-
thius,P/ean,Delphicus,
Nomius, Lycius,Cla- other works. But of all his composition.^
riiis, Jsmeni:is,Vulturius, Smintheus,"c. for nothiagis extaiitbut his "i///w//tec"., a valuable
reasons which are explained under those words. work, divided into three books. It is aa
Apollois generally representedwith longhair, alsridged history- of the gods,and of the an- cient
and the llomuns were fond of imitating his heroes,of whose actions and gejiealogyit
figure ; aud therefore in their youththey were givesa ti-ue and faithfulaccount. The best
remarkable for their fine head of hair, which edition isthat oi Hct/nc,Goett. in Svo. 4 vol'.
they cut short at the age of seventeen or eigh-
teen 1782. Alhen."riin. 7, c. 31."Diod. 4 and 13. -

; he isalwaysrepresented as a tallbeard-
less A tragicpoet of Cilicia, who wrote tra
young man witli a hand.some shape, holdinggediesentitled Ulysses,Thyestes,he. A
in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre : his " omic poet of "JeIaiu Slcilv, in the age of Mc-
 AP AP
naiider,who wrote 47 plays. An architect'
tion of the planets,
by cyclesand epicycles^
of Damascus, who du-ccted the buildingof or circles v/ithin circles.
" The best edition of
Trajan'sbridgeacross the Danube. He was Apollonius is Dr.Halley's,Oxon.fol. 1710.
to deatli by Adrian, to whom, when in a A poet of Naucrates in Egypt, generally ed
call-
put
private station,he had spoken in too bold a Apollonius of Rhodes, because he lived for
manner. A writer who composed an histo-
ry some time there. He was pupil, when young,
of Parthia. A disciple of Epicuras,the to Callimachus and Panaetius,and succeeded
most learned of his scheol, and deservedlyto Eratosthenes as third librarian of the fa- mous
sumamed the Illustrious. He wrote about 40 libraryof Alexandria,under Ptolemy
volumes on different subjects.Diog. A Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master
painterof Athens, of whom Zeuxis was pil. Callimachus,who
a pu- wrote a poem against him,
Two of his paintings were admired at in which he denominated him Ibis. Of all his
Pergamus in the age of Pliny; ajiriest in a works nothingremains but his poem on the
suppliant posture,and Ajax strack with Mi- nerva's
expeditionof the Argonauts,in four books.
thunders. He was of such an irasci-
ble The best editions of Apollonius are those print-
ed
disposition that he destroyed his own at Oxford, in 4to. by Shaw, 1777, in 2 vols,

piecesupon the least provocation. Plin. 34, c. and in 1,8vo. 1779, and that of Brunck. Ar-
8. A rhetorician of Pergaraus, preceptor gentor, 12mo. 1780. Quinlil.10, c. 1. A
and friend to Augustus, who wrote a book on Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of
rhetoric. Slrab. 13. A tragic poet of Tar-
sus, Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of
A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry.rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had J. Cae- sar
A physicianof Tarentum. Another and Cicero among his pupils. He discour-
aged
of Cytium. the attendance of those whom he sup-
posed
Apollonia, a festivalat ^gialea in honour incapableof distinguishing themselves
"f Apollo and Diana. It arose from this cir-
cumstance
as orators,and he recommended to them pur-
suits
; these two deities came to iEgialea, more congenialto their abilities. H"
afterthe conquest of the serpentPython ; but wrote an history, in which he did not candidly
they were fMghtenedaway, and fled to Crete. treat the peopleof Judasa.accordingto the com-
plaint

iEgialea was soon visited with an epidemical 01 Josephus contra ^pion.Cic. de Orat.
distemper, andtheinhabitants,by the advice of 1, c. 28, 75, 126; and 130. MFamilS, ep. 16.
their prophets, sent seven chosen boys, with De Invent. 1,c. 81. Quinfil. 3, c. 1,1.2, c. 6.
"
"

the same number of girls,to entreat them to Suet, in Cms. 4. Pint, in Cces.
"
A Greek
return to ^gialea. Apollo and Diana grant-
ed historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote
their petition, in honour of which a temple upon the pliilosophy of Zeno and of his follow-
ers.
was raised to tth^'^the goddess of persuasion ; Strab. 14. A stoic philosopher who at- tended
and ever after,a number of youths of both Cato of Utica in his last moments. Plut.
sexes were chosen to march in solemn proces-
sion, in Cat. An otlicer set over Egypt by Alex-
ander.
as ifanxious to bring back Apolloand Di-ana. Curt. 4, c. 8. A wrestler. Pans. 5.
Pausan. in Corinth. A town of Myg- A physician of Pergamus,who wrote on

donia. Of Crete.
"
Of Sicily.On
" the coast agriculture. Varro.
"
A grammarian of
of Asia Another
Minor. "
on the coast of Alexandria. ^A writer in the age of Anto-
ninus
Thrace, part of which was built on a small Pius. Thyaneus,a Pythagoreanphi-
island of Pontus, where Apollohad a temple. losopher, well skilled in the secret arts of ma-
gic.

A town of Macedonia, on the coasts of Beingone day haranguingthe populace

the Adriatic. A cityof Thrace. Another at Ephesus, he suddenly exclaimed, " Strike
on Parnassus.
mount the
tyrant,strike him ; the blow isgiven,he is
Apollonias,the wife of Attalus king of wounded, and fallen!" At that very moment
Phrygia,to whom she bore four children. the emperor Domitlan had been stabbed at
Apoloniades, a tyrant of compel-
led
Sicily, Rome. The magicianacquiredmuch tion
reputa-
to laydown his power by Timoleon. when tillscircumstance was known. He
Apollonides, a writer of Nicaea, A was courted by kings and princes, and com-
manded

physician of Cos at the court of Artaxerxes, unasual atteiition by his numberless

who became enamoured of Amytas, tlie mo-
narch's artifices. His friend and companion, called
sister,and was some time afterput to Damis, wrote his life, which 200 years after en-
gaged

death for slighting her after the reception of the attention of Philostratus. In his
her favours. historythe biographerrelates so many curi- ous
Apollonius, a stoic philosopherof Chal- and extraordinary anecdotes of his hero,
cis,sent for by Antoninus Pius,to instruct his that many have justly deemed it a romance ;
adopted son Antoninus.
IVJiircus When he yet for all this,
Hierocles had the presumption
r.amc to Rome, ne refused to go to the palace,to compare the hnpostnres of Apollonius with
observing, that the master ought not to wait the miracles of Jesus Christ. A sophist of
but the pupilupon him. The Alexandria,distinguished for his Lexicon Grai-
upon his pupil,
p.mpcror heavingthis,said,laughing, It was cum
"
liiadis c.t Odi/sscce,a book that was beau-
tifully
then easier for Apollonius to come from Chal- edited by Villoison, in 4to. 2 vols. Paris,
cis to Rome, than from Rome to the palace."1773. Ap'oUonius was one of the pupilsof
A geometricianof Perge in Pamphylia, Didymus,and flourished in the beginning ofthe
whoso works are now lost. He lived about 242 firstcentury. A physician. A son of So-
ycar.s before the christian era, and composed tades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.
H conimentury on Euclid,whose pupilshe at- Syrus,a Platonic philosopher. Hero-
(ended at Alexandria. He wrote a treatise on philius, wrote concerningointments. A
I'Dnic sections,,eightof which are now extant; sculptor of Rhodes.
and he firstendeavoured to explain the causes Apollophanes, a stoic,who greatlyflat-
tered
of the appaveiil stoppingand retrograde mo- king AntigOHus,and maintained that
 AF AP
there existed but one prudence. Diog. appliedto those
virtue, courtezans at Rome who liv-
ed
Aphysicianin the court of Antiochus. near the temple of Venus by the Appiae,
Polyb.5. A comic poet. JElian. Anim. 6. Aquse,and the forum of J. Cgesar. Ovid, de
Apomyios, a surname of Jupiter. Art. Am. 3, v. 452.
ApoNiANA; an island near Lilybaeum.Hirt. Appianus, a Greek historian of Alexandria,
Afrir. 2. who flourished A. D. 123. His universal his- tory,
M. Aponius, a governor of JMcesia, ed
reward- which consisted of 24 books,was a series
with a triumphal statue by Otho, for defeat-ing of history of allthe nations that had been con- quered
9000 barbarians. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 79. by the Romans in the order of time ;
ApoNDS, now Mano, a fountain,with a vil- lage and in the composition, the writer displayed,
of the same name, near Pata\ium in Italy. with a style simpleand unadorned, a great
The waters of the fountain,which were hot, knowledge of militaryaffairs, and described
were wholesome, and were supposedto have his battles in a masterlymanner. This excel-
lent
an oracular power. Lucan. 7, v. 194. Suet,
"
worlf is greatly mutilated, and there is ex-
illTiber. 14. tant now onlythe account of the Punic, Syri- an,
Apostrophia, a surname of Venus in Parthian, Mithridatic and Spanishwars,
BcBOtia,who was distinguished under these with those of lUyricum and the civil dissen-
names, Venus Ui-ania, Vulgaria, and Apostro-
phia, tions, with a fragmentof the Celtic wars. The
The former was the patroness of a best editions are those of Tollius and Vario-rum,
pure and chaste love ; the second of carnal and 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1670, and that of Sch-
sensual desires; and the lastincited men to il-
licitweigheuserus, 3 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1785. He was
and unnatural gratifications, to incests so eloquent that the emperor highlypromoted
and rapes. Venus Apostrophiawas invoked iiim in the state. He wrote an universal his- tory
by the Thebans, that theymightbe saved from in 24 books, which began from the time
such unlawful desires. She isthe same as the of the Trojanwar, down to his own age. Few
Verticordia of the Romans. Paus. 9, c. 16. " books of this valuable work are extant.
Vol. Max. 8, c. 15. Apii Forum, now Burgo Longo,a littlevil- lage
Apotheosis, a ceremony obser\"ed by the not far from Rome, built by the consul
ancient nations of the world, by which'they Appius. Horat. 1, Sat. 5.
raised their kings, heroes, and great men, to Appius, the prsenomen of an illustriousfami- ly
the rank of deities. The nations of the east at Rome. A censor of that name, A. U.
were the firstwho paiddivine honours to their C. 442. Horat. 1, Sat. 6.
greatmen, and the Romans followed their ex- ample, Appius Claudius, a decemvir who tained
ob-
and not only deified the most prudent his power by force and oppression. He
and humane of their emperors, bat also the attemptedthe virtue of Virginia, whom her
most cruel and profligate. Ilerodian 4, c. 2, father killed to preserve her chastity.This
has left us an account of the apotheosis of a act of violence was the cause of a revolution
Roman emperor. After the body of the de- ceased in the state, and the ravisher destroyedhim- self
was burnt,an ivoryimage Avas laid on when cited to appear before the tribunal
a couch for seven days,representing the empe-
ror of his countiy. Liv. 3, c, 33. Claudius
under the agonies of disease. The citywas Ccecus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian
in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning, aqueductsin Rome. When
way, and many
and the physicians pronounceditevery day in Pyrrhus,who was come to assistthe Tai'en-
a more decayingstate. When the death was tines againstRome, demanded peace of the
announced, a young band of senators carried senators, Appius,grown old in the service of
the couch and image to the Campus MartiuS; the republic, caused himself to be carried to
where itwas deposited on an edificein the form the senate house,and, by his authority, suaded
dis-
of a pyramid,where spicesand combustible them from grantinga peace which
materials were thrown. After this the knightswould dishonourable to the Roman
prove
walked round the pilein solemn procession, name. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 203. " Cic. in Brut.
and th3 imagesof the most illustriousRomans "^' Tusc. 4. A Roman who, when he heard
were di-awn in state,and immediately the new that he had been proscribed by tlietriumvirs,
emperor, with a torch,set fire to the pile, and divided his riches among his servants,and em- barked
was assisted by the surroundingmultitude. with them for Sicily.In their passage
Meanwhile an eaglewas let flyfrom the mid- dle the vessel was shipAvrecked, and Appiusalone
of the pile, which was supposedto cariy saved his life. Appian.4. Claudius Cras-
the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he
sus, a consul,who, with Sp, Naut, Rutulius,
was ranked among the gods. If the deified conquered the Celtn)erians, and was defeated
a female,a peacock, and not an eagle,
was was by Perseus, king of Macedonia. Liv.
sent from the flames. " The Greeks observed Claudius Pulcher,a gi-andson of Ap. CI. Cae-
ceremonies much of the same retired from
nature, cus, consul in the age of Sylla,
Appia via, a celebrated road leadingfrom of a private
grandeurto enjoy the pleasures
the Porta Capena at Rome to Brundusium, life. Clausus, a generalof the Sabines,
through^ Capua. AppiusClaudius made it as ^vho,upon being ill-treatedby his country-
far a.s Capua, and it received its name
men,
from retired to Rome with 500") of his friends,
him. It was continued and finished by Grac- and was ^admitted into the senate in the early
t-hus,J. Ca3s:u-, and Augustus. Vid. Via. ages of the republic.Plut. in Poplic. Her-
"

Lmaa. 3, v. 2S5. " S7a/. 2. ^qlv. 2, v. J2." donius ^^oized the capitol witli 4i)0()exiles, A.,
Marl. 9, ep. 104." Sue/, in Tiber. 14. U. C. 292, and was soon after overthrown.
Appia DEs, a name given to these five LiiK 3, c. 15. Flor. 3, c. 19." Claudius
deities, Venus, Pallas,Vesta, Concord, and Lentulus, a consul with M. Perpenna. A
Peace, because a temple was erected to them dictator who conquered the Hernici. The
n"ar the Appifinroads. Tlie name was also name of Appius \\ as common in Rome, and
13
 AQ AR
particularly to many consuls whose is
history AquiliusNiger, an historian mentioned hy
not marked by any uncommon event. Sueton.in Aug. 11. Marcus, a Roman con-
sul

Appula, an immodest woman, "c. Juv. who had the governmentof Asia Minor*
6,
V. 64. Jusiin.36, c. 4. Sabinus,a lawyerof Rome,
Apries and Aprius, one of the kingsof surnamedthe Cato of his age. He was father
Egypt in the age of Cyrus,supposedto l"ethe to Aquilia Severa, whom Heliogabalus mar-

Pharaoh Hophra of scripture. He took Si- ried.i Severas,a poet and historian in the
don, and lived in greatprosperity jects age of Valentinian.
tillhis sub-
revolted to Amasis,by whom he was con-
quered Aquillia and Aquilia, a patrician ly
fami-
and strangled. Herodol. 2,c. 159,".c. at Rome, from which few illustriousmen
"Diod. 1. rose.

ApsiNTpii,a peopleof Tlirace : theyreceiv-

ed Aquilo, a wind blowing from the north.
their name from a river called ApsinthuS; Its name is derived, according to some, from
wliich floAved throughtheir territory. Dionys.Aquila,on account of its keenness and ve- locity.
Perieg.
Apsinus, an Athenian sophist in the third Aquilonia, a cityof the Hirpini
in Italy.
century,author of a work called PrcEceplorde Liv.10,c. 38.
Arle Rhetork-a. Aqui.mus, a poet of moderate capacity.
ApsuS; a river of Macedonia,falling into the Cic. 5. Tusc.
Ionian sea between Dyi'rhachium and Apol- Aquinum, a town of Latium,on the borders
lonia. Lv.cun. 5, v. 46, of the Samnites,where Juvenal was born. A
ApTERA, an inland town of Crete. Ptol. "
dye M as invented there,which greatly bled
resem-
Pli7i. 4, c. 12. the real pui"ple. Horat. 1,ep. 10,v. 27."
Apuleia LEX, was enacted by L. ApuleiusStrah."Ital. 8, v. 404." Juv. 3,v. 319.
the tribune,A. U. C. 652, for inflicting a pu-
nishment Aquitania, a countryof Gaul,bounded on
upon such as were guilty of raising the west by Spain, north by the province of
seditions, or showingviolence in the city Lugdunum, south by the provincecalled Gal- lia
"Varilia, a grand-daughter of Augustus, con-
victed IVarbonensis. Its inhabitants are cUed
of adultery with a certain Manlius in Aquitani.PUn. 4, c. 17, Strab. 4. "

tliereignof Tiberius. Tacit.An. c. 50. Ara, a constellation, consisting of seven,

Apuleius, a learned man, born at Madaura stars,near the tailof the Scorpion. Ovid. Met.
in Africa. He studied at Carthage, Athens, 2, V. 138.
and Rome, where he married a rich widow Ara lugdunensis, a place at the confluence
called Pudentilla, for which he was accused of the Arar and Rhone. Juv. 1,v. 44,
by some of her relations of usingmagicalarts Araearches, a vulgarperson among tlie
to win her heart. His apology Avas a masterlyEgyptians, or perhaps an usual expression
composition.In his youth, Apuleius had been for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in
very expensive ; but he was, in a maturer age, Rome. Juv. 1, v. 130. Some believe that
more devoted to study, and learnt Latin with-
out Cicero,2,ep. 17,(ulAltic.alluded to Pompey
a master. The most famous of his works under the name of Arabarches.
extant is the golden ass, in eleven books, an Arabia, a largecountry of Asia, foniiing
allegorical piecereplete with morality.The a peninsula between the Arabian and Persian
best editions of Apuleiusare the Delphin. 2 gulfs.It is generally divided into three dif-
vols. 4to, Paris,1688, and Pricaii, 8vo. Goudae. iferent parts,Petraea,Deserta,and Felix. It
1650. is famous for its frankincense and aromatic
ApuLLi, now Pnglia,a countryof Italy be- plants.The inhabitants were
tween formerly under
Daunia and Calabria. It was part of their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who
the ancient Magna Grajcia,and generally vided
di- paidadoration to the sun, moon, and even ser- pents,

into ApaliaDaunia, and ApuliaPuece- and who had their wives in common,
tia.' It was famous for its avooIs, superior to and circumcised their children. The country
all the produceof Italy.Some suppose that has often been invaded, but never totally dued.
sub-
itis called after Apulus, an ancient kingof the Alexander the Great expressed his
country before the Trojanwar. Pliji. 3, c. wish to placethe seat of his empire in their
U." Cic.de Div. 1,c. 4S."8trab. 6.~Mela, 2, territories. The soil is rockyand sandy,the
c. 4. " Marlial iyiJlpoph. 155. inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged,
Apuscidamus, a lake of Africa. All bodies,and the countrywithout Avater. In Arabia,
how ever heavy,were said to swim on the sur- face whatever Avoman Avas convicted of adultery
of itswaters. PUn. 32, c. 2. was capitally punished. The Arabians for
Aquarius, one of tiiesigns of the zodiac, some time sup})orted the splendour of litera-
ture,
rising in Januarj'^, and setting in February. which Avas extinguished by the tyranny
Sonie suppose that Ganymede was changed and superstition Avhich prevailed in Egypt,
into this sign. Virg. G. 3, v. 304. and to them Ave are indebted for the invention
AqiTiLARiA, a placeof Africa. C(es.2. Bell. of algebra, or the application of signsand
Civ. 23. lettersto represent lines, numbers, and quan-tities,
Aquileia, or Aquilegia, a town ed
found- and also for the numerical characters of
by altoinan colony,called, fjom hs gran- 1, 2, 3, ".C.firstused in Europe, A. D. 1253.
deiu',Roma scrunda, and situcited at tiie Ucrodot. 1, 2, 3, and Diod. 1 and 2." PUn
north of liieAdriatic sea, on tlie confines of 12 and U."Strab. IQ."Xcnoph."Tibull. 2,
Italy.The Romans built it chieflyto ojtposc el. 2." Curt. 5, c. I." Virg.G 1, v. 57."
the frequentincursions of tlie barbarians. Also the name of the Avifeof iEgyptus.Apol-
The Roman emi^erors enlarged arjdbeautified lod.
it,and often n:ade it their residence. Jlal.8, ArabTcus sinus, a sea between Egypt
V. (i05.^Marlia.L4, ep. 25." Mela, 2, c. 4. and Arabia,ditFerent? according to some au-
 AR AR
tuors,from the Red Sea, which theysuppose setting,
number and motion of the stars. Ci-
to be between ^Ethiopia and India, and the cei-o represents him as unacquaintedwith as-
trology,
Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt yet capableof writingupon it in ele-
gant
and Arabia. It is about 40 days'sailin length, and highlyfinished verses, v/hich,how-
ever,
and not half a day'sin the most extensive from the subject,
admit of littlevariety.
breadth. PUn.d, c. l\."Strab. Aratus wrote besides,hymns and epigrams, "c.
Arabis, Arabius, Arbis, an Indian river. and had among his interpretersand commen-
tators

Curt. 9, c. 10. many of the learned men of Greece

Arabs and Arabus, a son of Apolloand whose works are lost,besides Cicero, Claudius,
Babjione,who first invented medicine, and and Germanicus Casar, who, in their youth,or
taughtit in Arabia,which is called after his of relaxation,
moments translated the.plK"no-
name. Plin. 7, c. 56. into Latin verse.
mena The best editions of
Aracca arid Arecca, a city of Susiana. Aratus are Grotius' 4to. apud Raphaleng.
Tibul. 4, el. 1. 1600 ; and Oxon. 8vo. 1672. Cic. de Kat. D.
Arachne, a woman ter
of Colophon,daugh- 2, c. 4\.~Paus. 1, c. 2." Ovid. Am. 1, el. 15,
to Idmon a dyer. She was so skilful in V. 26. The son of Clinias and Aristodama,
working with the needle, that she challengedwas born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the river
Minerva, the goddessof the art, to a trial of Asopus. When he was but seven years of age,
skill. She representedon her work the amours his father, who held the government of Sicyon,
of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, was assassinated by Abantidas,who made him- self
Asteria, Danae, Alcmene, Sic. but though absolute. After some revolutions, the sove-
reignty

her pieceAvas perfect ond masterly, she was came into the hands of Nicocles.whom
defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in Aratus murdered, to restore his country to liber- ty.
despair, and was changed into a spiderby the He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that
goddess. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 1,kc. A city he even destroyeda picture which was the re-
presentation

of Thessaly. of atyrant.He joinedthe republic

Arachosia, a city of A-sia,near the Mas-sage of Sicyon in the Achaean league,which he
tae. It was built by Semiramis. One streugthened;bymaking a treatyof alliance with
of the -Persian provincesbeyond the Indus. theCorinthians,andvvithPtoleray kingof Egypt.
Flin. 6, 23." Slrab. 11. He was chosen chief commander of the forces
c^
ARACHoTiE and Arachoti, a people of of the Achieans,and drove away the Macedo-
nians
India,who received their name from the from Athens and Corinth. He made
river Arachotus, which flows down from war againstthe Spartans, but was conquered
mount Caucasus. Dionys.Perieg. Curt. 9,
in a"
battleby their kingCleomenes. To repair
c. 7. the losses he had sustained,
ho solicited the as-
sistance

Arachthias, one of the four capitalri-

vers of king Antigonus,and drove away
of Epirus,near Nicopolis, into the Cleomenes
falling from Sparta,who fled to Egypt,
bay of Ambracia. Strab. 7. where he killed himself. The jEtolians soon
Aracillum, a town of Hispania Tarraco- after attacked the Acha^ans ; and Aratus, to
nensis. Flor. 4, c. 12. supporthis character, was obliged to call to liis
Aracosii, an Indian nation. Justin. 13, aid Philip,
kingof Macedonia. His friendship
c. 4. with this new^ ally did not longcontinue. Philip
Aracvnthus, a mountain of Acarnania, showed himself cruel and oppressive ; and put
between the Achelous and Evenus, not far to death some of the noblest of the Achasans,
from the shore, and called Actaius. Plin. 4, and even seduced the wife of the son of Aratus.
C.2." -Virg. Ed. 2, V. 24. Aratus,who was now advanced in years, show-ed
Aradus, an island near Phoenicia, joinedto his displeai^re by withdrawinghimself from
the continent by a bridge. Dionys. Perieg. the society and friendship of Philip. But this
Arje, rocks in the middle of the Mediter-
ranean, rupturewas fatal. Philipdreaded the power
between Africa and Sardinia,where and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caus- ed
the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It him and his son to be poisoned.Some days
was upon them that .flilneaslost the greatestbefore his death,Aratus was observed to spit
part of his fleet : theyare supposedto be those blood ; and when apprizedof itby his friends,
islands which are commonly called JEgates.he replied, '"
Such are the rewards which a con- nexion

Virg.JEn.1, v. 113. with kingsw^illproduce." He was ried

bu-
Ar.e Phii.^enorum,a maritime city of with greatpom]) by his countrymen; and
Africa,on the borders of Cyrene. Sallust. two solemn sacrifices were annuallymade to
Jug. Bell. 19 and 79. him, the firston the day that he delivered
Arar, now the Saone, a river of Gaul, flow-ing Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the
into the Rhone, over diers day of his birth. Duringthose sacrifices,
which Cajsar's sol- which
made a bridgein one day. Ca's. Bell. were called Araleia. the priests wore a ribbon

Oall.l,c. 12." Si/.3, V. 452. bespangled with white andpurplespots, andthe

Ararus, a Scythianriver flowingthrough publicschool-master walked in procession at
Armenia. Her odot. 4, c. 48. the head of his scholars, and was always ac- companied

Arathvrka, a small province of Achaia, by the richest and most eminent

afterwards called Asophis,with a cityof the senators, adorned with garlands.Aratus died
same name. Homer. 11.2, S7m6. 8. " in the 62d year of his age, B. C. 213. He wrote
Aratus, a Greek poet of Cilicia,about a history of the Achaian league,much com-mended
277 B. C. He greatly
was esteemed Anti- by by Polybius. Plut. in vita. Pans. 2, "

gonus Gonatas,kingof Macedonia,at whose c. S."Cic. de Offic.2, c. 2-3." Slrab. li."Liv.

court he passed much of his time,and by whose 21,c.Sl."Polyb.2.
desire he wrote a poem on astronomy, in which Araxes, now Arras, a celebrated river
'
gis'os
'
an account of fbe situations;risingand which separatesArmenia from Media, and fall?
 AR AR
3fltothe Caspiansea. Lucun. 1, v. 19,1. "7,
v. changed into a bear. He reignedin Pelasgia,
\QS."Strab.S." Virg.,mi.Q,v. 728." Hero-' which from him w^as called Arcadia, and
do/. 1, c. 202, k.Q. Another which falls, into taughthis subjects agriculture,and the art of
the Euphrates. Another in Europe, now spinningwool. After his death,Jupitermade
called Volga. him a constellation,with his mother. As he
Akbaces, a Mede who revolted with Be-
lesis was
one day hunting,he met a wood nymph,
Sardanapalus,and
againet founded the
who beggedhis assistance,
pire
em- because the tree over
of Media upon tiieruins of the Assyrian which she presided, and on whose presei'vation
power, 820 years before the christian era. He her lifedepended,v^as goingto be carried away
reignedabove fifty years, and was famous for by the impetuous torrent of a river. Areas
the greatnessof his undertakings, as w ell as for changed the coui-se of the waters, and preserved
his valour. Justin. 1, c. 3. Palerc. 1, c. 6.
" the tree, and married the nymph, by whom he
Arbela, (orum)now Irbil,a town of Per-
sia, had three sons, Azan. Aphidas,and Elatus,
on the river Lycus, famous for a battle among w-hom he divided his kingdom. The
foughtthere between Alexander and Darius, descendants of Azan plantedcolonies in Phry-
the 2d of October, B. C. 331. Curl. 5, c. 1 gia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea,
"

Plut. in j-llex. Avhich on that account has been called the in-heritance
Arbela, a town of Sicily, whose inhabi-
tants of Aphidas; andElatus became ter
mas-

were very credulous. of mount Cyllene, and some time aflerpas-

sed
Arbis, a river on the western boundaries of into Phocis. Pans. 8, c. 4.-r-Hygin. fab.
India. Strab. 155 and TS."JlpoUod. 3, c. S." Strab. 8."
Arbocala, a citytaken by Annibal as he Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 470. One of Actaeon's
marched againstRome. dogs.
Arbuscula, an the Roman
actress
on Arce, a daughterof Thaumas, son of Fon-
stage,who laughedat the hisses of the popu-
lace, tus and Terra. PtoJem. Heph.
while she received the applauseof the Arcena, a town of Phoenicia,where ander
Alex-
knights. Hor. 1, Sat. 10,v. 77. Severus was born.
Arcadia, a countiy in the middle of Pelo- ponnesus, ArcenS; a Sicilian who permitted his son to
surrounded on every side by land, accompany iEneas into Italy, where he was
situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis,and killed by Mezentius. Virg.Mn. 9, v. 581, ",c.
Argolis, It received its name from Areas son AncHESiLAUS, son of Battus, kingof Cyrene,
of Jupiter, and was anciently called Drymodes, was drivenfrom his kingdom in a sedition, and
on account of the greatnumber of oaks (w) died B. C. 575. The second of that name died
it produced,and afterwards Lycaonia and Pe- B.C. 550. Polycpan.8,c. 41." Herodot. 4, c.
lasgia.The country has been much celebrat-
ed 159. One of Alexander's generals, who ob-
tained
by the poets,and was famous for itsmoun-
tains. Mesopotamia at the generaldivision of
The inhabitants were for the most part the provincesafter the king'sdeath. A
all shepherds, who lived upon acorns, were chief of Catana, which he betrayedto Diony-
skilful warriors, and able musicians. They sius the elder. Diod. 14. A philosopher of
thought themselves more Pitane in ^olia, disciple
ancient than of Polemon.
the He vi-
sited
moon. Pan, the god of shepherds,chiefly Sardes and Athens, and was the founder
lived among them. Aristotle 4, de met. says, of the middle academy, as Socrates founded
that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a the ancient,and Carneades the new one. He
goat'sskin near a w'illbecome
fire, and
chalky, pretendedto know nothing,and accused others
at last be turned into salt. Strab. 8. Plin. 4. "
of the same ignorance.He acquiredmany pu-
pils
c. 6." Pans. 8, c. 1,2, Lc."Ath"n. 14. A in the character of teacher ; but some of
fortified village
of Zacynthus. them lefthim for Epicurus, though no Epicu-
rean
Akcadius, eldest son of Theodosius the came to him ; which gave him occasion to
Great, Succeeded his father A. D. 395. der
Un- say, that itis easy to make an eunuch of a man,
him the Romgn power was divided into but impossibleto make a man of an eunuch.
the eastern and western empire.He made the He w-as very fond of Homer, and generally di-
vided
eastern empire his choice, and fixed his dence resi- his time among the pleasures of philoso-
phy,
at Constantinople; while hisbrother Ho- love,reading, and the table. He died in
norius was made emperor of the w'est, and liv-
ed his 75th year, B. C. 241, or 300, accordingto
in Rome. After this separation of the Ro-
man some. Diog.in vita. Pei'siits3, v. 78. Cic. " "

empire,the two powers looked upon one de Finib. The name of two painters a "

another with indifference;and soon their statuary a

after, "
leader of the Bffiotians during the
indifterence was changed into jealousy, and Trojan war. A comic and elegiac poet.
contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In Arcesius, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to
the reign of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the Ulysses. Ovid. Md. 13, v. 144.
western em})ire, and plunderedRome. dius
Arca- ARciiiCA, a cityof JEoWa.
married Eudoxia, a bold ambitious man,
wo- ARcHyKA^'Ax of Mitylcuewas intimate with
and died in tiie31st year of Jiisage, after Pisistratustyrant of Athens. He fortifiedSi-
a reignof 13 years, in which ractergaium with a wall from Uie ruins of ancient
he bore the cha-
of an efieminate prijice, who suffered Troy. Strab. 13.
himself to be governedby favourites, and who Arch^atidas, a country of Peloponnesus.

abandoned his subjectsto the tyranny of minis-

ters, Polyb.
while he lost himself in the pleasures of Archagathus, son of Archagathus,was
a voluptuous court. slain in Africa by his soldiers,B. C. 285. He
Arcanum, a villa of Cicero's neargrandfatherAgathocles,
the Min- tyrant of
killed his
furni. Cic. 7, ep. ad.m. Syracuse. Diod. 20." Justin. 22, c. 5, ".c.
10. y
AncAS, a son of .Jupiterand Callisto. He says, tliat he was put to death by Archesilaus.
ncaily killed his mother, whom Juuo had ^A physicjan at Rome, B. C, 219,
"
 AR AR

Archander, father-in-lawto Danaus, He- return found him killed by a serpent. The
rodot.2, c. 98. Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune,
Archandros, a town of Egj'pt. that theyinstituted games in honour of Arche-
morus,
of the accordingto cero,
Ci- which vvere called Nemajan, and king
Arche, one muses,
Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and
of Hercules. was victorious. Apollod.2 and 3. Paus. 8, c.
Archegetes, a surname "

Archelaus, a name common to some 48.

" Stat. Theb. 6.
in Alexander's army,
kingsof Cappadocia. One of them was quered
con- Archepolis, a man
Mithridates.
for assisting who conspired the kingwith Dymnus.
against
by Sylla,
married Berenice,and Curt. 6, c. 7.
A person of that name
made himself king of Egypt; a dignity he en-
joyed Archeptolemus, son of Iphitus, king of
onlysix months, as he was killed by the Elis, went to tlie Trojan war, and fought
the Greeks. As he was
soldiers of Gabinius,B- C. 56. He had been against fighting near

made priest of Comana by Pompey His son

grand- Hector,
.
he was killed by Ajax,son of Tela-
was made king of Cappadociaby Antony, mon. It is said that he re-established the
whom he assisted at Actium, and he maintain-
ed Olympic games. Homer. II. 8, v. 128.
his independenceunder Augustus,tillTi- berius Archestratus, a tragic poet,whose pieces
destroyedhim.
perfidiously A king were acted during the Peloponnesianwar.
of Macedonia, who his father Per- Plut. in Arist.
succeeded A man so small and lean,
diccas the second: as he was but a natural that he could be placedin a dish without fill- ing
child,he killed the legitimate heirs to gainthe it,though it contained no more than an
kingdom. He proved himself to be a great obolus. A follower of Epicurus, who wrote
at last killed by one of a poem in commendation of gluttony.
monarch ; but he was
his favourites, because he had promisedhim Archetimus, the first philosophical writer
his in marriage, and givenher to ano- in the age of the seven wise men of Greece.
daughter ther,

after a reignof 23 years. He patronizedDiog.

the poet Euripides.Diod. 14. Justin. 7, c. 4. "Archetius, a Rutulian, killed by the Tro-
jans.
"^JElian: V. H. % 8, 12, 14. A king of the Virg.JEn. 12, v. 459.
Jews,surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, Arciiia, one of the Oceanides, wife to Ina-
daughterof Archelaus,kingof Macedonia, and chus. Ht/gin.f'dh. 143.
widow of his brother Alexander. Ca3sar ba-
nished Archias, a Corinthian descended from
him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where Hercules. He founded Syracuse B. C. 732.
he died. Dio. A kingof Lacedaimon, son Being told by anoracle to make choice of
of Agesilaus.He reigned42 years with Char- health or riches,he chose the latter. Dionys.
ilaus,of the other branch of the family.Hero- Hal. 2. A poet of Antioch, intimate with
dot. 7, c. 204. Paus. 3, c. 2.
"
A generalof the Luculli. He obtained the rank and nam.e
Antigonusthe younger, appointedgovernor of of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero,
the Acrocorinth with the philosopher Persseus. who defended him in an elegant oration,when
Polycen.6, c. 5. A celebrated generalof his enemies had disputed his privileges of citi-
zen
Mithridates,againstSylla. Id. 8, c. 8. A of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cim-
of
philosopher Athens or Messenia, son of brian war, and begananother concerningCice- ro's
Apollodorus,and successor to Anaxagoras. He consulship,which are now lost. Some of
was preceptorto Socrates,and was called P%- his epigramsare preservedin the Anthologia.
sicus. He supposed that heat and cold were Cic. pro Arch. A polemarch of Thebesg
the principles of all things.He firstdiscover-
ed assassinated in the conspiracyof Pclopidas,
the voice to be propagatedby the vibration which he could have prevented, if he had not
of the air. Cic. Tusc. 5. Diog. in vita. ^u- deferred to the morrow
" " the readingof a letter
gustin.de civ. Dei, 8. A man set over Susa which he had received from Archiasthe Athe- nian
by Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. and which gave him informa-
high-priest, tion
Curt. 5, c. 2. A Greek philosopher, who of his danger. Plui. in Pelop. A hi^h-
wrote a historyof animals,and maintained that priestof Athens, contemporary and intimate
goats breathed not through the nosti'ils, but with the polemarch of the same name. Id.
throughthe ears. Plin. 8, c. 50. A son of ibid. "A Theban, taken in the act of adulte-
" ry,
Electryonand Anaxo. Apollod. 2. A Greek and punishedaccording to the law, and tied

poet,who wrote epigrams. Varro de R. R. 3, to a post in the publicplace, for whiclj punisii-
c. 16. A sculptor of Priene, in the age of ment he abolished the oligarchy.Aristot.
Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, Archibiades, a philosopher of Athens, whci
a pieceof sculpture highlyadmired, and said affected the manners of the Spartans, and was
to have been discovered under ground A. D. very inimical to the views and measures ot'
1658. A writer of Thrace. Phocion. Plut. in Phoc. An ambussadoi
Archemachus, a Greek who pub-
W'riter, lishedof Byzantium,"lc. PolycEn. 4, c. 44.
an history of En bcca. Jithen. Q. A Archibius, the son of the geographev
son of Hercules of Priam. Apollod.2 and 3. Ptolemy.
Archemorus, or Opheltes,son of Lycur- Archidabiia, a priestess of Ceres, who.
gus, king of iSemai, iu Thrace, by Ein-ydice, on account of her attection for .\ristomen( s
was broughtup by Hypsipyle,
queen of Lem- restored him to liberty when he had been la-
nos, who had fled to Thrace, and was employ-
ed ken prisonerby her female attendants at thf
as a nurse in the king'sfamily. Hypsipyle celebration of (heir festivals. Z'fl?"5. 4, c. 17
w as met by the army of Adrastus,who was go- ing A daughterof Cicadas, who, upon heat- ing
against Thebes ; and she was forced to show tliather countrymen, the Spartans, were
them a fountain where they might quenciidebatingwhcihrr they should send away \\iv'\:
their lhii"t. To do this more expeditiously, women to Crete againstthe hostile approach
Slieput down the cliild on the grass, an^at her of Pyrrhus, a sword,
sei}!:ed and ran to th"' s^
 AR AR
that the
nate-house,excleimini? women were up in the air the shipsof the enemy
from the
Upon this the de-
cree bay beforeand then let them fallwitli
tiie city,
95 able to fidit as the men.

in such violence into the water

JPyrr,"Pohj(e,n. that they sunk.
was repealed.Plut.
8 8.
He set them also on firewith his burningglass-
es.
c.
'AnciiiDAMUS,of son Theoporapus,king of When the town was taken, the Roman
Sparta,died before iiis father. Pans. generalgave strictorders to his soldiers not tt"
of Anaxidamus, hurt Archimedes,and even offered a reward
Another, king of Sparta,son

Another, of to him Vk'ho should bringhim alive and safe in- to

succjpcdedby Agasicles.-r-^ son
"

of the familyof the Proclidae.- his presence. All these precautions were
Agesilaus,
Another, grandson of Leotychidas, by his son useless : the philosopher was so deeplyengag-
ed
Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, in solvinga problem,that he was even norant
ig-
and reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. that the enemy were in possession of
and Arcadians, and the town ; and a soldier,w ithout knowing who
He conquered the Argives
assisted the Phocians in plunderinghe was, killed him, because he refused to fol- low
privately
the temple of Delphi. He was called to the him, B. C. 212. Marcellus raised a mon-
ument

aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and kill-

ed over him, and placedupon it a cylindei*
there in a battle, after a reignof 33 years. and a sphei-e ; but the placeremained long un-
known,

Diod. 16. Xenovh.

"
iLnother, son of Euda- tillCicero, duiinghis questorshipin
jjjifjas. Another, whoconquered the He-
lots, Sicily, found it near one of the gatesof Syra-
cuse,
after a earthquake. Diod. 11.
violent suri'ounded with thorns and brambles.
A son of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan Some suppose that Arclumedes raised the site
auxiliariesto Cleombrotus at the battle of of the towns and villages cf Egypt, and began
and killed in a battle against the those mounds of earth by means of which com-
munication
Leucira, was

Lucanians, B. C. 338. A son of Xenius is kept from town to town during

the inundations of the Nile. The storyof his
Theopompus. Pans.
Archidas, a tyrantof Athens, killed by burningglasses had ah\ ays appearedfabulous
his troops. to some of the moderns, tillthe experiments of
AncHiDETiius, a stoic philosoplier, who Buiibn demonstrated it beyond contradiction.
willingly exiled himself among the Parthians. These celebrated glasses Avere supposedto be
Phd. d" exil. reflectors made of metal, and capableof pro-
ARCHiDtus, a son of Amyntas, king of ducingtheireftectat the distance of a bow-shot.
Macedonia. Jiistim 7, c. 4. The manner in which he discovered how much
Abchidium, cityof Crete, named
a
after brass a goldsmith had mixed with goldin mak- ing
Archidius,son of Tegeates. Pau^. 8, c. 53. a goldencrown for the king,iswell kno^\ n
Archigallus, the high-priest of Cybele'sto every modern hydrostatic, as well as the
temple. [Vid.Galli.] pumping screw which still bears his name.
Archigenes, a physician,born at Apa- Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his
mea, in Syria. He lived m the reignof Domi- saying, that by means of his machines he could
tian, Nerva, and Trajan,and died in the 73d move the earth with ease, if placedon a fixed

year of his age. Re wrote a

treatise on adorn-
ing spotnear it. Many of his works are extant,
the hair,as also ten books on fevers. Juv. especially treatises de sphcera 4"cylindro, ch'-
6, V. 235. ciili dimensio,de lineh spiralibus, de (juadrU'
AncHiLocHus, a poet of Paros, who wrote lura paraholcs, de r.umero arencc, ":c. the best
elegies, satires,odes, and epigrams,and was edition of which isthat of David Rivaltius, fol.
the firstwho introduced iambics in his verses. Paris,1615. Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 25." Z"e JVat. D.
He had courted Neobule, the daughterof Ly- 2, c. 34." Lu'. 24, c. S4."Qmnfil. 1, c. 10."-
cambes, and had received promisesof mar- riage Vitruv. 9, c. 2.^Polyb.9.^Plut. in MarcelL"
; but the father gave her to another,su- perior Val. Max. 8, c. 7.
to the poet in rank and fortune ; upon Archini-ts, a man who, when he was pointed
ap-
which Archilochus wrote such a bitter satire, to distribute new arms among the po-
pulace
that Lycambes hanged himself in a fitof des- pair. of Argos,raised a mercenary band, and
The Spartanscondemned his verses on made himself absolute. PolycBn.3,c.8. A
account of their indelicacy,and banished him rhetorician of Athens.
from their.city as a petulentand dangerous Archipki-agus, a part of the sea where
citizen. He flourished (585 B. C. and it issaid islands in a greatnumber are interspersed, such
tliathe was assassinated. Some fragmentsof as that part of the Mediteri-anean which lies
his poetryremain, which displayvigour and between Greece and Asia Minor, and is gene- rally
animation, boldness and vehemence in the called Mare i^geum.
highestdegree ; from which reason perhaps Archipolis, a soldier who conspired against
Cicero calls virulent edicts, Anhilocltia edic- Alexander with Dymmis. Ctirt.6, c. 7.
1a. Cic. Tv.tc. l." quinhl.10, c. l."Herodol. AnciuppK. a cityof the Marsi,destroyed by
], c. Vl.^Ho/CJ. riri.poef. v. '79."J(he7h \,2, an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fucinus.
",c. A son of Meslor, killed by Memnon in Plin. 3, c. 19.
the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. A Greek Arciuppis, a king of Italy,from wliom
hisforian who wrote a chronological table,and l)erhaps the town of Archippe received its
otlun* work^^,about the 20th or 30th olyni-name. JV/-^:. JEn. 7, y. 752. A pher
philoso-
piail. of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras. An
AitcniMF.Di:3,a famous geometricianof archon at Athens. A comic jioet of Athens,
Syracuse, who invented a machine of glassthat of who.se eightcomedies onlyone obtained the
faithfully repfesentodthe motion of all the prize. A philosopher in the age of Trajan.
heavenly bodies. When Marcelhrs, the Ko- AutHJTis, a name of Venus, worshippedon
man consul, bcsioged Syracuse,Archimedes mount Lihanus.
t.-on?Uiicted niaf'h'nes ^vliich .*uddcnlv raided Aiitijo.N, one of Alexander's generals, vrlic
 ,
AR AR
received the provinces of Babylon,at the gene-
ral Ariphron,846 ; Thespieus, 826 ; Agamestor,
division aftertiie king's death. Diod. 18. 799; ^schylus, 778; Alcmseon, 756; after
Archontes, the name trates whose death the archons were
of the chief magis- decennial,the
of Athens. They were nine in number, firstof Avhom was Charops,who began753 ;
and none were chosen but such as were de- .^simedes,744 ; Clidicus, 734 ; Hippomenes,
zens 724 ; Leocratcs,7 14 ; Apsander,704 ; Eryxias,
.scended from ancestors who had been free citi-
of the republicfor three generations. 694 ; after Avliom the office became annual,
They were also to be without deformity in all and of these annual archons Creon was the
the partsand members of their body,and were tii'st.Aristoph.
in JVub. ^ Avih. Plui. Sympos. "

obligedto producetestimonies of their dutiful 1 Demost Po IIux

.
"

Lyslas..
"

.
"

behaviour to their parents,of the services they Archylus Tnupaus, a generalof Dionysius
liad rendered their country, and the compe- the elder. Ding.14.
tency
of then- fortune to supporttheir dignity. Archytas, a musician of Mitylene,who
They took a solemn oath,that theywould ob- servewrote a treatise on agriculture. Diog. The
the laws, administer justice with impar-
tiality, son of Hestia3us of Tarentum, was a follower

and never rupted. of the Pythagorean philosophy,

suffer themselves to be cor- and an able
If they ever received bribes,they astronomer and geometrician.He redeemed
were compelledby thelaAvs to dedicate to the his master, Plato,from the hands of the tyrant
god of Delphi,a statue of goldof equalweight Dionysius,and for his virtues he was seven

with their body. They all had the power of times chosen, by his fellow-citizens, governor
punishingmalefactors with death. The chief of Tarentum. He invented some cal
mathemati-
among them was called Jhxhon; the year took instruments,and made a wooden pigeon
its denomination from him ; he determined all whicli could fly. He perished in a shipwreck,
causes between man and wife,and tooJc care about 394 years before the ciu'istian era. He
of legacies and wills ; he providedfor orphans,is also the reputedinventor of the screv*^ and
protectedthe injured, and punisheddrunken-
ness the pully, A fragment of his writings has
with uncommon severity.If he suffered been preservedbv Porphvry. HoraL l,od.
himself to be intoxicated during the time of 28."Cic.3, de Ordt."Diog. in Fit.
his office,the misdemeanor was punishedwith ArciteneiVs, an epithetappliedto Apollo,
death. The second of the ai'chons was called from his bearinga.bow, with which as soon as

Basileus;it was his office to keep good order, born, he destroyedthe serpent Python. Virg.
and to remove all causes of quarrel in the fami-
lies JEn.Z.x.lb.
of those who were dedicated to the ser-
vice Arctinus, a Milesian poet,said to be pupil
of the gods. The profaneand the impious to Homer. Dionys.Hal. 1,
were broughtbefore his tribunal ; and he of-fered Arctophylax, a stai* near the great bear,
publicsacrificesfor the good of the state. called also Bootes. Cic. de Mit. D. 2,
c. 42,

He assisted atthe celebration of the Eleusinian Akctos, mountain

a near Propontis,inha-
bited
festivals,and other religious ceremonies. His by giantsand monsters, Two tial
celes-
*vife was to be related to the whole peopleof constellations near the north pole,com-
monly

Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He called Ursa Major and Minor,
sed
suppo-
had a vote among the Areopagites, but was to be Areas and his mother, who were
obligedto sit among them without his crown. made constellations. Virg.G. 1. Araius. "
"

The Polcmarch was another archon of infe-

rior Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 107,
dignity. He had the care of all foreignei s, ARCTfjRus, a star near the tail of the great
and provided a sufficient maintenance, from bear,whose rising and setting were generally
the publictreasury,for the families of those supposed to portendgreat tempests. Horat.
who had lost their lives in defence of their 3, od. 1. The name is derived from itssitua-
tion,
country. These three chief archons generally UTSUS-.
--^ei^Tog wt^cnv.da. It rises now about
chose each of them two persons of respectable the beginningof October, and Plinytells us it
character, findof an advanced age, whose coun-
sels rose in his age on the 12th, or, accordingto
and advice might assist and support them Columella, on the 5th of September.
in their publiccapacity.The six other ar-
chons Ardalus, a son of Vulcan, said to have
were indistinctlycalled Thesmothela. been the firstwho invented the pipe.He
gave
and received complaintsagainst cused itto the muses,
persons ac- who on that account have been
of impiety,bribery, and ill behaviour. C'dWed Ardulidts andArdaliotides. Pans. 2, c. 31.
They settled all disputesbetween the citizens^ Ardania, a country of Egypt, Sirab.
redressed the wrongs of strangers, and forbade ArdaxaxNus, a small river of IlJyricum,
any laws to be enforced,but such as were ducive
con- Polyb.
to the safety of the state. These offi-
cers Ardea, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium,
of state were chosen after the death of built by Danae, or, accordingto some, by a son
kingCodrus ; their power was originally for of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital
of the
life,but afterwards it was limited to ten years, Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire,and the
and at last to one year. After some time,the inhabitants publicly reported,that their city
quKlifications which were required to be an ar-
chon had been changed into a bird, called by tJi"e
were not strictlyobserved. fore Latins Ardea.
Adrian,be- It was rebuilt,and it became a
he was elected emperor of Rome, was rich and magnificent city,whose enmity to
made arciion at Athens, though a fon.'igner; Rome rendered itfamous. Tarqiiij)
the proud
and the same hononrs were conferred upon was pressing it with a siege,
when his son ra-
vished
Plutarch. The perpetualarchons, after the Lucretia. A road called Ara'caiijia,
death of Codrus, were gan branched from the Appian road to x\rdea.
Medon, whose officebe- C.
B. C. 1070; A"',astus,1050; Archippus,jXep.in Atlic. 14." Liv. 1,c. 57, 1.3,c. 71, 1.
1014; Thersippus,905; Phorbas, 954; Me- 4, c. 9, S^c." l'inr.JJ::iu 7, v. 4V2.-~Oiitf.
Sl"3 : Phrrec^"^. Sfto: Md. 11- v. .573. ""'^Irnh.n
9i2;i; l)io?;riPtn",
";tck'-^,
 AR AR
small town the tes, the assembly,
Euphra-led from and held Inthe greatest
Ardehicca, a on
north of disgrace, though the dignity of a judge of the
Babylon.
Ardi"i:i,a peopleof Illyricnm, tal Areopagus alwayswas for life. The Areopa-
whose capi-
called Ardia. Sfrab. 7. gitestook cognizance of murders,impiety, and
was
town of Apulia. Liv. 24, immoral behaviour, and particularly of idle-
ness,
Ardonea, a c.

20. which theydeemed the cause of allvice.

Ardua, an ancient name of Ardea, Virg.They watched over the laws,and theyhad the
^7i.7,v.41i management of the public treasury ; they had
Arduenna, now "rdenne, a largeforest of the liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of in-
flicting
Gaul, in the time of J. Caesar,which extended severe punishmentupon such as blas- phemed
50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the against the gods,or slighted tliecele-
bration
Nervii. Tacit. 8. "nn. c. 42." Cas. bell.Gall. of the holymysteries. They alwayssat
6, c. 29. in the open air,because theytook cognizance
Aruuine, the goddessof huntingamong of murder ; and by their laws it was not per-
mitted
the Gauls ; represented with the same butes
attri- for the murderer and his accuser to be
as the Diana of the Romans. both under the same roof. This custom also
Ardyensks, a nation near mightoriginate
the Rhone. because the persons of the jud-
ges
sacred,and theywere afraid of con-
Folyb.3. were tracting

Ardys, a son of Gyges,kingof Lydia,w^ho pollution by conversing in the same

reigned49 years, took Priene,and made war house with men who had been guilty of shed-
ding
against Miletus. Herodot. 1,c. 15. innocent blood. They alwaysheard cau- ses

Area, a surname of Minerva, from her and passedsentence in the night, that they-
templeon Mars' hill, erected by Orestes. mightnot be prepossessed
(a?*),) in favour of the
Pans. 1, c. 23, plaintiff or of the defendant by seeingthem.
AREACiDiE, a nation of Numidia. Polyb.Whatever causes were pleadedbefore them,
Areas, a generalchosen by the Greeks were to be divested of all oratory and fine

against iEtolia. Justin. 24, c. 1. speaking,lest eloquenceshould charm their

AREGo^fis,the mother of Mopsus by Am- ears, and corrupt their judgment. Hence
Orph. in Argon. arose the most justand most impartial sions,
deci-
pyx.
Arei.atum, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. and their sentence was deemed sacred
Slrab. 4. "

Mda, 2, c. 5. and inviolable, and defendant

and the plaintiff
Arellius, a celebrated painterof Rome were equallyconvinced of its justice.The
in the age of Augustus.He painted the god-
desses Areopagites generallysat on the 27th, 2Sth,
in the form of his mistresses. Plin. 35, and 29th day of every month. Their authori-
ty
c. 10. A miser in Uorat. continued in its original state,till Pericles,
Aremorica, a partof Gaul, at the north of who was refused admittance among them, re-
solved

the Loire,now called Brittany.Plin. 4. to lessen their consequence, and des-

troy
Arena, and Arene, a cityof Messenia, in their power. From that time the morals
Peloponnesus.Homer. 11. 2. of the Athenians were corrupted, and the Are-
opagites
Arenacum, a town of Germany. Tacit. were no longerconspicuous for their
Hist. 5, c. 20. virtue and justice j and when they censured
Areopagitje, the judges of the Areopa- gus, the debaucheries of Demetrius,one of tliefa- mily
a seat of justice on a small eminence near of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if
Athens, whose name isderived from c^i'Q'-"""", theywisiied to make a reform in Athens, they
t/iehill of Mars, because Mars was the first must beginat home.
wlio was tried there,for the murder of Ilallir- Areopagus, a hill in the neighbourhood of
hotius, who had oftered violence to his daugh- ter Athens. Vid. Areopagita?.
Alcippe. Some say that the placereceiv- ed AuEST^si;, a peopleof India, conquered by
the name of Areopagus, because the Ama-
zons Alexander. Justin. 12, c. 8.
pitchedtheir camp there,and offered sa- crifices Aresthanas, a countryman, whose goat
to their progenitor Mars, when they suckled Jisculapius, when exposedby his mo- ther.

besiegedAthens ; ajid others maintain,that Paus. 2, c. 26.

the name was givento the place, because Mars Arestorides, a patronymicgiven to the
is the god of bloodshed, war, and murder, hundred-eyed Argus,as son of Aj-estor. Ovid.
V. hicliwere generally punishedby that court. Met. li, v. 5S4.

The time in which this celebrated seat of jus- tice Areta, the mother of Aristippus, tlie phi-
losopher.
was instituted, is unknown. Some suj)- Laert. 2. A daughter of Diony-
pose that Cecrops, the founder of Athens,lirst sius, who married Dion. She was thrown into
established it,while others givethe credit of the sea. Plut. in Dion. A female philo-
sopher
it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The uum- of Cyrene,B. C. 377.
])erof judgcsthat composed this augustassem-bly, Areta, a daughterof Rhcxenor, descended
is not known. Tlieyhave been limited by from JNeptune, who married her uncle Aici-
some to 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a nous, by whom she had JNausicaa. Homer. Od.
greaternumber. The most worthy and reli- gious 7 and 8. Apullod.
" 1.
of the Aliienians were admitted as mem-
bers, Arkt^us, a physician of Cappadocia, very
and such arcltons as had discharged their inquisitive after the operations of nature. His
duly \\]{l\care and faithfulness. In the latter trealis*!on agues has been much admired. The
ages of the republic, this observance was often best edition of his works which arc extant, is
violated,ami we find some of their members thatof Boerhaavc, L. Bat. fol. i7o5.
of loose and debauched morals. If
any of them Aretai'iiila,the wife of Melanippus,a
were duivicled of immorality, if they were priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her
seen sitting at a tavern, or bailused any inde- cent husband to marry her. Siie, however, was so
langun^e, theywere Immediately expel-aftac Led to .Vk'li'nijipus, that she endeavoured

"'Cw-.
 AR AR
to poisonNicocrates, and at last caused hina to nia,whom Rhesus married before he went to
be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom the Trojanwar. When she heard of his death,
she married. Lysanderprovedas cruel as his she died in despair.Parfhen Erotic, c. 36,
brother,upon which Aretaphila ordered him Argathonius, a king of Tartessus, who,
to be thrown in the sea. After this she reti-
red accordingto Plin. 7, c. 48, lived 120 years,
to a private station. Plut. de Virtut. Mu- and 300
according
to Itcd.3, v. 396.
Uer. Poly(Ban. 8, c. 38.
"
Arge, a beautifulhuntress,changed into "
Aret ALES, a Cnidian, who wi'ote an tory
his- stagby Apollo. Hygin. fab. 205. One of
of Macedonia, besides a treatiseon islands .
the Cyclops. Hesiod. A daughter
of Thes-
Plut. pius, by whom Hercules had two sons, .^pol-
Arete. Vid. Areta. lod. 2. A nymph, daughterof Jupiter and
Aretes, one of Alexander's officers. Curt. Juno. Apollod.1,
4, c. 15. Argea, a placeat Rome where certain Ar-
Arethusa, of Elis, daughterof
a nymph giveswere buried.
Oceanus, and of Diana's attendants.
one As Arg^thve, a village of Arcadia, Paus. 8,
she returned one day from hunting,she sat c. 23.
near the Alpheus,and bathed in the stream. Argennumj a promontory of Ionia.
The god of the river was enamoured of her, Arges, a son of Ccelus and Terra,who had
and he pursuedher over the mountains and onlyone eye in his forehead. Jipollod. 1,c. 1.
all the country, when Arethusa,readyto sink ArgestratOs, a kingof Lacedaemon, who
under fatigue, imploredDiana, who changed reigned35 years.
her into a fountain. The Alpheusimmediate-
ly Argeus, a son ofPerdiccas, king of Mace-
donia,
mingledhis streams with hers, and Diana who obtained the kingdom when Amyn=
opened a secret passage under the earth and tas was deposed by the Illyrians. Justin. 7,
under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa C.2.
disappeared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, Argi, (plur. masc.) Vid. Argos.
near Syracusein Sicily.The river Alpheus Argia, daughterof Adrastus,married Po-
followed her also under the sea, and rose also lynices, whom she loved with uncommon derness.
ten-
in Oi-tygia ; so that, as mythologists relate, When he was killed in the war, she
whatever is thrown into the Alpheusin Elis, buried his body in the night, against the posi-
tive
rises again,after some time, in the fountain orders of Creon, for which piousactioa
Arethusa near Syracuse. Vid. jllpheus. she was punishedwith death. Theseus reven-
"

ged
Ovid. Met. 5, fah!10." Mhen. I."Pam. her death by killing Creon. Hygin.fab.
One of the Hesperides.Apollod. 2, c. 5 69 and 12" Stat. Theb. 12. [Vid.
Antigone
A daughterof Herilaus, mother of Abas, by and Creon.] A country of Peloponnesus,

Neptune. Hygin.fab. 157. One of Actaj- called also Argolis, of which Argoswas the ca- pital.

on's dogs. Hygin.fab.

181. A lake of up-
per One of the Oceanides. Hygin.prosf.
Armenia, the fountain of the Tigris.
near The wife of Inachus, and mother of lo.
IVothingcan sink under itswaters. Plin. 2, c. Id. fab. 145. Tiie mother of Ai'gos,by Po-
103. A town of Thrace. Another in lybus. Id. fab. 145. A daughterof Aute-
Syria. sion, who married Aristodemus,by whom she
Aretikum, a Roman colony in Etruria. had two sons, Eurysthenes,and Procles.
Ital. 5, V. 123. 4, c.
Apollod.2."Paus. 3.
Aretus, a son of Anaxibia.
Nestor and Argias, a man who founded Chalcedon,A.
Homer. Od. 3, v. 413 A Trojanagainst the U. C. 148.
Greeks. He Avas killed by Automedon. Homer, Argieetum, a placeat Rome near the Pa-
II. 17, V. 494. A famous warrior, whose latium,where the tradesmen generally kept
only weapon was an iron club. He was their shops. Virg.JEn. 8, v. 355 Martial. 1, "

treacherously killed by Lycurgus,kingof Ar- cadia. ep. 4.

Pans. 8, c. 11. Argilius, a favourite youth of Pausanias,
Areus, a king of Sparta, preferredin the who I'evealed his master's correspondence
succession to Cleonymus,brother of Acrotatus, with the Persian king,to the ephori. C. Kep.
who had made an alliance Avith Pyrrhus. sisted in Paus.
He as-
Athens when Antigonusbesieged it,and Argillus, a mountain of Egypt near the
died at Corinth. Pans. 3, c. 6. Plut. "A Nile.
kingof Sparta, who succeeded his father Acro-
tatus Argilus, a town of Thrace near the Stry-
2d, and was succeeded by his son Leoni- mon, built by a colonyof Andrians. Thucyd^
das, son of Cleonymus. A philosopher of 4, e. \m"Herodot. 7, c. 115.
Alexandria,intimate with Augustus. Sutton. ArginusjE, three small islands near the
A poet of Laconia. An omtor tioned
men- continent,between Mityleneand Methymna,
by Quintil. where the Lacedsemonian fleet was conquered
ARGiEus and Argeus, a son of Apollo and by Conon the Athenian. Strab. 13.
Cyrene. Justin. 13. o. 7. A son of Per- Argiupe, a nymph of mount Parnassus,
diccas,who succeeded his father in the king- dom mother of Thamyris,by Philammon the son
of Macedonia. Justin. 7, c. 1. A of Apollo. Paus. 4, c, 38,
mountain of Cappadocia, covered with perpe-
tual Argipiiontes, a surname given to Mer-
cury,
snows, at the bottom of which is the capi-
tal because he killed the hundred-eyedAr- gus,
of the country, called Maxara. Claudian. by order of Jupiter.
of Ptolemy, killed by his brother.
A son Argippei, a nation among the Saurosia-
Pans. 1. A son of Licymnius. Jipollod. 2. tians,born bald, and with flat noses. They
Argalus, a king of Sparta,son of Amy- lived upon trees. Herpdot.4, c. 23.
clas. Paus. 3, c. 1. Argiva, a surname of Juno, worshippedat
Argathoj^a,a huntress of Cios in Bithy- Argos. She had also a templeat Sparta, con-

14
 AR
gecrated to her by Eurydice,the daughter of court of iEetes, kingof Colchis,one of his near
Lacedaemon. Pans. 4, c. 13." Virg.JEn. 3, relations. In the voyage Helle died,and Phryx-
us
547. arrived safe at Colchis,andwas received with
V.
the inhabitants of the city of Ar- kindness by the king. The poets have embel-
lished
ArgIvi,
The word the flight of Phryxus,by supposing that
gos and the neighbouring c ountry.
is indiscriminately appliedby the poets to all he and Helle fled through the air on a ram
the inhabitantsof Greece. which had a goldenfleece and wings,and was
Argius, a steward of Galba, who privatelyendowed with the faculties of speech. This
the offspring of Nep-
tune's
interred the body of his master in his gardens.ram, as they say, was
Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 49. amours, under the form of a ram, with
Argo-, the name of the famous shipwhich the nymph Theophane. As they were going
carried Jason and his 54 companions to Col- chis, lo be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back,
when theyresolved to recover the golden and instantly disappeared in the air. On their
fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has way Helle was giddy, and fellinto that partof
been often disputed.Some derive itfrom Ar- the sea which from her w^as called the Helles- pont,
the w'ho firstproposed the tion,
expedi- When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sa-
crificed
gos, person
and who built the ship. Others maintain the ram to Jupiter, or, accordingto
that it was built at Argos, whence its name. others,to Mars, to w hom he also dedicated the
Cicero, Tusc. c. 20,
1, calls it Ai-go,because it goldenfleece. He soon after married Chal-
cai-ried Grecians, commonly called Argives.ciope the daughterof iEetes ; but his father-
Died. 4, derives the word from "";""', which in-law envied him the possession of the golden

signifies swift.Ptolemy says, but falsely, that fleece,and therefore to obtain ithe murdered
Hercules built the ship, and called it Argo, af-ter him. Some time afterthis event, when Jason

a son of Jason, who bore the same name. the son of iEson, demanded of his uncle Pelias
The shipArgo had 60 oars. Accordingto ma-ny the crown which he usurped, [Vid.Pelias,Ja-
son,
authors, she had a beam on her prow, cut iEson.] Pelias said that he would restore
in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which had it to him, providedhe avenged the death of
the power of givingoracles to the Argonauts. their common relation Phryxus,whom vEetes
This ship
was the firstthat ever sailed on the had baselymurdered in Colchis. Jason, w^ho
some
as report. After the expedition was was in the vigourof youth,and of an ambitious
sea,
finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn a- soul,cheerfully
undertook expedition,
the and
ground at the isthmus of Corinth, and conse-
crated embarked of Greece
with allthe young princes
to the god of the sea. The poets have in the shipArgo. They stoppedat the island
made hera constellation in heaven. Jason was of Lemnos, where they remained two yearsi
killedby a beam which fellfrom tlietop, as he and raised a new race of men from the Lenv
slepton the ground near it. Hygin.fab. 14, nian women who had murdured their hus-
bands.
.4. P. 2, c. '61."Catull. de. AupL Pel. "^ [Hrf.Hypsipyle.]After they had left
Tktt." Val. Place. 1, v. 93, kc"Plmdr. 4, LemnoS; tlieyvisited Samothrace, where they
fab. 6. " Seneca in Medea. "

Apollon.
Argon. " oflferedsacrifices to the gods,and thence pas- sed
Apollod.~Cic.de jYal. D."Plin. 7, c. 56." to Troas and to Cyzicum. Here theymet
Manil. 1. with a favourable reception from Cyzicusthe
Akgolicus sinlsj a bay on the coast of kingof the country. The nightaftertheir de- parture,
Argolis. they were driven back by a storm
Argolis and Argia, a country of Pelopon- againon the coast of Cyzicum, and the inhabi- tants,
aesus between Arcadia and the u^Cgeansea. supposingthem to be their enemies the
Its chief citywas called Argos. J*elasgi, furiously attacked them. In this noc-
turnal

Argon, one of the descendants of Hercules, engagement the slaughter was great,
who reignedin Lydia505 years before Gyges. and Cyzicuswas killed by the hajid of Jason,
Herodot. 1, c. 7. who, to expiatethe murder he had ignorantly
Argonauts, a name given to those an- cient committed, buried him in a magnificent man-
ner,
heroes who went with Jason on board and offered a sacrifice to the mother of
the shipArgo to Colchis, about 89 years before the gods,to whom he built a templeon mount
tJie taking of Troy, or 1263 B. C. The causes Dyndymus. From Cyzicum they visited Be-
of this expeditionarose from the followingbrycia, otherw ise called Bithynia, where Pol-lux
circumstance : "
Athamas, king of Thebes, acceptedthe challenge of Amycus king of
had mai-ried Ino, the daughterof Cadmus, the country,in the combat of the cestus, and
whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia
whom he had two children, Piiryxus and Hel- by a storm, to Salmydessa,on the -coast of
le. As JNepiiele was subjectto certain fitsof Thrace, where they delivered Phineus,kingof
madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a the place, from the persecutionof the harpies.
second time Ino, by whom he had soon after Phineus directed their course throughthe Cya-
two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the nean rock or the Symplegades,[Vid.Cyaneae.]
childreii of iVephele were to succeed to their and theysafely entered the Euxine sea. They
father by right of birth,Ino conceived an mortal
im- visited the country of the Mariandinians,where
hatred against them, and she caused the Lycus reigned,and lost two of their compa- nions,
cityof Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by Idmon, and Tiphystheir pilot.After
poisoningall the grainwhich had been sown they had leftthis coast, theywere driven upon
in the earth, l^pon this the oracle was ed
consult- the island of Arecia, where theyfound the chil- dren
; and as it had been corrupted by means of of Phryxus,whom ^Eetes their grandfa-
Ino, the answer was, that INephele's children tiierhad sent to Greece to take possession of
should ():" immolated to the gods. Phryxus their fathers kingdom. From this island they
was apprizedof this,and jje innnadiately em- at last arrived safe in iEa, the capital of Col-
beirked w ith his sister Helle, and fled to the ciiis. Jason explainedthecausesof hi? voyage
 AR AR

\o j^etes; but the conditions on which he was disasters, at lastcame in sight of the promontC'
to recover the goldenfleece,were so hard, that lyofMelea, in the Peloponnesus, where son
Ja-
the Argonauts must have perishedin the at- tempt, was purified of the murder of Absyrtus,
had not Medea, the king'sdaughter,and soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The
fallen in love with their leader. She had a impracticability of such a voyage iswell known.
conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths iVpollonius Rhodius givesanother account
of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea equallyimprobable. He says that theysailed
pledgedherselfto deliver the Argonauts from from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the
her father's hard conditions,if Jason married Danube, and that Absyrtuspursued them by
her,and carried her with him to Greece. He entering another mouth of the river. After
was to tame two bulls, which had brazen feet they had continued their voyage for some
and horns, and which vomited clouds of tire leagues, the waters decreased,and they were
and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made obliged to carry the shipArgo across the coun-
try

of adamant stone, and to plough a fieldof two to the Adriatic, upwardsbf 150 miles. Here
acres of ground never before cultivated. Af- ter theymet with Absyztus, who had pursuedthe
this he wae to sow^ in the plainthe teeth of same measures, and conveyed his shipsin like
a dragon, from which an armed multitude were manner over the land. Absyrtusw^as immedi-
ately
to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his hands. put to death ; and soon afterthe beam of
This done, he was to killan ever-watchful dra-gon, Dodona [Firf. Argo.]gave an oracle,that Jason
which was at the bottom of the tree, on should never return home ifhe was not previ-
ously
which the golden fleece was suspended. All purified of the murder. Upon this they
these labours wei'e to be performed in one day ; sailed to the island of JEdi,\vhereCirce,who wa.?
and Medea's assistance,whose knowledge of the sisterof ^etes, expiated him without know-
ing
herbs, magic,and potions, w^as unparalleled, who he w^as. There is a third tradition,
easily extricated Jason from all danger,to the which maintains, that theyreturned to Colchis
astonishment and terror of his companions, and asecond time, and visited many places of Asia.
of uEetes,and the peopleof Colchis,who had This famous expedition has been celebrated ia
assembled to be spectators of this wonderful the ancient ages of the world ; ithas employed
action. He tamed the bulls with ease, plough-
ed the pen of many w^riters, and among the histo-
rians,
the field,sowed the dragon'steeth,and Diodorus Siculus,Strabo, Apollodorus"
when the armed men sprang from the earth, and Justin ; and among the poets,Onamacri-
he threw a stone in the midst of them, and tus, more generallycalled Orpheus,ApoUo-
they immediatelyturned their weapons one nius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus,
againstthe other, tillthey all perished.After have extensively givenan account of its most
this he went to the dragon,and by means of remarkable particulars. The number of the
enchanted herbs,and a draughtw-hich Medea' Argonauts isnot exactly known. ApoUodorus
bad givenhim, he lulled the monster to sleep,and Diodorus say that they were 54. Tzetes
and obtained the goldenfleece,and immedi- ately admits the number of 50, but ApoUodorus men-
tions

set sail with Medea. He was soon sued

pur- only 45. The following listis drawn
by Absyrtus,the king'sson, who came from the various authors who have made men- tion

seized and murdered by of the Argonauticexpedition.

up to them, and was Jason, son
Jason and Medea. The mangled limbs of of iEson, as iswell known, was the chief of the
Absyrtus were strewed in the way through rest. His companions were Acastus son of-
which ^etes was Pelias,Actor son of Hippasus,
to pass, that his farther pur-
suit Admetus son of
might be stopped. After the murder of Pheres, ^sculapiusson of Apollo,^S^talides
Absyrtus,they entered the Palus Maeotis, son of Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son
and by pursuingtheir course towards the left,of Mars, Amphiaraus son of (Ecleus,Amphi-
accordingto the foolish account of poets who daraCis, son of Aleus,Amphion son of Hypera-
were ignorantof geography,theycame to the sius, Anceus a son of Lycurgus,and another
island Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Here of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of
Circe informed Jason, that the cause of all his the shipArgo, Argus son of Phryxus,Arme-
calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus,nus, x\3calaphus son of Mars, Asterion son of
of which she refused to expiate him. Soon af-
ter, Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas sou
they entered the Mediterranean by the of Sol,Atalanta,daughterof Schceneus disgui- sed
columns of Hercules,and passedthe straitsof in a man's dress, Autelycusson of Mercury,
Charybdisand Scylla, where they must have Azorus, Buphagus,Butes son of Teleon, Ca- lais
perished, had not Tethys,the mistress of Pe- son of Boreas,Canthus son of Abas, Castor
leus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. son of Jupiter, Ceneusson of Elatus,Cepheus
They were preservedfrom the Sirens by the son of Aleus, Cius,Clytius, and Iphitus, sons of
eloquenceof Orpheus,and arrived in the isl- and Eurytbus,Coronus, Deucalion sou of Minos,
of the Phasacians, where theymet the ene- my's Echion son of Mercury and Antianira,Ergy-
fleet,which had continued their pursuitnus son of Neptune,Euphemus son of Nep- tune
by a difterent course. It was therefore resolv-
ed, and Macionassa, Eribotes,Euryalusson
that Medea should be restored,if she had of Cisteus,Eurydamas and Eurythionsons of
not been actually married to Jason ; but the Iras,Eurytusson of Mercury, Glaucus, Her- cules
wife of Alcinous,the kingof the country,be- ing son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus,laU
appointedumpire between the Colchians menus son ofMars,Idman son of Abajs,lolaui:
and Argonauts, had the marriageprivatelyson of Iphiclus, Iphiciusson of Thestius,Iphi-
consummated by night,and declared that the clus son of Philacus,Iphisson of Alector,Lyn-
claims of ^etis to Medea were now void. ceus, son of Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus,
From Phaeacia the Argonautscame to the bay Laertes, son of Arcesius, Laocoon, Leodatus
of Ambracia, whence theywere driven by a i son of Bias,Leitus son of Alector, Meleager,
"torm upon the coast of Africa, and after many |son of (Enen?, Menoeti^B i^^n of Actor, Mop-
 AR AR

^usson of Araphycus, Naupliusson of Neptune, received from Argynnus,a favourite youthoi

IVeleus tliebrotlier of Peleus, Nestor son of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephi-
Neleus, Oileusthe father of Ajax,Orpheus son sus. Propert. 3, el. v. 52.
of CEager, Palemon son of ^tolius,Peleus and Arg VRA, a nymph greatly beloved by a shep-
herd
Telamon sons ofiEacuSjPericlimenes son of Ne-
leus, called Selimnus. She was changed into
Peueleus son of Hipahnus,Philoctetes son a fountain, and the shepherdinto a river of the
of Pcean, Phlias,Pollux son of Jupiter, mus
Polyphe- same name, whose waters make lovers forget
son of Elates,Pceas son of Thaumacus, the objectof their affections. Vid. Selimnus.
Phanus son of Bacchus,Phalerus son of Alcon, Paus. 7, c. 23. A cityof Troas." Also "

Phocas and Priasus sons of Ceneus one of the the native placeof Diodorus Siculus, in Sicily.
Lapithae, Talaus,Tiphus,son of Aginus,Sta- Argyraspides, a Macedonian legionwhich
philusson of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphi-received this name from their silver helmets.
tus, Theseus son of Mgens, with his friend Pi- Cart. 4, c. 13.
rithous. Among these
iEsculapius was cian,
physi- Argyre, an island beyond the mouth of the
and Typhis was pilot. river Indus,aboundingin metal. Mela, 3, c. 7.
Aroos, {sing,neut. ^ jirgi,masc. plur.) Argvripa, a town of Apulia,built by Dio-
an ancient city, capital of Argolisin Peloponne-
sus, medes alter the Trojan war, and called by Po-
about two miles from the sea,on the bay cal-
led lybius Agripana. Only ruins remain to show
Argolicus stilus^ Juno was the chief deityof where it once stood, thoughthe placestillpre-
serves
the place. The kingdom of Argoswas found- ed the name of Arpi. Virg.\^n. 11, v.
by Inachus 1856 years before the christian 246.
era, and after it had flourished for about 550 Aria, a country of Asia,situate at the east
years it was united to the crown of Mycenae. of Pai'thia. Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 2, c. 7. The
Argos was built accordingto Euripides, Jp/tig. wife of Paitus Cecinna, of Padua, a PtOman se- nator

in Aulid. v. 152, 534, by seven cyclopswho who was accused of conspiracy against
came from Syria. These cyclops were not Claudius,and carried to Rome by sea. She
Vulcan's workmen. The nine firstkings of accompanied him, and in the boat she stabbed
Argos were called Inachides,in honour of the herself, and presented the sword to her hus- band,
founder. Their names were Inachus,Phoro- who followed her example. Plin. 7.
neus, Apis, Argus,Chryasus,Phorbas,Triopas, Ariaune, daughter of Minos 2d, king of
Stelenus and Gelanor. Gelanor gave a kind Crete, by Pasiphae, fellin love with Theseus,
reception to Danaus, who drove him from his who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devour-
ed
kingdom in return for his hospitality. The de-
scendants by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of
of Danaus were called Belides. Aga-
memnonthread, by which he extricated himself from
was king of Argos duringthe Trojan the ditficultwindingsof his confinement. ter
Af-
war ; and 80 years after the Heraclidse seized he had conqueredthe Minotaur, he carri- ed
the Peloponnesus, and deposedthe monarchs. her away accordingto t'le promisehe had
The inhabitants of Argos were called Argi'ci made, and married her ; but when he arrived
and Argolici ; and this name has been often at the island of Naxos he forsook her, though
appliedto all the Greeks,without distinction. she was alreadypregnant, and repaidhis love
Plin. 7, c. 56. " Paus. 2, c. 15, ^c. "
Horat. 1, with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne
od. l."JElian. V. H. 9, c. 15." Strab. 8." was so disconsolate upon beingabandoned by
.Mela,1, c. 13, fcc. 1. 2, e. 3." F/cg.JEn. 1, v. Theseus, that she hung herself, accordingto
40, "c. A town of Thessaly, called Pelas- some; but Plutarch says, that she lived many
giconby the Pelasgians.Lucan. 6, v. 355. yeai's after, and had some children by Onarus,
Another in Epiruscalled Amphilochium. the priest of Bacchus. Accordingto some ters,
wri-
} Argus, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 Bacchus loved her after Theseus had for- saken
years. A son of Arestor, whence he is often her, and he gave her a crown of seven
called Arislorides. He married Ismene, the stars, which, afterher death,was made a con-
stellation.

daugiiter of the Asopus. As he had an hun- dred The Argives showed Ariadne's tomb,
eyes, of which only two were asleepat and when one of their tenijiles was repaired,
one time, Juno set him to watch lo,whom piterher ashes were
Ju- found in an eartlien urn. mer,
Ho-
had changed into a heifer; but Mercury, Od. 11, v. 320, says, that Diana detained
by order of Jupiter, slew him by lulling all his Ariadne at Naxos. Pint, in Tkcs. "
Ovid. Met.
eyes asleepwith ihe sound of his lyre. Juno 8, fab. 2. Heroid. 10. De Art. Am. 2, Fast. 3, v^
put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the pea- cock, 462." Ca^u/7. de Knpt. Pel ^ Tltct. ep. 61."
a bird sacred to her divinity. Moschus. Hygin.fab. 14, 43, 210." Apollo d. 3, c. 1.
Idyl" Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 12 and V"i."Propert. kv.iffxs, an officer who succeeded to the
1, v. 585, "c. el. S."Jipollod. 1, c. 9, 1.2, c. 1. commandoftiie surviving army after the death
A son of Agenor. Hygin.fab. 145. A of Cyrusthe younger, afterthebattle of Cunaxa
son of Danaus, who built the shipArgo. Id. He made peace with AKaxerxes.
Xenoph.
14. A son of Jupiterand Niobe, the first Ariani and Arieni,a peopleof Asia. Dionys.
child which the father of the gods had by a Perieg. 714.
mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne Ariantas, a king of Scylhia,Mho yeaily
the daughterof Strj'mon. Id. 145. A son ordered every one of his subjects to present
olPyras and Callirhoe. Id. 145. A son of him with an arrow. Herodol. 4, c. 81.
Phryxus,Id. 3. A son of Pol)bus. Id. 14. Ani.^MNFs, a king of Cappadocia,son of
One of Action's dogs. Jipollod. A Ariurathes 3d.
dog of Ulysses,who knew his master after an Ariakathes, a kingof Cappadocia,who
absence of 20 years. Homer. Od. 17, v. 3U0. joinedDaiius Ochus in his expedition against
AuGYLLiC, an ancient name of Ca;re, in Egypt,where he acquired much glory. His
j:truria.
Virg.JEn. 7, v. 652, 1.8, v. 478. nepiiew,
the 2d of that name,defendcd his king-
dom
Arcynnis, a name of Venus v/hich she againstPerdiccasrthe generalof Ale.xan"
 AR AR
"der,but lie was defeated and hung 6n a cross, plus, and transported into Italy by IMana. le
in the 81st year of his age, 321 B. C. His a grove, in the neighbourhoodof Aricia,The- seus
son. Ariaratlies the 3d, escaped the massacre built a templeto Diana, where he estab- lished
which'attended his father and his followers ; the same rites as were in the temple of
and after the death of Perdiccas,he recovered that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this
Cappadocia,by conqueringAmyntas the Ma- cedonian
temple,called Rex, was always a fugitive, and
general. He was succeeded by his son the murderer of his predecessor, and went al- ways
Ariamnes. Ariarathes the 4th, succeeded armed with a dagger, to preventwhatever
his father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice, attempts might be made upon his life by one
daughterof Antiochus Theos. He died after who wished to be his successor. The Arician
a reignof twenty-eight years, B. C. 220, and forest, frequently called nemoren^'s, or nemora-

was succeeded by his son Ai'iarathes the 5th,a lissylva, was veiy celebrated,and no horses,
princewho married Antiochia,the daughterof would ever enter it,because Hippoljlushad
king Antiocluis, whom he assisted against the been killed by them. Egeria,the favourite
Romans. Antiochus being defeated,Ariara-
thes nymph; and invisible protectress of Numa, ge-^
saved his kingdom from invasion by pay- ing nerally resided in thisfamous grove, which was
the Romans a large sum of money ted
remit- situated on the Appian way, beyond mount
at the instance of the kingof Pergamus. Albanus. Ond. Met. 15. Fast. 3, v. 263."
His son, the 6th of that name, called Philo- Lucaii. 6, v. 74. "

Virg.Mn. 7, v. 761, "c.

pater,from his piety, succeeded him 166 B. C. Aricina, a surname of Diana, from her
An alliance with the Romans shielded him temple near Aricia. [Vid.Aricia.] The
againstthe false claims that were laid to his mother of Octavius. Cic. 3. Pkil. c. 6.
crown by one of the favourites of Demetrius, Arid^ps, a companion of Cyrus the young- er.
kingof Syria.He was maintained on his throne After the death of his friend, he reconciled
by Attalus,and assisted his friends of Rome himself to Artaxerxes,by betraying to him the
againstAristonicus, the usurper of Pergamus : surviving Greeks in their return. Diod.
but he was killed in the war B. C. 130, leavingAn illegitimate son of Philip, who, after the
six children, five of whom were murdered by death of Alexander, was made king of Mace- donia,
his surviving wife Laodice. The only one tillRoxane, who was pregnant by Alex-
ander,
who escaped,Ariarathes 7th,was proclaimed broughtinto the world a legitimate male
king,and soon after married Laodice, the sister successor. Aridasus had not the free enjoy- ment
of Mitiiridates Eupator,by whom he had two of his senses ; and therefore Perdiccas,
sons. He was murdered by an illegitimate ther, one
bro- of Alexander's generals, declared himself
upon which his widow Laodice gave her-
self his protector, and even married his sister, to
and kingdom to Nicomedes, kingof Bithy- strengthen their connexion. He was seven
nia. Mithridates made war againstthe new years in possession of the sovereignpower,
king,and raised his nephew to the throne. The and was put to death,v;ith his wife Eurydice,
youngking,who was the 8th of the name of Ari-
arathes,
by Olympias. Justin. 9, c. 8. Diod. "

made war againstthe tyrannical Mith- Arienis, daughterof Alyattes,married

ridates,by whom sence Astyageskingof Media.
he was assassinated in the pre- Herodot. 1, c. 74.
of both armies, and the murderer's son, a Arig^um, a town of India, which ander
Alex-
cliildeight years old,was placedon the vacant found burnt, and without inhabitants.
throne. The Cappadocians revolted,and made Arrian. 4.
the late monarch's brother, Ariarathes 9th, Arii, a savage peopleof India. Of Ara-
bia.
king; but Mithridates expelled him, and restor-
ed Plin. 6. Of Scythia. Herodot.
his own son. The exiled princedied of a bro-
ken Of Germany. Tadt.
heart ; and JVicomedes of Bithynia, ing
dread- Arima, a place of Cilicia or Syria,where
the power of the tyrant,interested the Ro- mans Typhosuswas overwhelmed under the ground.
in the affairsof Cappadocia.The arbiters Homer. II. 2.
wished to make the country free ; but the Cap- Arimarius, a god of Persia and Media.
|)adocians demanded a king, and received Ari- Arimaspi, a peopleconquered by Alexan- der
obarzanes, B. C. 9 1. On the death of Ariobar- the Great. Curt. 7, c. 3. Mela, 2, c. L
"

zanes, his brother ascended the throne, under Arimaspias, a river of Scytliia, with golden
the name of Ariarathes 10th ; but his titlewas sands. The neighbouring inhabitants had but
disputed by Sisenna,theeldest son of Glaphyra,one eye, in the middle of their forehead,and
by Archelaus,priest of Comana, M. Antony, waged continual war against the griffins,
strous
mon-

wlio was umpirebetween the contendingpar- animals that collected the gold of the
ties,decided in favour ofSisenna; but Ariarathes river. Plin. 7, c. 2. "
Herodot. 3 and 4. "

recovered itfor a while, though he was soon Strab. 1 and 13.

afterobligedto yieldin favour of Archelaus, Arima STHJE, a people near the Euxine sea..
the second son of Glaph^Ta,B. C. 36. Diod. Orpheus, jargon.
18." Justin. 13 and 29."Strab. 12. Arimazes, a powerful princeof Sogdiana,
Aribb/eus, a generalmentioned bv Polyaen-who treated Alexander with much insolence,
7, c. 29. and even asked,whetlier he could fly, to aspire
Aricia, an Athenian princess, niece to JEge- to so extensive a dominion. He surrendered,
us, whom Hippolytusmarried after he had and was exposedon a cross with his friend!}
been raised from the dead by iEsculapius. He and relations. Curt. 7, c. 11.
built a cityin Italy, which he called by her Arimi, a nation of Syria. S/rab.
uame. He had a son by her called Virbius. Arimikum, (now Rimijii) an ancient city
(Md. Met. 15, V, 544." Virg. JEn. 7,.v. 762, of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders oi
"c. A very ancient town of Italy, wow Ric- Gaul, on the Adriatic,founded by a colonyoi
cia,built by Hippolytus, "on of Theseus, after Urabrians. It was the cause of Caesar's civii
he had been raised from the dead bv .'E=cwla- vrar?^ 1. v. 281
livron.. " /'^'-v3. r I5
 AR All
rising
ARiMiNtJS,a vlvierof Italy, in the Ap- drew over the sea with uncommon swilltnes^,
pennine mountains. Ptin. 3, c. 15. Nej)tunegave him to Copreus,who presented
Arimph^i, a people of Scytnia,near the him to Hercules. Adrastus, king of Argos,
Riphseanmountains, who lived chieflyupon received him as a present from Hercules,and
berries in the woods, and Avere remarkable with this wonderful animal he won the prize
for their innocence and mildness. Plin. 6, c. 7. at the Nemsean games. Arion, therefore, is
Arimcs, a kingof Mysia. Varro. often called the horse of Adrastus. Paus. 8,
Ariobarzanes, a man made king of Cap- c. 25." Propert.2, el. 34, v. 37."ApoUod. 3,
padociaby the Romans, after the troubles;c. 6.
which the false Ariarathes had raised,had sub- sided. Ariovistus, a king of Germany, wha
Mithridates drove him from his king- dom, professedhimself a friend of Rome. When
but the Romans restored him. He fol- Caisar was in Gaul, Ario\istus marched
lov,-3d the interest of Porapey, and foughtat aeain-sthim, and was conqueredwith the loss
Pharsalia against J. Cajsar. He and his king-
dom of 80,000 men. Cces. 1. Belt. Gaul." Tacit.A
were preserved by means of Cicero. Cic. Hist.
5, ad Attic, ep. 29." Horat. ep. 6^ v. 38." Aris, a river of Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 31.
Flor. 3, c. 5. A satrap of Phrygia,who, Arisba, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an
after the death of Mithridates,invaded the earthquake. Plin. 5, c. 31. A colony of

kingdom of Pontus, and keptit for twenty-six the Mityleneansin Troas, destroyedby the
He was succeeded by the son of Mith-
ridates.Trojans before the coming of the Greeks.
years.
Dioil. 17." A generalof Darius,
"
Virg.mi. 9, V. 264." f/omer. //. 7. The
who defended the passes of Susa with 15,000 name of Priam's firstwife, divorced that the
foot againstAlexander. After a bloody en-
counter raojiarch might
marry Hecuba.
with the Macedonians, he was killed Arist-'enetus, a writer whose epistles
as he attempted to seize the cityof Persepolis. have been beautifully edited by Abresch.
Diod. n."Curt 4 and 5. A Mede of ele-
gant Zwollffi, 1749.
stature, and greatprudence,whom rius
Tibe- Arist."u.M5 a cityof Thrace at the foot of
appointedto settle the troubles of Arme-
nia. mount Haemus. Plin. 4, c. 11.
Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4 A mountain tween AristjEus, son
be- of Apollo and the nympli
Parthia and the country of the Massa- Cyrene,was born in the deserts of Libya,and
getae. A satrap, who revolted from the broughtup by the Seasons,and fed upon nec-
tar

Persian king. and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting

Ariomandes, son of Gobryas, was gene-
ral procured him the surname of Nomus and
of Athens against the Persians. Plat, in Agreus. After he had travelled over the
Cim. greatestpart of the \vorld,Aristaeus came to
Aricmarpus, a son of Darius, in the army settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe,
of Xerxes when he went againstGreece. the daughterof Cadmus, by whom he had a
Herodot. 7, c. 78. son called Actreon. He fell in love with Eu
Ariomedks, a pilot of Xerxes. rydice, the wife of Orpheus,and pursuedher
Arion, a famous lyricpoet and musician, in the fields. She was stun^by a serpentthat
son of Cyclos,of Methymna, in the island of layin the grass, and died, for which the gods
Lesbos. He went into' Italywith Periander, destroyedall the bees of Aristaeus. In this
tyrant of Corinth, Vviierehe obtained immense calamityhe appliedto his mother, who direc- ted
riches by his profession. Some time after he him to seize the sea-godProteus,"and
wished to revisit his country ; and the sailors consult him how he mightrepair the losses he
of the shipin v"'hichhe embarked, resolved to had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease
murder him, to obtain the riches Avhich lie the manes of Eurydice by the sacrifice of
was caiTyingto Lesbos. Arion seeingthem four bulls and four heifers: and as soon as he
inflexible in their resolutions, begged that he had done it, and leftthem in the air,swarms
might be permittedto play some melodious of bees immediatelysprang from the rotten
ftine; and as soon as he had finished it, he carcasses, and restored Aristaeus to his for- mer
threw himself into the sea. A number of prosperity.Some authors say, that Aris-
dolphinshad been attracted round the shipby ifeus had the cai'e of Bacchus when young,
the sweetness of his music ; and it is said, and that he was initiated in the m}'steries of
iiihtOne of them carried him safe on his back this god. Aristteus went to live on mount
to Tainarus, wiience ho hastened to the court Hcemus, where he died. He was, after death,
of Periander,who ordered all the sailors to be worshipped as a demi-god. Arista?us is said
erucified at their reiurn. Hy8;in.fab. 194."
to have learned from the nymphs the cultiva- tion
Jlerodiit. 1, c. 23 and 24." JFMan. de jXat. of olives,and the management of bees,
"n. 13, c. Ab."Ual. 11. Propert. 2, cl. 26, 6ic. which he afterwards communicated to
V. 17. Pint, in Symp.
" A horse, sprung the rest of mankind. Virg.G. 4, v. 317. "

from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she Diod. 4." Justin. 13, c. 7." Ovid. Fast. 1,
travelled over the world in quest of her V. 363." C'tr. ^e A^af. D. 3, c. \8."Pm(s.
daughterProseqiine, had taken the figure of a 10, c. n."Hi/gin. fab. 161, 180, 247." Apol-
mai'e, to avoid the importuningaddresses of lod. 3,c. 4. iicrodol.
" 4, c. 4, kc. Polycen.
"
1,c.
INeptune. The god changed himself also 24. A generalwho commanded the Corin-
thian
into a horse, nnd from their union arose a forces at the siegeof Potidaja. He was
daughtercalled Hera, and the horse Arion, taken by the Athenians,and put to death.
which had the power of speech,the feet on ARisTAGuft.\s, a writer who composed an
the right side like those of a man, and the history of Egypt. Plin. 36, c. 12. A son-
rest of the body like a horse. Arion was in-law of Histi^us,tjTantof Miletus, who re- volted

brought up by {he Nereides, who often har- nessed from Dai'ius,and incited the Athenians
him to his father'.s chariot, whick he against ifersia. and burnt Sardi". This so (t%'
 AR AR
the king,
.Asperated that every evening before AristSus, a man of Argos, who excited
supper he ordered his servants to remind him kingPyrrhusto take up arms against his coun-
trymen,
of punishing Aristagoras.He was killed in a the Argives. Polycen. 8, c. 68.
battle againstthe Persians,B. C. 499. Hero- Aristhf.nes, a shepherd who found Ms'
dot. 5, c. 30, "c. 1. 7, c. 8."PoiT/("n.1, c. culapius, when he had been exposedin the
14. A man of Cyzicus. Another of woods by his mother Coronis.
Cumae. Herodot.4. Aristhus, an historian of Arcadia. Diof
Aristander, a celebrated soothsayer, ly
great- nys. Hal. 1.
esteemed by Alexander. Plui. in Alex. Aristieus,
"
a river of Paeonia. Polyczn.A,
Plin. 17, c. 25. An Athenian, who wrote c. 12.

on agriculture. Aristides, a celebrated Athenian, son of

Aristasdros, a statuarv of Sparta. Pans. Lysimachus,whose great temperance and vir-
tue
3, c. 18. procured him the surname of Just, He
Aristarchk, a matron of Ephesus, who was rival to Themistocles,by whose influence
by order of Diana sailed to the coasts of Gaul he was banished for ten years, B. C. 484 ; but
with the Phocaeaiis, and was made priestess.before six years of his exile had elapsed, he
Strab. 4. was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the
Aristarchus, a celebrated grammarian of battle of Salamis,andwas appointedchief com- mander

Saraos, disciple of Aristophanes.He lived with Pausanias againstMardonius,

the greatestpart of his lifeat Alexandria,and who was defeated at Platasa. He died so poor,
Ptolemy Philometor intrusted him with the that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed
education of his sons. He was famous for at the public charge,and his two daughters, on
his critical powers, and he revised the poems account of their father's virtues,received a
of Homer with such severity, that ever after dowry from the publictreasury when they
all severe ciitics Vvcre called Aristarcki. He were come to marriageable years. Poverty,
wrote above 800 commentaries on different however, seemed hereditary in the family of
authors,much esteemed in his age. In his Aristides, for the grandson was seen in the
old age he became dropsical,upon which he public streets,gettinghis livelihood by explain-
ing
starved himself,and died in his 72d year, B. dreams. The Athenians became more vu*-

C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus tuous in imitating their great leader; and
and Aristagoras, both famous for their stupi-
dity. from the ^ense of his good qualities, at the
Horat. de Art. poet. v. 499." OriV. 3, representationof one of the tragediesof
ex Pont. ep. 9, v. 24. Cic. ad Fam. 3, ep. iEschylus,
"
on the mentioning of a sentence
U. ad Attic. 1, ep. 14." Quintil. 10, c. 1. concerningmoral goodness,the eyes of the
A tragicpoet of Tegea in Arcadia,about audience were all at once turned from the
454 years B. C. He composed 70 tragedies, to Aristides.
actor When he sat as judge,
of which two only were rewarded with the
it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusa-
tion,

prize. One of them, called Achilles, was mentioned the injuries his opponent
translated into Latin verse by Ennius. Siii- had done to Aristides ; '' mention the wrongs
das. A physicianto queen Berenice, the you have received," repliedthe equitable
widow of Antiochus. Polyoen. 8. An ora-
tor Athenian, " I sithere as judge, and the law- suit
of Ambracia. An astronomer of Sa- is yours, and not mine." C. JVep. ^^ Plut.
mos, who firstsupposedthat the earth turned in Vita. An historian of Miletus,fonder of
round its axis,and revolved round the sun. stories and of anecdotes, than of truth. He
This doctrine nearlyproved fatal to him, as wrote an histoiy of Italy, of which the 40th vo-lume

he was accused of disturbing tiie peace of has been quoted by Pint, in Parall.
the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun An Athlete, who obtained a prizeat the Olym-
pian,
was nineteen times further distant from the ISemean, and Pythiangames. Pans 6,
earth than the moon, and that the moon was c. 16. A painter of Thebes in Boiotia,in
66 semi-diameters of our globe,and little the age of Alexander the Great, for one of
more than one third,and the diameter of the whose piecesAttains offered 6000 sesterces.
sun six or seven times more than that of the Plin. 7 and 35. A Greek orator who wrote
earth. The age in which he flourished is not 50 orations, besides other tracts. When na
Smyr-
preciselyknown. His treatise on the large-
ness was destroyedby an earthquake,he wrote
and tiie distance of the sun and moon is so pathetic a letter to M. Aurelius,that the
extant, of which the best edition is that of Ox-ford, emperor ordered the cityimmediatelyto be
8vo. 1688. rebuilt,and a statue was in consequence raised
ARisTAz.tNEs, a noble Persian in favour to the orator. His works consist of hymns in
with Artaxerxes Ochus. Diod. 16. prose in honour of the gods,funeral orations,
Aristeas, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the best
fables report, appearedseven years after his edition of which isthat of Jebb, 2 vohunes 4to .

death to his countrymen, and 540 years after Oxon. 1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo.
to the people of Metaponttmi in Italy, and 3 vols, of Canterusapud P. Steph.1604. A
commanded them to raise to liim a statue near man of Locris,who died by the bite of a wea-
the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epicpo-
em zcl. JEliun. V. H. 14. A philosopherof
on the Arimaspiin tliree books, and some Mysia, intimate with M. Antoninus. An
of his verses are (piotedby Longinus. Hero- Athenian, mIio wrote treatises on animals,
dot. 4, c. V.i."Strab. 14." Max. Tyr. 22. trees, and agriculture.
A
physicianof Rhodes, A geometri-
cian, ARisTii.i.rs,a philosopher of the Alexan-
drian
intimate with Euclid. A poet, son of school,who about oOO years B. C. at- tempted
Demochares,in tlie age of Croesus. with Timochai-is to determine the
Arister^e, an isrand on the roa ;f of Prlo- placeof the ditt'erentstars in the heavens, and
ponnesus. Paus. 2, c :^,4.
.
to trace ihe course of the planets.
 AR AR
Aristio,a sophist of Athens, who, by the defeat of his Messenian allies, B. C. 682. Id,
supportof Archelaus, the generalof Mithri- ibid.- A Rhodian. A man who endea-
dates,seized the covernment of his country, voured to destroythe democratical power at
and made himselfabsolute. He poisonedhim- self Athens. An Athenian generalsent to th"
when defeated by Sylla. Liv. SI, 82. assistance of Corcyra with 25 gallies. Died.
Akistippus, the elder, a philosopherof 15. An Athenian who was punishedwith
to Socrates,and founder of death for flying from the field of battle. A
Cyrene, disciple
the Cyrenaicsect. He was one of the flatter-
ers Greek historian, son of Hipparchus, PliU. in
of Dionysiusof Sicily, and distinguished Lye.
himself for his epicureanvoluptuousness, in Aristocreon, the writer of a book on ge- ography.
support of which he wrote a book, as likewise
an history of Libya. When travelling in the Aristocritus, wrote a treatise concerning
deserts of Africa,he ordered his servants to Miletus.
throw away the money they carried,as too Aristodeme, a daughterof Priam.
burdensome. On another occasion,discover- ing Aristodemus, son of Aristomachus, was
thatthe shipin which he sailed belongedto one of the Heraclidas. He, with his brothers
pirates, he designedly threw his property into Teraenus and Cbrespontes, invaded Pelopon-
nesus,
the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it conqueredit,and divided the country "

than his life. Many of his sayings and max-

ims among themselves, 1104 years before the
are recorded by Diogenes, in his life. Ho- christian era. He married Argia,by whom
rat. 2. Sal. 3, v. l(5o. His grandsonof the he had the twins Procles and Eurysthenes.
same name, called the younger, was a warm fender
de- He was killed by a thunderbolt at INaupactum,
of his opinions, and supported that the thoughsome say that he died at Delphiin Pho-
principles of all things were painand pleasure. cis. Pans. 2, c. 18, 1.3, c. 1 and IQ."Herodot.
He flourishedabout 363 years B. C. A ty-
rant7, c. 204, 1.8, c. 131. A king of Messenia,
of Argos,whose life was one continued who maintained a famous war against Sparta. .

series of apprehension. He was killed by a Cre- tan After some losses,he recovered his strengthi
in a battle against Aratus, B. C. 242. Di- and so effectually defeated the enemy'sforces,
og. A man who wrote an history of Arca-
dia. that they were obligedto prostitute their wo-
men

Diog.2. to re-people their country. The offspring

M. Aristius, a tribune of the soldiers in of this prostitution were called PartheniEe, and
Caesar's arniy. Ccuar. Bell. Gall. 7, c. 42. 30 years aftertheir birth they left Spartaand
Another.- Vid. Fuscus. A satirist, seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus put his
who wrote a poem called Cyclops. daughterto death for the good of his country i
Aristo. Vid. Ariston. beingafterwards persecutedin a dream by her
AnisTOEULA, a name given to Diana by manes, he killed himself,after a reignof six
Themistocles. years and some months, in which he had ob- tained
Aristobulus, a name common to some of much militarygloiy,B. C. 724. His
the highpriests and kingsof Judaea, he. seph.death was
Jo- lamented by his countrymen, who
A brother of Epicurus. One of did not appointhim a successor, but only in- vested
Alexander's attendants,who wrote the king's Damis,one of his friends, with absolute
life, replete with adulation and untruth. A power to continue the war, which was at last
philosopher of Judasa, B. C. 150. terminated after much bloodshed, and many
Aristoclea, a beautiful woman, seen naked losses on both sides. Pans, in Messen. A

by Strato,as she was offering a sacrifice. She tyrantof Cumas. A philosopher of ^Egina.
was passionately loved by Callislhenes, and An Alexandrian who wrote some tises,
trea-
was equallyadmired by Strato. The two ri- vals ".C. A Spartan who taughtthe chil-
dren
so furiouslycontended for her hand, that of Pausanias. A
was tor man
precep- who
sliedied duringtheir quarrel,
upon which Stra-
to the children of Pompey.
to A tyrantof
killed himself,and CaJlisthenes was never Arcadia. A Carian who wrote an history of
seen after. Pint, in Amat. painting. A philosopher of Nysa, B. C. 68.
Aristoci.es, a peripatetic philosopherof Aristogenes, a physician of Cnidos, who
Mcssenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on phi obtained great reputation by the cure of De-metrius
losophy,the opinionsof his predecessors. The Gonatas, king of iMacedonia. A
14th book of this treatise is quoted,".c. He Thasian who wrote 24 books on medicine.
also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books Aristogiton and Haemodius, two brated
cele-
on morals. A grammarian of Rhodes. friends of Athens, who, by their joint
A stoic of Lampsacus. An historian. Strab. efforts, delivered their countiy frc!athe tyran-
ny
4. A musician. Allien, he. A prince of the Pisistratidae,B. C. 510. They recei-
ved
of Tegaea, he. Polycen. This name is com-
mon immortal honours from the Athenians,and
to many Greeks, of whom few or no par- had statues raised to their memory.
ticulars These
are recorded. statues wei-e carried away by Xerxes when he
Aristoclides, a tyrant of Orchomenus, took Athens. The conspiracyof Aristogiton
who, because he could not win the affection of was so secretlyplanned,and so wiselycai'ried
Stymphalis,killed her and her father,upon into execution,that it is said a courtezan bit
which all Arcadia took up arras and destroyed her tongue off not to betraythe trust reposed
the murderer. " in her. Pans. 1, c. 29. " Herodot. 5, c. 55. "

AuisTocRATEs, Itiugof Arcadia, put to Plut. de 10, Oral.

a An Athenian orator, sur-
death by his subjects for offering violence to named Cajiis,for his impudence. He wrote
the priestess of Diana, Pans. 8, c. 5. His orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hy-
grandsonof the same name, was stoned to perides and Thrasyllus. A statuary. Pans.
Aleath for takingbribes,during the second Aristolaus, a painter.Plin. 35, c. 11.
Mosscnian war, and beingthe cause of the AmsTOMACHE, the wife of Dionysius of
 AR AR
Cic. Tusc. 5, c.
Syi-acuse. 20. -The wife of patetic
of Cos. A native of Pella,in the
Dion. A
poetess.P!ut. Symp. daugh- age of Adrian,who wrote on the rebellion of
A ter "

of Priam, who married Critolaus. Paus. the Jews.

10, c. 26. Aristoxaut^, the naval dock of Pellene.
Aristomachus, an Athenian who wrote Paus. 2.
concerningthe preparation of wine. Pliii. 14, AftisTONicus, son of Eumenes, by a con-
cubine
c. 9. A man so excessively fond of bees,that of Ephesus,126 B. C, invaded Asia and
he devoted 58 years of his life in raising the kingdom of P.ergamus, which Attains had
swarms of them. Plin. 11, c. 9. The son leftby his will to the Roman people. He was
of Cleodaeus,and grandsonof Hylliis, whose conqueredby the consul Perpenna,and strang-
led
three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aris- in prison. Justin. 36, c. 4, Flor. 2, c. "

todemus, called Heraclida?,conquered Pelo- 20.

ponnesus. A musician of Olynthus. A gram-
marian
Pans. 2, c. 7, 1.3, c. 15. Herodot. " of Alexandria,who wrote a commen-
tary

6, 7 and 8.' -A man

" who laid aside his sove-
reign on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise
power at Argos,at the persuasion of on the Musaeum established at Alexandria by
Aratus. Pam. 2, c. 8. the Ptolemies.
Aristomedes, a Thessalian generalin the Aristonides, a noble statuary. Plin. 34,
interestof Darius 3d. Curi. 3, c. 9. c. 14.

Aristomenes, a commander of the fleet of Aristonus, a captainof Alexander's valry.

ca-
Darius on the Hellespont, conquered by the Curt. 9, c. 5.
Macedonians. Curt. 4, c. 1. ^A famous ge- comic poet under PhilS-
neral Aristonymus, a
of Messenia, who encouragedhis coun- trymen delphus, keeperof the libraiy of Alexandria.
to shake off the Lacedaemonian yoke, He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th
under which they had laboured for above 30 year. Mhen. One of Alexander's musi-
cians.
years. He once defended the vu'tue of some Plut. in Alex.
Spartanwomen;Whom his soldiers had attempt-
ed Aristophanes, a celebrated comic poet
; and when he was taken prisoner and car- ried of Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes. He wrote
to Sparta, the women whom he had pro- tected54 comedies, of which only eleven are come
interested themselves so warmly in his down to us. He lived in the age of Socrates,
cause that theyprocuredhis liberty.He re- fused Demosthenes, and Euripides, B. C. 434, and
to assume the titleof king,but was fied
satis- lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand.
with that of commander. He acquiredThe wit and excellence of hiscomedies are well
the surname of Just,from his equity, to which known *,but they abound sometimes too much
he joinedthe true valour,sagacity, and perse-
verance with obscenity, and his attack upon the vene-
of a general. He often entered Spar- ta i*ablecharacter of Socrates has been always
without beingknown, and was so dexterous censured,and with justice.As a reward of his
in eluding the vigilance of the Lacedsemonians, mental gi'eatness, the poet received a crawn of
who had taken him captive, that he twice es- caped olive, in a public assembly; but ifhe deserved,
from them. As he attemptedto do it a praise, he merited blame for his licentiousness,
third time,he was unfortunately killed,and which sparednot even the gods,and was so of- fensive
his body beingopened,his heart was found all to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made
covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C. a law at Athens,which forbade the comic wri- ters
and itis said that he leftdramatical pieces hind
be- from mimicking or representing on the
him. " Diod. 15. Paus. in Messen.
"
stageany living character by name. Ai'isto-
A Spartansent to the assistance of Dionysius. phanes has been called the princeof ancient
Polycen. 2. comedy, as Menander of the new. The play
Ariston, the son of Agasicles, ta. called JVubes ispointedly
kingof Spar- againstSocrates,and
Being unable to raise children by two the philosopher is exposed to ridicule, and his
wives,he married another famous forher beau- ty, preceptsplacedin a most ludicrous point of
by whom he had, after seven months, a view, by the introduction of one of his pupils
son, Demaratus, whom he had the imprudence in the characters of the piece. It is said that
to call not his own. Herodot. 6, c. 61, "c. St. Chrysostomused to keep the comedies of
A generalof JEtolia. A sculptor. A Co- Aristophanes
rinthian under his pillow,on account of
who assisted the Syracusansagainstthe brilliancy of the composition.Plutarch,
the Athenians. An officer in Alexander's has made a comparison between the princes
army. A tyrantof Methymna, who being of the new and old comedy, which abounds
ignorantthat Chios had surrendered to the witli many anecdotes concerniHg these original
Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and characters. The best editions of the works of
was taken and put to death. Curt. 4, c. 9. Aristophanes are, Kuster's, fol. Amst. 1710,
A philosopherof Chios, pupilto Zeno the and the 12rao. L. Bat. 1670, and that of Bnmck.
stoic,and founder of a sect which continued 4 vols. 8vo. Argent.1783,which would stillbe
but a littlewhile. He supportedthat the na- ture more perfect, did itcontain the valuable scho-
lia.
of the divinity is unintelligible. It issaid Quintil. 10, c. l."Paterc. 1,c. 16." Ho-
that he died by the heat of the sun, which fell rat. 1. Sat. 4, v. 1. A grammarian of By- zantium,
too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old keeperof the library of Alexandria
age he was much given to sensuality. Diog. under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a trea- tise
A lawyer in Trajan's reign,whose eulo- on the ballots of Attica. Biog.in Plat, et
gium has been written by Pliny,22 epist. lib. 1. Epic."Athen. 9. A Greek historian of Boe-
A peripatetic philosopherof Alexandria, otia,quotedby Plut. de Herod. Mtdig. A
who WTote concerningthe course of the Nile. writer on agi-iculture.
Strab. A wrestler of Argos,under whom Aristophilides, a king ofTarentum in the
Plato performed some exercises. A musi-
cian reign of Darins son ot' Hystaspes, Hero-
of Athens. A tragicpoet. A peri-dot. 3.
\5
 AR AR
employed above thousand ttr
painterin the age of So- crates. men
AristopmO!?, a expedition a

He drew the pictureof Alcibiades collect animals, either in fishing, hunting,or

the bosom of the courtezan hawking, which w^ere carefully transmitted to
softlyreclining on

and all the peopleof Athens in the philosopher. Aristotle'slogichas long

^^enlea, ran
and been regardedas
crowds to be spectators of the masterly piece. reigned in the schools,
model of all imitation. As he ex-
pired,
He also made a painting Mars leaning
of on the the perfect
Venus. Pint, in Alc."Athm. 13." the philosopher is said to have uttered
arm of
A comic poet in the age of the following sentiment : Fctde himcmundum
Flin. 35; c. 11.
Alexander, many of whose fragments are lectedintravi,
col- a.Jixiusvixi,pertubaius egredior,causa

miserere ntei. The loitter whick

in Athenffius. cansarum

Aristotle, h as been ed,

preserv-
Akistor, the father of Argus, the hundred- Philip wrote to
of lo. and is in these words : " I inform you I
eyedkeeper much for
Aristorides, the patronymicof Argus. have a son ; I thank the gods,not so
father, forgiving me a son in
Ovid. Met.% v. 624. making me a as

festivals in honour of totle,

Aris- an age when he can have Aristotle for his in- structor.
Aristoteleia,
becau.'=;ehe obtained the restitution of I hope you will make him a succes- sor

his country from Alexander. w^orthyof me, and a king worthy of Ma- cedonia."
of Aristotle wished to make his wife
Aristoteles, a famous philosopher, son
and to pay her the same w^or-
the physician Nicomachus by Festiada,born Pvthias a deity,
After his father's death he went to sh'ip as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63d
at Stagira.
he year of his age, B. C. 322. His ti'eatises have
Athens, to hear Plato s lectures, where
soon signalized him'^elfby the brightness of been published separately ; but the best edi- tion
of inactive and of the w^orks collectively, is that of Du- val,
his geiiius. He had been an
he 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1629. Tyrrwhitt's tion
edi-
dissolute disposition in his youth,but now
himself with diligence, and of the Poetica, Oxon.4to. 94, is a valua- ble
applied uncommon
acquisition to literature. He had a son
after he had spent 20 years in hearingthe in- structions
of Plato, he opened a school for whom he called ISicomachus, by the courte- zan

for which he accused of tude

ingrati- Herj)yllis. Some have accused him of be-
himself, was
death of Alexander, and
and illiberality by his ancient master. in? accessary to the
He uas moderate in his meals ; he slept little,satdthat he drowned himself in the Euripus,
the cause of its
and alwa}-s had one arm out of his couch with because he could not find out
into a brazen flux and reflux. There are however different
a bullet in it,which by falling
of his death, and
bason underneath,earlyawakened him. He reports about the manner
believe that he died at Athens of a cho-
was, according to some^ten years preceptorto some
Alexander's death. The
Alexander, wiio received his instructions with lic, two years after
and people of Stagira instituted festivals in his ho-
nour,
much pleasure and deference, always pected
res-

him. According to Plutarch,the im- provement because he had rendered importantser- vices

that Alexander made under totle,

Aris- to their city. Diog. in vita. Pint, in "

of more service to him than all the Alex, and de Alex. fori. he. Cic. Acad,
"

was

splendourand power which he received from Qmest. 4, de Oral. 3, de Finib. 5-. Qulntil. 1*"

Almost
Pliilip. all his writings, which are 2, 5, \Q)."JElian. V. H. 4." Justin. 12." Jus-
tin.

composed on a of subjects,
variety are extant : Marlijr. August, de Civ. Dei, 8. PHn.
"
"

he gave them to Theophrastus at his death, 2, 4, 5, hi^."Athm."Val. Max. 5, c. 6, "c.

There besides seven of the same
and Iheywere boughtby one of the Ptolemies, were

and placed in the famous library of Alexandria. name, A magistrateof Atliens. A mentator
com-

has sive
exten- Homers Iliad. An orator of
DiogenesLaertes given us a very on

of them. Aristotle had a de- Sicily,

formed who answered the paneg}'ric of Isocra-
catalogue
but his geniuswas a suf- tes. A friend of ^schines. A man of
countenance,
A scliool-
licient compensationfor all his personalde- C} rene who wrote on poetry.
lects.
He has been called sophermaster mentioned
Plato the philo-
by in Plato's life,written
of truth ; and Cicero complimentshim by Aristoxenu.s, Aa obscure grammarian,
uith the titleof a man of eloquence,univer-
sal Diog.de Arislot.
knowledge,readiness and acuteness of in- Aristotimus, a tyrantof Elisy271 yeai-sB.
vention,
and fecundity of thought. The writ-ings C. Pans. 5, c. 5.
of Aristotle have been compared with Aristoxenus, a celebrated musician, dis-ciple
ll;ose of" P'.ato ; but the one are the effusions of Aristotle,and born at Tarentura. He
of a livelyand Irultful imagination,whilst wrote 4"3 different treatises on phiio-sophy,
of studied nature more history,kc. and was disappointed in his ex-
pectations
the Stagira
philosoplicr
than art,and hud recourse to simplicityof ex- of succeeding in the school oi Aris-
totle,

pres.sion more than ornament. He neither for wliich he always spoke with ingrati-
tude
cared for the divinity, of his learned master. Of all his work.5
vvorship?ied i^r cerning
con-

which his opinions were ever variousnothingremains but three books upon music,
and dif^onant ; and the more he disregarded the most ancient on that subject extant. A
^A physi-
cian
llje inythologyof the ancients, the greater philosopherof Cyrene. Allien.
was tiic(.redithe acquh'edover sophical whose ^^ritings
his less philo- are quotedby Galen.
He was authorita- A poet of Selinus. A Pythagoreanphiloso-
pher.
5"r"decessors. so

ti\c \u his opinions,that,asBacon observes,

he wished to establishthe same dominion over Aristus, a Greek historian of Salamis.wlio
Kicn's nnnds, iis his pujtil
over nations. ander,
Alex- wrote an account of Alexander's expedition.
it is said,wi.shtd and encouragedJiis Strab. 14. Arrian. 7. "

Jf.anu'dtutor to write the history of animals , Aristvlh.s, an obscure poet. Aristopfr

ajj'Jthe more to as-iisl
efl'ectually him, he sup-
plied An astronomer of Alexandrin, 293 B. C
him with StXJ talents, and iiihis Asiatic Arivs. a rlicr of Gaul, and of Asia, The
 AR AR

mliabitants in the neighbourhood are called two towns, one in Thessaly, the other in
j^rii. A celebrated writer, the originof Bo3otia. Neptune changed himself uito a bull
the Ai-ian controversy, that denied the eternal to enjoyher company. Strab. 1 and 2. Paus. "

divinity and consubstantiality of the Word. 9, c. 40'."OnV7. Met. 6, fab. 4.

Thou.frhhe was greatlypersecutedfor his Akni, a peopleof Italy, destroyed by Her-
cules.
he gained the favour of the empe-
opinions, ror
Coustautine, and triumphedover his pow-
erful Arxiensis, a tribe in Rome, Liv. 6.
autasonist Athanasius. He died the ve- ry Arnobius, a philosopherin Dioclesian's
nMht he was goingto enter the church of reign,who became a convert to Christianity.
Confft-ntinople
in triumph. Pressed by na-
ture, He appliedfor ordination, but was refused by
he wentaside to ease himself;but his the bishopstillhe gave them a proofof hissin-
bowels gushedout, and he expiredon the spot, cerit}'. Upon this he wrote his celebrated
A. D. 335. Alfianas. in which he exposedthe absurdity
treatise, of
Akme.ves, a son of Nabis, led in triumph irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods.
at Rome. Liv. 34, c. 1. Opinions are various concerningthe purityof
Armhsia., a largecountry of Asia, divided though all agree in praiseof his ex-
his style, tensive

into Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper Ar-

menia, erudition. The book that he wrote
called also Major, has JMedia on the de Rheforica Insiiiatioae is not extant. The
east, iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on best edition of his treatise Advtrsus Gentts is
the south. Lower Armenia, or Minor, is bound-
ed the 4to. printedL. Bat. 1651.
by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Arxus, a river of Etruria, rising on the Ap-
Cilicia,and the Euphrates. The Armenians penninemountains, and falling into the Medi-
terranean.
were a long time under the dominion of the Liv. 22. c. 2.
Medes and Persians, tillthey were conquered, Aroa, atown of Achaia. Pans. 7.
xvith the rest of Asia, by Alexander and his Aroma, a to -.vn of Caria. of Cappadocia.
successors. The Romans made it one of their Arpani, a peopleof Italy. .

and, under some of the emperors, Arpi, a cityof Apulia,built by Diomedes

provinces,
the Armenians had the privilege of choosing after the Trojan war. Justin.'20, c. 1. Virg. "

^eirown afterwards re-

kings,but they were duced. JEn. 10, v. 28.

The country received its name from ArpI.vum, a town of the Volsci,famous for
Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, and giving birth to Cicero and Marius. The words
of Thessalian origin. They bon-owed the Arpince CharlcE arc someiimes appliedto Cice-
ro's
names and attributes of their deities from the works. Mart. 10, ep. 19." Jwr. S, v. 237.
Persians. They paidgreatadoration to Venus Cic. Rull. 3. A town of Magna Griecia.
"

Anaitis,and the chiefest of the peopleahva^'s Arr.?;i, a peopleof Thrace. Piln.

prostituted their daughtersin honour of tiiis Arrhae-^us, the king of a nation in the
goddess. Armenia Major is now called Tur- neighbourhood of Macedonia, vrho greatly dis-
tressed
comania, and Minor Aladulia. Herodot. 1, c. Archelaus. Aristol. 5. Polit. c. lu.
194, L 5, c. 49." Curt. 4, c. 12, 1. 5, e. 1." Arria. Vid. Aria.
Strab. 1 and IL "

Mela, 3, c. 5 and 8. "

Plin. C, Arria Galla, a beautiful,
but immodest
c, 4, ^c.^ Lucan.
" 2. woman in the reignof the emperors. T^acit.
Armestarius, a Caesar in Dioclesian's 15. c. 59.

reign. Arrivals, a philosopherof Nicomedia,

Akmillatus, one of Domitian's priestof Ceres and Proserpine,
ites.
favour- and disciple of
Jur. 4, V. 53. Epictetus, called a second Xenophon from the
Armilcstkium, a festival at Rome on the eleganceand sweetness of his diction,and dis-
tinguished
19th of October. When the sacrilices were for his acquaintancewith military
offered,all the people appearedunder arms. and political life. He wrote seven books on
The festivalhas often been confounded with Alexanders expedition, the periplus of the
that of the Salii,tiiough easily distinguished: Euxine and Red sea, four books on the disser-
tations
because the latter was observed tlie 2d of of Epictetus, besides an account of the
March, and on the celebration of the Armilus- Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He ilonr-
trium they always played on a flute, arid the is,li"d about the HOtli yeer of Christ,and was
8alii plaved upon the trumpet. It was tuted rewarded
insti- with the consulship and government
A. U. C. 543. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3." of Cartpadocia, by M. Antpninus, The best
Liv. 27, c. 37. edition of Arrian's ExpeditoAlexandri. is the
Armisius, a warlike generalof the Ger- mans, fol.Gi'onovii. L. Bat. 1704, and the 8vo. a Ra-
who supporteda bloody war againstphelio,2 vols. 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo.
Rome for some time, and was at last conquer-
ed Amst. 1683. A Greek historian. An
by Germanicus in two greatbattles. He Athenian who wrote a treatise on hunting, and
was poisonedhy one of his friends, A. D. 19, in the manner of keeping dogs A poet who
the 37th year of his age. Dio. 66 Tacit.
" wrote an epici)oem in twenty-fourbooks on
Ann. 1, kc. Alexander ; also another poem on Attalus,
ARMORiciK, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous king of
Pergamus, He likewise translated
for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant dis- Virgil's
position Georgicsinto Greek verse.
of the inhabitants called Armorici. Arrius, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptu-
ous
Armorica extended between the rivei-sLiger feast Horat. describes, 2 Sai. 3, v. 8'x
and Sequana, and comjjrehendedthose rich Aper, a Roman generalwho murdered the
and populous provincesnow called Britany emperor, kc.
and Normandy. Cas. Bell. G. Arbius and Arius, a philosopher of Alex-
andria,
Arne, a ciry of Lycia, called afterwards who so ingratiated himself with Atigus-
Xanthus. A town of Umbria in Italy. Itus,after the battle of Actium, that tiie con-
A daughter of Mo\mf who gave her napit to 1queror declaied(he people of Alexandria owed
 AR AR
the preservation of their cityto three causes ; Arsid.s;us, a son of Datames, fee.
because Alexander was their founder,because Arsinoe, a daughter of Leucippus and Phi-
of the beautyof the situation, and because Ar- lodice, was mother of iEsculapius by Apollo,
rlus was a native of the place.Plut. in Anton. according to some authors. She received di-
vine
AnRUNTius, a Romaii consul. A famous honours afterdeath at Sparta.Apollod.
geographer, who upon beingaccused of adul-tery S."Paus. 2, c. 26, 1.3,c. 12. A daughter of
and treason; under Tiberius,openedhis Phlegeus, promisedin marriageto Alcmajon,
veins. Tacit.Ann. 6 Apollod. S) c. 7. A fountain of Peloponne-
sus.
Arsabes, a satrapof Armenia. Of Per-
sia. Pans. Messen. The sisterand wife of
Poiycen. worshippedafter^eath
PtolemyPhiladelphus,
Arsaces, a man of obscure origin, who, up-
on under the name of Venus Zephp-itis. Dino-
seeingSeleucus defeated by the Gauls, in- vaded chares beganto build her a templewith load- stones,
Parthia, and conquered the governor of in which there stood a statue of Arsi- noe
the province called Andragoras, and laid the suspendedin the air by the power of the
foundations of an empire, 250 B. C. He ded magnet ; but the death of the architect pre-
ad- vented
the kingdom of the Hyrcanito his newly- itsbeingperfected. Plin. 34, c. 14.
acquired possessions, and spenthistime in es- A daughter
tablishing of Ptolemy Lagus,who married
his pow er, and regtilating the laws. Lysimachusking of Macedonia. After her
After death he was made a god of his nation,husband's death,Ceraunus, her own brother,
and allhis successors were called,in honour married her,and ascended the throne of Mace- donia.
of his name, ArsacidtE.Justin.41,c. 5 and 6. "
He previously murdered Lysimachus
Strab. Hand 12. Hissonandsuccessorbore and Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus,
the same name. He carried war against Anti- in their mother's arms. Arsinoe was some

ochus the son of Seleucus,who entered the time after banished to Samothrace. Justin.
fieldwith 1000,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He 17, c. 1, ",c. A younger daughter of Ptole-
my
afterwards made peace with Antiochus,and Auletes,sisterto Cleopatra.Antony dis- patched
died B. C. 217. Id. 41,c. 5. The third kingof her to gainthe good graces of her sis- ter.
Parthia,of the family of the Arsacidae, bore the Hirt. Alex. 4. Appian.
"
The wife of
same name, and was also called Priapatius. He Magas kingof Cyrene,who committed adul- tery
reigned twelve years, and lefttw^o sons, Mithri- with her son-in-law. Justin. 26, c. 3.
dates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as A daughter of Lysimachus. Pans. A town
beingthe elder,and at his death he left his of Egypt,situated near the lake of Mceris,on
kingdom to his brother,thoughhe had many the western shore of the Nile,where the inha- bitants
children ; observing, that a monarch oughtto paidthe highest veneration to the cro- codiles.
have in view-,not the dignity of his family, but They nourished them in a splendid
the prosperity of his subjects. Justin.31, c. 5. manner, and embalmed them afterdeath,and
AkingofPontusand Armenia,in alliance buried them in the subterraneous cellsof the
with the Romans. He fought longwith suc-
cess labyrinth.Strab. A tow^n of Cilicia
against the Persians,tillhe was deceived of ^olia of Syria of Cyprus of Ly-
by the snares of kingSapor,his enemy, W'ho cia,tc.
put out his eyes, and soon afterdeprived him Arsites, a satrapof Paphlagonia.
of life. Marcellin. ^The eldest son of Arta- Artabanus, son of Hystaspes,was ther
bro-
banus, appointed over Armenia by his father, to Darius the first. He dissuaded his ne^
afterthe death of kingArtaxias. Tacit. Hist. phew Xerxes from making war against the
6. A servant of Themistocles. Greeks,and at his return he assassinated him
Arsacid^, a name given to some of the with the hopesof ascending the throne. Da- rius,
monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces.the the son of Xerxes,was murdered in a simi- lar
founder of the empire. Their power subsisted manner ; and Artaxerxes, his brother,
tillthe 229th year of the christian era, w'hen would have shared the same fate,had not he
theywere conqueredby Artaxerxes king of discovered the snares of the assassin, and pun-
ished
Persia. Justin. 41. him with death. Diod. 11. Justin.3, c.
"

Arsahijenes,a satrapof Persia, at the battle 1,kc."TIerodot. 4, c. 38, 1.7, c. 10, k.c A
of the Granicus. kingof Parthia after the death of his nephew
Arsametes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Phraates 2d. He undertook a w ar againsta
Tacit.Ann. 15. nation of Scythia, in which he perished.His
Arsamosata, a town of Armenia Major, son Mithridates succeeded him,and merited the
70 miles from the Euphrates.Tacit Ann. 15. appellation of Great. Justin.42, c. 2. A king
Arsanes, the son of Ochus,and father of of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the
Codomanus. of Vonones,w hom Tiberius had made
expulsion
Arsanias, a river of Armenia, which, ac- cordingkingthere. He invaded Armenia, from whence
to some, flow s into the Tigris, and af-terwards
he w-as driven away by one of the generals of
into (he Euphrates.Plin. 5, c. 24. Tiberius. He was expelledfrom his throne,
Arsena, a marsh of Armenia Major,whose which Tiridates usurped ; and some time after,
fishes are all of the same sort. Sirab. he was restored again to hisancient power, and
Arses, the youngest son of Ochus, whom died A. D. 48. Tacit.Ann. 5, ".c. A king
the euinich Bagoasraised to the throne of Per- of
Parthia, very inimical to the interestof Ves- pasian.
fia,and destroyed with his children, after a Another kingofParthia,who made
reignof three years. Diod. 17. w ar against the emperor Caracalla,who had at-tempted
Aksta, a wood of Etruria, famous for a bat-
tle his life on pretenceof courting his
between the Romans and (he Veienles. daughter.He was murdered, and the
power
Plut. in Pop!. A small river between
Illy of Parthia abolished, and the crow n translated
ricuni and Istria, falling into the Adriatic. to tliePersian monarchs. Dio.
"
Hcrodian.
A river of Italy, llowhig tiirough Campania. Artabazanes or Af.tamenes, the eld-

tf
 AR AR
est son of Darius,when private
a person. He liance on the friendship of the Romans. King
attemptedto succeed to the Persian throne, Tigi'anes was one of his successors. Strab. 11.
in preference to Xerxes. Justin. Art AX ATA, ( orum ) now Ardesh, a
Artabazus, a son of Pharnaces,general in strongly fortified town of Upper Armenia, the
the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece capital of the empire, where the kingsgene- rally
upon the illsuccess of Mardonius. Hcrodot. 7, resided. It is said that Annibal built it
8 and 9. A general who made war againstfor Artaxias, the kingof the country. It was
Artaxerxes,and was defeated. He was after- wards burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates,
reconciled to his prince, and became who called it JVeronea, in honour of Nero.
the familiar friend of Darius 3d. After the Strab. 11.
murder of this prince, he surrendered himself Artaxerxes 1st,succeeded to the king-
dom
up with his sons to Alexander, who treated of Persia,afterhis father Xerxes. He de- stroyed
him with much humanity and confidence. Artabanus,who had murdered Xerx"
Curt. 5, c. 9 and 12, 1.6, c. 5, 1.7, c. 3 and 5, es, and attempted to destroythe royalfam- ily
1. 8, c. 1. An officerof Artaxerxes against to raise himself to the throne. He made
Datames. Diod. 15. war against the Bactrians, and re-conquered
Artabri and ARXABRiTiE, a peopleof Lusi- Egypt,that had I'evolted, with the assistance
tania,who received their name from Arta- of the Athenians,and was remarkable for his
brum, a promontory on the coast of Spain,equityand moderation. One of his hands was
now called Finisterre. Sil.3, v. 362. longerthan the other,whence he has been
ArtaCjEas, an officer in the army of Xer- xes, called Macrochir or Longimanus. He reign- ed
the tallestof all the troops,the kingex- cepted. 39 years, and died B. C. 425. C. JVep. in
Reg. Plut. in Artax.
" The second of
Aetac^na, a cityof Asia,near Aria. that name, king of Persia,v/as surnamed
Artace, a town and seaport near Cyzicus.Mnemon, on account of his extensive memory.
It did not exist in the age of Pliny. There He*vas son of Darius the second,by Parvsa-
was in its neighbourhooda fountain cal- led tisthe daughterof Artaxerxes Longimanus,
Artacia. Herodot. 4, c. 14. Procop.de and had three brothers,
"

Cyrus,Ostanes, ajid
Bell. Pers. 1,c. 25." Slrab. 13." F/m. 5,c. 32. Osathres. His name was Arsaces, which he
"A cityof Phrygia. A fortified place changed into Artaxerxes when he ascended
of Bithynia. the tlr.'orie.His brother Cyrus was of such
Artacene, a country of Assyria near Ar- an ambitious disposition, that he resolved to
bela, where Alexander conquered Darius. make himselfking,in opposition to Artaxerx-
es.
Strab. 16. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and
Artacia, a fountain in the countryof the when he had attempted the lifeof Artaxerxes,
La3strygones. Tibul. 4, el. 1,v. 60. she obtained his pardonby her entreaties and
Art^i, a name by which the Persians influence. Cyrus,who had been appointed
were called among liieirneighbours.Hero- over Lydla and the sea-coasts,assembled a
dot.7, c. 61. largearmy under various pretences, and at last
Artageras, a town of Upper Armenia. marched against his brother at the head of
Strab. 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He
Artagerses, a general in the army of Ar- taxerxes,
was opposedby Artaxerxes with 900,000 men,
killed by Cyrusthe younger. Plut. and a bloodybattle was foughtat Cunaxa, in
in Art ax. which Cyruswas killed, and his forces routed.
Artanes, a kingof the southern partsof It has been reported, that Cyruswas killed by
Armenia. Strab. 11. A river of Thrace Artaxerxes,who was so desirous of tiie hon- our,
flowinginto tiieIster. Herodot. 4, c. 49. that he put to death two men for saying
A river of Colchis. that they had killed him. The Greeks, who
Artaphernes, a general whom Darius sent had assisted Cyrusagainst his brother, though
into Greece with Datis. He was conquered at the distance of above 600 leagues from their
at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. Vid. country,made their way through the territo-
ries
Datis. C. JVep. in Milt. Herodot.
" of the enemy ; and nothingis more mous
fa-
Artatus, a river of Illyria. Liv. 43, c. in the Grecian history, than the retreat
19. r-y
of the ten thousand. After he was delivered
Artavasdes, a son of Tygranes,king of from the attacks of his brother,Artaxerxes
Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and stirred up a war among the Greeks against
shone as an elegant orator and faithful histo- Sparta,
rian. and exerted all his influence to weak- en
He lived in alliance with the Romans, the power of the Greeks. He married two
but Crassus was defeated partly on account of his own daughters, called Atossa and Ames-
of his delay. He betrayed M. Antony in his tris, and named his eldest son Darius to be
expedition against Parthia,for which Anto- ny successor. Darius however consi)ired against
reduced his kingdom, and carried him to his father,and was put to death ',and Ochus,
Egypt,where he adorned the triumphof the one of the younger sons, called also Artaxerx- es,
conqueror led in golden chains. He was made his way to the throne,by causing
some time aftermurdered. Slrab. 11. The his elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to
crown of Armenia was givenby Tiberius to be assassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes
a person of the same name, who was expelled. died of a broken heart, in consequence of
"
Augustushad also raised to tliethrone his son's unnatural behaviour,in the 94th
of Armenia, a person of the same name. cit. year of his age, after a reignof 46 years-
Ta-
An. 2. B. C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his
Artaxa and Artaxias, a generalof An- 350 concubines, and onlyfour legitimate sons.

tiochusthe Great, who erected the provincePlut in Vila.. C. A"p. in Reg. Justin. 10,
" "

of Armenia into a kingdom, by his re- c. 1, kc.--Diod. 13, "c. ^The 3d, sur-

'1^
 AR AR

iugitto be of no material consequence. Pint.,

named OcIub, snccgeded his father Artaxerx-
illC(ss.
es 2-\,and estabUriliedhimseii on his throne
about 80 of his nearest tions.
rela- ARTiMis, the Greek name of Diana. Her
by inoi-dering called celebrated in
He j)uni'=iied with death one of his ficers
of- festivals, Artemisia, were

who conspired against him, and recov-

ered several partsof Greece, particularly at Delphi,
which had revolted, destroyed where they offered to the goddess a mullet,
Esv\"t:
SidoiT, aY"dravagedall Syria. He made war which, as was supposed,bore some affinity to

the Cadusii, and i;reatlyrewarded a the goddess of hunting,because it is said to

against
called Codoniauusfor his uncom-mon hunt and kill the sea hare. There was a so-
lemnity
private man

valour. B-it his behaviour in Egypt,and of tiie same name at Syracuse;it

Lis crtiolty towards the inhabitants, olfended lasted tiiree days, which were spent in ban-
his subjects, and Bagoas at last obliged his phy-
sician quetting and diversions. Alhen. 7.
to poison him, B. C. 337, and after- wards Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis of Ha-
his fleslito be devoured by cats, licarnassus,reigned over Halicarnassus and
gave
and made handles for swords with his bones. the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerx-es
Codomanus on account of his virtues was soon in his expedition againstGi-eece with a
after made the people;and that he Heet, and her valour was
king by so great that the
might seem to possess as much dignityas monarch observed that all his men foughtlike
the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under women, and all his women like me-n. The
the of Darius thsithird. Juslin. 10, Atlicnians were so ashamed of lighting against
naxTie
8. that theyoffered a reward of !0,OtK)
c. 3." Died. n.--'i:/iVm V.]I.6,c.
a woman,

Artaxerxes or Artaxares l.st,

a mon
com- drachms for her head. It is said that she
soldier of Persia, who killed Arta- was fond of a youth of Abydos, called Darda-
banus, A. D. 228, and erected Persia again nus, and that, to punishhis disdain,she put
into a kingdom, which had been extinct since out his eyes while he was asleep,and after-
wards
tbo death of Darius. Beverus the Roman leapeddown the promontory of Leucas.
emneror conquered him, and obligedhim to flerodot. 7, c. 99, 1. 8, c. 68, "ic. Justin. 2, "

remain within his kingdom. Herodmn. 5. c. 12. There was also another queen of
One of his successors, son of Sapor,bcre Caria of that name, often confounded with the
bis name, and reignedeleven years, during daughterof Lygdamis. She was daughterof
which he distinguished himself by his cruelties. Hecalomnus king of Caria, or Halicarnassus,
AuTAXiAS, a son of Artavasdes, king of and was married to her own brother,Mauso-
Armenia, was proclaimed kingby his father's lus,famous for his personalbeauty. She was
whom he so fond of her husband, that at his deaih she
troops. He opposed Antony, by
was defeated; and became so odious that the drank in her liquorhis ashes after his body
Romans, at the req test of the Armenians, rais-
ed had been burned, and erected to his memory
Tigranes to the tliione. Another, son a monument, which tor itsgrandeurand mag-
nificence,
"f Polemon. whose original name was Zeno. was called one of the seven ders
won-

After the "expulsion of Venones from Arme-

nia; of the world. This monument she called
he was made king by Germanicus. Ta- Mausoleum, a name which has been given
"),dnn. c. 31.
%-if. A generalof Antiochus. from that time to all monuments of unusual
Vid. Artaxa. splendour. She invited all the literary men

Aktayctes, a Persian appointed gover-

nor of her age, and proposedrewards to him who
of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung on a composed the best elegiacpanegyric upon
I TOSS by the Athenians for his cruelties. He-
rod. her husband. The prize was adjudged to
7 and 9. Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the
Artavnta, a Persian lady,whom Xerxes death of her husband, that she died through
gave in marriageto his son Darius. She was grieftwo years after. VUruv. "
Sirab, 14. " -

one of the mistresses of her father-in-law. Plin 25, c. 7, 1.36, c. 5.

iicrodol. 9, c. 103, k-c. Arte.misia. Fid. Ai-temis.
Aktayntes, a Persian appointed over a Artemisium, a promontory of Euboja,
fleet in Greece by Xerxes. Htrodot. 8, c. 13, where Diana had a temple. The neighbour- ing
1. 9, e. i07. part of the sea bore the same name. The
Aktembares, a celebrated Mede in the fleet of Xerxes had a skirmish there with the
"-ei,gn of Cyrus the Great. Htrodot. 1 and 9. Grecian .ships. Htrodot. 7, c. 175, !kc.
ARTEMiDfiRUs, a native of Ephesus, who A lake near the grove Aricia,with a temple
wrote an histoiy and description of tiie earth, sacred to Artemis, whence the name.
in eleven books. He flourished about 104 Artemita, a cityat the east of Selcucia.
years B. C. A physicianin the age of An island opposite the mouth of the
Adrian. A man in tlie reign of Antoninus. Achelous. Strab.
who wrote a learned work on the interpreta- tion Artemon, an historian of Pergamus. A
of dreams, stillextant ; the best edition native of Clazomena;, who was with Pericles
of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris,4to. 1604, at the siegeof Samos, where it is said he in- vented
to whieh isH.\\\\ft\^(\ jhJimelis oneirocrilica. the battering ram, the ttsludo, and
A mHU of Cnidus, son to the historian Theo- other equallyvaluable military engines. A
jjompns. He had a school at Rome, and he man who wrote a treatise on collecting books.
wjvjte a book on illustriousmen, not extant. A native of Magnesia, who wrote the
As he was a friend of J, Cajsar,he wrote history of illustriouswomen. A physician
down an account of the cons{)iracy which of Clazomenee. -A painter. A Syrian
was formed against him. He gave it to the whose features resembled, in the strongest
dictator from among the crowd as he was those of Antiochus. The qneen, af- ter
ing manner,
go-
to the senale, but J. Caisar jmt it Avith 1 the king'smurder, made use of Arternon
"llier|)apcr3 wiych he held in his Jiaatl, think- 1to represejU her husband in a lingering slato,
 AR AS
tliat,
by his seeralngto die a natural death, she ritssof Bacchus, for which the god InebriateCi
might conceal her guilt,and effect her wicked liim to such a degreethat he offered violenc""
purpose. Vid. Antiochus. to his daughter Meduilina,who murdered hini
Artimpasa, a name of Venus among the wlien she found that he acted so dishonourably
Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 59. to her virtue. Piut. in Parall. A man
Artobarzanes, a son of Darius, who en- who wrote an account
deavoured of the Punic wai-s in the
to ascend the throne in preferencestyle of Sallust,in the reignof Augustus. Ta- cit.
to his brother Xerxes, but to
rodot.
He- Arm. 1. Senec. ep. 14.
no purpose. Another Latin "

7,c. 2 and 3. writer. Senec. de Bene/.6. ^^Paterculus,a

Artochmes, of Xerxes,who mar-

a general ried man who gave jEmyliusCensoriuus,tyrantoi
one of Darius.
of the daughters Herodot. ^Egesta,a brazen horse to torment criminals.
7, c. 73. The tyrant made the first experiment upon
Artona, a town of the Latins,taken by the the body of the donor. Pint, in Parall.
iEqui. Liv. 2, c. 43. Stella,a poet descended of a consular family
Artontes, a son of Mardonius. Pans, in in the age of Domitian.
Bozotic. Arupincs, a maritime town of Istria. Ti-
Artonius, physicianof Augustus,who, bull4,e\. 1,V. 110.
a

on the nightpreviousto the battle of PhilippI, Aruspex. Vid. Haruspex.

saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to sure
as- Arxata, a town of Armenia, near the
Augustusof victory, Val. Max. 1, c. 7. Araxes. Strab. 11.
Artoxares, an eunuch of Paphlagonia,in Arvandes, a Persian appointedgovernor of
the reignof Artaxerxes 1st,cruellyput to Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to death be- cause
death by Parysalis. he imitated Darius in whatever he did,
Arturius, an obscure fellow raised to hon-
ours and wished to make himself immortal. Hero-
and wealtji fee, Juv.d, dot. 4, c. 166.
by his flatteries,
V. 29. Arybas, a native of Sidon, whose daugh-
ter
Artynes, a king of Media, was carried away by pirates.Homer. Od.
Artvijia, a lake of Asia Minor. 15, v. 425, A king oi the Molossi, who
Artystona, a daughterof Darius.
Herodot. reignedten years.
8, c. SS. ARYPTiEUs, a prince of the Molossi, ^vho
Aru^, a peopleof Hyrcania,where Alex- ander privately encouragedthe Greeks against Ma-.
rius. cedonia, and afterwai'ds erabi-aced the pasty
kindlyi-eceived the chief officers of Da-
Curl. 6, c. 4. of the ^Macedonians.
Arvales, a nametwelve priests AsANDER, a man
givento who separated, by a wall,
who celebratedthe festivalscalled Ambarvalia. Chersonesus Taurica from the continent.
Accordingto some, theywere descended from Strab. 7.
the twelve sous of Acca Laurentia,who suck-
led AsBEST^E and AsBYSx.f:,a peopleof Libya
Romulus. They wore a crown of ears of above Cyreae, where the templeof Amnion is
corn, and a white fillet. Varro. de L. L. 4. built. Jupiter is sometimes
"
called on that ac-
count

Vid. Ambarvalia. Asbysiius.HcrodoL 4, c. 170."

Piol. 4,
Arueris, a god of the Egyptians,son of c. 3.
Isis and Osiris. Accordingto some accounts, AsBoLUS (blackhair)one of Actseon's dogs.
Osiris and Isis were married togetherin their Olid. Met. 3.
mother's womb, and Isis whs pregnant of Ai'U- AscALAPuus, a son of Mars and Asty-
eris before she was born. oche, who was amongthe Argonauts, and went
Arverni, a powerfulpeople of Gaul, now to the Trojan war at the head of the Orcho-
Aavergne,near the Ligeris, who took up arms menians, with his brother lalmenus. He was
against J, Ciesar. They were conqueredwith killed by Deiphobus. Homer. It.2, v. 13,1.9,
great slaughter.They pretendedto be des- cendedV. 82, 1, 13, V, 518, A son of Acheron hy
from the Trojansas well as the Ro- mans, Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to
des. Bell. Gat. l."Strab. 14. watch over Proseipinein the Elysianfield?
Arviragus, a king of Britain. Juv. 4, v. When Ceres had obtained from Jupiterher
127. daughter'sfreedom and return upon earth,
Arvisium and Arvisus, a promontory of providedshe had eaten nothing in the king- dom
Chios,famous for its wine. Virg.Ed. 6, of Pluto,Ascalaphusdiscovered that 5he
L. Aruxculeius Costa, an olBcer sent by liad eaten some pomegranates from a tree ;
J. Caisar against the Gauls, by whom he was upon which Proserpinewas ordered by Jupi-
ter
killed. CisJ!.Bell. Gall. to remain six months with Pluto,and the
Akbxs, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of rest of the year with her mother. Proserpine
Marius. Lumn. 1, v. 586. A soldier wlio was so displeased with Ascalaphus,that she
slew Camilla, and was killed by a dan of sprinkled water on his head, and immediately
Diana. Virg.JEn. 11, v. 759. A brother turned him into an owl. Apollod.1,c. 5, 1.2-,
of Tarqiiinihe Proud. He married Tullia, c. 5." Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 8.
who murdered him to espouse Tarquin,who AscALow, a town of Syria,near the Mr-
had assassinated his wife. A son of Tarquin diteiranean, about 520 stadia from Jerusalem,
the Proud, who, in the battle that was fought stillin being. It was anciently famous for its
between the pa. tizansof his fatherand the Ro- mans, onions. Jo3e})h. de Bell. Jud.3,c.2. Theo- "

attacked Hratus the Roman consul, phrast. H.Pl.7, c. 4.

wiio wounded him and tia-ew him down from AscANiA, an island of the iEgeau sea.
his horse. Liv. 2, c. 0. A son of Porsena A cityof Troas, built by Ascaiiiiis.
king cf E'rtuia, sent oy his father to take AscAifius, son of ^Enea^ by Creusa, wa"v
Aricia, Liv. 2 c. !"*. from the flames of Troy by his father,
saved
Aruntius- n Koinan who ridiculed the whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy,
 AS jL A3
He was afienvards calledlulus. H6 behavetJ and tTie dogscame and tore to piecesthe raa='
with greatvalour in the war which his father thenfiatician'sbody, Sutton, in Domit. 15.
carriedon against the Latins, and succeeded AscLus, a town of Italy.Ital.8,
iEneas in the kingdom of Latinus,and built AscoLiA, a festival in honour of Bacchus,
he transferredthe seat of his celebrated about December, by the Athenian
Alba, to which
from Lavinium. The descendants of husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat
empire
Ascanius in Alba
reigned for above 420 years, to the god,because that animal is a greatene- my

till the of Numitor. canius

As- to the vine. They made a bottlewith the
iinder 14 kings, age
reigned 38 years ;"30at Lavinium, and skin of the victim, which they filledwith oil
eight at Alba ; and was succeeded by Sylviusand wine, and afterwards leapedupon it. He
Posthumus, son of ^^neas by Lavinia. lulus, who could stand upon it firstwas victorious,
the son of Ascanius,disputed the crown with and received the bottle as a reward. This was
him ; but the Latins gave it in favour of Syl- vius, called Jtffxww:*^*!' 7rx^:ira"!!" tov c"Ty.tv otKh^M, leaping
as he was desceuded from the family of upon the bottle, whence the name of the festi-
val
Latinus, and lulus was invested with the office isderived. It was also introduced in Italy,
of high-priest, which remained alongwhile in where the peoplebesmeared their faces with
bis family.Liv. 1, c. 3." Virg.JEn. 1, "c. the dregsof wine, and sang hymns to the god.
Accordingto Dionys.Hal. 1, c. 15, "c. They alwayshangedsome small imagesof the
the son of .^neas by Lavinia was also called god on the tallesttrees in their vineyards, and
Ascanius. A river of Bithynia.Virg.G. these imagestheycalled Oscilla. Virg.G. 2,
V. 384." Po//ux. 9, c. 7.
8, V. 270.
Ascii,a nation of India,in whose country AscoNius Labeo, a preceptor of Nero.
have no shadow. Plin 2, Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and
"bjects at noon
AscLEPiA, festivalsin honour of Asclepius, Livy. Another of the same familyin the age
celebrated all over Greece, of Vespasian, who became blind in his old age,
"r iEsculapius,
when prizes for poetical sitions and lived 12 years after. He wrote, besides
and musical compo-
were honourablydistributed. At Epi- some historicaltreatises, annotations on Cice-ro's
daurus theywere called by a different name. orations.
AscLEPiADEs, a rhetorician in the age of AscRA, a town of Boeotia, built,according
Eumenes, who wrote an historical account of to some, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, at
Alexander. Arriun. A disciple of Plato. the foot of mount Helicon. Hesiod was born
A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very there,whence he is often called the Jiscreun
intimate with Menedemus. The two friends poet,and Avhatever poem treats on agricultu- ral
lived together, and that they might not be subjects AscrcRum Carmen. The town re- ceived

separatedwhen they married, Asclepiades itsname from Ascra, a nymph, mother

married the daughter,and Menedemus, of ffioclus by Neptune Strab. 9. Paus. 9, c.
" "

though much the younger, the mother. 19." Pat ere. 1.

When the wife of Asclepiades was dead,Mene-
demus AscuLuM, now Ascoli, a town of Picenum,
gave his wife to his friend, and married famous for the defeat of Pyrrhusby Curius
another. He was blind in his old age, and and Fabricius. Flor. 3,c. IS. Another in
died in Eretria. Plut. A physician of Apuli, near the Aufidus.
Bithynia, B. C. 90, who acquired greatrepu-
tation AsDRUBAL, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of
at Rome, and was the founder of a sect Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the Nu-
in physic. He relied so much on his skill, midian war, and was appointed chief general
that he laid a wager he should never be sick ; on the death of his father-in-law, and for eight
and won it,as he died of a fall, in a very ad-vanced years presided with much prudenceand valour
age. Nothingof his medical treatises over Spain,which submitted to his arms with
is now extant. An Egyptian, who wrote cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of
hymns on the godsof his country,and also a new Carthage, and saw it complete. To stop
treatiseon the coincidence of allreligions his progress towards the east, the Romans, in
A native of Alexandria, who gave an history a treatywith Carthage, forbade him to pass
of the Athenian archons. The writer of a the Iberus,which was faithfully observed by
treatise on Demetrius Phalereus. A disci-
ple the general.He was killed in the midst of his
of Isocrates, who wrote six books on those soldiers, B. C. 220, by a slave whose master he
events which had been the subject of tragedies. had murdered. The slave was caught,and
A physician in the age of Pompey. A put to deatii in the greatesttorments, which
"tragic poet. Another physician of Bithy-
nia, he bore with patience, and even ridiculed.
under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and Some say that he was killed in hunting.Ital.
was a greatfavouriteof the emperor'scourt. 1, v. 165. Appian. Iberic. Polyb.2. Liv.
" "
"

Asci.EPiODouus, a painterin the age of 21,c. 2, "c. A son of Hamilcar,who came

Apelles,12 of whose pictures of the gods from Spainwith a lai-ge reinforcement for his
were sold for 300 minae each, to an African brother Annibal. He crossed the Alpsand en- tered

prince.Plin. 35. A soldier who conspired Italy ; but some of his lettersto Annibal
against Alexander with Hermolaus. Curl. 8, having falleninto the hands of the Romans, the
C.6. consuls M. Livius Sallnator and Claudius Ne- ro,
. Asci.EPiODoTus, a general of Mithridates. attacked him suddenly near the Metaurus,
Asclepius. ^sculapius.
Vid. and defeated him, B. C. 207. He was killed
AscLETARioN, a matlicmatician in the age in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his
of Domitian, who said that he should be torn fate,and 5400 were taken prisoners ; about
by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put 8000 Romans were killed. The head of As-
to death,and his body carefully secured;but drubal was cut off, and some daysafter thrown
as soon as he was set on the burning pile, a into the camp of Annibal,who, in the moment
sudden storm arose which put out the ilames,. that he was in the greatest expectations for a

#*
 AS AS
jjtbmisftd supply, exclaimed at the sight, "In be known by drawinga line from the bay of
losing Asdmbal, I lose all my happiness, and Issus,in a nortiiern directio?i, to the eastern
Carthageall her hopes." Asdmbal had be- fore part of the Euxine Sea. Asia IVIinorhas beeu
made an attempt to penetrate into Italysubjectto many revolutions. It was tributary
by sea, but had been defeated by the governor to the Scythiansfor upwards of 1500 years,
of Sardinia. Liu. 21, 2S, 27, ikc."Pol-/b."and was a longtime in the ])ower of the Ly-
Horat. 4, od. 4. 'A Caithaginian general,dians,Medes, kc. The western partsof Asia
eurnamed Calvus, appointedgov^ernor of Sar- dinia,Minor were the receptacleof all the ancient
and taken prisonerby the Romans. emigrationsfrom Greece, and it was totally
Liv. Another, son of Gisgon,appointed peopledby Grecian colonies. The Romans
generalof the Carthaginian'forces in Spain,in generallyand indiscriminately called Asia
the time of the greatAnnibal. He made head Minor by the name of Asia. Strab. Mda. " "

against the Romans in Africa,with the assist-

ance Justin. Plin.
"
Tacit, he.
"
One of the O-
of Scyphax,but he was soon afterdefeat-
ed ceanides,who married Japetus,and gave her
by Scipio. He died B. C. 206. Liv. name to one of the three quarters of the an- cient

Another, who advised his countrymen to make globe. Jpollod. 1, c. 2. One of the
for Nereides.
peace with Rome, and upbraidedAnnibal Hy^in. A mountain of Laco-
laughing in tiie Carthaginian senate. Liv. nia. Fans. 3, c. 24.
A grandsonof Masinissa, nmrdered nate-house Asia
in the se- Palus, a lake in Mysia. Virs. JEn. 7,
by the Carthaginians. Another, V. 701.
whose camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, Asiatic us, a Gaul, in the age of Vitellius.
though at the head of 20,000 men, in the last Tacit, Hist. 2. The surname of one of the
Punic war. Wh'en all was lost,he fled to the Scipios, and others,for their conquests or
enemy, and begged his life. Scipioshowed campaignsin Asia.
upon which his wife,
him to tiieCailhaginiaTis, AsiLAS, an augur, who assisted ^neas a-
with a thousand imprecations, threw hersell gainstTurnus. A Trojanofficer. Vtrg. JEn,
and her two children into the flames of the y, 10, he.
templeof ^^sculapius, Avhich she,and others, AsiNARiA, a festival in Sicily, in comme-
moration
had set on lire. He was not of the same family of the victory obtained over thenes
Demos-
a,sHannibal. Liv. 51. A Carthaginian neral
ge- and JNicias, at the river Asinarius.
conqueredby L. Cajcilius Metellus in Si- cily, AsiNAKius, a river of Sicilywhere tiie
in a battle in which he lost 130 elephants. Athenian generals, Dehiosthenes and Nicias,
These animals were led in triumphall over were taken prisoners.
Italyby tlie conquerors. AsiNE, one of the Sporades. An island
AsEi-Lio (Sempronius),an historian and of the Adriatic. -Three towns of Pelopon-
nesus
military tribune,who wrote an account of the bore that name, viz. in Laconia,Argolis,
actions in which he was present.Dionys.Hal. and Messenia.
Asia, one of the three partsof the ancient AsiNEs, a river of Sicily.
world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, AsiNius Gai,lus, son of Asinius Pollio the
the Euxine, Jigean,and Mediterranean seas. orator, married Vipsaniaafter she had been
The iS'ileand Egypt divide itfrom Africa. It divorced by Tiberius. This marriagegave
receives its name from Asia,the daughterof rise to a secret enmity between
the emperor
Oceanus. This part of the globe has given and Asinius,who starved himself to death,
birth to many of the greatestmonarchies of either voluntarily, or by order of his ini{)erial
the universe,and to the ancient inhabitants of enemy. He had six sons by his wife. He
Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and wrote a comparison between his father and
sciences. The soil is fruitful,and abounds Cicero,in which he gave a decided superiority
witii all the necessaries as well as luxuries of to the former. Tacit. 1 and 5. Ann. Dio. "

life.Asia was divided into many different em- pires, 58. "
Flin. 7, ep. 4. Marcellus,grandsonof
provinces, and states,of which the most Asinius Pollio,w^as accused of some meanors,
misde-
cons()icuous were the Assyrianand Persian but acquitted, "c. Tacit. 14. Jinn.
monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy,accord-
ing Pollio,an excellent orator, poet,and his- torian,
to Eusebius,lasted 1240 years, and accord-
ing intimate with Augustus. He triumph-
ed
to Justin,1300 years, down to the year of over the Dalmatians,and wrote an account
the world 43S0. The empire of Persia exist-
ed of the warsof Caisarand Pompey,in 17 books,
228 years, tillthe death of Darius the 3d, besides poems. He refused to answer some

whom Alexander the Great conquered. The verses againsthim by Augustus, because," "

empire of the Medes lasted 259 years, accord-

ing said he, '-you have the power to proscribe
to Eusebius, or less,accordingto others, me, should my answer prove offensive." He
reignof Astyages,
tillthe who was conquered died in the 80th year of his age, A. D. 4. He
by Cyrus the Great, who transferredthe pow-
er was consul with Cn. Domitius Calvinus,A. U
of the Medes, and founded the Persian mo- narchy. C. 714, It is to him that the fourth of Virgil's
It was in Asia that the military va-
lour Kucollcs is inscribed, (^uiniil. Suelon. in "

of the Macedonians, and the bold retreat Cois. 30 and 55." D/o. 27, 49, 55." 5e?jec. de
of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuouslyTranq.Ani. S,^ cp. 100." Plin. 7, c. 30." TociY.
dis])layed. It is in that part of the world tiiat 6. Paterc. 2.
"
Pint in Cas.
" A comman-
der

we are to look for the more visilde progress of of Mauritania, under the first empe-
rors,
luxury,despotism,sedition,effeminacy,and ".C. .Tacit. Hist. 2. An historian
dissipation. Asia was generallydivided into in the age of Pompey. Another in the
Major and Minor. Asia Major was tiiemost third century. Quadratus,a man who pub-
lished
extensive,and comprehended all the eastern the historyof Parthia,Greece, and
parts; and Asia Minor was a largecountry in Rome.
-the form of a peniusula, whose boundaiies may Asius, a son of Dyinas,brother of Hecuba*
16
 AS AS
He assistedPriam in the Trojan war, and was subjects were highlyvalued. A sophist,
kliled by Idomeneus. Homer. II. 2, v. 342,. 1. who wrote a panegyricon Adrian.
12, V. 95, 1 13, V.384. A poet of Samos, AsPASTEs, a satrap of Carmania, suspec-
ted
who wrote about the genealogyof ancient he-roes of infidelity to his trust while Alexaudei?
and lieroines. Fans. 7, c. 14. A son was in the east. Curt. 9, c. 20,
of Irnbracus, who accompanied ^Eneas into AsPATHiNEs, one of the seven noblemen
Jtaly. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 123. of Persia, who conspiredagainstthe usurper
Asms Campus, a placenear the Caystcr. Smerdis. Herodot. 3, c. 70, kc. A son of
AsNAUS, a mountain of Macedonia, near Prexaspes. Id. 7.
which the river Aous Hows. Liv. 32, c. 6. AsPENDUs, a town of Pamphylia, at the
AsopHis, a small country of Peloponnesus,moutli of the river Eurymedon. Cic. in Ver.
near the Asopus. 1, c. 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine to
AsopiA, the ancient name of Sicyon.Pans. Venus.
2,c. 1. AsPHALTiTEs, a lake. Vid. Mare Mor-
AsopiAD"S, a patronymicof .^acns, son of tuum.
^gina, the daughterof Asopus. Ovid. Mel. Aspis, a satrap of Chaoriia,who revolted
7, V. 484. from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Data-
Asopis, the daughterof the Asopus. A mes. Cor. JVep. in Daf. city and
A
daughter of Thespius,mother of Mentor. mountain of Africa. of the Cyclades.
One
Apoilod.2, c. 7. A cityof Macedonia.
Asopus- a river of Thessaly, fallinginto the A^PLEDON, a son of Neptune by the
bay of Malia, at the north of Thermopylae.nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city
Strab. d. A river of Boeotia,rising near of BcEOtia, whose inhabitants went to the Tro- jan
Plataea,and flowinginto the Euripus, after war. Homer. II. 2, v. 18, Paus. 9, c. 38.
"

it has separatedthe coimtry of the The- AspoRENUs, a mountain of Asia Minor

buns and Plataeans. Paus. 9, c. 4. A river near Pergamus, where the mother of the
of Asia, flowinginto the Lycusnear Laodicea. gods was wor.^hipped, and called Asporcna.
"r, " A river of Peloponnesus, passingby Si- cyon.Strab. 13.
Another of Macedonia, flowing near AssA, a town near mount Athos.
Heraclea. Slruh. he. A river of Phoenicia. AssABiNus, the Jupiterof the Arabians.
A son of Neptune, wiio gave his name to AssARAcus, a Trojan prince,son of Tros
a river of Peloponnesirs. Three of his daugh-
ters by Calliriioe. He was father to Capys, the
are particularly celebrated,^Egina,Saia- father of Anchises. The Trojans were quently
fre-
mis, and Ismene. Jlj/vllod. 1,c. 9, I.3, c. 12. called the descendants of Assaracus.
'

"Paus. 2, c. 12. Gens Jlssaraci.-f-Homer. II. 20. "

Virg. JEn.
Asp'-,a tov,ai of Parthia,now Ispahan,the 1. Two friends of ^neas in the Rutulian
capital of the Persian empire. war. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 124.
AspA5iiT"iREs, a favourite eunuch of Xerx- es, Ast-ERiNi, a peopleof Sicily.
who cot)=pired with Artabanus,to destroy AssoRus, a town of Sicily, between Enija
the kinga^id the royalfamily,"c. Ctcsias. and Argyrium.
AsPARAGiuM, a tov/n near Dyrrhachium. Assos, atownof Lyciaon the sea coast.
Cons. Bell. Civ, 3, c. 30. AssvRiA, a large country of Asia, whose
AsPASiA, a daughter of Hermotimus of boundaries have been different in itsflourish- ing
Phocffia, famous for her personalcharms and times. At firstit was bounded by the Ly-
elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mis-tress cus and Caprus : but the name of Assyria,
to Cyrus, and afterwards to bis brother more generally speaking, is appliedto all that
Artaxerxes, from Mhorn she jjassed to Dai'ius. territory which lies between Media, Mesopo-
tamia,
She was called MillQ,VennilHpn,on account Armenia, and Babylon. The Assyrian
of the beautyof her complexion.JElian. V.
empireis the most ancient in the world. It was
11. 12, c. 1. Plui in Jlrlax.
" " "Another man,
wo- founded by Ninus or Belus, B. C. 2059, ac- cording

daughterof Axiqchus, born at Miletus. to some authors, and lasted til)the

She came to Athens, where she taught elo- quence, reign of Sardanapalus,the 81st sovereign
and Socrates was proud to be among since Ninus, B. C. 820. According to Euse-
her scholai's. She so captivated Perjcles,by bius,itflourished for 1240 years; accordingto
her mental and personalaccomplishments, Justin,1300 years; but Herodotus says that
that he became her pupil,and at last took itsduration was not above 5 or 600 years.
her for his mistress and wife. He was so fond Among the ditterentmonarchs of the Assyrian
.of her,thai he made wur against Samos at her empire, Semiramis greatlydistinguished self,
her-
instigation. The behaviour of Pericles to- wards and extended the boundaries of her do- minions
Aspasiagreatly corruptedthe morals of as far as .Ethiopia and Libya. In
the Athenians,and introduced dissipation and ancient authors,the
Assyriansare often call-ed
lai:civiousness into tliestpite. She howeyer pos- sessed Syrians,and the SyriansAssyrians.The
the merit of superior excellence in mind Assyi'iaiis assisted Priam in the Trojan war,
as well as person, and her instructions helped and sent him Memnon with an army. The
to form the greatestand most eloquentora- tors king of Assyriagenerallystyledhimself king
of Greece. Some have confounded the ot kings,as a demonstration of his
power
mi. tress of Pericles with Aspasiathe daughter and greatness. The called
country is now
pf Hermotimus. Pint in Ptrid. "

QiiintU.11. Curdistan. Vid. Syria.Strab. 16. Herodot. "

The Avife of Xenophon was also called 1 and 2." Justin. I." PI In. 6, c. 13 and 2Q.
Aspasia, if we follow the improperinterpreta- tion "PtoL 1,c. 2.-^Diod. 2." Mela, 1, c. 2.
givenby some to Cic. de Inv. 1,c. 31. AsTA, a cityin Spain,
AsPASius, a peripatetic philosopherin the AsTAccEKi, a peopleof India;near th^ In-'
2d century,whose commentaries on different du9, Strab. 15.
 AS AS
AsTAGUS, a builtby As-
town of Bithynia, AsTERODiA, the wife of Endymion. Pans,
tacus,son of Neptuneand Olbia,or rather by 3, c. 1.
a colonyof Megara and Athens. Lysima- Asterope and Asteropea, one of the Ple- iades,
chus destroyed it,and carried the inhabitants who were beloved by the gods and
to the town of IVicomedia,which was then most illustriousheroes,and made constella- tions
lately built. Pans. 5, c. 12. ^rrian. Sirab.
" " after death. A daughterof Pelias,
17. A city of Acarnania. Plin. 5. kingof lolchos, who assistedher sistersto kill
AsTAPA, a town of Hispania Bastica. Liv. her father, whom Medea promisedto restore
38, c. 20. to life. Her grave was seen in Arcadia,in the
AsTAPCS, a river of .Ethiopia, falling into time of Pausanias. 8; c. 11. A daughter
the Nile. of Deion by Diomede. Jipollod. 1. The
AsTARTE, a powerfuldivinity of Syria,wife ef ^Esacus. Id. 3.
the same as the Venus of the Greeks. She AsTEROPJEus,a kingof Paeonia,son of Pe-
had a famous templeat Hierapolis in Syria,legon. He assistedPriam in the TrojanAvar,
which was served by 300 priests, who were and was killed after a brave resistance, by
alwaysemployed in offering sacrifices. She Achilles. Homer. II. 17, kc.
was represented in medals with a longhabit, AsteriTsius, a mountain at the south of
and a mantle over it,tucked up on the left Crete. A town of Arabia Felix.
arm. She had one hand stretched forward, AsTiNoME, the wife of Hipponous.
and held in the other a crooked staffin the Astiochus, a general of LacedsBmon, who
form of a cross. Lucian de Deu Syria. Cic. conqueredthe Athenians near
"
Cnidus, and
de JSat.D. 3, c. 23. took Phocaea and Cumae, B. C. 411.
Aster, a dexterous archer of Amphipo- AsTRyEA, a daughterof Astraeus,king of
lis,who offered his service to Philipking of Arcadia,or, accordingto others,of Titan,
Macedonia. Upon beingslighted, he retired Saturn's brother,by Aurora. Some make
into the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, her daughterof .Tupiter and Themis, and
who pressed itwith a siege.The arrow, on others consider her the same as Rheai wife of
which was written, " aimed at Philip's rightSaturn. She was called Juslice. of which
eye,'"struck the king's eye, and put it out ; virtue she was the goddess. She lived upoa
and Philip, to return the pleasantry, threw the earth,as the poets mention, duringthe
back the same arrow, with these words, " If goldenage, which is often called the age of
Philip takes the town. Aster shallbe hanged."Astrea;but the wickedness and impietyof
The conqueror kept his word. Lucian de mankind drove her to heaven in the brazea
Hist. Scrib. and iron ages, and she was placedamong the
Ast"ria, a daughter of Ceus, one of the constellations of the zodiac, under the name
Titans,by Phoabe, daughterof Ccelus and of Virgo. She isrepresented as a virgin, with
Terra. She married Perses,son of Crius,by a stern, but majestic countenance, holdinga
whom she had the celebrated Hecate. She pair of scales in one hand, and a sword in the
enjoyedfor a longtime the favours of'Jupi- ter, other. Senec. in Octav. Ovid. Met. 1, r.
"

under the form of an eagle ; but falling 149." ^raf. 1, PluEtwm. v. 9S.^Hesiod."
under his displeasure, she was changedinto a T/ieog.
quail, called Ortyxby the Greeks ; whence Astrjeus, one of the Titans who made war
the name of Ortygia, givento that island in againstJupiter. A river of Macedonia,
the Archipelago, wher^ she retired. Ovid. near Thermae, ^lian. V. H. 15, c. 1.
Met. 6, fab. 4."Hygin. fab. bQ."Apollod. 1, AsTU, a Greek word which signifies aVy,
e. 2, k.c. A town of Greece, whose inha- bitantsgenerally appliedby way of distinction, to
went to the Trojanwar. Homer. II.2, Athens, which was the most capital cityof
V. 782. One of the daughtersof Dauaus, Greece. The word urbs is applied with the
who married Chaetus, son of ^gyptus. Apol- same meaning of superiority to Rome, and
lod. 2. One of the daughters of Atlas, ther
mo- """"" to Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, as
of (Enomaus, kingof Pisa. Hygin.fab. also to Troy.
250. A mistress of Gyges,to whom race
Ho- AsTuR, an Etrurian,who assisted^neas
wrote three odes, to comfort her during ainst Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 180.
her lover'sabsence. AsTURA, a small river and village of La-
AsT"RioN and Asterius, a river of Pelo- ponnesus,tium,where Antony'ssoldiers cut off Cicero's
Avhich flowed throughthe coun- try head.
of Argolis.This river had three daugh- ters, AsTUREs, a peopleof HispaniaTarraco-
"ubcea, Prosymna,and Acraea,who nur- sed nensis,who spendalltheir livesin digging for
the goddess.Juno. Pans. 2, c. 17. A mines of ore. Lucan. 4, v. 298. Ital. 1, v.
"

son of Cometes, who was one of the Argo-

nauts.2:31.
.^pollon. 1. A statuary, son of AsTYAGF., a daughterof Hypseus, who
iEschylus.Pans. A son of Minos 2d, married Periphas, by whom she had some
kingof Crete, by Pasiphae,He was killedby children,among whom was Antion, the fa- ther
Theseus,thoughhe was thoughtthe strongest of Ixion.
ef hiaage. Apollodorus supposes him to be AsTYAGEs, son of Cyaxarcs, was the last
the same as the famous Minotaur. Accord-
ing kingof Media. He was fatherto Mandane,
to some, Asterion was son of Teutamus, whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses,an
one of the descendants of ^olus, and they ignobleperson of Persia, because he was
say that he was surnamod Jupiter, because he told by a dream that his daughter's soa
had carried away Europa,by Whom he had would dispossess him of his crown. From
Minos the 1st. Diod. 4.-^.^pollod. 3."Pan.s. surii a marriage he hoped that none but mean
2, c. 31. A son of NeleU5 and Chloris. and ignorant children could be raised; but he
"_poll9d. 1. c. V2. wa"^ di"?"ppointed, and though he had eind-

J"
 AS AT

cond throned, and punished with death the cruel

sed his daugliter'sson by the effects of a se-
of his by and false Astydamia. She is called by some
dream, he was deprived crown

his grandson, after a reignof 35 years. Asty- Hippolyte,and by others

Cretheis. Jipollod.
and 3, c. VS."Pindar. Mm. 4. -A daughterof
agi's was very cruel and oppressive;
whose he Orraenus, carried away by Hercules, by whom
Harpagus, one of his officers, son
'

had v.antonly murdered, encouraged Man- she had Tlepolemus. Ovid. Heroid. 9, v. 50.
dane's son, w'ho was called Cyrus,to take up AsTVLus, one of the centaurs, who had the
his grandfather, and he knowledge of futurity.He advised his bro- thers
arms against ed
conquer-
him and took him prisoner, 559 B. C. not to make war against the Lapithae..
relates a differ-
ent Ovid. Met. 12, v. 338. A man of Crotona,
Xenophon, in his Cyroptt'dia,
that and who victorious three successive times at
story,and asserts Cyrus Astyages was

lived in the most undisturbed friendship the

gether.
to- Olympic games. Paus.
Jvslin. 1, C.4, fcc. Herodot. 1, c. 74, "
AsTYMi'-DiTsA, aw^oman whom OEdipusmar-
ried
after be had divorced Jocasta.
75j ",c. A grammarian who wrote a mentary
com-

on Caliimachus. A man changed AsTVNOME, the daughter of Chryses the

head. Ovid. Met. priest of Apollo,sometimes called Chryseis.
into a stone by Medusa's
She fellto the share of Achilles,at the division
6, fab. 6.
Neoptole- of tliespoils of Lyrnessas.- A daughterof
AsTYALus, a Trojan, killed by
mus. Homer. II. 6. Amphion, of Talaus. Hygin.
AsTYANAX. of Hector aand Andro-
mache.
son AsTYNous, a Trojanprince. Homer. II.5j
V. 144.
He was very young when tlie Greeks
AsTYocHE and Astyochia, a daughterof
besiegedTroy; and when tl)e citywas taken-
his mother saved him in her arms from the Actor, who had by Mars, Ascalaphus,and
w^ho was afraid lestthe young lalmenus, w4io were at the Trojan war. mer.
Ho-
flames. UlysseS;
should inherit the virtues of his father. II. 2, V. 20. A daughterof Phylas
prince
and one day avenge the ruin of his country king of Ephyre, who had a son called Tlepo-
upon the Greeks,
seized him, and tiirevvhim lemns, by Hercules. Hygin.fab. 97, 162.-
down from the walls of Troy. Accordingto A daughterof Laomedon, by Strymo. lod.
Jipol-
he was killed Menelaus; and
by 3. A daughterof Amphion and TS'iobe.
Euripides,
Seneca of Achilles Id. 3, c. 4.
that Pyrrhusthe
son A daughter of the Simoi",
says,
to death. Hector had givenhim the who married Ericbthonius. Id. 3, c. 12.""
put him
name of Scamandrius; but the Trojans,who The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon.
hoped he might prove as great as his father, Hygiti.
called him Astvanax, or the bulwark of the AsTVPAL.^A, one of the Cyclades, between
called after Astypala;a, the
city.Homer. II. 6, v. 400, 1.22, v. 5"X)." FJrg. Cos and Carpathos,
JF.n.% V. 457, 1.3: \\A^9."0vid. Met. of Phcenix, and mother
13,v. dar.ghter of Ancaeus,
415._ An Arcadian,who had a statue in the by Neptune. Paus. 7, c. 4.Strab. 14.
"

temple of Jupiter,
on mount Lyceus. Pans. AsTVPHiLus, a soothsayer, well skilled in
8, c. 38. of Hercules.
A Jipollod.
son 2, c. the knowledge of futurity. Plut. in Cim.
7. A writer in the age of Gallienus. AsTYKuN, a town built by the Argonauts, oq

AsTvcRATiA, a daughiev of --^^olus. Ho-

mer. llie coast of lilyricum.Sirah
11. A daughterof Amphion and Ni- AsvcHis, aking of Egypt, who succeeded
obe. Mycerinus,and made a law',that whoever
AsTYDAMAS, an Athenian, pupil to Iso- borrowed
money, must deposithis father's
cratos. He tragedies,
wrote of which
240 body in the hands of his creditors,as a pledge
only 15 obtained the poeticalprize. A of his promise of payment. He built a mag- nificent
Milesian, three times victorious at Olympia. pyramid. Herodot. 2, c. 136.
He was famous for his strength, as well as for AsYLAS, a friend of ^]neas, skilled in au- guries.

hh voracious appetite.He was once invited Virg."Kn. 9, v. 571, 1. 10, v. 175.

to a feast by king Ariobarzanes,and he eat AsYLLUs, a gladiator. Juv. 6, v. 266.
what had been prepared for nine persons. Atabulls, a wind w^hich was frequent in
Alhea. 10." "Two tragicwriters bore the Apulia. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 78.
same name, one of w horn was disciple crates. Atabvris, a mountain
to So- in Rhodes, where
A comic poet of Athens, Jupiter had a temple, whence he was surnamed
AsTVDAMiA, or AsTVAOAMiA, daughter of Atabyris.Strab. 14.
Amyntor, king of Orchomenos in Bceotia, Atack, a town of Gaul, whence the adjec- tive
married Acastus, son of Pelias,who was king Atacinus.
of lolchos. She became enamoured of Peleus, Atalakta, a daughterof Schceneus king
son of ^"^acus,\\\\ohad visited her husband's of Scyros. According to some, she was the
court; and because he refused to gratify her daughterof Jasus or Jasius,by Ciymene; but
pR.ssion, she accused him of attemptingher others say that Menalion was her father. Tbi*
virtue. Acastus readily believed his wife's ac- uncertainty
cusation of not rightly knowing the name
; but as he w ould not violate the lav.s of^her father has led the mythologists into er-
ror,
of hospitably, by jjuni-shing his guest with in- stant and some have maintained that there were
death,he waited for a favouraljleoppor- two persons of that name, tlioughtheir sup-position
fc.mity, a"d ilissembled his resentment. At is groundless.Atalanta wa.s born in
last they went in ahantingparty to mountPe- Arcadia, and, accordingto Ovid, she deter- mined
lion,where Peleus was tied to a tree, by order to live in perpetual celibacy ; but her
of Aca.'^tufi, that he mightbe devoured by wild beautygained her many admirers, and to free
be.ists. Jupiter was moved at the innocence herselfirom their importunities, she proposed
nf Peleus, and sent Vulcan to deliver him. to run a race with them. They were to run
When Peleus was sot at liberty, he marched' without arms, and she was to carry a dart in
with an army ugaijist Acastus, whom he de- 1her hand. Her lovers were to stoit first, and
 AT AT
whoever arrived at the goalbefore her,would ever from heaven, and sent her to direilom-
be made her husband ; but allthose whom she earth, where she incited naankind to wicked-
ness,
overtook, were to be killed by the dart and sowed commotions among them,
with A\ hich she had armed herself. As she Homer. 11. 19. She is the same as the Discord

was almost invincible in running, many of her of the Latins.

suitors perished in tlieattempt,tillHippomenes Atella, a town of Campania, famous foF
the son of Macareus proposedhimself as her a splendidamphitheatre,where interlude*
admirer. Venus had presented him with three were firstexhibited,and thence called Atella-
goldenapplesfrom the gardenof the Hesperi-nae Fabulce. Juv. 6.
des, or. accordingto others, from an orchard Atenomarus, a chieftain of Gaul, wh"
in Cyprus ; and as soon as he had started in made war againstthe Romans. Plxtt. in
the course, he artfully threw down the apples,Parall.
at some distance one from the other. While Athamanes, an ancient peopleof Epirus,
Atalanta,charmed at the sight, ther who existed long before the Trojan war, and
stoppedto ga-
the apples,Hippomenes hastened on his stillpreservedtheir name and customs in the
course, arrived firstat the goal,and obtained age of Alexander. There was a fountain in

Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers,their territories, whose waters, about the last
in the impatienceof consummating their nup- of the moon,
tials, quai-ter were so sulphureous that
entered the temple of Cybele ; and the they could set wood on fire. Ovid. Met. 15,
goddesswas so offended at their impiety,and V. SU."Sirab. I."Plin. 2, c. 103." A/e/a,2,
at the profanation joi her house, that she c. 3.
changedthem into two lions. Apollodorussays, Athamas, a king of Thebes, in Bceotia,
that Atalanta's father was desirous of raisingwas son of ^olus. He married Themisto,
male issue, and that therefore she was exposed whom some call Nephele,and Pindar,Demo-
to wild beasts as soon as born. ever, tice,and by her he had Phryxus and Helle,
She was, how-
suckled by a she-bear- and preservedby Some time after, on pretence that Nephelewas
shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunt- ing, subject to fitsof madness, he married Ino, the
and resolved to live in celibacy.She kill-
ed daughterof Cadmus,by v.homhe had two sons,
two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus, who Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became
tempted
at- jealous
her virtue. She was at the of the children of JNephele
present ; because were they
huntingof the Calydonian boar, which she to ascend their fatlier's
throne in preference
firstwounded, and she received the head as a to her own, therefore she resolved to destroy
enamoured them ; but they escapedfrom her furyto Col-
presentfrom Meleager,who was chis,
of her. She was also at the games instituted on a goldenram. [Vid. Phryxusand Ar-
in honour ofPelias,where she conquered Pe- gonautae.]Accordingto the Greek scholiast of
leus ; and when her father, to whom she had Lycophron, v. 22. Ino attemptedto -destroy
been wished
restored, her to marry, she sented
con- the corn of the country ; and as if it were the
togivehei'selfto him who could over- come consequence of divine vengeance, the sooth-
sayer,
her in running, as has been said above. at her instigation,told Athamas, that be-
fore
She had a son called Parthenopasus, pomenes. the earth would yieldher usual increase,
by Hip-
Hyginus says, that that son was the he must sacrifice one of the children of IN'e-
fruitof her love with Meleager: and Apollo- phele to the gods. The credulous father led
donis says, she had him by Milaniom, or, ac- cording Phryxus to the altai-, where he was saved by
to others, by the god Mars. [Vid. Me-
leager.] IN'ephele. The prosperity of Ino was ing
displeas-
to Juno, and more
JpoUod. 1. c. 8, 1. 3, c.9, kc. Pans.
"

particularly because sh^

1. c. 36, 45, i^c."Hysin. fab. 99. 174, 185, 2^0. was descended from Venus. The goddessthere-fore
"JElian. V. H. 13." Diod. 4." Ovid. Met. ?, sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, to the
fob. 4, 1.10,fab. 11. Euripid.inFh(Eniv.
"
house of Athamas, who becEune infiamed with
An island near Eubcea and Locris. Pans. such sudden fury, that he took Ino to be a lion-
ess,
Atarantes, a people of Africa, ten days' and her two children to be whelps. In this
journey from the Garamantes. There was in fitof madness he snatched Learchus from her,
their country a hillof salt with a fountain of and killed him against a wall ; upon wiiich luo
sweet water upon it. Herodot. 4, c. 184. fled Vv ith Melicerta,and with him in her
armS;
Atarbecius, a town in one of the islands she threw herself into the sea, from a higis
of the Delta,where Venus had a temple. rock, and was changed into a sea deity. Af- ter
Atargatis, a divinity among the Syrians, this,Athamas recovered the use of his
represtmted as a Siren. She is considered by senses ; and as he was without children,he
some, the same as Venus, honoured by the As-
syrians adopted Coronus and Aliai-tus, the sons of
under the name of Astarte. Sirab. 16. Thersander his nephew. Hj/gin.ia.h. 1,2.6,
Atarnea, a partof My^ia,oppositeLesbos, I^Q."Apvllod.1, c. 7 and 9. jlh-irf. Met. 4.' v.
with a smalltown in the neighbourhood of the 467, fee. fast. 6, v. 4Q9.-"P-axis. 9, c. 34. A
same name. Paiis. 4, c. 35. servant of Atticus. Cic. ad Anic. 12,ep. 10.
Atas and Athas, a youth of wonderful ve- locity, A stagedancer. Id. Pis. 36. A tragic
who is said to have run tweenpoet. Id. Pis. iZO.
75 miles be- One of the Greeks, con-
cealed

noon and the evening. Martial. 4, ep. in the wooden horse at the siegeof
l9.~P/m.7. Troy. Virg.Ma. 2, v. 263.
Atax, now Ju.de. a river of Gaul Narbo- Athamantiades, a patronymic of Meli-
certa,
in the Pyrenean mountains, and
oensis, rising Phryxus,orHelle, children of Alhamaa.
falling
into the Mediten-anean Sea. Mela, 2. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 319. Fast. 4, v. 14)3.
Ate, the goddessof all evil,and daughterof Athanasius, a bishop of Alexandria, rr-
Jupiter.She raised such jealousyand sedition lebrated for his sufferings,
and the determined
in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter ged opposition
drag- he maintained against Arius and hi:*
her away by the hab*,and banished her for doctrine. Hio writiogs,which were numef
 AT AT

arylsome perished,
of Avhich have coh- of allthe states of Peloponnesus[Vid.Pelo-
""us,
of the mysteiy of the Trinity,,
defence ponnesiacum Bellum] were directed against
tain a
of the Word and of the Holy Athens,which, after28 years of misfortune and
the divinity
Crhost, and'an apologyto Constantine. Tlie bloodshed, was totallyruined,the 24th April,
creed which bears his name, is supposedby 404 years before the christian era, by Lysan-
some not to be his composition. Athanasius the Athenians were
der. After tliis, oppressed
died 2d xMay,373 A. D afterfillingthe archi- by 30 tyrants, and for a while laboured under
chair 47 years, and leadingalter-nately the weightof their own calamities. They re-=
e])iscopal
a life of exile and of triumph. The covered somethingof their usual spirit in the
latest edition of his works is that of the Bene- age of Philip,
dictines, and boldlyopposedhis ambitious
3 vols. fol. Paris, 1698. view^s;but their short-lived efforts were not

Athanis, a man who wrote an account of of greatservice to the interests of Greece, and
Sicily.Alheii. 3. they fell into the hands of the Romans, B. C.
Atheas, a king of Scythia,who implored 86. The Athenians have been admired in all
the assistance of Philipof Macedonia againstages, for their love of liberty, and for the great
the Istrians,and laughedat him when he had men that were born among them; but favour
furnished him with an army. Jmtin. 9,.there was attended with danger; and there
c. 2. are very few instances in the histoiyof Athens,
Athkna, the name of Minerva among the that can prove that the jealousyand frenzyof
Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, before the peopledid not persecute and disturb the
Cecrops had introduced the worship of the peace of the man w^ho had foughttheir bat-
tles,
goddessinto Greece. Paus. 1, c. 2. and exposed his life in the defence of his
Athen-", a celebrated cityof Attica,found-
ed country. Perhaps not one singlecityin the
about years before the christian era, world can boast in such a short space of time,
1556

by Cecrops and an Egyptiancolony. It was of such a number of trulyillustrious citizens,

called Cecropiafrom its founder, and wards equallycelebrated for their humanity,their
after-
AlhencB in honour of Minerva, who had learning,and their militaryabilities. The
"btained the rightof givingit a name in pre-
ferenceRomans, in the more polishedages of their
to Ne})tnne. [Ffc?. Minerva.] It was republic, sent their youthsto finish their edu-
cation
governedby 17 Icings, in the following order : at Athens, and respected the learning,
_^

""after a reign of 50 years, Cecrops was ceeded

suc- while they despisedthe military character of
by Cranaas, who began to reign1506 the inhabitants. The reputationthe Athenian
B.C. Amphictyon, 1497; Erichthonius,1487; schools had acquired under Socrates and Plato,
Pandion, 1437 ; Erichtheus, 1397 ; Cecrops w^as maintained by their degenerateand less
2d, 1347; Pandion 2d, 1307; vEgeus,1283; learned successors; and they flourished with
Theseus, 1235 ; Menestheus, 1205 ; Demo- diminished lustre,tillan edict of the emperor
phoon, 1182; Oxyntes,1149; Aphidas,1137; Justinian suppressed, with the Roman ship,
consul-
Thymoetes, 113G; Melanthus, 1128; and Co- the philosophical meetings" of the aca-
demy.

drus, 1091,who was killed after a reignof 21 It has been said by Plutarch,that the
years. The history of the twelve firstof these good men whom Athens produced,were the
naonarcbs is mostlyfabulous. After the death most justand equitable in the world ; but that
of Codrus the monarchical power was ed,
abolish- itsbad citizens could not be surpassed in any
and the state was governed by 13 perpe-
tual, age or country, for their impiety,perfidious-
and, 317 years after, by 7 decennial,and ness, or cruelties. Their criminals were ways
al-
lastly,B. C. 684, after an anarchy of 3 years, put to death by drinkingthe juice of
by annual magistrates, called archons. \^Vid.hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens
Archontes.]Under this democracy,the Athe- nians in a more peculiar manner, called it Astu, one
signalized themselves by their valour in of the eyes of Greece, the learned city,tlie
ihe field,their munificence, and the cultiva-
tion school 01 the world, the common patronessof
of the fine arts. They were deemed so Greece. The Athenians thoughtthemselves
powerfulby the Persians, that Xerxes, when the most ancient nation of Greece, and suppo- sed
he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms themselves the original inhabitants or At-
tica,
againstAthens, wl'.ich he took and burnt. for Avhich reason theywere called xjxoyjroni
Their military character was chiefly disjtlayed producedfrom the same earth which they in- habited
in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis,of Pla- yt^'^ivi;sons ofthe earth,and tet%5."; hoppers.
grass-
iy,a, and of Mycale. After these immortal vic- They sometimes wore goldengras;*-
rories,they rose in consequence and dignity, hoppersin their hair as badgesof honour, to
and they demanded the superiority* in the af-
fairsdistinguish them from other people of later
of Greece. The town was rebuilt and origin and less noble extraction,because those
^'mbellishrd by Themistocles,and a new and insects ai'e supposed to be sprung from the
magiiiiicent harbour erected. Their success ground. The number of men able to bear
macietliern arrogant,and they raised conten-tions arms at Athens in the reign of Cecropswas
among the neighbouring states,that they computed at 20,000, and there appearedno
niigiit aggrandizethemselves by their fall. considerable augmentationin the more zed
civili-
The luxuiyand intemperance, which had been age of Pericles ; but in the time of De- metrius
long excluded from the cityby the salutary- Phalereus there were found 21,"X)0
laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, citizens,10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 .slaves.
r.reeped by degreesamong allranks of people,Among the numerous templesand ))ublic fices,
edi-
and soon after all Greece united to destroy none was more celebrated than that of
that city,which claimed a sovereignpower Minerva, which, afterbeingburnt by the Per- sians,
oyer all the rest, 'ihe Pcloponncsianwar, was rebuilt by Pericles, witli the finest
though at firsta privatequarrel, was soon mented
fo- jnjarble,and .still exists a venerable monument
into sn universal war; and the arms I of tliehero's patriotfem? and of the abilitiesdf
 AT AT
the architect. Cic. ad Attic,in Verr. he. " A poet who
wrote comedy, tragedy,and
Thucyd.l,hc."Juslin.2,k,c."Diod.13, "c." elegy,in the age of Alexander. Plut. in Alex.
^lian. V. H. Plin. 7, c. 56.
"

Xenoph.Memo-
" A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus,
rah. "Plut. in vitis,he. Strab. 9, fcc. Paus.
" "
in the age of Augustus. He was intimate with
1, he. Val. Max.
" Liv. 31, he.
" C. J\ep.in " Strabo. Strab. 14. A philosopher, disci-
ple
Milt. hc."Polyb."P'atercul. to Zeno, and keeperof the royallibraiy
Athen.^u., festivalscelebrated at Athens in at Pergaraus. A marble sculptor. A
honour of Minerva. One of them was called man assassinated at Bactra for making himself
Panatheniza,and the other Chalcea; for an absolute.
account of which, see those words. Atheos, a surname of Diagorasand Tueo-
AthenjEum, place at Athens, sacred to dorus, because they denied the existence of a
a

Minerva, where tiie poets, philosophers,and deity. Cic. de JVat.D. 1, c. 1.

rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated Athesis, now Adige, a river of Cisalpine
their compositions.It was publicto aH the Gaul,near the Po, falling into the Adriatic sea.
professors of the liberal arts. The same thing Virg.JEn. 9, v. 680.
was adoptedat Rome by Adrian, who made a Athos, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 miles
publicbuildingfor the same laudable pur-
poses.in circumference,projecting into the iEgeaa
A promontory of Italy. A forti-
fied sea like a promontory. It is so high that it
place between iEtolia and Macedonia. overshadows the island of Leranos, though
Liv. 38, c. 1,1.39, c. 25. at thedistance of 87 miles ; or, accord-
ing
Athen^us, a cosmographer. A
Greek to modern calculation, onlyeightleagues.
of Cilicia in the time
philosopher
peripatetic When Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a
of Augustus.Strab. A Spartan sent by trench of a mile and a half in lengthat the
his countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace foot of the mountain, into which he brought
duringthe Peloponnesian war. A gramma-
rian the sea-water, and conveyed his iieet over
of Naucratis, who composed an elegantit,so that two shipscould pass one ai-other^
and raiscellaneoas work, called Dtipnosophis- thus desirous either to avoid the danger of
t(B, repletewith veiy curious and interesting sailing round the promontory, or to show
remarks and anecdotes of the manners of the his vanityand the extent of his power. A
ancients,andlikewise valuable for the scattered sculptor, called Denocrates, ottered Alexan-
der
pieces of ancient poetry it preserves. The to cut mount Athos, and to make with it
work consists of 15 books, of which the two a statue of the kingholding a town in his left
first,partof the third,and almost the whole of hand, and in the righta spaciousbasin,to re- ceive
the last,are lost. Athenoeus wijote, besides all the waters which llowed from it.
(his,an historyof Syria,and other works now Alexander greatl/admired the plan,but ob- jected
lost. He died A. D. 194. The best edition of to the place; and he observed,(hat the
his works isthat of Causaubon, fol.2 vols. Lugd. neighbouring countiy wa^ not sufficiently ful
fruit-
1612, by far superiorto the editions of 1595 to produce corn an^J provisions for the in-
habitants
and 1657. A historian, who wrote an count
ac- which were to dwell in the city, in
of Semiramis. Diod. A brother of the hand of the statue.
" " Athos is now called
kingEumenes 2d, famous for his paternalaf- fection.
Monte Santo, famous for monasteries,said to
A Roman general,in the age of contain some ancient and valuable manur
Gallienus,who is supposedto have written a scripts.Htrodot. 6, c. 44, I.7,c. 21,he. Lu- "

book on militaryengines. A physician of can. 2, v. 672. JElimi. de Anim. 13, c. 20, ^c.
"

Cilicia in the age of Pliny,who made heat, Plin. 4, c. 10.

" JEschin. contra Ctcsiph.
"

cold, wet, dry, and air,the elements,instead Athrulla, a town of Arabia. Strab.
pf the four commonly receivecj^ Athvmbr.\, a city of Caria,afterwards call-ed
Athenagoras, a Greek in the time of Nyssa. Strab. 14,
Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the go- vernmentAtia, a cityof Campania. A law enact-
ed
of Chios, he. Curt. 8, c. 5. A A. U. C, 690, by T. Atlus Labienus, the tri- bune
writer on agriculture,Varro. A tian
chris- of the people. -Itabolished the Corne-lian
philosopher, in the age of Aurelius,who law, and put in fullforce the Lex Domitia,
wrote treatise on the resurrection,
a and an by transferring the rightof electing priests
apology for the christians,stillextant. He from the college of priests to the peoj)le,
died A. D. 177. The bfestedition of his works The mother of Augustus. Vid. Aceia.
is that of Dechair, 8vo. Oxon. 1706. The Atilia lex gave the pretor,and a major-ity
lomance of Theagenes and Charis is falsely of the tribunes, power of appointing guar-
dians
ascribed to him. to those minors who were not previously

Athenais, a Sibylof Erythrsea, in the age providedfor by their parents. It was enacted
of Alexander. Strab." A daughter of the about A, U. C. 560.
" -Another A. U. C. 445,
"

philosopher Leontius. which gave the peoplepower of electing 26

Athenion, a peripateticphilosopher, 108 tribunes of the soldiers in four legions.Liv.
B. C. A generalof the Sicilian slaves.- 9, c. 30,
A tyrant of Athens,surnamed Ariston. Atilius, afreedman,who exhibited combats
Athenocles, a general,".c. Polycen.6. of gladiators at Fidence. The amphithealre,
A turner of Mitylene. Plin. 34. which contained the spectators, fellduringthe
Athenodorus, a philosopher of Tarsus, exhibition,and about 50,000 persons were
Intimatewith Augustus. The emperor often killed or mutilated. Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 62.
profited by his lessons,and was advised by him Axilla, the mother. of the poet Lucan
always to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek She was accused of conspiracyby her son,
alphabet,before he gave way to the impulse who expectedto clear himself of the charge..
of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82d year, Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 56,
much Iftmented by his countrymen. Sutt. AnxA; an ancient town of the Volsci,gi^t
 AT AT
iEneas. les,who received as a reward from the father
against
that began hostilities
"f the first
the knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial
Vira- JEn. 7, v. *^0.
friendof Turnus, ",c. Virg.JEn. globe. This knowledge Hercules communica-
ted
AiiNAs, a
to the Greeks ; whence the fable has fur-
ther
11,V. 869.
Atinia lex, was
,, ,
enacted by the tiubune said,that he eased for
some time the la-
bours
tribune of the peoplethe of Atlas,by taking upon his shoulders the
Athiius. It gave a

privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting weightof the heavens. Accordingto some thors,
au-

senate.
there were two otlier persons of that
in the
of Africa in the neigh-
bourhood a kingof Italy, father of Electra,and a
Atlantes, a people name,
of mount Atlas, who lived chietly on king of Arcadia,father of Maia the mother of
the fruits of the earth, and were said not to Mercury. Virg.JEn. 4. v. 481, 1.8, v. 186."
Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 17. Diod. 3. Lucan. 9,
have their sleepat all disturbed by dreams.
" "

cursed the at his rising and at V. 667, "c." Fa/. Flacc. 5."Hygin. 83; 125,
They daily sun
1.
because his excessive heat scorched 155, 157,192. Aratm in Jislron. Apollod.
" "

his setting,
Htrodot. Hesiod. Tlieog. v. 508, he. A river flow-
ing
and tormented them.
"

a patronymic of Mercury,as from mount Haemus into the Ister. Hero-

Atlantiades,
dot. 4, c. 49.
grandsonof Atlas. Ovid. Met. 1,v. 639.
Atlantides, a people of Africa, near Atossa, a daughterof Cyrus,Avho was one
of of Cambyses, Smerdis, and after- wards
mount Atlas. They boasted of in
being pos- session the wives
of the country in which all the godsof of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes.
She was cured of a dangerouscancer by De-
antiquityreceived their birtli. Uranus was
whom, on account of his know- ledge mocedes. She is supposedby some to be the
their firstking,
of astronomy, they enrolled in the num- ber Vasliti of scripture. Herodol. 3, c. 68, "-c.
of their gods. Diod. 3. The daughters Atraces, a peopleof j^titolia, who received
in number, Maia, Electra. Tay- their name from Atrax, son of iEtolia. Their
of Atlas,seven
and Celceno. country was called Atracia.
ceta, Asterope,Merope, Alcyone,
of the gods,and most il- lustrious
Atramvttium, a town of Mysia.
They married some
heroes, and their children were ers
found- Atrapes, an officer of Alexander, who at

of many nations and cities. The Atlantides the generaldivision of the provinces, received
and even goddesses, Media. Diod. 18.
were called nymphs; on

account and know-

of their greatintelligence ledge. Atrax, a son of ^Etolus,or, accordingto
The name of Hesperideswas aisogiv- others,of the
en river Peaeas. He was kingof
account of their mother Thessaly,
He.speris. and built a town which he called
tnem, on

made constellations after death. Atrax or Ati'acia. This town became so mous,
fa-
They were
that the word ^tracius\ia.sbeen applied
Vid. Pleiades.
celebrated island mentioned to any inhabitant of Thessaly.He w^as father
Atlantis, a

by the ancients. Itssituation is unknown, and to Hippodamia,who mariied Pirithous,and

its existence doubted by some writers. who He must not confound with the wife of
even
of Japetus Pelops, who bore the same Propert.1,
Atlas, one of the Titans, son
name.

He el.8, V. 25." Slat. 1, Theh. v. 106." Ovid. Met

and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. was

brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Me- 12, V. 209. A city of Thessaly, whence the

ncetius. His mother's name, accordingto epithetof Atracius. A river of iEtolia,

Aoollodorus, was Asia. He Pleione, which fallsinto the Ionian sea.
married

daughterof Oceanus, or Hesperis,according Atrebat.'e, a peopleof Britain,who were

he had of the
daughters,in possession modern counties of Berks,
lo others, by whom seven

called Atlantides, (Vid. Mantides.) He Oxford, kc.

"was kingof Mauritania, and master of a thou-
sand Atrebates, now Artois,a peopleof Gaul,
(locks of every kind, as also of beautiful who, togetherwith the JServii,opposed J.
Caesar with 15,000 men. They were conquer-
pardons,abounding in every speciesof fruit, ed,
and Comius, a friend of the general,
which he had intrustedto tliecare of a dragon. was

after the of the Gorgons, set over them as king. They were reinstated
Perseus, conquest
in their former liberty
and independence,on
passf^dby the palaceof Atlas, and demanded
of the services of Comius. Coe.s.Bell.
fiosoitali'ty.
The king,wiio was informed by account
oracle of Tliemislhat he sliould be ed
dethron- Gall. 2, he.
an
Atreni, a peopleof Armenia.
by one of the descendants of Jupiter, re-
fused

receive him, and even offered him lence.

vio- Atreus, son of Pelops bv Hippodamia,
to
who was
Perseus, unequalin strength; daughterof (Enomaus king oi Pisa, was king
him Medusa's head, and Atlas in- ofMycenae,and brother to Pittheus,Trcezen,
stantly
showed was

changed into a largemountain. This Thyestes,and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus

mountain, which runs across the deserts of was an illegitimateson, and at the same time
west, is so highthat the an- a favourite of his father,Hippodamia resolved
Africa,east and cients

hava Imagined that the heavens rested to remove him. She persuadedher .sons Thy-
estes
him ; but their
top,and tliat
it.s Atlas supportedthe world and Atreus to murder
pn
that Atlas refusal exasperated h er and she execut-
ed
fcu his shoulders. Hyginussays, sisted
as- more,
the giants in their wars againstthe gods, it herself. This murder was grievousto
for which Juj)iler compelledhim to bear the Pelops; he suspectedhis two sons, who lied
The fable that At-
las away from liis presence. Atreus retired \o
Leavens on his shoulders.
su[)ported tlie heavens on his back, arises the .court of Eurystheneskingof Argos, his
succeeded him
from his fondness for astronomy, and his often nephew, and upon his death he ,

frequeiitiiig elevated placesand mountains, on the throne. He married,as some report,

whence might
iie observe the heavenlybodies. iErope, his [)redecessor's daughter, by whom
The daughters of Atlas were carried away by he hadPlisthenes,Menelaus,and Agamemnon.
Others affirm,that ^rope was the wife "f
Busiriskingof Egypt,but redeemed by Hercu-
 AT AT
Piisthenes,by whom he had AgamemBon and Attalia, a cityof Faraphylia, builtby king
'

Menelaus, who are the reputed sons of Atreus, Attalus. Strab.

because that princetook care of their educa-
tion, Attalicus. Vid. Attalus 3d.
and broughtthem up as his own. {Vid. Attalus 1st,king of Pergamus, succeeded
Flisihenes.)Thyesteshad followed his bro- ther Euraenes 1st. He defeated the Gauls wh"
to Argos,where he lived with him, and had invaded his dominions, extended his con- quests
debauched his wife,by whom he had two, or, to mount Taurus, and obtained the as- sistance
accordingto some, three children. This in- cestuous of the Romans against Autiochus. The
commerce offended Atreus, and Thy- estesAthenians rewarded his merit with greatho- nours.
was banished from his court. He was He died at Pergamus aftera reignof
however soon after recalled by his brother, 44 years, B. C. 197. Liv. 26, 27, 28, "c." Po-
who determined cruellyto revenge the vio- lence lyb. 5." Strab. 13. The 2d of that name,
offered to his bed. To effectthis purpose, was sent on an embassy to Rome
by his brotlier
he invited his brother to a sumptuous feast,Eumenes the 2d, and at his return was
pointed
ap-
where Thyesteswas served up with the flesh guai-dian to his nephew Attalus the
of the children he had had by his sister-in-law 3d, Avho w as then an infant.Prusias made suc- cessful
the queen. After the repastwas finished, the war against him, and seized his capital ;.
arms and heads of the murdered children were but the conquest Avas stoppedby the interfe-
rence
produced to convince Thyestes of what he had of the Romans, who restored Attalus to
feasted upon. This action appeared so cruel his throne. Attalus,who has received the
and impious, that the sun issaid to have shrunk name of Philadelphus, from his fraternallove,
back in its course at the bloody sight.Thy- esteswas a munificent patron of learning, and the
immediatelyfled to the court of Thes- founder of several cities. He was poisonedby
protus,and thence to Sicyon,where he ravish- ed his nephew in the 82d
year of his age, B. C.
his own daughterPelopea,in a grove sacred 138. He had governed'the nation with great
to jVIinei'va, without knowing who she was. prudenceand moderation for 20 years. Strab.
This incest he committed intentionally, as some 13." PoJyb. 5. The 3d, succeeded to the
report,to revenge himself on his brother At- reus, kingdom of Pergamus,by the murder of Atta-
lus
accordingto the words of the oracle, the 2d, and made himself odious by his
w hich promisedhim satisfaction for the cruel-
ties cmelty to his relations, and his wanton cise
exer-
he had suffered, only from the hand of. a of power. He was son to Eumenes 2d,and
son who should be born of himself and his own surnamed Philopator.He left the cares of
daughter. Pelopeabroughtforth a son whom government to cultivate his garden,and to
she called ^gisthus, and soon aftershe married make experiments on the meltingof metals.
Atreus, who had lost his wife. Atreus adopted He lived in great amitywith the Romans ; and
.^gisthus, and sent him to murder Thyestes,as he died without issue by his wife Berenice,
wiio had been seized at Delphi,and imprison- ed. he leftin his will the words P. R. meorum hoe-
Thyestesknew his son, and made himself res eslo,which the Romans interpreted as
know^n to him; he made him espouse his cause, themselves, and therefore took possessionof
and instead of becoming his father's murderer, his kingdom,B. C. 133, and made of it a Ro- man
he rather avengedhis wrongs, and returned to province, which they governedby a pro- consul.
Atreus, whom he assassinated. Vid. Thyestes, From this circumstance, whatever
^rEgisthiis, Ptlopca,J)s:amemnon, and Mene- laus." was a valuable acquisition, or an amplefortune,

Hysin.fab. 83, 86, 87, 88, and 258." was always called by the epithetAttalicus.
Euripid.in Orest. in Ip/iig. Taur. " Plut. in Attalus,as well as his predecessors, made
ParalL"Paus. 9, c. 40."/Jpollod. 3, c. 10." themselves celebrated for the valuable libra- ries
Seiiec.in Atr. which theycollected at Pergamus,and for
Atridje, a patronymicgivenby Homer to the patronage which merit and virtue always
Agamemnon and Menelaus, as beingthe sons found at their court. Liv. 24, ",c. Plin. 7.
This isfalse, of 8, 33, kc" Justin. 39." Moral. 1, od. 1. 1
of Atreus. upon the authority
Hesiod; Lactantius, Dictysof Crete,"c. who An officer in Alexanders array. Curt. 4, c.
inain*"}in Ihat these princes were not the sons 13. Another very inimical to Alexander.
of Atpens, but of Plisthenes,and that they He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alex- ander
were broughtup in the house and under the was accused of the murder. Curt. 6. c.
eye of their grandfather.Vid. Plisthenes. 9, 1. 8, c. 1. A philosopher, preceptor to
Atronius, a friend of Turnus, killed by the Seneca. Senec. ep. 108. An astronomej*
Trojans. Virg.^n. 10. of Rhodes.
Atbopatia, a part of Media. Slrab. Attarras, an officer who seized those that
Atropos, one of the Parcee, daughters of had conspired with Dymnus against der.
Alexan-
Nox and Erebus. According to the deriva- tion Curt. 6.
of her name (xnonrei7:Mmuto) she is in- exorable, Atteius Capito, a consul in the age of Au- gustus,
and inflexible, and her duly among who wrote treatises on sacerdotal
the three sisters is to cut the thread of life,laws, publiccourts of justice, and the duty of
without any regard to sex, age, or quality. a senator. Vid. Ateius.
She was represented by the ancients in a Attes, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was
black veil, with a pairof scissoi*sin her hand. born impotent. He introduced the worshipof
Pld. Parcse. Cybeleamong the Lydians,andbecame a great
T. Q. Atta, a writer of merit in the Au- gustanfavourite of the goddess.Jupiter was jealous
age, who seems to have received this of his success, and .sent a wild boar to laywaste
name from some deformityin his legsor feet. the country,and destroyAttes. Pans. 7, c. 17.
His compositions, dramatical as well as satiri- cal, Attiiis,a daughterof Cranaus the 2d, king
were held in universal admiration, though! of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, ac'
Horace thinks of thera with indiffei-ence.Ilo- cording
to Apollod.
3, c M,
ra/.2,ep. 1,v 79. 17
 AY AT

Attica, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at who boasted in the appellation of the scourge
tliesouth of Boeotia,west of the ^Egean sea, of God, died A. D. 45^,of an uncommon sion
effu-
north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east of Me- of blood the firstnightof his nuptials. He
It received its name from Atthis the had expressed his wish to extend his conquests
gara.
daughterof Cranaus. It was originally called over the whole world ; and he often feasted his
Ionia, from the lonians,who settled there ; bai'barityby draggingcaptive kingsin his train.
and also Acte, wliich sliorCiand
signifies Ce- de Reb. Get.
Jornand.
Cecrops, the firstof its kings. Roman
Attilius, consul in the first
cropia,from a

The most famous of its cities is called Athens, Punic war. Vid. Regulus. Calatinus,a Ro-man
whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of consul who foughtthe Carthaginian fleet
Ailici. Attica was famous for its gold and sil-
ver Marcus, a poet who translated the Elec-
mines, which constituted the best part of tra of Sophoclesinto Latin verse, and wrote
tliepublicrevenues. The face of the country comedies whose unintelligible languageprocu-
red
"was partlylevel and partlymountainous, divi-ded him the appellation oiFcrreus. lus,
Regu-
into the 13 tribes of Acamantis, iEantis, a Roman censor w ho built a temple to the

Erechtheis,Adrian-
Antiochjs, Attalis,/Egeis, goddessof concord. Liv. 23, c. 23, "-c.
is, Hippothoontis. Cecropis,Leontis, ^neis, The name of Attilius was common among the
Ptolemais. and Pandionis; whose inhabitants Romans, and many of the publicmagistrates
M'ere numbered in the 116th olympiad,at are called Attilii; their life however is not fa-
mous
31,000 citizens,and 400,000 slaves,wilhin 174 for any illustriousevent.
villages,
some of which were considerable Attinas, an officer set over Bactriana by
towns, Vid. Athenae. Alexander. Curt. 8.
Atticus, oneofGalba's servants, who tered
en- Attius Pelignus, an oflScer of Caesar.
his palacewith a bloody sword, and de-claredC(zs.Bell. Civ. 1. Tullias, the generalof
he had killed Otho. Tacit. Hist. 1 the V'olsci, to w hom Coriolanus fledwhen ba-nished
(T.Pomponius) a celebrated Roman knightto from Rome. Liv. Varus seized
whom Cicero wrote a greatnumber of letters,Auxinum in Pompey's name, whence he was
which contained the general historyof the age. expelled.After this he fled to Africa,which
They are now extant, and divided into 17 he alienated from J. Caesar. Cas, 1, Bell.
books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atti- Civ. A poet. Vid. Accius. The family
"us retired to Athens, where he so endeared of the Attii was descended from Atys, one of
himself to the citizens, that after his departure, the companions of ^neas, accordingto the
they erected statues to him in commemoration opinionwhich Virgilhas adopted.Mn. 5, v.
of his munificence and liberality. He was such 568.
a perfectmaster of the Greek writers, and AtPrus, a river of Gaul, now^ the AdowTf
spoke their language so fluently, that he was which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean moun-
tains

sarnamed and as a proofof his learn-

Jitticus., ing, into the bay of Biscay.Lucan. 1, v. 420.
he favoured the world with some of his ATYADiE, the descendants of Atys the Ly-
compositions.He behaved in such a disinter-
ested dian.
manner, that he offended neither of the Atvs, an ancient king ofLydia, who sent
inimical parties at Rome, and both were ly
equal- away his son Tyrrhenus,with a colonyof Ly-
anxious of courting his approbation.He li- ved dians,who settled in Italy. Herodot. 1, c. 7.
in the greatestintimacywith tlieillustrious A son of Croesus kingof Lydia. He was
men of his age, as he was such a lover of truth,forbidden the use of all weapons by his father,
tliathe not onlyabstained from falsehood even who had dreamt that he had been killed.
in a joke, but treated with the greatestcon- tempt Some time after this, Atys prevailed on his fa-
ther
and indignation a lyingtongue. It is to permithim to go to hunt a wild boar,
gaid that he refused to take aliments when un- able which laid waste the country of Mysia,and he
to getthe better of a fever,and died in his was killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom
77th year, B. C. 32, after bearingthe amiable Croesus had appointedguardianover his son,
character of peace-maker among his friends. and thus the apprehensions of the monarch
Corndius jYcpos, one of his intimate friends,were realized. Herodot. 1, c. 34, "f^'^ Vid.
"

has written a minute account of his life. Cic Adrastus. A Trojan, who came ib Italy
ad Atlic,k.c. Hcrodes, an Athenian in the with J".ne.BSi and is supposedto be the proge- nitor
age of the Antonines, descended from Miltia- of the familyof the Attii at Rome. Virg,
des. and celebrated for his munificence. His JEn. 5, V. 568. A youth to whom Ismene
son of the same name, was honoured with the the daughterof ffidipus was promisedin mar- riage.

consulship, and he generously erected an aque-

duct He was killed by Tydeus before his
at TroaS: of Avhich he had been made vernor
go- nuptials.57a/. Tlitb. 8, v. 598. A son of
by the emperor Adrian, and raised in Limniace, the daughterof the river Ganges,
other parts of the empire several i)ublic who assisted Cepheus in preventing the mar-
riage

buildings as useful as theywere magnificent. " of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus
Fkiloslrat. in vit. 2, p. 548," .5. Gdl. nod. with a burninglogof wood. Ovid. Md. 5, v.
Jilt. A consul in the age of INero, k.c. Ta-
cit. 47. A celebrated shepherdof Phrygia,of
Jinn. 15 whom the mother of the gods,generally called
Attila, a celebrated king of the Huns, a Cybele, became enamoured. She intrusted
nation in the southern partsof Scythia, who in-
vadedhim with the are of her temple,and made
the Ivonian empire in the reignof Val- him promise he always would live in celibacy.
rnliuian, with an army of 500,000 men, and He violated his vow by an amour with the
laid waste the provinces. He took the town of nymph Sangaris, for which the goddessmade
Aquileia, and marched againstRoi;io ; but his him so insane and delirious,that lie castrated
retreat and peace \v(;re purchasedwith a large himself with' a sharp stone. This was after-
sum of money by the feeble emperor. Attii;i;wardcjii^entionally niade by hissacerdotal sucf
 AV AU
lessors in the service of Cybelejto prevent nia, near Baiae,whose waters w^ere so un-
their breakingtheir vows of perpetual chasti- wholesome
ty. and putrid, that no birds were
This account is the most generaland most seen on its banks ; hence its original name

approved. Others say, that the goddessbe- came was !*ev"',avibus carens. The ancients made
fond of Atys,because he had introduced it the entrance of hell, as also one of itsrivers.
her festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, Its circumference was five stadia,and its
and that she herself mutilated him. Pausanias depthcould not be ascertained. The waters
relates,in Achaia,c. 17,that Atys was the son of of the Avernus were indispensably necessaiy
tiie daughter of the Sangar,who became in all enchantments and magical processes.
nant
preg-
by putting the bow of an almond tree in her It may be observed,that all lakes whose
nated
stag-
bosom. Jupiter, as the passage mentions,once waters were putridand oiFensive to the
had an dream, and some
amorous of the impu-
rity smell, were indiscriminately
called Averna.
god fell upon the earth,which soon
of the Virg. JEn. 4, v. 5." 12, "c. 1. 6, v. 201,
after produced a monster of an human form, "c. Mela, 2, c. 4. Slrab. 5. Diod. 4.
" " " "
"

with characteristics of the

the two sexes. .Bristol,de Adm.
Thismonster called Adgistis, and was AvESTA, a book
was
composedby Zoroaster.
deprivedby the gods of those parts which AuFEiA AQUA, Called afterwards Marcia,
distinguish
the male sex. From
the mutilated was the sweetest and most wholesome water
parts which thrown
upon the ground, in Rome, and it was
were firstconveyed into the
rose an almond tree, one of whose branches a cityby Ancus Martius.
nymph of the Sangargathered, and placedin AuFiDENA, now Alfidena,a city of the
her bosom as mentioned above. Atys,as Peligni in Italy, whose inhabitants,called Au-
soon as born,was exposed in a wood, but pre- Jidenates,
served were
among the Sabines. Liv. 10,
by a she-goat.The genius Agdistisc. 12.
saw him in the wood, and was captivated with AuriDiA LEX, was enacted by the tribune
his beauty. As Atys was going to celebrate Aufidius Lurco, A. U. C. 692. It ordained,
his nuptials with the daughterof the king of that if any candidate in canvassingfor aa
Pessinus,Agdistis, who was jealousof his ri-
val,office,promised money to the tribunes,and
inspired by his enchantments the kingand failed in the performance,he should be excus- ed
his future son-in-law with such an uncommon ; but if he actually paidit, he should be
fury,that they both attacked and mutilated compelledto pay every tribune 6000 sesterces.
one another in the struggle.Ovid, says, Met. Aufidius, an eiFeminate person of Chios.
10, fab. 2, "c. that Cybele changed Atys Juv. 9, V. 25. Bassus, a famous historian
into a pine-tree as he was lent in the age of Quintilian,
going to layvio- who wrote an count
ac-
hands upon himself,and, ever after,that of Germany, and of the civil wars.
tree was sacred to the mother of the gods. A Roman senator, famous for his blindness
After his death,Atys received divine honours, and abilities. Cic. Tusc. 5. Lurco, a maa
and templeswere raised to his memory, who
ticularly
par- enriched himself by fattening peacocks,
at Dymae. Catull. de My. S^JBerec. and sellingthem for meat. Plin. 10.""
"Ovid. Met. 10, fab. 3, Fast. 4, v. 223, Luscus, a man obscurelyborn, and made a
"c. Lucian. in Ded
"
Syria. Sylvus,son pretorof Fundi, in the age of Horace. 1 Sat,
of Albius Sylvius, was king of Alba. Liv. 1, 5, V. 34.
e. 3. AuFiDUS, a river of Apuliafalling into the
AvARicusi, a strong and fortifiedtown of Adriatic sea, and now called Ofanto. It was'
Gaul, now called Bourgesthe capital of Ber-
ry. on its banks that the Romans were defeated
C"BS.Bell. Gall. 7. by Hannibal at Cannas. The spot is still
AvELLA, a town of Campania, abounding shown by the inhabitants, and bears the name
in nuts, whence nuts have been called .^vel- of the field of blood. Horat. 3, od. 30, 1. 4/
lincR. Sil. 3 , v. 45, "c." Virg. JEn. 7, v. 740. od. 9." Virg.Mn. 11, v. 405.
AvENTiNus, a son of Hercules, by Rhea, AuGA and Auge and Augea, daughter of
wiio assisted Turnus against ^Eneas, and dis- Aleus king of Tegea,by Neeei-a,was
tinguished ravished
himself by his valour. Virg.Mn. by Hercules, and broughtforth a son, whom
7, 657.
v. A king of Alba, buried upon she exposed in the woods to conceal her
janount Aventine, Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 51. amours"from her father. The child was served,
pre-
One of the seven hills on which pail of the and called Telephus. Aleus was formed
in-
city of Rome was built. It was 13,300 feet of his daughter's
shame, and gave her
in circumference, and
was given to the peo-
ple to Naupliusto be put to death. Nauplius
to build houses
upon, by kingAncus Mar- refused to performthe cruel office,and gave
tius. It was not reckoned within the precinctsAuga to Teuthras, king of Mysia, who, be- ing
of the citytillthe reignof the emperor dius,
Clau- without issue,adopted her as his daugh-
ter.
because the soothsayers looked upon it Some time after,the dominions of Teu-
thras
as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been were invaded by an enemy, and the
buried there,whose blood had been criminally kingpromisedhis crown and daughterto hin"
shed. The word is derived, accordingto who could deliver him from the impending
.some, ah avibus, because birds were fond of calamity.Telephus,who had been directed
the place. Others suppose that it receives its by the oracle to go to the court of Teuthras,
name because Aventinus, one if he wished
of the Alban to find his parents, offered his
kings,was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon,
services to the king,and theywere accepted.
Diana, Bona Den, Hercules, and the goddess As he was goingto unite himself to Auge, in
of Victoryand Liberty,had magnificent ples
tem- consequence of the victoryhe had obtained,
built upon it. Varro de L. L. 4. Virg.Auge rushed from him with secret horror,
"

JEn. 8, V. 235." Liv. 1, c. 33. and the gods sent a serpentto sepai'ate theni.
AvKnNus or Avlknaj a lake of Campa- Auge imploredthe aid of Herculei, wh"
 AU AU
ftiadeIier son known to her, and she return-
ed With a crooked s,taffhedivided the face of tho^
with him to Tegea. Paiisanias says heavens into four different }"arts, and after-
wards
that Auo^e was a coiFer with lier
confined in sacrificed to the gods,covering his head
infant so^n,
and thrown into the sea, where, af- ter with his vestment. Thei-e were generally five

being preserved and protected by Miner-

va, thingsfrom which the augurs drew omens:
she was found by king Tcuthras. ."Ipol-the firstconsisted in obser\ing the phaenomena
99 of Uie heavens, such as thunder, lightning,
lod. 2 and 2.-~Paus. 8, c. 4."Hygin. fab. mets,
co-

and 100. fee. The second kind of omen was

AuGARus, an Arabian, who, for his good drawn from the chirpingor flyingof birds.
oifices, obtained tliefavour of Pompey, whom The third was from the sacred chickens,whose"
he vilelydeceived. Dio. A king of Os- eagerness or indifference in eatingthe bread
Caracalla imprisoned, after he which was thrown to them, was looked upon
roerie, whom
had givenhim solemn i"romises of friendship as lucky or nnlucky. The fourth was froni
and support. Dio. 78. quadrupeds,from their crossingor appearing
AuG"iE, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, c, 21. in some unaccustomed place. The fiith was-
Another of Locris. from different casualties,w'hich were called
AuGiAS and Augkas, son of Eleus, or Dira; such as spilling salt upon a table, or win"

Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and after- wards upon one's clothes,hearing strange noises,
ascended tlie throne of Elis. He had stumbling or sneezing, meetinga wolfe,hare,
an immense number of oxen and goats, and fox, or pregnant bitch. From such supersti-
tious
the stables in which were theykepthad never notions did the Romans draw their pro-
phecies
been cleaned, so possibility ; the sightof birds on the left hand
that the task seemed an im-
to any man. Hercules undertook was always deemed a luckyobject,and the
it on promise of receivingas a reward, the words sinister and lavus, though generally
tenth part of the herds of Augias, or some-
thing supposedto be terms of illluck,were always
equivalent. The hero changed the used by the augurs in an auspicious
sense. Cic.
course of the river Alpheus,or, accordingto de Div. Liv. 1, fee. Dionys. Hal.
" " Ovid. "

others, of the Peneus, which immediately Fast.

carried away the dung and tilthfrom the sta-
bles. Augusta, a name given to seventy cities
Augias refused the promised recom-
pense, in the Roman provincesin honour of Augustus
on pretence that Hercules had made Ctesar. London, as capital of the countiy -

use of artifice, and had not experiencedany of the Trinobantes, was called AugustaTrino-
labour or trouble, and he further drove his bantina. Messalina,famous for her debau-
cheries,
own son Phyleus from his kingdom, because was called Augusta,as wife of the em-
peror

he supportedthe claims of the hero. The Claudius. Jav. 6, v. 118.

refusal was declaration of war.
a Hercules AuGusTALiA, a festivalat Rome, in com-memoration

conquered Elis, put to death Augias,and of the day on which Augustusre- turned

gave the crown to Phyleus. Pausanias says. to Rome, after he had established peace
5, c, 2 and 3, that Hercules sparedthe lifeof over the different partsof the empire.
Augiasfor the sake of his son, and that Phy- leus AuGusTiNus, bishop of Hippo, in Africa,
went to settlein Dulichium; and that at distinguished himself by his writings, as well as

the death of Augias, his other son, Agas- by the austerity of his life.In his works, which
theues, succeeded to the throne. Augiasre- ceived,are numerous, he displayedthe powers of a
after his death, the honours which greatgenius,and an extensive acquaintance
wave generallypaid to a hero. Augias has with the philosophyof Plato. He died in the
been called the son of Sol,because^ Elius sig- nifies 7"3tliyear of his age, A. D. 430. The best
the sun. The proverb of jiugtansta-ble edition of his works isthat of the Benedict- fol.
is now applied to an impossibility. Hi/gin.Ant. 1700 to 1703. 12 vols.
fab. 14, 30, 157." P/in. 17, c. 9."Slrub. 8." AcGusTODUNUM, uow AutiiTi, a town of
ApoUuil. 2. Gaul, the capital of the ancient uEdui.
AuciL^,, a peojdeof Africa,who supposed AuGusTULUs, the last Roman emperor of
tliatthere were no gods except the manes the west, A. D. 475, conquered by Odoacer^
of the dead, of whom thev soughtoracles. kingof the Heruli.
Mda, 1. Augustus Octavianus C;esar, second em- peror

AuGiBus, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 39, of Rome, was of Octavius, a sena-

son tor,

c. 2. and Accia, daughterof Julius, and sister

AuGUKKs, certain oflUcers at Rome who to Julius Ca;sar. He was adoptedby his un- cle
foretold future evects, whence their name, ah Caesar, and inherited the greatest part of
avium garritn. They were firstcreated by Ro- mulus,his fortune. He lost his father at the age of
to the number of three. Servius Tul- four ; and though only eighteenwhen his
liiisadded a fourtii, and the tribunes of the uncle was murdered, he hastened to RoraCj
peopleA. U. C. 454, increased the nuniber to where he ingratiated himself with the senate
nuie ; and Syllaadded "i\ more duringhis dic-
tatorship.
iurd people,and received the honoui-s of the
They had a particular college, and coiisulship two years after, as the reward of his
the chief amongst them was called magisttrhypocrisy.Though his youth and his inexpe- rience
collcgii. Their cifice was honourable;and if were ridiculed by his enemies, who
any one of them was convicted of any crime, branded him with the aj)pellation of hoy, yet
he could not Ije dejMivedof his privileges ; lie i*ose in consequence by his prudence and
an indulgencegrantedto no other sacerdo- valour, and made war against his opponents^
liilbody at Rome. The uugur generally sat on pretence of avengingUie death of his mur-
dered

on a hightowei to make his observations. His uncle. But when he jierceivedthat by

fare was turned towards the east, and he had making him fight Antony, the senate
against
the north to hb left,and the south at his right.wished to debilitateboth antagonists;he chan-
 AU AV
ged his ^iews, and unitinghimself with lii"care. He visited all the provincesexcept
cnemyj soon formed the second triumvirate,in Africa and Sardinia,and his consummate dence
pru-
which his cruel proscriptions shed the inno-
cent and experience gave rise to many salu-
tary
blood of 300 senators and 2(30knights, and laws ; but it may be said,that he finished
did not even spare the lifeof his friend Cicero. w ilh a good grace, what he began with cruelty.
By the divisions which were made among the While making himself absolute,he took care
triumvirs, Augustus retained for himself the to leave his countrymen the shadow of liberty ;
more importantprovincesof the west, and and if under the character and office of perpe- tual
banished,as if it were, his colleagues, Lepidus tribune, of priest and imperator, he was
and Antony, to more distant tenitories. But invested with all the power of sovereignty, he
as long as the murderers of Caesar werealive,guardedagainst offending the jealous Romans,
the reigningtyrants had reasons for hension,
appre- by not assumingthe regal title. His refusal to
and therefore the forces of the tri- umvirateread the letters he found after Porapey'sde- feat,
were directed against the partisans arose more from fear than honour, and
of Brutus and the senate. The battle was cidedhe dreaded
de- the discoveryof names which
at Philippi. where it is said that the va-
lour would have perhapsunited to sacrificehis am- bition.

and conduct of Antony alone preserved His good qualities, and many virtues
the combined so-mies,and effected the defeat he perhapsnever possessed, have been trans-
mitted
of the republican forces. The head of the un- fortunate to posterity by the pen of adulation or
Brutus was carried to Rome, and in gratitude, in the poems of Virgil, Horace, and
insolent revenge thrown at the feet of Caesar's Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscu-
rity
statue. On his return to Italy, Augustusre- warded of the Octavii, and, if possible,to suppress
his soldiers with the lands of those that the remembrance of his uncle's violent fate,
had been proscribed ; but among the sufferers he aspired after a new title;and the submis-
sive
were many who had never injuredthe con-
queror senate yieldedto his ambition, by giving
of Philippi, especially Virgil,whose himthe honourable appellation of Augustus,
modest application procuredthe restitution of He has been accused of licentiousness and
his property. The friendship which subsisted adultery, by his biographer;but the goodness
between Augustusand Antony was broken as of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship,
soon as the fears of a third rival vanished away, which in some instances he possessed, made
and the aspiring heir of Ceesar was easily in- some
duced amends for his natural foibles. He was-
to take up arms by the littlejealousies ambitious of beingthoughthandsome; and as
and resentment of Fulvia. Her death, how-ever, he was publicly reportedto be the son of Apol-
lo,
retarded hostilities; the two rivals were accordingto his mother's declaration,he
reconciled; their united forces were fully
success- wished his flatterers to represent him with
directed againstthe younger Pompey; the figiu'e and attributes of that god. Like
and, to strengthentheir friendship, Antony Apollo,his eyes were clear,and he affected
agreedto marry Octavia, the sister of Augus-
tus. to have it thoughtthat theypossessedsome
But as this step was political, and not divine irradiation ; and was well pleased, if,
Octavia
dictated by affection, was slighted, and when he fixed his looks upon any body, they
Antony resignedhimself to the pleasures and held down their eyes as if oveixome by the
company of the beautifulCleopatra.Augus- tus glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguish-
ed
was incensed, and immediatelytook up himself by his learning; he Avas a perfect
arms to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and master of the Greek language, and wrote some

perhapsmore eagerlyto remove a man w^hose tragedies, besides .memoirs of his life,and
power and existence kept him in continual other works, all now lost. He was married
alarms, and made him dependent. Both par- ties three times; to Claudia,to Scribonia,and to
met at Actium, B. C. 31, to decide the Livia ; but he was unhappy in his matrimonial
fate of Rome. Antony was supportedby all connexions, and his only daughter,Julia,by
the power of the east, and Augustusby Italy.Scribonia,disgraced herselfand her father by
Cleopatrafled from the battle with 60 ships,the debaucheryand licentiousness of her man- ners.

and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, He recommended, at his death, hiv
who followed her into Egypt. The conqueror adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He
soon afterpassedinto Egypt,besieged Alexan-
dria, left his fortune partly to Tiberius, and to Drxis-
and honoured, with a magniticent funeral,sus, and made donations to the army and Ro- man
tlie unfortunate Roman, and the celebrated people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem af.
queen, whom the fear of beingled in the vic- tor's the desire of Augustus, whom he represented
triumphat Rome had driven to commit under the amiable and perfectcharacter of
suicide. After he had established peace all i^neas. Siieton. in vita. Horat."
Virgil." "

over world, Augustas shut up the gatesof Pans.

the Tacit " Patcrcu!.
.
Dio Ccuis. .
"

the templeof Janus,the year our Saviour was Oii(J. The namv3 of Jiiigusiuswas ailer-
feorn. It is said he twice resolved to lay down wards givento the successoi^ of Octavianus in
the supreme [)ower, immediately after the the Roman empire as a personal, and the
victoryobtained over Antony,and afterwards name of Caisar,as a family,distinction. In a
on of his illhealth ; but his friend Me-
account more distant periodof the empire,the titleof
csenas dissuaded him, and observed, that he Augustus was givenoulyto the emperor, while
would leave itto Ijcthe prey of t!iemost poAv- tiiatofCa;sar was bestowed on the second per-
son
erful,and expose himself to ingratitude and to in the state,who was considered as pre-
danger. H" died at Nola, in the 76th year of sumjitive
heir.
his age, A. D. 14, after he had held the so-
vereign AviDiF.Nvs. a rich and sordid man whom
power during 44 years. Augustus Horat. styles happy,2 Ser. 2, v. 55.
was an active emperor, and consulted the Avinius Cassius, a man saluted empe-
ror,
good of the Romans tn-lthth? mostanxions A. D. 175. He reignedonly three mouth*.
 AU AU

and was assassinatedby a centurion. He was was assassinated near Byzantium, A. D. 275,
called a second Catiline,from his excessive 29th January, by his soldiers,whom Mnes-
love of bloodshed. Diod. theus had incited to rebellion againsttheir
This Mnestheus had been threaten-
ed
RuFus Fkstus Avienus, a poet in the emperor.
of Theodosius, who translatedthe phe-
nomena with death, for some illbehaviour to the
age
of Aratus, as also all Livy,into Iambic emperor, and therefore he meditated hi"

verses. The best edition of what remains of death. The soldiers, however, soon repented
8vo. 1731. of their ingratitude and crueltyto Aurelian,
him, is that of Cannegetier,
AviTus, a governor of JBritain under Nero. and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild
Tacit. An. 14. Alcinus, a christian poet; beasts. A physician of the fourth centuiy.
who wrote a poem in 6 books on original sin, Aurelius, emperor of Rome. Vid Anto-
ninus
"c. Bassianus. A painterin the age of

Avium, a citybetween Tyre and Sidon. Augustus. Plin. 35. Victor,an historian
Slrah. 16. in the age of Julian,two of whose compositions
the are extant, an account of illustriousmen, and
AuLERcij a people of Gaul, between
Seine and the Loire. a biographyof all the Caesars to Julian. The
AuLESTEs, a king of the Etrurians when best editions of Aurelius are the 4to. of Artu-
JEneas came Italy. Virg.
into JEn. 12,v. 290. zenius, Amst. 1733, and the 8vo. of Pitiscus,
Utr. 1696. Antoninus, Vid.
AuLETKs, a generalwho assisted ^Eneas in an emperor.
100 ships. Virg JEn. 10, v. 207. Antoninus.
Italy,with
The surname of one of the Ptoleraean AuREOLus, a general who assumed the pur-
ple
kings,father to Cleopatra. in the age of Gallienus.
AuLis, a daughterof Ogyges. Paws. Exotic. AuRiNiA, a prophetessheld in greatvene- ration

A town of Boeotia near Chalcis on the by the Germans. Tacit. Gei^n. 8.

sea coast, where all the Greeks conspired Aurora, a goddess,daughterof Hyperion
against Troy. They were detained there by and Thia or Thea, or, accordingto others,of
Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, of
contrary winds, by the anger of Diana, whose son

favourite staghadbeen killed by Agamemnon. Crius, and brother to Perses, was her father)
To appease the resentment of the goddess,hence her surname of Pallantias. She mar-
ried

Agamemnon was obligedto sacrifice his own Astraeus,by whom she had the winds, the
daughterIphigenia, whom, however, Diana stars, ".C. Her amours with Tithonus and
sparedby substituting a ram. Virg.JEn. 4, Cephalusare also famous; by the former,she
V. 426." On'rf.Met. 12,v. 9, he. Homer. 11. had Memnon and .^mathion, and Phajton by
2, V. 303. the latter. [Vid.Cephalus and Tithonus.]
AuLON, a mountain of Calabria,oppositeShe had also an intrigue with Orion,whom she
Tarentiim, famous for its wine, which, ac- cording carried to the island of Delos, where he was
to Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 18, is superior to killed by Diana's arrows. Aurora is generally
that of Falernum. Martial. 13, ep. 125. "
representedby the poets drawn in a rose-
Strab. 6. A placeof Messenia. Paas. coloured chariot,and opening with her
rosy
AuLONius, a surname of ^sculapius. fingers the gates of the east, pouringthe dew
AuLus, a preenomen, common among the upon the earth,and making the flowers grow.
Romans. Gellius. Vid. Gellius. Her chariot isgenerally drawn by white horses,
Auras, an European river, flowinginto and she is covered with a veil. JXox and Som-
the Ister from mount Heemus. Herudot. 4, nus flybefore her, and the constellations of
0.49. heaven disappearat her approach. She al- ways
AuRELiA LEX, was enacted A, U. C. 653, sets out before the sun, and is the fore-
runner
by the pretorL. Aurelius Cotta, to invest the of his rising.The Greeks call her
Senatorial! and Equestrianorders,and the Eos. Homer. II. 8, Od. 10. Hymn, in Vener. "

Tribuni ^Erarii, with judicial power. ther,

Ano- Olid. Met. 3, 9, 15." Mpollod.1, 3." Virg.
A. U. C. 678. It abrogateda clause of JEn. 6, V. 535 Varro. de L. L. 5, he.
"
He- "

the Lex Cornelia, and permitted the tribunes siod. Theog. Hygin.pref.
"
fab.
to hold other olfices after the expiration of the Aukunce, an ancient town of Latium, built
tiibuneship. by An son, the son of Ulyssesby Calypso.
AuRELiA, a town of HispaniaBtetica. Virg.^n. 7, v. 727, "c
Tiie mother of J. Caisar. Suet, in Cas. '74. AuscmSiE, a peopleof Libya. Herodot.A,
A fishwoman. Juv. 4, v. 98. c. 17L
AuREMANus, emperor of Rome after Ausci, a peopleof Gaul.
Flavius Claudius,was austere,and even cruel AusER, AusEKis, and Anser, a river of
in the execution of the laws, and punishedhis Etruria,which joins the Arnus before it falls
soldiers with unusual severity.He rendered into the Tyrrhene sea.
himself famous for his military character; and AusEs, a people of Mrica, whose virgins
his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated yearlyfight with sticks in honour of Minerva.
queen of Palmyra,gainedhim gieathonours. She who behaves with the greatestvalour re- ceives
He beautified Rome, was charitable to the unusual honour, Lc. Herodot. 4, c. 180,
poor, and the author of many salutary laws. AusoN, a son of Ulyssesand Calypso,from
He was iiaturally brave ; and in all the battles whom the Ausones, a peopleof Italy, are scended.
de-
he fought, it is said,he killed no less than 800
jnen witli his own hand. In his triumph he AusoNiA, one of the ancient names of
exhil)ilcd to the Romans, peopleof 15 differ- ent Italy, which itreceived from Auson the son of
nations, all of whidi he had conquered.Ulysses.If Virgilmakes iEneas speak of
He was the firstemperor who wore a diadem. Ausonia, it is by anticipation. Virg.JEn. 3,
After a gloriousreign of six years, as he V. 171.
mardicd againstthe nortlieru barbarians,
he Decim, Magnus Ausoyiws, a poet, born
 AU AZ
at Bourdeaux in Gaul, in the 4th century,pre- of Corinth. At his death, B. C. 779, annual
septor to Gratian,"on of the emperor Valen- magistrates, called Prytanes,were chosen at
tinian, and made consul by the means of his Corinth,and their
power continued 90 years,
pupil. His compositionshave been longad- mired.
till Cypselus, and his son Periander made
The thanks he returned the emperor themselves absolute.
Gratian is one of the best of his poems, which AuTOMoLi, a nation of .Ethiopia.Hero-
were too often hurried for publication, and dot. 2.
consequently not perfect.He wrote the con-
sular AuTONoE, a daughter of Cadmus, who
fastiof Rome, an useful performance,married Aristaeus, by whom she had Actaeon,
now lost. His styleis occasionally obscene, often called Autoneius heros. The death of
and he has attemptedupon the words of Vir- gil, her son [Vid.Actaeon]was so painfulto her,
what revolts every thingagainst his indeli-
cacy. that she retired from Bceotia to Megara,where
The best edition is that of ToUius, 8vo. she soon after died. Paus. 1, c. 44. Hygin. "

L.Bat. 1671} or that of Jaubert,with a French fab. 179." Oi'ifZ.Met. 3, v. 720. One of
4 vols. 12mo. Paris,17C9.
ti'anslation, the Danaides. Jipollod. 2. One of the Ne-
reides.
Auspices,sacerdotal order at Rome, near-
a ly Hesiod. Theog. A female servant
the same as the augurs. Vid. Augures. of Penelope. Homer. Od. 18.
AusTER, one of the winds blowing from the AuTOPHKADATEs, a satrap of Lydia, who
south,whose breath was pernicious to llowers revolted from Artaxerxes. Diod.
as well as to health. He was parent of rain. AuTURA, the Eurcy a river of Gaul which
Virg.Ed. 2, v. 58. Vid. Venti. fallsinto the Seine.
AusTESiox, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. AuxEsiA and DAMiA,two virgins who came
His son Theras led a colony into an island,from Crete to Trcezene,where the inhabitants
which, from him, was called Thera. Heredot. stoned them to death in a sedition. The E))i-
4. Pans.
"
daurians raised them statues by order of the
AuTOBULUs, a painter.Plin. 35. oracle, when their country was become ren.
bar-
Autochthones, the original inhabitants of They were held in great veneration at
a country who are the first possessors of it,Trcezene. Herodot. 5, c. 82. Paus. 2, c. 30.
"

and who never have mingledwith other na- tions. AxEKUs, the ancient name of the Euxine
The Athenians called themselves Au- tochthones,
sea. The word signifies inhospitable, which
and boasted that they were as old was highlyapplicable to the manners of the
as the country which they inhabited. Pans. ancient inhabitants of the coast. Ovid. 4.
I, c. 14. Tacit, de Germ.
" Cic. dt Oral. 3, Trist.4, V. 56.
"

c. 83. AxiocHus, a philosopher,to whom Plato

AuTocLES, an Athenian, sent by his trymen
coun- dedicated atreatise concerningdeath.
with a fleet to the assistance of Alex-
ander AxioN, brotlier of Alphesibosa,murdered
of Pheras. Alcmaeon, her sister's husband, because
he
AuTocRATEs, au historiao mentioned
wished to recover from her a goldennecklace.
by
Athen. 9 and 11. Vid. Alcmajon and Alphesiboea.
AuTOLOLiE, a people of Mauritania, scended
de- AxioTEA, a woman who regularlywent in
from the Gsetuli. They excelled all a man's dress to hear the lectures of Plato.
their neighboursin running. Lucan. 4, v. AxioTHEA, the wife of Nicocles,king of
677. Cyprus. Polyam.8.
AuToLYcus, a son of Mercuiy by Chione, Axis, a town of Umbria. Prop.4.
a daughterof Daedalion. He was one of the Axius, a river of Macedonia. Herodot 7,
Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been c. 123.
'

greatlycelebrated. He stole the flocks of his AxoNA, a river of BelgicGaul, which falls
neighbours, and mingled them with his own, into the Seine below Paris. The inhabitan(8
after he had changed their marks. He did the of the neighbourhoodare called Axones.
same to Sisyphusson of tEoIus ; but Sisyphus AxuR and Anxur, a surname of Jupiter,
was as craftyas Autolycus,and he knew his who had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly,He
own oxen by a markwhich he had made under was represented as a beardless youth.

their feet. Autolycuswas so pleasedwith the Axus, a town about the middle of Crete.
artifice of Sisyphus, that he immediatelyform- ed Apollod.
an intimacywith him, and even permitted AzAN, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to
him freely to enjoythe company of his daugh-
ter Cybele. A son of Areas, king of Arcadia,
Anticlea,who became pregnant of Ulys-
ses, by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his
and was soon after married to Laertes. father's kingdom with his brothers Aphidas
Vid. Sisyphus,Laertes. Hygin.fab. 200, kc. and Elatus, and called his share Azania.
Grid. Met. 1, fab. Q."Jipollod. I." Homer. Od. There was in Azaniaa fountain called Clilorl-
14. A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. Hy- us, whose w^aters gave a dislike for wine to
gin.fab. 14. those who drank them. Vitruv. 8, c. 3. Ovid. "

Automate, one of the Cyclades, called Met. 15, V. 322." Pans. 8, c. 4.

also Hera. Plin. 2, c. 37. A daughterof AziRis, a place of Libya, smTOunded on

Danaus. both sides by delightful hills covered with

AuTOMEDON, a son of Dioreus, who went trees, and watered by a river where Battus
to the Trojan war with ten ships. He was the built a town. Herodot. 4, c. 157.
charioteer of Achilles,after whose death he AzoNAx, a man who taughtZoroaster the
served Pyrrhusin the same capacity.Homer. art of magic. Plin. 30.
II. 9, IG,k.c." Virg. JEn. 2, v. 477. AzoRus, one of the Argonauts.
AuTOMEDiJsA, a daughter of Alcathous, AzoTus, now jlshdod,a largetown of Syria,
killed by Tydens. ^polled. 2. on the borders of the .Mediterranean. Joseph.
AuTOME.NES, one pf the lleraclidae, king Jlnt.Jud. 15.
 BA BA
Roman, who, by tUe help ol Bacchiad^, a Corinthian familydescend-
ed
BABILIUS,
certain herb,
a said
^

have parsedin
is to from Bacchia, daughter of Dionysius.In
six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. their nocturnal orgies,they,as some report,
Plin. pram. 19. tore to piecesActaeon,son of Melissus, which
Baeilus, an astrologer in Nero's age, who so enragedthe father, that before the altar he
told the emperor to avert the danger which entreated the Corinthians to revenge tliedeath
seemed to hang upon his head, from the ap- of his son, and immediatelythrew himself in-
pearance to
of an hoirycomet, by putting allthe the sea. Upon this the BacchiadiB were
leadingmen of Rome to death. His advice banished,and went to settlein Sicily, between
was faithfullyfollowed. Sneto7i.inJVer.c. 36. Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 407.
Babylon, a son of Belus,who, as some pose, Slrab. 8.
sup-
founded a city which bears his name Bacchides, a generalwho betrayed the
A celebrated city, tlie capital of the Assyriantown of Sinopeto Lucullus. Strab. 12.
empire,on the banks of the Euphrates. It had Bacchis or Balus, king of Corinth, suc- ceeded
100 brazen gates; aud its walls, which were his father Prumnides. His successors
cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlargedwere alwayscalled Bacdiide,in remembrance
"nd embellished by the activity of Semiramis; of the equityand moderation of his reign.
measured 480 stadia in circumference, 60 cu-
bits The Bacchidse increased so much, that they
in thickness,and 200 in height.It v,as chose one of their number to presideamong
taken by Cyrus,B. C. 638, after he had drain- ed them with regalauthority, and it is said that
the waters of the Euphrates into a new the sovereign power continued in their hands
channel, and marched his troopsby nightinto near 200 years. Cypselusoverturned this in- stitution
the town, throughthe dried bed ; and itis said by making himself absolute. Strab.
that the fate of the extensive capital was uij- S."Paus. 2, c. 4.--Herodot. 5, c. 92." Ovid.
known to the inhabitants of the distant faub- Met. 5, V. 407.
urbs tilllate in the evening. Babylonbecame Bacchium, a small island in the iEgean sea,
famous for the death of Alexander, and for opposite Smyrna. Plin. 5, c. 3.
the new empire which was afterwards esta-
blished Bacchius and Bithus, two celebrated
there under the Seleucidse. [Firf. Syria.]gladiators of equalage and strengtli; whence
Its greatnesswas so reduced in succeedingthe proverb to express equality, Bithus con-
tra

ages, accordingto Pliny's observations,that Bacchium. Sueton. in Aug. Horat. 1,sat.

"

in his lime it w^as but a desolate wilderness,7, v. 20.

and at presentthe place where it stood is un- known Bacchus, was son of Jupitei* and Semele,
to travellers. The inhabitants were the daughterof Cadmus. After she had en-joyed

cai'Iy acquaintedwith astrology.FUn. 6, c. the company of Jupiter, Semele was

126. Hcrodol. 1, 2, 3.
" Justin. 1, k.c. JDiod. deceived, and perishedby the artifice of
"
"

2. Xtnoph.Ci/rop.
"
7, kc. Propert.
"

3, el. 11, Juno. This goddess,always jealousof her

V. 21" Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 2." Martial. 9, ep. 77. husband's amours, assumed the shape of Be-
There is also a town of the same name roe, Semele's nurse, and persuadedSemele
near tlieBubastic branch of the Nile,in Egypt. that the lover whom she entertained was not
Babylonia, a largeprovinceof Assyria, of Jupiter, but a false lover,and that to prove
which Babylon was the capital.The inhabi-
tants his divinity she oughtto beg of him, if hs
shook off the Assyrianyoke, and after- wards reallywere Jupiter, to come to her bed with
became very powerful. The surname "

the same majestyas he courted the embraces

of Seleucia, which rose from the ruins of Baby-
lon, of Juno. The artifice succeeded, and wiien
under the successors of Alexander. Plin. Jnpiterpromised Irismistress whatever she
6, 26. asked, Semele
c. requiredhim to visither with
Babykonii, the inhabitants of Babylon, all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unabl"
famous for their knowledge of astrology,first to violate his oath,tmd Semele unwiliingto tract
re-
divided the year into 12 months, and the zo-
diac it ; therefore,as she was a mortal, and
into 12 signs. unable to bear the majestyof Jupiter,
she was
Babyrsa, a fortifiedcastle near Artaxata. consumed, and reduced to ashes.
The child,
Slrab. 11. of which she had been pregnant for seven
Babytace, a city of Armenia, whose in- months, was with difficulty saved from the
h.'ibitantsdespise gold. Piiii.6, c. 27. flames;mid put in his father'sthigh, where he
Bacabasus, betrayedthe snares of Arta- remained the full time he naturally va as to
banus, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. have been in his mother's womb. From this
Jiistiji. 3, c. 1. circumstance Bacchus has been called Bima-
Baccii^, the priestesses of Bacchus. Paus. ler. Accordingto
some, Dirce, a nymph of
2, c. 7. the Achelous, saved him from the flames.
Bacchanalia? festivalsin honour of Bac- chus There are dillcrent traditions concerningthe
at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the manner of his education. Ovid says, that af- ter
Greeks. Vid. Dionysia. his birth,he was broughtup by his aunt
Bacchantes, priestesses of Bacchus, who Ino, and afterwards intrusted to the care of
are representedat the celebration of the or- gies the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes, that
almost naked, with garlandsof ivy,witii Mercury carried him, as soon as born, to the
a thyrsus and dishevelled hair. Their looks nym|)hsof IVysa; and ApoUoniussays, that he
ai-c wild, and theyutter dreadful sounds, and Avas carried by Mercury to a nymph in the
clash diflVrent musical instruments together. island of Eubcea,whence he was driven by the-
They are also called Thyades and Menades. power of Juno, who was the chief deityof th^
OriJ. Mil. G, V. b92."Uorat. 3, od. 2o." Pro- place. Some support,that Pvasus can boast
pert. 3, el. 21. Lucan. 1, v. 074.
"

of the place of his education, under the

Bacchi, a moiiuUiin of Thrace, near Phi- nymphs Philia; GoroniS; and Ciyda. Pausii
Itppi.
,/ippifin
 BA BA
nias relatesa traditionwhich prevailed in the of Egypt. The festivalsof Bacchus, generally
townof BrcLsifiein l^eloponiiesus;and accord-
ingly called Orgies,Bacchanalia,or Dionysia,were
mentions, that Cadmus, as soon as he introduced into Greece from Egypt by Danaus
heard of his daughter's amours, shut her up. and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries
with her child latelyborn, in a coffer,and ex-
posed which arose from the celebration of these fes-
tivals
them oa the sea. The corter was ried
car- are will known. IVid.Dionysia.]The
safe by the waves to the coast of Brasiae ; amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He
but Semele was found dead aud the child married Ariadne, after she had been forsaken
alive. Semele was honoured with a raagaifi- by Theseus in the island of Naxes; and by
cent funeral, and Bacchus properlyeducated. her he had many children,among whom were
This diversity of opinionsshows that there Ceranus, Thoas, (Enopion,Tauropolis, ",c.
were many of the same name. Diodorus Accordingto some, he was the father of Hy-
speaksof three,and Cicero of a greater num- ber menaeus, whom tbe Athenians made the god
; but among them all, the son of Jupiterof marriage.The Egyptianssacrificed pigsto
and Semele seems to have obtamed the merit him, before the doors of their houses. The fir-
of the rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyp- tians,tree, the yew-tree, the fig-tree, the ivy,and
and his history isdi'awn from the Egyp- tian the vine, were sacred to him ; and the goat
traditions concerningthat ancient king. was generally sacrificed to him on account of
Bacchus assisted the gods in their wai's againstthe great propensity of that animal to destroy
the giants, and was cut to pieces ; but the son the vine. Accordingto Pliny,he was the first
of Semele was not then born: this tradition who ever wore a crown. His beautyis com-
pared
therefore is taken from the historyof Osiris, to that of Apollo, and, like him"i he is re-
presented
who was killed by his brother Typhon, and the with fine hair loosely flowingdowa
worship of Osiris has been introduced by Or- pheushis shoulders,and he is said to possess eternal
into Greece, underthe name of Bacchus, youth. Sometimes he has hornS; either be- cause
in his youth he was taken asleepin the island he taughtthe cultivation of the earth
of Naxos, aud carried away by some mariners, with oxen, or because Jupiter, his father, ap-
peared
whom he changed into dolphins, except the to him in the deserts of Libya under
pilot, who had expressed some concern at his the shape of a ram, and suppliedhis thirsty-
misfortune. His expeditioninto the east is army with water. Bacchus went down to hell
most celebrated. He marched at the head to recover his mother, whom Jupiterwillingly
of an army composed of men, as well as of made a goddess,under the name of Thyone.
women, all inspiredwith divine fury,and The three persons of the name of Bacchus,
armed with thyrsuses, cymbals, and other which Diodorus mentions, are, the one who
musical instruments. The leader was drawn conqueredthe Indies,and
is surnamed the
in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was bearded Bacchus
Jupiterand Pro-
serpine,
; a son of
accompanied by Pan and Silenus,and all the represented whowith horns ; and
was

satyrs. His conquests were easy and with-

out the son of Jupiter and Semele, called the Bac-
chus
bloodshed;the people easilysubmitted, of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero
and gratefully elevated to the rank of a god are, a son of Proserpine ; a son of Nisus, who
the hero who taug-ht them the use of the vine, built Nysa; a son of Caprius, who reignedin
the cultivation of the eai-th,and the manner the Indies ; a son of Jupiter and the moon ; and
of making honey. Amidst his benevolence a son of Thyone and Nisus. Cic. de JYat. D.
to mankind, he was relentless in punishing2 and 3."Pam. 2, c. 22, 37, 1. 3, c. 24, 1.5, c.
all want of respect to his divinity ; and the 19,Uc."Herodot. 1, c. 150, 1. 2, c. 42, 48, 49,
punishmenthe inflicted on Pentheus, Agave, Plut. in hid. Sf Osir."Diod. 1, 3, kc" pheus
Or-
Lycurgus, kc. is well known. He has re-
ceived in Dioni/s.Apollod.1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 4,
"

the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyaeus,6ic. Ovid. Met. 3, fab, 3, he. Amor.
"

3, 1.3,
Evan, Thyonaeus,Psilas,i^c. which are most-
ly Fast. 3, V. Ilo."Hygln. fab. 155, 167, kc"
derived from the placeswhere he received Plin. 7, c. 56, 1.8, c. 2, 1.36, c. 5." Homer. IL
adoration, or from the ceremonies obsei'ved 6. Lad. de fals.Rel. 1, c. 22.
"

Virg. G.2, "

in his festivals. As he was the god of vin-

tage, "^c. Euripid in Bacch. Lucian. de Sacrif.
"
"

rally de Baccho. in dial. Deor

of wine, and of drinkers,he is gene- Appian. in Cyfieg. "

representedcrowned with vine and ivy PliiLostrai.

1, Icon. c. 50.
"
Senec. in Ctior. "

leaves,with a thyrsusin his hand. His figure(Edip."Martial. 8, ep. 26, 1. 14, ep. 107.
is that of an etieminate young man, to denote Bacchylidjes,a lyricpoet of Cos, nephevif
tlie joy which commonly prevailat feasts ; to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the
and sometimes that ofold man, to teach us praises
an of Hiero. Some of his vei*ses have
that wine taken immoderatelywiUeiiervate us, been preserved. Marcel.
consume our health,render us loquacious and Bacenis, a wood in Germany. CoiS. Bell.
childish like old men, and unable to keep se- crets. Gall. 6, c. 10,
The pantheris sacred lo him, because Bacis, a famous soothsayer of Bojotia. Cic.
he went in his expedition covered with the 1,de Div. C.34. A kingof Corinth, called
skin of that beast. The magpye is also his fa-
vouritealso Bacchis. Vid. Bacchis. An athlete of
bird,because in triumphspeoplewere Trcezene. Paus. 6.
permittedto speak witii baldness and liberty. Bactra (ormny)now Balk, the capital of
Bacchus is sometimes represented fant,Bactriana,on the river Bactros in Asia. F/rg.
like an in-
holding a thyrsus and cluster of grapes, G. 2, V. ISS."Strab. 2.
with a horn. He often appears naked, and ri- ding Bactri and Bactriani, the inhabitants of
upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the Eirms Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and
of vSile.nus,
who was his foster-father. He also were always under arms. They ga.e to their
sitii
upon a celestial globe,bespangled with dogs those who died tlirougii
old age, or ease,
dis-
stars,and is then the same as the Sun or Osiris and sufferedslaves and strangerito take
 BA BA
ivhalever liberties they pleasedwith their abandoned when he attemptedthe lifeof D'a-
wives. They were conquered by Alexander rius. Diod 17.
the Great. Curt. 4, c. 6, "c. Plin. 6, c. 23." Bagophanes, a governor of Babylon,who
Flut. in vitios.ad infel. siiff. Herodot. 1 and 3. when
"
Alexander approached the city,strew-
ed

Bactriana, a country of Asia, fruitfulas all the streets and burned incense on

well as extensive. It formed once part of the the altars, ",c. Curt. 5, c. 1.
Persian empire,on the eastern partsof which Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Afri-
ca
it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient near Utica, where Regulus killed a ser- pent
120 feet long. Plin. 8, c. 14.
king of this country,who taughthis subjects
the art of magic and astrology.Diod. 2. Bai^e, a city of Campania near
"
the sea,
Justin. 1, c. 1. founded by Baius, one of the companions of
Bactros, now Dahesh, a river on the bor-ders Ulysses. It was famous for itsdelightful tion
situa-
of Asiatic Scythia,from which ana
Bactri- and baths, where many of the Romaa
receives its name. Lucan. 3, v. 267. senators had country iiousea. Its ancient gran-
deur,
Bacuntius, a river of Pannonia, which however, has now disappeared,and
fallsinto the Save above Sirmium. Baiae, with its magnificent villas, has yielded
Badaca, a town of Media. Diod. 19. to the tremendous earthquakeswhich afflict
Badia, a town of Spain, Val. Max. 3, c. 7. and convulse Italy,and it is no longerto be
Badius, a Campanian, who challengedT. found. Martial. 14, ep. 81, Horat. \,ep. 1. "

Q. Crispinus, one of his friends,by whom he "Strab. 5.

was killed. Liv. 35, c. 18. Bala, a surname of Alexander king of ria.
Sy-
Baduhennte, a place in the country of the Justin.
35, c. 1,
Frisii,where 900 Romans were killed. Tacit. Balacrus, an officer in Alexander's my,
ar-

4. Mn. c. 73. who took

Miletus. Curt. 4, c. 13."""
B^BiA LEX was enacted for the election of Another who commanded
officer, some iaries.
auxil-
4 pretorsevery other year. Liv. 40. ther
Ano- Id. 4, c. 5.
law by M. Baebius a tribune of the peo-
ple, BALANAGRiE, a towH of Cyrenc. Paus.
which forbade the division of the lands, 2, c. 26.
whilst it substituted a yearlytax to be paidby Balanea, a town between Syria and PhcB-
the possessors, and to be divided among the nicia. Plin. 5, c. 20.
people. Appian 1. Balanus, a prince of Gaol, who assisted
M. B^Bius, a Roman, in whose consulshipthe Romans in theu' Macedonian war, A. U.
the tomb of Numa was discovered. Plut. in C. 581." Lit;. 44, c. 14.
Num. Val. Max.
"
1,c. 1. Lucius, a RomanSardinia, Liv. 41,
Balari, a people of
pretor,who, beingsurprised by the Ligurians,c. 6.
fled to Marseilles, where he died three days C. Balbillus, a learned and benevolent
after. Liv. 37, c. 57. man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote
B.^Tis, a river of Spain,from which a part the histoiy, under JNero. Tacit. Ann. 13,
of the country has received the name of Bati- c. 22,
ca. It was formerlycalled Tartessus,and now Balbinus, an admirer of Agna, mention-
ed
bears the name of Guadalquiver.The wool Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 40. A Roman,
produced there was so good that Boetica was who, aftergoverningprovinces with credit and
an epithet of merit, applied tial. honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized
to garments. Mar-
12, ep. 100. tlie purple. He was some time after murder-
ed
Bteton, a Greek historian in the age of Al- A. D. 238.
exander.by his soldiers,
Balbus, a mountain of Africa,famous
Bagistame, a delightful
countryof Media. for tlie retreat of Masinissa, after he had
Diod. 17. foughta battle againstSyphax.
Bagistanes, a friend of Bessus,whom he L. Balbus, a lawyer, k.c. one among the
abandoned when he murdered Darius. Curl. pupilsof Scaivola. A man killed by the
6, c. 13. assassins of the triumvirs.
Bacoas and Bagosas, an Egyptian eunuch
Baleares, three islands in the Mediter-
ranean,
in the court of Artaxerxes Ocliius, so ful
power- modernly called Majorca, Minorca,
that nothing could be done without his and Yvica,on the coast of Spain. The word
consent. He led some troops againstthe is derived from Cct^^n.to throw, because the
Jews, and profanedtheir temple.He poisoned inhabitants were expert archers and slingers,
Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife besides greatpirates.We are told by Florus,
handles with his bones, because he had killed that the mothers never gave their children
the god Apis. He placedon the throne Ar-ses, breakfast before theyhad struck with an arrow
the youngest of the slaughtered prince'sa certain mark in a tree. When a woman was
children,and afterwards put him to death. married,she was not admitted to her husband's
He was at last killed,B. C. 335, by Darius, bed before she had received the embraces of
whom, alter raising to the crown, he had at- all her relations. The
tempted inhabitants were turally
na-

to poison.Diod. 16 and 17. ther,

Ano- of a lascivious propensity, and in their
greatly esteemed by Alexander. He was wars theyrequirednothingbut females and
the cause that one of the satraps was put to wine, and often changed i'ourmen for one
death by the most excruciatingtorments. Curt. woman. 67r"6. 14. Flor. 3, c. 8. Diod. 5. " "

10,c. 1. Plut. in Alex.

"
The name of Ba- Balktus, a son of Hippo, who firstfound- ed
goas occurs very frequently in the Persian his-
tory Corinth. Palercul. 1, c. 3.
; and it seems tliat most of the eunuchs Balius, a horse of Achilles. Homer. Ih
ot flic monarchs of Per.sia were generally16, v. 146.
knoAVi. by tliatappellation. Bahsta, a mountain of Liguria.Liv
Bagodares, a iriend of Bessus, whom he 40, c. 41.
 BA BA
Ballosoti, a peopleof European Sarmatia. disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such
Tlacc. 6, V. 160. as fellin war. ^^lian. de Aniin 10,c. 22.
BalnejE, (baths)were very numerous at Barathrum, a deep and obscure gulfat
Rome, private as well as public. In the an- cient Athens, where criminals were thrown." ^The
times simplicity was observed, but in word is appliedto the infernal regions by Val.
the ?L%e of the emperors they became expen-
sive Flacc. 2, V. 86 and 192.
; they were used after walking,exercise, Barbari, a name originally appliedto those
or labour, and were deemed more necessary who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and
tham luxurious. Under the emperors it be-
came difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally
so fashionable to bathe, that without called all nations, except their own, by the des- picable
this the meanest of the peopleseemed to be name of barbarians.
deprivedof one of the necessaries of life. Barbaria, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44y
There were certain hours of the day appointed c. 31 A name given to Phrygia and Troy.
for bathing,
and a small piece of money mitted
ad- Horat. 1,ep. 2, v. 7.
the poorestas well as the most lent.
opu- Bakbatus, the surname of a Roman family.
In the baths there were ments Suet. CI. 21.
separate apart-
for the peopleto dress and to undress : Barbosthenes, a mountain of Peloponne-
sus,
afid,afterthey had bathed, they commonly 10 miles from Sparta. Liv. 35, c. 27.
covered themselves, the hair was plucked Barbythace, a cityof Persia. Plin. 6,
out of the skin, and the body rubbed over c. 27.
with a pumice stone, and perfumed to render Barca, a friend of Cato the elder. Plut. in
it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors Cat.
generally built baths,and all endeavoured to Barc.ci, or BARciTiE, a warlike nation of
eclipseeach other in the magnificence of the Africa, near Carthage. Virg.JEn. 4, v. 43.
building.It is said,that Dioclesian employed Barce, the nurse of Sichaeus. Virg.JEn.
40;000 of his soldiers in buildinghis baths ; 4, V. 632. A largecountry of Africa. ="

and when they were finished,he destroyedAlso a cityaboutnine miles fromthesea, found- ed
all the workmen. Alexander
Severus first by the brothei-s of Archesilaus king of Cy-
permittedthe peopleto them in the night,rene, 515 years before the christian era.
use Stra-
aiid he liimselfof;en bathed with the common bo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais)
people. For some time both sexes bathed but this arises because most of the inhabitants
pr-jmiscuously and without shame, and the retired to Ptolemais,whichwas on the sea-coast,
edicts of the emperors proved abortive for a to enrich themselves by commerce. Strab. 17.
while in abolishing that indecent custom Ptol.4,C.4.
" A small village of Bactriana,
"which gradually destroyed the morals of the where the people who had been taken pri- soners
people. They generally read in bathing,and by Darius in Africa, were confined.
we find many compositionswritten in the Herodot. 4, c. 204. A cityof Media, tin.
Jus-
midst of thisluxurious enjoyment. 1, c. 7.
Balventius, a centurion of great valour Barcha, the surname of a noble family at
in Ciesar's army, killed by Ambiorix. Cces. Carthage, of which Annibal and Hamilcar were
Bell. Gall. 5, c. 35. descended. By means of their bribes and in-
fluence,
Balyras, a river of Peloponnesus. Pans. 4, theyexcited a great faction,which is
C.33. celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the
Bamuru.5;,a people of Libya. Hal. 3, v. name of the Barchinian faction, and at last
303. raised themselves to power, and to the inde-
pendent
Bantia, now 5/. Maria de Vanse, a town disposal of all the offices of trust or
of Apulia,whence BatUinns. Horat. 3, od. 4. emolument in the state. Liv 21, c.2 and 9.
V. 15. Bard.?;i, a peopleof Ulyricum,concerned
L. Bantius, a gallantyouth of Nola, whom in the factions of Marius. Plut. in Mario.
JVnnibal found, after the battle of Cannag, al-
most Bardi, a celebrated sacerdotal order among
dead amongst the heap of slain. He w as the ancient Gauls, who praisedtheir heroes,
sent back
home with great humanity, upon and published their fame in their verses, or on
which he resolved to betrayhis country to so musical instruments. They were so esteemed
generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman and respectedby the people,that,at their
generalheard of it,and rebuked Bantius, who sight, two armies who were engaged in battle
continued firm and faithfulto the interest of laid down their arms, and submitted to their
Rome. Liv. 35, c. 15. orders. They censured,as well as commend- ed,
Baphv'rus,a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44. the behaviour of the people. Lucan. 1,v.
e. 6. 447." Strab. 4."Marrell. 15, c. 24.
Bapt.'E, the priestsof Cotytto, the goddess Bardvllis, an Illyrianprince, whose
of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus.
Her festivalswere celebrated in the night,and Plut. in Pyrrh.
so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of Bareas Soranus, a youth killed by his
the priests,that they disgustedeven a stoic
Cotytto tutor Egnatius, philosopher.
Juv. 3, v.
herself,
though the goddessof obscenity.The 116.
name is derived from ^-rru^ to wash, because Bares, a naval officer of Persia,who wished
the bathed themselves
priests in the most feminate
ef- to destroyCyrene, but was opposedby Ama-
manner. Juv. 2, y. 91. A dy
come- sis. Herodo't.
4, c. 203.
of
Eupolis,in which men are introduced Bargusii, a peopleof Spain,at the east of
dancingon the stage,with allthe indecent ges-
tures the Iberus. Liv. 21, c. 19.
01 common prostitutes. Bargyli.*:, a town of Caria.
Bar;ei,a peopleof Colchis and Iberia,who Barise, a prostitute whom Horace accuses
burnt the bodies of theirfriends who died bV of perjury,2,od. 8.
 BA BA
Barisses, one of the seven conspirators Julius,an orator in the reigHof Augas-
againt the usurper Sraerdis. Cttsia^. tus^some of whose orations have been preserv-
ed
Barium, a town of Apulia,on the Adriatic, by Seneca. A man spoken of by Ho-race
called Bari, and remarkable for its fine 1, od. 36, V. 14, and described as fond of
now
fish. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 97. wine and women.
Barsuus, a town of Macedonia, near He- Bastarn^ and Bastern.'e, a people of
raclea. Strab. 7. European Sarmatia, destroyedby a sudden
ridiculed by Horace storm as theypursuedthe Thracians. Liv. 40,
Barrus, a man as

of his Horat. 1, Sat. 6, 30. 58." Ovid. Prist % v, \%8." Strab. 7.

proud beauty. v. V.

Barsine and Barsene, a daughterof Da- rius, Bastia, the wife of Metellus. Liv. ep. 89.
who married Alexander, by whom she Bata, a sea-portof Asia, on the Euxine,
had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered oppositeSinope. Strab. 6,
her and her child to be put to death. Justin- Batavi, a people of Germany, who habited
in-
1.
13, c. 2, 15, c. 2."Arrian. that part of -the continent known der
un-

Barzaentes, a satrap who revolted from the modern name of Holland, and called
Alexander, inc. Curt. 8, c. 13. by the ancients 2)a/at'orur/i in^u/a, Liv. 4, c.
Barzanes, a king of Armenia, tributary to 15. Lucan. l,v. 431. "

iV'inus. Diod. 2. Bathos, a river near the Alpheus.Pans. 8,

Basilea, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, c. 29.
"Who was mother of allthe gods. Diod. 3. Bathycles, a celebrated artist of Magne-
sia.
An island at the north of Gaul, famous for its Paus. 3, c. 19.
amber. Diod. 5. An island in the Euxine Bathyllus, a beautiful youth of Saraos,
sea. Plin. 4, c. 13, greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant,and
BasilidjE,European Sarmatians, descended by Anacreon. Horat. ep, 14, v. 9. Me-
from Hercules and Echidna. Mela, 2, c. 1. csenas was also fond of a youth of Alexandria,
Basilides, the father of Herodotus, who, of the same name. Juv. 6, v. 63. The
with others,attemptedto destroyStrattes, rantpoet who claimed as his own
ty- Virgil'sdistich,
of Chios. Herodot. 8, c, 132, A fami-
ly JVocte pluittotd,",c. bore also the same name.

who held an oligarchical

power A fountain of Arcadia.
at Erythrae. Pa^is. 8, c. 31.
Slraf).14. A of
priest Lent. Batiatus, a man
mount Carmel, who of Campania, who
foretold many momentous events to Vespasian,kept a house fullof gladiators, who rebelled
when he offered sacrifices. Tacit. 2, Hist. c. against him. Plut. in Cras.
87. Sutton, in Vesp.
" 7. Batia, a naiad who married (Ebalus. Apol-
Basilipotamos, the ancient name of the lod. 3, c. 10. A daughter of Teucer, wh"
Eurotas. Strab. 6. married Dardanus. Id.
Basilis, an historian who wrote ing
concern- Batina and Bantina. Vid. Bantia.
India. Mhen. A cityof Arcadia,built Batis,an eunuch, governor of Gaza, who,
by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. Pans. upon beingunwillingto yield,was dragged
8, c. 29, round the citytied by the heels to Alexander's
B.isiLius,a river of Mesopotamia falling chariot. Curt. 4, c. 6,
into the Euphrates. Strab. A celebrated Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome,
bishopof Africa,very animated againstthe from kingPhilip. Liv. 31, c. 28,
Arians, Avhose tenets and doctrines he refuted Baton, of Sinope,wrote commentaries on

with warmth, but greatability. He was quent the Persian aftairs. Strab. 12.
elo- A chario-
teer
as well as ingenious, and possessedof all of Amphiaraus. Paus. 5, c. 17.
those qualities which constitute the persuasive Batrachomyomachia, a poem, describing
orator, and the elegantwriter. Erasmus has the Jightbetween frogsand mice, written by
placed him in the number of the greatestora- tors Homer, which has been printedsometimes
of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, separately from the Iliad and Odyssey. The
A. D. 379. The latest edition of his works is best edition of it is Maittau-e's,
8vo, London,
that of the Benedictines, fol.Paris,1721, 1721.
Basilus, a generalwho assisted Antony. Battiades, a patronymic of Callimachus,
Lucan. 4, v. 41G. An insignificant lawyer. from his father Battus, Ovid, in Ibin. v. 53.
Jiw. 7, v. 146. A pretorwho plunderedthe A name given to the peopleof Cyrene
provinces.Id. 10, v. 222, fromking Battus, Hal. 3, v. 253,
Bass^, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo Battis, a girlcelebrated by Philetas the
had a temple. Fans. 8, c. 30 and 41. elegiacpoet. Ovid. Prist. 1, el. 5.
Bassania, a town of Macedonia, near II- Battus 1st, a Lacedaemonian Avho built
lyricum. Liv. 44, c. 30. the town of Cyrene, B. C. 630, with a colo-
ny
Bassareus, a surname of Bacchus, from from the island of Thera. He was son of
the dress or longrobe, called Bussuris, whicli Polymnestus and Phronime. and reignedin
his priests wore. Horat. 1, od. 18. the town he had founded- and after death re-
ceived

Bassariues, a name givento the votaries divine honours. The difficulty with
of Bacchus, and to At'-ave by Persius,which which he spoke first procured him the nam*
seems derived from Bassara, a town of Libya of Battus. Htrodol. 4, c. 1.55,",c. Paus. "

sacred to the god,or from a particular dress 10, c. 15. The 2d of that name was son
grand-
worn by his priestesses, and so called by the to Battus 1st, by Ai'cesilaus. He suc-
ceeded

Thracians. Persius 1, v. 101. his father on the throne of Cyrene,

Bassus Aufidius, an historian in the and was surnamed Felix, and died 544 B. C.
age of Augustus,wiio Avrote on the Germanic Herodot. 4, c. 159, Lc. A shepherd of Py-
war. Quintil.10, c. 1. Cicsius,a lyric et
po- los,who promisedMercury that he would not
in Nero's age, to whom Persius addressed discover his havingstolen the flocks of Adrae-
liis6th Satii-e. Some of his verses are extant. tus,which Apolloteoded. He violated his
 BE BE
and
promise, was a pumice stone.
turned into the new kingwith the government of Babylon,
Ovid. Met. 2, V. generalof Corinth B. C. 826. Diod. 2.*
702." A

against Athens. Thucyd.4, c. 43." "A foon

buf- Belg^, a warlike people of ancient Gaul,
of Caesar's. Plut. Symp. 6. separated from the Celtae by the rivers Matro-
Batulum, a town of Campania, whose in-
habitants
na and Sequana. Their country, according to
assisted Turnus against^^neas. Strabo,extended from the Rhine to tlieriver
Virg.JEn. 7, v. 739. modernly called the Loire. Cces. de Bell.
Batulus, a surname of Demosthenes, Gall 1 and 2.
from his effeminacywhen young Plut. in of the four provincesof Gaul
Belgica,
one

Demost. near the Rhine.

Batvllus, a celebratv^ddancer in Domi- Belgium, the capitalof Gallia Belgica.
tian's reign. Juv. 6, v. 63. The word is often used to express the whole
Baubo, a woman who received Ceres when country. Cces.Bell. Gall. 5, c. 24.
she soughther daughterall over the world, Belgius, a generalof Gaul, who destroyed
and gave her some water to quench her thii'st.an army of Macedonians. Justin. 23, c. 2. "

Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 7. Polyb.2.

Baucis, an old woman of Phrygia,who Belides, a surname givento the daughters
with her husband Philemon, lived in a small of Belus. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 463.
cottage,in a penuriousmanner, when Jupiter Belides, a name appliedto Palemedes, as
and Merc iry travelled in disguise over Asia. descejided from Belus. Virg.JEn. 2, v. 82.
The gods came to the cottage, where they re- ceived Belisa.'.ia,the name of Minerva among
the best things it afforded ; and Jupiterthe Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. Cms.
was so pleasedwith their hospitality, that he Bell. Gall. 6.
metamorphosed their dwellinginto a magnifi- cent Belisarius, a celebrated general, who, in
temple,of which Baucis and her husband a degenerateand an effeminate age, in the
were made priests.After they had lived hap-
py reignof Justinian emperor of Constantinople,
to an extreme old age, they died both at the renewed all the gloriousvictories, battles,and
same hour, accordingto their requestto Jupi-ter, triumphs,which had rendered the first Ro-.
that one might not have the sorrow of mans so distinguished in the time of tiieirre-
public.

following the other to the grave. Their bodies He died,afteralife of military glory,
were changedinto trees before the doors of the and the trialof royalingratitude, in the 56otli
temple. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 631, iic. 3'ear of the christian era. The story of his
Bavids and M^vius, two stupidand ma-levolent beggingcharity, with date obolum Belisario is
poets in the age of Augustus,who at- tacked said to be a fabrication of modern times.
the superiortalents of tlie contempo-
rary Belistida, a woman who obtained a prize
writers, Virg.Eel. 3. at Olympia. Pans. 5, c. 8.
Bauli, a small town of Latium, near Baiae. BelitjE, a nation of Asia. Curt. 4, c. 12.
Ital. 12, V. 155. Bellerophon, son of Glaucus, king of
Bazaentes, a friend of Bessus, ".c. Ephyre,by Eurymede, was at firstcalled Hip-
Bazaria, a country of Asia. Curt. 8, c. 1. ponous. The murder of his brother,whom
Bebius, a famous informer iiiVespasian's somecall Alcimenus or Beller, procuredhim
reign. Juv. 1, v. 35. Vid. Basbius. the name of Bellerophon, oy niurderer of Bel-
ler.
Bebriacum, now Caneto,a villagebetween After this murder, Bellerophonfled to
Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius over-
came the court of Proetus king of Argos. As he
Otho. Jav. 2, V. \0Q" Tacit. 3, Hist. 1, was of a handsome appearance, the king's wife,
c. 15. called Antaea or Stenobcea, fellin love with
Berbrvce, a daughterof Danaus, who is him ; and as he slighted her passion,slieaccu-
sed

said to have spared her husband. Most au-

thors, him before her husband of attemptsupoa
however, attribute that character of hu-
manity her virtue. Prcetus,unwilling to violate the
to Hypermnestra. Vid. Danaides. laAVS of hospitality,
by punishingBellerophon,
Berbrvces and Bebrycii, a nation of sent him away to his father-in-law Jobates
Asia,near Pontus, of Thracian origin, cording kingof Lycia,
and ac- and gave him a letter,in \i'hich
to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. he begged the king to punish with deatn a
They were expert in the battle of the cestus. man who had so dishonourably treated his
The Argonautstouched on their coast in their daughter. From that circumstance, all let- ters
expeditionto Colchis. Apollod.1. Strab. 7 "
which are of an unfavourable tendencyto
and 12. the bearer,have been called lettersof Bellero-
phon.
Bebrycia, an ancient natme of Bithynia, Jobates, to satisfy his son-in-law, sent
from Bebryce the daughterof Danaus. Sirah. Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster led
cal-
13." Virg..En. 5, V. 373. Chimsera, in which dangerousexpedition
Belemina, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, he hoped, and was even assured,he must pe-rish.
c. 21. [Firf.Chimaera.] But the providenceof
Belenus, a divinity of the Gauls,the same Minerva supportedhim, and, with the aid of
as the Apolloof the Greeks, and the Orus of the winged horse Pegasus,he conqueredthe
the Egyptians. monster, and returned victorious. After this
Belephantes, a Chaldean, who, from Jobates sent him against the Solymi,in hopes
his knowledge of astronomy,told Alexander of seeinghim destroyed ; but he obtained ano-
ther

that his entering Babylon would be attended victory,and conquered afterwards the
with fatalconsequences to him. Diod. 17. Amazons, by the king's order. At liisreturn
Belesis, a priestAjf Babylon, who told Ar- from this third expedition, he was attacked hf
baces governor of Media, that he should reign a party sent against him by Jobates ; but he
one day in the placeof Sardanapalus.His destroyedall his assassins, and convinced the
prophecy was verified, aud he was rewarded by kingthat inn"ceuce is alwaysprotected by the
 BE BE
g"d". Upon this,Jobates no longersoughtto be the
sou of the Osiris of the Egyptians,The
destroyhis life; but he gave him his daughter templeof Belus was the most ancient and most
in marriage,and made him his successor on magnificentin the world. It was originally
the throne of Lycia,as he was without male is- sue.the tower of Babel,which was converted into
Some authors have supported, that he a temple-.It had lofty towers, and it was en- riched

attemptedto flyto heaven upon the horse Pe- gasus, by all the succeedingmonarchs tillthe
but that Jupiter sent an insect, which age of Xerxes, who, after his unfortunate ex- pedition

stung the horse, and threw down the rider, against Greece, plunderedand demo- lished
who wandered upon the earth in the greatest it. Among the riches it contained,were
melancholy and dejectiontillthe day of his many statues of massy gold,one of which was
death,one generation before the Trojan war. 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was
Bellerophonhad two sons, Isandev,who was a magnificent bed, where the priests dailycon-
ducted

killed in his war against the Solymi,and Hip- a woman, who, as they said,was ho- noured
polochus,who succeeded to the throne after with the company of the god. Joseph.
his death,besides one daughtercalled Kippo- Ant. Jud. 10." Herodot. 1, c. 181^i^c."Strab.
damia, who had Sarpedonby Jupiter.The 16. Arrian. 7. Diod. 1, ",c, " "
A king of
wife of Bellerophon is calledPhilonoeby Apol- Egypt,son of Epaphus and Libya,and father
lodorus, and Achemone by Homer. Hanier. of Agenor. Another son of Phoenix the son
IL 6, V. 156, hc."Juv. 10." Apollod. 2, c. 3, 1. of Agenor,who reignedin Phoenicia. A ri-
ver
3, c. l."Hygin. fab. 157 and 243. P. A. 2, c. of Syria,where glasswas firstinvented,
18." Hesiod. Theog.v. 326^" Horat. 4, od. 11, Plin. 5, c. 19.
". 26." Pau" 9, C.31, Benacus, a lake of Italy, now Lago di Gar-
Bellerus and Beller, a brother of Hippo- da, from which the Mincius flows into the Po.
Bous. Vid. Bellerophon. Virg.G. 2, V. 160. JEn. 10, v. 205.
Bellienus, a Roman, whose house was set Bendidium, a temple of Diana Bendis.
"n flames at Ccesar'sfuneral. Cic. 2, P/dl. Liv. 38, c. 41.
G. 36. of Diana among
Bendis, a name the Thra-
of
Bellona, the goddess war, daughter
to cians and
their northern neighbours. Strab.
Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks festivals,
9. Her called Bendidia,were troduced
in-
Enyo, and often confounded vAth. Minerva. into Thrace from Athens.
She was anciently called Duelliona,and was Beneventum, a town of the Hirpini, built
the sisterof Mars, or, accordingto others,his by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its ori- ginal
daughter, or his wife. She preparedthe cha- riot name was Maleventum, changed into the
of Mars, when he was goingto war ; and more auspicious word of Beneventum, when
she appearedin battles armed with a whip, to the Romans had a colony there. It abounds
animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, in remains of ancient sculptureabove
any
and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid other town in Italy. Plin. 3, c. 11.
great adoration to her; but she was held in Benthesicyme, a daughter of Neptune^
the gi-eatest veneration by the Cappadocians,the nurse of Eumolpus. Apollod. 3, c. 15.
and chiefly at Co man a, where she had above Bepolitanus, a youth whose life was saved
3000 priests.Her temple at Rome was near by the delayof the executioner,who wished
the Porta Carmentalis. In itthe senators gave not to stain the youth's fine clothes with blood.
audience to foreign ambassadors,and to gene- rals Pint, de Virt. Mul.
returned from war. At the gate was a Berbic/e, a nation who destroyed their re-
lations
small column, caMed the column ofwai', again-st when arrived at a certain age, ^^lian.
wlijch they threw a spear whenever war was V. II. 4, c. 1.
declared againstan enemy. The priests of BER.BA, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the
this goddessconsecrated themselves by great sea, and 100 from the Euphrates,now called
incisions in their body, and particularly in Aleppo.
the thigh, of which they received the blood in Berecynthia, a surname of Cybele,from
their hands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess.mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she
In their w ild enthusiasm they often predictedwas particularly worshipped.She has been
bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or celebrated in a
poem by Catullus. Diod. 6."^
the besieging of towns. Jiiv. 4, v. 124. Var- Stat. Theb. 4, v. 182." JEn.
"

Virg.
v, 82. 9,
ro de L. L. 5. Hesiod. Theog. v. 270.
" Pans. Berenice and Beronice, a woman
"
famous
4, c 30." Firg.JEn. 8, v. 703." Sto/. Thtb. 2, for her beauty,mother of Ptolemy Phila-
V. 718, 1. 7, V. HS."Ital. 5, v. 221, delphusby Lagus. JElian. V. H. 14, c. 43.-^
Bellonarii, the priests of Bellona. Theocrit. Paus. 1, c. 7." A " of ." daughter
Bellovaci, a of
i)eople
Gaul conqueredby Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of
J. Caesar. They inhabited the modern Beau- Syria,afterhe had divorced Laodice, his for-
mer
vais in the isle of France. Cces. Bdl. 2, c. 4. wife. After the death of Philadel])hus,
odice
La-
Beu.ovesus, a kingof the Celta?,who, in was recalled, and mindful of the ti-eat-
the reignof TarquinPriscus was sent at the mcnt she had received,she poisonedher hus-
band,
head of a colonyto Italy by his uncle Ambiga- placedher son on the vacant throne,and
tus. Liv. 5, c. 34. murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch,
Belon, a generalof Alexander's. Curt. 6, where she had fled,B. C. 248. A daughter
c.11. A cityand river of HispaniaBajtica. of PtolemyAuletes, who
usurpedher father's
airah. 3, throne for her husband
some time, strangled
Belus, of the most ancient kingsof Seleucus, and
one married Archelaus a priest of
Babj'lon,about 1800 years before the age of Bellona. Her father regainedhis
power, and
Semiramis, was made a god after dci'th,and put her to death,B. C. 55. The wife of Mi-
worshii)pcd with much ceremony by the As- thridates,
syrians who, when conqueredby Lucullus,
uiid Babylonians,He was ordered allhis wives to destrov themselves,for
supposed
to
 BE BI
fear the conqueror should offer violence to Berrhca, a town of Macedonia. Thueyd.
them. She
accordingly drank poison, but this 1, c. 61.
not operating soon enough,she was strangled Berytus, now Berut, an ancient town of
by an eunuch. The mother of -Agrippa,Phoenicia,on the coast of the Mediterranean,
who shines in the history of the Jews, as daugh- famous in the age of Justinian for the studyof
ter-in-law
of Herod the Great. A daughter law. Plin. 5, c. 20.
of Agrippa,who mai-ried her uncle Herod; Besa, a fountain in Thessaly. Strab. 8.
and afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She BESiDiiE, a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19.
was accused by Juvenal of committingincest Besippo, a town of HispaniaBsstica, where
with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she Mela was born. Mela, 2, c. 6.
was passionately loved by Titus, who would Bessi, a peopleof Thrace, on the leftside
have made her empress but for fear of the peo- ple. of the Strvmon, who lived upon rapine.Ovid,
A wife of king Attalus. Another.. Trist 4, ei.1, v. 67." Herodot. 7, c. 111.
daughterof Philadelphusand Arsinoe, who Bessus, a governor of Bactriana,who, after
married her own brother Evergetes, whom she the battle of Arbela, seized Darius, his sove-
reign,

loved with much tenderness. When he went

and put him to death. After this mur-
der,

on a dangerousexpedition, she vowed all the he assumed the titleof king,and was time
some-

hair of her head to the goddessVenus, if he after broughtbefore Alexander,who gave

returned. Some turn, him
time after his victorious re- to Oxatres, the brother of Darius. The
the locks which were in the temple of princeordered his hands and ears to be cut off,
Venus disappeared ; and Conon, an mer,
astrono- and his body to be exposedon across, and shot
to make his court to the queen, publiclyat by the soldiers. Justin. 12, c. 5. Curt. 6 "

reportedthat Jupiterhad carried them away, and 7. A parricide who discovered the
and had made them a constellation. She was murder he had committed,
upon destroying a

put to death by her son, B. C. 221. CcduU. 67. nest of swallows, which, as he observed, re- proached

^Hygin. P. Jl.2, c. 24." Justin. 26, c. 3. him of his crime. Plut.

This name is common to many of the queens L. Bestia, a seditious Roman, who conspi-
red
and princesses in the Ptolemean family in with Catiline againsthis country. Cic. 2,
Egypt. A cityof Libya. Strab. Mela.,3. in Phil.
"

c. 8. Two towns of Arabia. Strab. 16. Betis, a river in Spain. Vid. Baetis. A
One in Egypt,on the Pted sea, where the ships governor of Gaza, who bravelydefended him- self
from India generallylanded their cargoes. against Alexander,for which he was treat-
ed
Plin. 6, c. 23. Another near the Syrtes, with cruelty by the conqueror.
Sic. Id. 17. Betdria, a country in Spain.
Berenicis, part of Africa,near the town
a BiA, a daughterof Pallas by Styx.Apollod.
of Berenice. Lucan. 9, v. 523. I, c. 2.
Bergion and Albion, two giants, sons of BiANOR, a son of Tiberius and Manto the
Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he at- daughterof Tiresias,who received the sur-
tempted name

to cross the Rhone, and were killed of Ocnus, and reignedover Etruria. He
with stones from heaven. Mela, 2, c. 5. built a town which he called Mantua, afterhis
Bergistani, a peopleof Spain,at the east mother's name. His tomb was seen in the
ef the Iberus. Liv. 34, c. 16. age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and
Beris and Baris, a river of Cappadocia.Andes. Virg.Ed. 9, v. 60. A Trojanchief
A mountain of Anmenia. killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11, v. 92.
Bermius, a mountain of Macedonia. He- A centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid. Met.
rodot. 8, c. 138. 12, V. 342.
Beroe, old woman
an of Epidaurus, nurse to Bias, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was
Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she king of Argos, and brother to the famous
persuadedSemele not to grant her favours to soothsayerMelampus. He fellin love with
Jupiter,if he did not appear in the majestyof Perone, daughterof Neleus kingof Pylos; but
a god. Olid. Met. 3, v. 278. The wife of the father refused to givehis daughterin mar-
riage

Doryclus,whose form was assumed by Iris at before he received the oxen of Iphiclus.
the instigation of Juno, when she advised the Melampus, at his brother's request,went to
Trojan women to bum the fleet of iEneas in seize the oxen, and was caught in the fact.
Sicily.Virg.o"m. 5, v. 620. One of the He, however, one year after received his li-
berty
Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. Virg.G. from Iphiclus,
who presentedhim with
4, V. 341. his oxen as a reward for his great services.
of Thessaly. Cic. Pis. 36.
BtRffiA, a town Bias received the oxen from his brother,and
Bkronice, Vid. Berenice. obligedNeleus to give him his daughter in
Berosus, a native of Babylon,priest to Be- marriage. Homer. Od. 11. Pans. 2, c 6 and "

lus. He passedinto Greece, and remained a IS, 1.4, c. 34." Apollod.1, c. 9. A Grecian
longtime at Athens. He composed an historyprince, who went to the Trojanwar. Homer
of Chaldea, and signalized himself by his as- II.4,V. 13 and 20.
tronomical A river of Peloponnesus.
predictions, and was rewarded for Pans. 4, c. 34. One of the seven wise men
his learningwith a statue in the gymnasium at of Greece, son to Teutamidas, born at Priene,
Athens. The age in which he lived is not pre-
ciselywhich he longsaved from ruin. He nourished
known, though some fix it in the
reign B. C. 566, and died in the arms of his grand-
son,
of Alexander, or 268 years B. C. ments
frag-
Some who begged a favour of him for one of
of his Chalda'an history are preserved by his friends. JDioi;, i. Plut. in Sytnp. Fal.
"
" "

Josephus,contra Jlpjj tan. ^ in Antiq.Jud. 105. Max. 7, c. 2i\."Paus. 10,c. 24.

The book that is now extant under his name, BiBACULUs, (M. Furius) a Latin poot, In
and speaks of kingsthat n^ver elicited, is a the age of Cicero. He composed annuls in
sapposititioMs fabrication Umbic verses, and wrote epigramsfullof wit
 BL
and humour, and other poems now lost. tJo- who
Syracuse, wrote on rhetoric.'-?"--A
native
to Democritus.
41.
ral.2,Sat.5,y. " 10.
(^uintil. A praetor.of Abdera, disciple He first
"c. Val. Max. 1, c 1. fouud out that there were certain partsof the
earth where there were six months of perpe-
BiELiA and Billia, a Roman ladyfamous tual
lightand darkness alternattily.A man
for her chastity.She married Duillius.
who became enamoured of Soli,who of -Ethiopia.
composed an iiistory
BiBLEis, a woman
changed into Another who wrote nine books on ihe-
of lier brother Caunus, and was

Miletus. Ovid. Mtt. 9, v. 662. toric, which he called by the names of the
a fountain near
and hence Bionei sermones mentioned
BiBLiNA, a country of Thrace. muses,
4.
by Ho rat. 2, ep. 2, v. oO." i/iog.
BiBT.us, a cityof Phoenicia. Curt. 4:.
of the Edui in BiRRHUS. l^id.Ccelius.
BiBRACTE, a large town

Gaul, where Ciesar often wintered. C(ts.Bell. BisALxa:, a peopleof Scythia, or, according
to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. TUeix*
G. 7, c.55, kc.
BiBULus, a son of M. CalpurniusBibulus country is called Bisaltia. Lio. 45, c. 29."
Plin. 4, 10.
by Portia,Cato's daughter. He was Cssar's c.

in the consulship, but of no conse-

quence BisALTES, a man of Abydos,".c. Herodot.
colleague 26.
in the state, accordingto this distich 6, c.
mentioned by Suelon. in Jul. c. 20. BisALTis, a patronymicof Theophane,by
sed CcBsare tum
fac- whom iSeplune,under tiie form of a ram, had
jYon Bibulo quicquam nuper,
the goldenram. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 117. hygin^ "

est :
consule nil memini. fab. 188.One
JVum Bibulo fieri "

of the friends of Horace bore that name. 1 BisANTHE, a town on the Hellespont. rodot.
He-
7, c. 137.
Sat. 10, V. 86.
the Palus Moeotis. BisTON, son of Mars and Callirhoe,built
Bices, a marsh near
Bisionia in Thrace, whence the Thracians are
Flacc. 6, V. 63.
assassinated Atheno-
Greek who often called Bistones. Herodot. 7, c. 110.-^
BicoN, a
Flin. 4, c. 14. Lucan. 7, v. 569.
dorus, because he made himself master of a
"

BisToNis, a lake of Thrace, near Abdera.

colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. Herodot. 7, c. 109.
Cxirt 9, c. 7.
of Bacchus, BiTHUs. Vid. Bacchius.
BicoRNiGER, a surname

of Alexander BiTHY.^, a certain race of women in thia,

Scy-
BicoRNis, the name among
the Arabians.
whose eyes, as P^//ii/ 7, c. 2, kill-
reports,!. ed
of Bac-
chus those who gazedjpon tliem for some time.
BiFORiMis, (twoforms,)a surname
and .Janus. Bacchus received it because BiTHVNiA, a country of Asia Minor, for- merly
to fly called Bebrycia.It was bounded by the
he ciianged himself into an old woman
from the persecution of .luno, or perhapsbe- causeEuxiue on the north, on tliesouth by Pbrygia
sometimes and Mysia,on the west by the Propontis, and
he ^^as represented as a

old man. the east by Paphlagonia. Ihe country was

and sometimes as an
young,
BiFRONS, a surname of Janus, because he firstinvaded by the Tmacians, under Biiuynus
was represented with two facesamong the Ro- mans, the son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of
with the and future. Bithynia. It was once a powerful kingdom.
as acquainted past
67ra6. 12. Herodot. 7, c. 75. Mela, 1 and
"

JEn. 7, v. 180.
"

Virs;.
of Celtiberia, where tial
Mar- 2. Accordingto Faiis. 8, c. 9, the inhabitants
BiLBii.is, a town
A river of were
descended from M^jritinea in Pelopon-
nesus.
was born. Mart. 1, ep. 50.
Justin. 44, c. 3.
Spain.
BiM-VTER, a surname of Bacchus, which sig- nifiesBiTiAS, a Trojan,son of Alcanor and Hie-
that he had two mothers, because when ra, brought up ;a a wood sacred to Jupiter.
taken from his mother's womb, he was He followed tne fortune of /Eneas, and, with
he was
his brother, w as killed by the Rutuli in Italy.
placedin the thighof his father Jupiter.Ovid.
t^irg. JEn. 9, v. 6/2, iHLc. One of Dido's
Met. '4, V. 12.
of Tacit. Hid. lovers, present when ^Eneas and the Trojans
BiNCiuM, a tow-n Germany.
were introduced to the queen. Virg.*f"n. Ij
4, c. 70.
o f V. 742.
BioN, a philosopher tmd sophist Borys- BxTON. Vid. Cleobis.
fhenes in Scythia, who rendered himself fa- mous
for his knowledge of poetry,music, and BiTuiTus, a king of the Allobroges, quered
con-

philosophy. He made every body the object by a small number ol Romans, 6ic.
Val. Max. 9, c. 6. Flor. 3, c. 2.
of his satire,and rendered his compositions
"

of for BiTu.NTUM, a town of T"pain.Marl. 4, ep.

distinguished for clearness expression,
and He died 55.
faccliousness, wit, pleasantry.
241 B. C. Diog.in vita. A Greek poet of BiTURiGES, a people of Gaul divided from
the iiilduiby the Ligeris. Cces.Bell. G. 7, c. 21.
Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant
BiTURicuM, a town of Gaul, formerly the
style.Moschus his friend and disciple, tions
men-
of the Belgie. Slrab. 4.
in an elegiac poem that he died by poison capital
about 300 years B. C. His Idyllia are ten
writ- BiziA, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to

with eleganceand simplicity, purityand the kingsof Thrace. Tereus was born there,

ease, and they abound

with correct images, Bla;na, a fruitfulcountry of Pontus, where
the of
such as the view of the country may inspire. general Mithrldates Eupatordestroyed
editions of this the forces of Nicomedes the Bithyniau. Sttab,
There are many good poet's
with those of chus,
Mos- 12.
works, generally ])ririted
the best of which isthat of Heskin, 8vo. Bl^sii, two Romans, who killed themselves
A soldier in Alexander's ar- because Tiberius de})rived them of the priest-
hood.
Oxon. 1748. my,

Uc. CuH. 4, c. 13. A native of Pro- Tuci^. Jinn. 6, c. 40.

of JuN. BLiEsuSya of Gaul, Tadt.
pontisin the age of Pherecydcs." A man" governor
 B(E BO
Blandenona, a place near also many of their fountains
Placentia. muses,
to whom
Cie. 2, ep. 15, ad Quin. and rivers were consecrated. Herodot.2. c,
Blandusia, a fountain on the borders of 49, 1.5, c 51." Ovid. Met. 3, v. \0."Paus. 9,
the country of the Sabines near Mandela, Ho-
race'sc 1,kc."C. jYep.7, c. U." Strab. 9." Justin,
13. 3, c. 6, 1.8, c. 4."Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 244. Diod,
country seat. Herat. 3, Od.
Blastophcenices, a people of Lusitania. l9.~Liv. 27, c. 30, kc.
Sppian. BoEOTus, a son of Itonus by Menalippa,
BleMxMyes, a people of Africa,who, as is Paus. 9, c. 1.
had no heads,but had the
fabulouslv reported, B(EOROBisTAS, a man who made himself
the breast. jWe/a absolute among the Getse,by the strictness of
eyes and mouth placedin
4. his discipline.
Strab. 7.
1,c.
Blenina, a of Arcadia. Paiis. 8, c. 27.
town BoETHius, a celebrated Roman, banished,
Blitius Catulinus, was banished into and afterwards punishedwith death,on a sus-
picion

the .^gean sea after Piso's conspiracy, 6tc. of a conspiracy,by Thedoric king of
Tacit. 15, Jinn. c. 71. the Ostrogoths,A. D. '525. It was duringhis
Blucium, a castle where king Dejotarusimprisonment that he wrote his celebrated po-
etical
kepthis treasures in Blthynia.Strab. 12. treatise de consolalione philosophi(B ia
Boadicea. Vid. Boudicea. five books. The best edition of his works is
Bo^ and Boea, a town thatof Hagenau,4to. 1491, or that of L. Bat,
of Laconia. Paus.
3, c. 21. 167 1, with tlienotisvariorum.
BoAGRius, a river of Locris. Strab. 9. BoETus, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who
BocALiAS, a river in the island of Salamis. wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi. Strab.
BocfAR, a king of Mauritania. Juv. 4, v. 14. A river of Spain,more properly called
90, applies the word in a generalsense to any Bcetis. Vid. Boetis.
native of Africa. BoEtJs,one of the Heraclidae.
Bocc BORIS, a wise king and legislator of BoGEs and Boes, a Persian who destroyed
Egypt. THod. 1. himself and familywhen besieged by the AthC"
BoccHus, a king of Getulia,in alliance nians. Herodot. 7, c, 107. Paus. 8, c. 8. "

with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugur- BoGUD, a kingof Mauritania in the inter"
tha to lieutenant of Marius. Sallmt. est of Ceesar.
the
Sylla, Ccesar. Mex. 59,
Jug. "Paterc. 2, c. 12. Bogus, a kingof the Maurusii, presentat
BoDUAGNATUs, a leader of the Nervii, the battle of Actium. Strab 8.
"when Cgesar made war againstthem. Ccts Bon, a peopleof Celtic Gaul, who migra-ted
Bell. G. 2, v. 23. into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy
BodOni, a peopleof Britain who surrender-
ed on the banks of the Po. Cczs.Bell G. 1, c.
to Claudius Cassar. Dio. Cass. 60. 28, i. 7, c. 17." Si7. 4, v. 158.
BoEA. Vid. Boae. BojocALus, a generalof the Germans ia
BffiBE, a town of Thessaly. Ovid. Met. 7, the age of Tiberius,kc. Tacit. Ann. 13,c. 55.
feb. 5. A lake of Crete. Strab. 9. BuLA, a town of the iEqui in Italy. Virg.
BcEBEis, a lake of Thessalynear mount JEn. 6, V. 775.
Ossa. Lucan. 7, v. 176. BoLANus. Vid. Bollanus.
BcEBiA LEX was enacted to elect four pre- BoLBE, a marsh near Mygdonia.Thucydx
tors every year. Another to ensure 1, c. 58.
prietors
pro-
in the possession of their lands. BoLBixiNUM, one of the mouths of the
Another, A. U. C. 751,against usingbribes at Nile,with a town of the same name. Nau-
elections. crautis was built near it. Herodot 1, c. 17.
BoEDROMiA, an Athenian festival institu-
ted BoLGics, a generalof Gaul, in an expedi-
tion
in commemoration of the assistance which againstPtolemy king of Macedonia.
the peopleof Athens received in the reign of Paus. 10, c. 19.
Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when BoLiNA, a virginof Achaia, who rejected
their country was invaded by Eumolpus son the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself in-
to
of Neptune. The word is derived "7roTo-j'i:i)- the sea to avoid his importunities. The god
comingto help. Plutarch in Thes. men-
S(Ofiitv, tions made her immortal. There is a city which.
it as in commemoration of the victorybears her name in Achaia. Pav^. 7, c. 23.
which Theseus obtained over the Amazons in BoLiNiEus, a river near Bolina. Paus. 7,
a month called at Athens Boedromion. c. 23.
BoEOTARCHiE,the ehief magistrates in Bceo- BoLissus,a town and island near Chios.
tia. Liv 42, c. 43. Thucyd.8, c. 24.
BoEOTiA, a country of Greece, bounded on BoLLAWus, a man whom Horace sents,
repre-
the north by Phocis,soutli by Attica, east by 1 Sat. 9, V. 11, as of the most irascible
Eubcea, and west by the bay of Corinth. It temper, and the most inimical to loquacity.
bas been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who killed ft
Hyantis,Ogygia,and Cadmeis, and now forms Roman ambassador. Liv. ep. 67.
a part of Lividia. It was called Bceotia, from BoMiENSEs,a people near iEtolia. Thucyd,
Bosotus son of Itonus; or accordingto others 3, c. 96.
above, from a cow, by which Cadmus was led BoMiLCAR, a Carthaginian general, son of
into the country,where he builtTiiebes. The Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy
inhabitants were'reckonedrude and illiterate, with Agathocles,and hung in the forum,
fonder of bodilystrength than of mental ex- where he had received all his dignity.
cellence; Dioa.
yet their country produced many 26. Justin. 22, c. 7.
" An African,for some
illustriousmen, such as Pindar,Hcsiod, Plu- tarch, Itime the instrument of all Jugrutlia's cruelties.
6lc. The mounlaiijsof Ba'olia,
cularly
parti- I He conspired against who Ju^jurtha, put
hiiu
Helicon,were frequented
by the Ito death. Salh^st,
Jug,
19
 BO BR
BoMoniCiK,youths that were whipt at the was related to them on account of his marrrsige
altar of Diana'Orthia, during the festivals of with Orithyia, the daughterof one of tiieip
the goddess. He who bore the lash of the kings. They attributed the overthrow of the
whip with the greatestpatience, and without enemy's fleet to the respectwhich he paid to
uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and his wife's native country. There were also sa-
crifices

received an hououi'able prize. Pans. 3, c. 16. at Megalopolisin Arcadia, in honour

-"Plul. in Lye. of Boreas. Pans. Jlltic4'"
.^rcad.
Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vesta, BoREUs, a Persian,"c. Polycen. 7, c. 40,
Cybele,Khea, by the Greeks ; and by the La- tins, BoRGEs, a Persian svho burnt himself ra- ther

to Fauna, or Fuata. This goddesswas so than submit to the enemy, Lc. Polyan.7,
chaste, tliatno man but her htisband saw her 24.
after her marriage; from which reason, her BoRNos, a place of Thrace. C. JVep.in
festivals were celebrated only in the nightby Jilchib.c. 7.
the Roman matrons in the houses of the high-
est BoRsippA, a town of Babylonia, sacred to
otficers of the state, and all the statues of Apolloand Diana. The inhabitants eat bats.
the men were carefully covered with a veil Strab. 16.
where the ceremonies were observed. In the BoRus, a son of Perieres, who married
latter ages of the republic, however, the sanc-
tity Polydorathe daughterof Peleus. Apollod. 3,
of these mysteries was profanedby the c. VS." Homer. II. 16,v. 177.
intrusion of men, and by the introduction of BoRvsTHENES, a largeriver of Scythia, fall-
ing
iasciviousnesp and debauchery.Juv. 6, v. 313. into the Euxine sea, now called the bnfe-
^Proptrl.4, el. 10, v.2b." Ovid dt Art. .3"i. j?er,and inferiorto no other European river but
3,v. 637. the Danube, accordingto Herodotus^4, c. 45,
BoNoKiA, called alsoFelsina,a town on the "c. There was a cityof the same name

borders of the Rhine. V'al.Max. 8, c. 1. on the borders of the river, built by a colony
"

of Milesians,655
Ital. 8, v. 599. years before the christiam
BoNosius, an officer of Probus, who sumed era.
as- It was also called Olha Salvia. Mela, 2,
the purplein
imperial Gaul. c. 1 and 7.
A horse with which the em-
Bonus Eventus, aRoman deity,whose jieror Adrian
used to hunt. At his death he
worshipwas by the peasants.was honoured with a raoiuunent.
firstintroduced Diod.
He was represented holdinga cup in his right BospHoKUs and Buspurus, two narrow
hand, and in his left,ears of corn. Varro dt straits, situate at the confines of Europe and
R. R. l."Plin. 34, c. 8. Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined
Boosura, (boviscauda) a town of Cy- the I^alus iMceoiis to the Euxine, now
prus, known
where ^'enus had an ancient temple. by tlie name
of the straits of Cafia ; and the
Slraf). other,which
called the Thracian Bospo-
was
rus,
BooTKs, a northern constellation near the and by the moderns the strait of Con-
stantinople,
Ursa Major,also called Bubulcus and Arcto- made a communication between
phylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus, the the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is six- teen
father of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds miles long,and one and a half broad,
for inebriating them. Others maintain that it and where narrowest olX) paces or 4 stadia,
is Areas, whom Jupiter placedin heaven. Ovid. accordingto Herodotus. The word is deriv-
ed
Fast. 3, V. 40b." Cic. de jYat. D. 2, c.42. from BoQ,=^:e@, boiis meatus, because, oa
BooTusand Bceotus, a son of iS'eptuue and account of its narrowness, an ox could easily
Melanippe,exposed by his mother, but pre- servedcross it. Cocks were heard to crow, anul
by shepherds.Ilygin. fab. 1S6. dogs to bark from the oppositebanks, and in
BoREA, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. a calm day persons could talk one to another.
Cic. 10, ad Jilt ep. 4. Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. 6, c. l."Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 4,
BoREADES, the descendants of Boreas, who V. 4i)."Mda, 1, c. l."Sirab. 12."Her9dot. 4,
long possessedthe supreme power and the G. 85.
in the island of the Hyperboreans. Boxer,
prie!"t!"ood a freedman of Claudius. SiuL
Diud. 1 and 2. Claud.
Boreas, the name of the north wand blow BoTTiA, a colonyof Macedonians in Thrace,
ingfromthe Hyperboreanmountains. Accord- ing The peot)le were called Botlitci. Plin. 4, c. 1.
to tliepoeis, he was son of Astra3us and Herodul. 7, c. 185, k.c. Thucyd.2, c. 99.
"
"

Aurora, but others make him son of the Stry- BoTTi^is, a countrjrat the north of Ma- cedonia,
mon. He was passionatelyfond of Hyacinthus. on the bay of Therma. Herodot. 7,
[Ft"/. Hyaciiitlius] and carried away Orlthyia, c. 123, "c.

"ivho refused to receive his addresses,and })y BouDicEA, a queen in Britain who rebel-
led
her he had Zetes and Calais,C]eoi)atra and upon beinginsulted by the Romans. She
Chione. He was worshippedas a deity,and [)oi3oned herself when conquered,A. D. 61.
represented with wings and white hair. The Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 31.
Athenians dedicated allar.sto him, an to the BouiANu.M,an ancient colony of the Sam-
it\'inds,wiion Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas niles,at the foot of the Apejjninesnot far
changed himself into ahorse, to unite himself from Beueventum. Liv. 9, c. 28.
with the mares of Dardauus, by which he had BoviLL^, a town of Latium, neai- Rome.
twelve mares so swift that they ran, or rather Of i/i.i'V/AY.3,v.
607. Another in Campania.
flew over the sea, without scarce wettingtheir Bkaoimanes, Indian })hiIosophers, who de-
rive
feet. Homtr. IL 20, v. 2'22."IIesiod. Thcoi^. their name from Brahma, one of the
t. 'S19."/ij"ullod. 3, c. Ib."Herodol. 7, c. ISV. three beings wtiom God, according
to their
-^Ovid. Mel. 6, v. TOO. theology,
created,and with whose assistance
BoKKASMi, a festival at Athens in honour be formed the world. They devoted themselves
of Boreas, who, as the Athenians totally
supposed; to the worshi])
of the gods,
and were ac-
 BR BR
customed labours, the animal too roughly,
from their youth to endure and was killedby it.
andtolive with abstinence. They The virgin's
frugality
and brother killed the bear, and the
never ate flesh,and abstained from the use of country was soon after visited by a pestilence.
wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they The oracle was consulted and the plaguere- moved
had spent 37 years in the greatesttrials, they by consecrating virgins to the service
were permittedto marry, and indulgethem- selves of Diana. This was so faithfully observed,
in a more free and unbounded manner. that no woman in Athens was ever married
According to modern authors,Brahraa is the before a previous consecration to the goddess.
parent of allmankind, and he producedas ma-ny The statue of Diana of Tauris,,
which had been
worlds as there are partsin the body,which Greece brought into by Iphigenia,was served
pre-
reckoned
tiiey 14. They believ^ed that there
in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carri-
ed
were seven seas, of water, milk,curdS;butter, it away when he invaded Greece. Paus.
salt,sugar, and wine, each blessed with itspar^8, c. 46." Strab. 9.
ticular paradise.Slrab. 15. Diod. 17. " Brenni and Breuni, a peopleof Noricum.
Br.csia, a daughterof Cinyrasand Me- Horat. 4, od. 14.
tfiarme. Apollod.
3. c. 14, Brennus, a generalof the Galli Senones,
Branchiales, a surname of Apollo. who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the
Branchidjs, a peopleof Asia near the ri- ver river Ailia,and entered their citywithout
position.
op-
Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. The Romans fled into the capitol,
of
They were originally Miletus, near the ple
tem- and leftthe whole cityin the possessionof the
of Branchus, but had been removed from enemy. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian
thence by Xerxes. Strab. 11. Curt. 7,c,5. " rock in the night,and the capitol would have
The of Apollo Didymasus,who
priests gave been taken had not the Romans been awaken-
ed
oracles in Caria. Plin. 5, c. 29. by the noise of geese which were before the
Branchyllides, a chief of the Boeotians. doors,and immediatelyrepelled the enemy.
Paus. 9, c. 13. Caraillus, who was in banishment,marched to
Branchus, a youth of Miletus,son of Smi- the relief of his country,and so totally ed
defeat-
crus, beloved by Apollo,who gav^e him the the Gauls, that not one remained to carry
power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didy- the news of their destruction. Liv. 6, c. 36,
ine, which became inferiorto none of the Gre-
cian kc. Pint, in Camill.
" Another Gaul, who
oracles,except Delphi,and which ex- changed made an irruptioninto Greece with 150,000
the name of Didymean for that of men and 15,000 horse,and endeavoured to
Branchidae. The temple,accordingto Strabo, plunderthe templeof Apollo at Delphi. He
was set on fireby Xerxes, who took possession was destroyed, with all his troops,by the god^
of the ricliesit contained,and transported the or more properly, he killed himself in a fitof
peopleinto Sogdiana,where theybuilt a city,intoxication, B. C. 278, afterbeingdefeated by
which was afterwards destroyedby Alexan-
der, the Delphians. Paus. 10, c. 22 and 23. tin.
Jus- "

Strab. 15. Stat. Theb. 3,v. 479.

" Lucian. "
24, c. 6, ",c.
de Domo. Brenthe, a ruined cityof Arcadia. Poms,
Brasi^e,a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 24. 8, G. 38.
Brasidas, a famous generalof Lacedaemon, Brescia, a cityof Italy,which had gods
son of Tellus, who, after many greatvictories peculiar to itself.
over Athens and other Grecian states, died of Brettii, a peopleof Italy. Strab. 6.
a wound at Araphipolis, which Cleon, the Briareus, a famous giant,son of Ccelu5
Athenian, had besieged, B, C. 442. A superb and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads,
monument was raised to his memory. Paus. and was called by men ^Egeon, and onlyby
3, c. 24."
Thucyd.4 and 5. Diod. 5. " A man the gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune,and
of Cos. Theocrit. Id. 7. Minerva conspiredto dethrone Jupiter, eus
Briar-
Brasideia, festivalsat ascended the heavens, and seated himself
Lacedamon,
in
honour of Brasidas. None but freemen born next to him, and so terrifiedthe conspirators,
Spartanswere permitted To enter the lists, and by his fierce and threatening looks,that they
such as were absent were lined. desisted. He assisted the giantsin the war
Bracilas, a man of Cos. Theocr. 7. against the gods,and was thrown undermount
Bkaure, a woman who assisted in the mur-der yEtna, accordingto some accounts, llesiod.
of Pittacus,kingof the Edoni. Thucyd. Theog.v.148. JlpoUod.l,c. 1. Homer. II. 1,
" "

4, c. 107. V. 403.--FiVg. JEn. 6, v. 287, 1. 10, v. 565.

Brauron, a town of Attica,where Diana A cyclop,mad6 judge between Apollo and
had a temple. The goddesshad three festivalsNeptune, in their disputeabout the isthmus
called Brauronia, celebrated once every fifth and promontory of Corinth. He gave the
year by ten men who were called isjOToiot. They former to Neptune,and the latter to Apollo,
sacrificed a goat to the goddess,and it was Paus. 2, c. 1.
usual to singone of the books of Homer's Iliad. Brias, a town f)fPisidia.
The most remarkable that attended were Brioantes, a people in the northern parts

young virgins in yellowgowns, consecrated to of Britain. Juv. 14, v. 196." Paus, 8, c. 43.
Diana. They were about ten years of age, and Brigant/nus, a kke of Rhcetia between the
not under five, and therefore their consecration Alps,now the lake of Constance. The town
was from ^tx-^,
called W-otrtujit-, decern ; and some-
times on itseastern bank isnow Bregentzin the Tyrol,
as the virgins
cts'Ts-jstv, themselves bore the anciently called Brigantium. Plin. 9, c. 17.
name of ^fxro* bears, from this circumstance. BRir.ESSus, a mountain of Attica. Thucyd.
There was a bear in one of the villages of At-
tica,2, c. 23.
so tame that lie ate with the inhabitants, Brimo, (terror) a name givento Proserpine
and playedharmlessly with them. This fami-
liarityand Hecate. Propert. 2, el. 2,v. 11.
lasted loMg,tillu youyg virgiq treated BKisi-ns, a woman of Lyruessus, cjsdledalso
 BR BR
Hippodamia.When her countiy was taken by Bronous, a river falling into the Ister. JFfe-
the Greeks, and her husband Mines and bro- ther rodot. 4, c. 49.
killed in the fight, she fellto the share of Brontes, (thunder)one of the Cyclops.
Achilles, in the division of the spoils.Aga- Virg.JEn. 8, v. 425.
memnon
took her away some time after from BRONTiifus, a Pythagoreanphilosopher.
Achilles,who made a vow to absent himself The father of Theano, the wife of Pytha-
goras.
from the fieldof battle. Briseis w^as very faith-
ful Diog.
to Achilles ; and when Agamemnon restor-
ed Broteas and Ammon, two men famous for
her to him, he swore he had never otFended their skill in the cestus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 107.
her chastity.Hamer. II. 1,2, "c. Ovid. He- One of the Lapithae.
"

roid. 3, de. Art. Am. 2 and 3. Proptri. 2, el." Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Minerva,
8, 20 and 22."Paus. 5, c. 24.-" Horat. 2, od. 4. who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to
Brises, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the which his deformity subjected him. Ovid, in
priestChrj'ses. His daughter Hippodamialb. \. 617.
was called Briseis from him. Bructeri, a people of Germany, inhabit-
ing
Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, from his the country at the east of Holland. Tadt.
nurse Brisa,or his temple at Brisa, a promon-
tory Ann. 1, c. 51.
at Lesbos. Persius,1, v. 76. Brumalia, festivals celebrated at Rome
Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. [Vid. in honour of Bacchus, about the month ot De-cember.
Britannia.] A nation in Gallia Belgica. They were first instituted by mulus.
Ro-
Plin. 4, c. 17.
BiuTANNiA, an island in the northern now
ocean, Brundusium,
Brundisi,a city of Ca- labria,
the greatestin Europe,conqueredby J. Caesar the Adriatic sea, where the Appiau
on

during his Gallic wars, B. C. 55, and first road was terminated. It was founded by Di-
known to be an island by Agricola, who sail-
ed omedes after the Trojanwar, or according to
round it. It was a Roman provincefrom Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony.
the time of its conquest tillthe 448th year of The Romans generally embarked at Brundu-
the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age sium for Greece. It is famous for the birth of
of Caesar, used to painttheir bodies, to render the poet Pacuvius,and the death of Virgil, and
themselves more terrible in the eyes of their likewise for its harbour, which is capacious,
enemies. The name of Britain was unknown and sheltered by the land,and by a small island
to the Romans before Caesar conquered it. at the entrance, against the fuiyof the winds
Cks. Bell G. 4.~Diud. 5." Paws.,1,c. 33." and waves. Littleremains of the ancient city,
Tacit,in Agi-ic. 10." Plin. 34, c. 17. and even itsharbour has now been choked up
Britannicus, a son of Claudius Caesar by by the negligence of the inhabitants. Justin.
Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne in 3, c. 4, 1. 12, c. 2.-^Slrab. b."Cas. Bell. Civ.
preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and 1, c. 24. Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 1."

caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was Brutidius, a man dragged to prisonin
buried in the night; but itis said that a shower Juvenal's age, on suspicion of his favouring
of rain washed away the w hite paintwhich the Sejanus. Juv^ 10, v. 82.
murderer had put over his face,so that it ap-
peared Brutii, a people in the farthest parts of
quiteblack,and discovered the effects Italy,who were originally shepherdsof the
of poison. Tacit. Ann. Sueton. in JVer. c. 33. Lucanians, but revolted,and went
"
in quest of
Britomartis, a beautiful nymph of Crete, a settlement. They received the name of
daughter of Jupiterand Charme, who de- votedBrutii,from their stupidity
and cowardice in
herself to hunting,and
became a great submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in
favourite of Diana. loved by Minos, the second Punic w^ar.
She was They were ever after
who pursuedher so closely, that,to avoid his held in the greatestdisgrace, and employed iu
importunities, she threw iiei-self
into the sea. every servile work. Justiii.23, c. 9."Slra(f.
Pans. 2, c. 30, 1.3j c. 14. A surname of 6."Diod. 16.
Diana. Brutulus, a Samnite, who killed himself,
Britomarus, a chief of the Galli Insubres, upon being delivered to the Romans for vio-
lating
conquered by iEmilius. Flor. 2, c. 4. a treaty. Liv. 8, c. 39.

Briton".s,the inhabitants of Britain. Juv. BuoTus, L. Junius, son of M. Junius and

15, V. 124. Tarquinia,
second daughterof Tarquin Pris-
Brixellum, a town in Italynear Mantua, cus. The father,with his eldest son, were
where Otho slew himself when cit. murdered
defeated. Ta- by Tarquinthe Proud, and Lucius,
Hid. 2, c. 32. una])le to revenge their death, pretended to
Brixia, a town of Italybeyond the The Po, be insane.
artifice saved his life; he
at the north of Cremone, now Brescia. tin. was
Jus- called Bruins for his stupidity, which he
20, c. 5. however soon after showed to be feigned.
Brizo, the goddessof dreams, worshippedVVhen Lucretia killed herself,B. C. 509, in
in Del OS. ofthe brutalhy of Tarquin, Brutus
consequence
Brocubelus, a governor of. Syria, who snatciied the daggerfrom(liewound-and swore
fled to Alexander, when Darius was muixlercd upon the reekingblade,immortal hatred to the
by Bossus. Curt. 5, c. 13. royalfamily. His example animated the Ro- mans,
BnoMius, a surname of Bacchus, from the Tarquinswere proscribed by a de-cree
fnn'tere,
",i,u.ir, alludingto the groans which ofthe senate, and the royalauthority ed
vest-
Seuieio utiered when consumed by Jupiter's in the hands of consuls chosen from patri- cian
fire. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 11. A son of ^gyp- families. Brutus, in his consular office,
tus. Apo/lod.2,c.l. made fhe peopleswear theynever would again
Bbomus, one of the centaurs. Ovid. Met. submit to kinglyauthority
; but the firstwho vi-
12;V. 469. ni;iu"|
theiroath were in bisown family.Ufa
 BR BU
sons conspired with the Tuscan ambassador to tillthe evening, in writuigan epitomeof Poly "

restore the Tarquins; and when discovered^ bius. He was foiid of imitating the austere
they were tried and condemned before their virtues of Cato, and in readingthe histories of
father, who himselfattended at tlieirexecution. nations he imbibed those principles of freedom
Some time after, in a combat that was fought which were so eminentlydisplayedin his poli-
tical
between tlieRomans and Tarquins, Brutus en-
gaged career. He was intimate with Cicero,tc"
with Aruns, and so fierce was the attack whom he would have communicated his con-
spiracy,

that theypierced one another at the same time. had he not been apprehensive of his
The dead body was broughtto Rome, and re- ceived greattimidity. He severelyreprimandedhim
as in triumph; a funeral oration -was in his letters for joining
the side of Octavius,
spoken over it,and the Roman matrons showed who meditated the ruiiiof the republic.Plu-
tarch
their by mourning a year for the father of
grief mentions, that Cresar's ghost made its
the republic.Flor. 1,c. 9. Liv. \. c. 56, 1. 2, appearance to Brutus in his teni, and told hira
"

e. 1,he. Dionys.
" Hal. 4 and 5." C. Ntp.inAl' that he would meet him at Philippi.Brutus
tic.S."Eutrop.de Tarq." Virg.JEn. 6, v. 8 IS. married Portia,the daughter of Cato, who kill-
ed
"-Pluf. in Brut. "^ C(es. Marcus Junius, herself,
by swallowingburningcoals,when
father of Cassar's murderer, wrote three books she heard the fate of her husband. C. JVep. in
on civillaw. He followed the partyof Marius, Attic. Pattrc. 2, c. 48.
"
Piut. in Brut. he. "
"

and was conquered by Porapey. After the Cces. 1 Flor 4. D. Jun. Aibinus, one
"
of
death of Sylla,he was besiegedin Mutina by Ca3sars murderers, who, after the battle of
Porapey, to whom he surrendered,and by Mutina, was deserted by thelegions,with\vhicii
whose orders he was put to death. He had he wished to march against Antony. He was
married Sen'ilia, by whom he had put to death by Antony'sorders,
Cato's sister, consul though"'
a and two daughters. Cic. de Orat. c. 55.
son elect. Jun. of the firsttribunes of the
one

" Plut.in Brut. His son of the same name, people. Pint. One of Carbo's generals.
waslineally
by Servilia, descendedfrom J. Bru-
tus, Brvas, a general of the Argivesagainst
who expelledthe Tarquinsfrom Rome. Sparta,put to death by a woman, to whom he
He seemed to inherit the republican principles had ottered violence. Pans. 2, c. 20. A
ofhisgreatprogenitor,and in the civilwars ed
join- generalin the army of Xerxes. Heiodot. 7,
himself to the side of Ponipey, though he c. 72.
was his father's murderer, only because he Bry.\xis, a marble sculptor, who assisted iu
looked upon him as more justand patriotic in making the mausoleum. Pans. \, c. 40.
his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cac-sar BR'iCE, a daughterof Danaus by Polyxo.
not onlysparedthe lifeof Brutus, but he made Jpollod.2, c. 1.
bim one of his most faithfulfriends. He how- ever Bryges, a people of Thrace, afterwards
forgotthe favour because Cffisaraspired to called Phiyges. Sirab. 7.

tyranny. He conspiredwith many of the most Brygi, a people of Macedonia conquered

illustriouscitizens of Rome against the tyrant, by Mardonius. Herodot. 6, c. 45.
and stabbed him in Pompey's Basilica. The Brysea, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, c.
tumult which thismiurder occasioned was great:20.
the conspirators fled to the capitol,and by pro-
claiming BubacenE; a town of Asia. Curt. 5.
freedom and liberty to the populace, BuBACES, an eunuch of Dai'ius,he. Curl.
they re-established tranquillity in the city.tony, 5, c. 11.
An-
whom Brutus, contrary to the opinionof BuBARxs, a Persian Avho married the daugh-
ter
his associates,refused to seize,gainedground of Amyntas, againstwhom he had beec
in behalf of his friend Cffisar, and the murder-
ers sent with an army. Justin. 7, c. 13.
were soon obligedto leave Rome. Brutus BuBASTiA^s,one of the mouths of the
retired into Greece, where he gained himself Nile.
many friends by his ai-ms, as well as by persua-
sion, BuBASTis, a cityof Egypt,in the eastern
and he was soon after pursuedthither by parts of the Delta, whei-e cats were held in
Antony, whom young accompanied. greatveneration,because Diana Bubastis,who
Octavius
A battle was foughtat Philippi.Brutus, who is the chief deityof the place,is said to have
commanded the rightwing of the republicantransformed herself into a cat when the gods
army, defeated the enemy ; but Cassius,who fled into Egypt. Herodot. 2, c. 59, 137 and
had the care of the left,
was overpowered,and 154." Ovid. Met. 9, v. 690.
as he knew not the situation of his friend,and BuBASus, a country of Caria,whence Bu-
desperate, he ordered one of his freed- basides appliedto the nati\-es. Ovid. Met. 9,
grew
men to run him through. Brutus deeply de- plored
V. 643,

and in the fulness of his grief, BuBON, an inland cityof Lycia. Plin. 5,
his fall,
called him the last of the Romans, ra another c. 27.
the wing which
battle, E^utus commanded BucEPiTALA, a cityof India,near the Hy-
ob-
tauied a victory ; but tlieother was defeated, daspes;built by Alexander, in hoi:our of his
and he found himself surrounded by the soldiers favourite horse Bucepiialus.Curi.i^. c.3. "

of Antony. He however made his escape, and Justin. 12, c. 8. Diod. 17. "

soon after fellupon his sword, B. C. 42. Anto-

ny Bucephalus, a liOt-,se of Alexander's,
honoured him with a magnificent funeral. whose head resembled that of a bull,whence
Brutus is not less celebrated for his literaryents,his name
tal- ("-"-xf,*a"w;fbovis caput.) Alexander
than his valour in the held. When he was was the onlyone who could mount on his l)ack,
in the camp, the greatestpart of his time was and he always knelt down to take up his mas-
ter.

employed in readingand writing;and the day He was present in an engagement in

which precededone of his most bloodybattles,Asia, where he received a and heavyVound,
while the rest of his army was under continual hastened immediatelyor.tofthe battle,and
Brutus calmlyspent his boms
appreliensions; droppeddown dead us soon as he hud set down
 BU BY
the king in a safe place. He was 30 years old torian guards, but to death by Nero." "A
when he died, and Alexander built a city brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus.
which he cnlled after his name. Pint. iaMex. Bursa, the capital of Bithynia, supposed
Curt. Arrian. 5, c, 3. Piin. 8, c. 42.
"
" to have been called Prusa, from its founder,
Bucilianus, one of Cajsar's murderers. Prusias. Strab. 12.
Cjc. ad AUic. 14. BuRsiA, a town of Babylonia. Justin. 12,
BucoT-icA, a sort of poem which treats of c. 13.
the care of the flocks,and of the pleasures and BusA, a woman of Apuliawho entertained
occupations of the rural life, with simplicity 1000 Romans after the battle of Cannae. Val.
and elegance. The tuost famous pastoral ters Max. 4, c. 8.
wri-
of
antiquity are Moschus, Bion, Theocri- BusiE, a nation of Media. Herodot. 1.
lus; and Virgil.The invention of bucolics,or BusiRis, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune
pastoral poetry,isattributed to a shepherdof and Lybia, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all
Sicily. foreignei-s to Jupiterwith the greatestcru-
elty.

BucoLicuM, one of the mouths of the ^V'hen Hercules visited Egypt, Busi-
JJile,situate between the Sebennyticanand ris carried him to the altar bound hand and
Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, foot. The hero soon disentangledhimself,
Phatniticum. Herodot. 2, c. 17. and offei'edthe tyrant,his son Amphidamas,
BucoLioN, a king of Aixadia, after Laias. and the ministers of his crueltyon the altar.
Paus. 8, c. 5, A son ofLaoniedon and the Many Egyptianprinceshave borne the same
nymph Calybe. A son of Hercules and name. One of them built a town called Busi"
Prazithea. He was also called Bucolus. ris,in the middle of the Delta,where Isis had
A son of Lycaon,king of Arcadia. Apollod.a famous temple, Herodot. 2, c. 59 and 61. "

2 and 3. Strab. n."Ovid. Met. 9, v. lS2."Heroid. 9,

Bucolus, a son of Hercules and Marse. A V. 69." Plut. in Thcs." Virg.G,3, \\5."Jpol^
son of Hippocoou. ApoUod.2 and 3. lod. 2, c. 5.
Bunii, auatioji of Media. Herodot. BuTA, a town of Achaia. Diod. 20.
BuBiNi, a peopleof Scythia. Id. BuTEO, a surname of M. Fabius. Liv. 30,
BuDoRUM, a promontory of Salamis. Thu-A Roman
c, 26.orator. Seneca.
cyd.2, c. 94. BuTEs, one of the descendants of Amycus,
BuLBi's, a Roman senator, remarkable for kingof the Bebryces,very expert in the com- bat

his meanness. Cic. in Ver. of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where

BuLi", a town of Phocis,built by a colony he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot,

from Doris near the sea, above the bay of by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste,
Corinth. Pum. 10, c. 37. en on account of her beauty,was called Venus ;
S. Spartangiv-

up to Xerxes, to atone for the ott'ence iiis hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus. "

countrymen had done for putting the king'sVirg. JEn. 5, v. 372. One of the Argonauts,
messengers to death. Herodot. 7, c. TM, i"ic. Apollod. 1, c. 9. A Trojanslain by Camilla.
BuLLATius, a friend of Horace, to whom Virg.JFm. 11, V. 690. A son of Boreas who
the poet addressed 1 ep. 11, in consequence built INaxos. Diod. 5. -A son of Pandion
of his havingtravelled over part of Asia. and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and .Neptune.
Bdluis,
a town of Illyricum,
near the sea, He married Chtlionia, daughter of Erechtheus.
south of
Apolionia. Liv. 36, c. 7, 1. 44, c. 30. Apollod.3, c. 14, he. An arm-bearer to
BuMELLus, a river of AJssyria. Curt, 4, Anchises,and afterwards to Ascanius. lo
Apol-
C.9. assumed his shapewhen he descended from
BusTEA, a surname of Juno. heaven to encourage Ascanius to fight. Butes
BuiNus, a son of Mercury and Alcidaraea,was killed by Turnus. Vir^.JEn. 9, v. 647, 1.
who obtained the government of Corinth when 12, V. 632. A governor of Darius,besieged
iCetes w ent to Colchis. He built a temple to by Conon the Athenian.
Juno. Paus. 2, c. 3 and 4. BuTHROTUM, now Bulrinto,a sea-porttown
Bup.vi.us,a stutuary of Clazoraenae. Vid. of Epinisopposite Corcyra,visited by .Apneas,
Anthermus. in his wav to Italy from Troy. Virg.v9Sn. 3,
BuPHAGus, a son of Japetusand Thomax V. 293." P/m. 4, c. 1.
killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempt-
ed. BuTHiiuTus, a river in Italy near Locri.
A river of Arcadia bears his name. Pans. BuTHiREus, a noble statuaiy,disciple to
8, C.24. A surname of Hercules,givenhim Myron. Plin. 3"i,c. 8.
on account of liisgluttony BuTOA, an island in the Mediterranean,
BuPHo"'TA, a festival in honour of Jupiter at near Crete. Plin. 4, c, 12.
Athens, where an ox \vas immolated. Paus. BuTORiuES, an historian who wrote cerning
con-
1, c. 24."JEl'ian,V. H. 8, c. 3. tire pyramids. Plin. 36, c. 12.
BuPKAsiUM, a city,country, and river of BuTos, a town of Egypt, where there was
Elis. Homtr. a temple of Apolloand Diana, and an oracle
BuRA, a daughter of Jupiter,or accord-
ing of Latona. Herodot. 2, c. 59 and 63.
to others,of Ion and Helice, from whom BuTUNTUM, an iiiland town of Apulia.
Bura or Bnris, once a nourishing cityin the Plin. 3, c. 11.
bay of Corinth,received itsname. This city BuTus, a son of Pandion.
was destroyedby the sea. Ovid. Mtt. 15, Bu/YGEs, an Athenian who firstploughed
V. 293." Paus. 7, c. 'l^."Htrab. 1 and 8." JDt- with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave hita
wl. 15. the Palladium with which Diomedes had in-
trusted
BuRAicus, an epithetappliedto Hercules, him, to be carried to Athens.
Polycen.
from his temple near Bura, A river of 1, c. 5.
Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 2.3. Bybtesia and Bvbassia, a country of Ca-
EuRRHUs Ai-iUNius, a chief "f the prse- ria. Herodot. 1,c. 174.
 BY BY
Syblia, a name of Venus. daemoniahs
according to Justin,and accord-
ing
Byblii, a peopleof Syria.Jipollod.
% e. 1. Ammianus by the Athenians.
to The
Byblis, a daughterof Miletus and Cyanea. pleasantness and convenience of its situation
She fell in love with her brother Caunus. and was observed by Constantine the Great, who
when he refused to gratify her passion, she made itthe capital of the eastern Roman pire,
em-
destroyedherself. Some say that Caunus be- came A. D. 328, and called it
Constantinopolis.
enamoured of her, and fled from his A number of Greek writers,who have de- served
country to avoid incest;and others report, or usurpedthe name of Byzantine torians,
his-
that he fled from his sister'simportunities, who flourished at Bizantuim, after the seat
soughthim all over Lycia and Caria, and at of the empire had been translated thither
last sat down all bathed in tears, and was from Rome. Their works, which more
ticularly
par-
changed into a fountain of the same name. relate to the time in which theyflour-
ished;
Ovid, de Art. Am. I, v. 284. Met. 9, v. 451." and are seldom read but by those who
Hygin. fab. 243. Paiis. 7, c. 5.
" A small wish to form an
acquaintance with the revolu-
tions
island in the Mediterranean. of the lower empire, were published in
Bybt.us, a town of Syria,not far from the one largecollection, in 36 vols, folio,1648,":c.
sea, where Adonis had a temple. Strab. 16. at Paris,and recommended themselves by the
Bylliones, a peopleof Illyricum, notes and supplementsof Du Fresne and Du
Byrkhus, a robber, famous for his dissipa-
tion. Cange. They were likewise printed at Ve-nice
Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 69. 1729,in 28 vols, thoughperhapsthis edi- tion
Byrsa, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, is not so valuable as that of the French.
on which was tlietempleof iEsculapius. As- Strab. 1. Paterc. 2. c. 15. "
C. JVep. in Pam. "

drubal's wife burnt itwhen the citywas taken. Mcib. 4^ Timoth. Justin. 9, c. 1." Tacit. 12,
"

When Dido came to Africa,she bought of the Ann. c. 62 and 63. Mela, 2, c. 2. Marcd.
" "

inhabitants as much land as could be encom-

passed 22, c. 8.
by a bull'shide. After the agreement, Byzas, a son of Neptune, kingof Thrace,
she cut the hide in small thongs, and enclosed from whom it is said Byzantium received its
a large pieceof territory, on which she built name. Diod. 4.
a citadel which she called Byrsa,(Eut^-j., Byzeres, a of
a
people
between Pontus,
hide.) Virg.^n. 1, 371." Strab.
v. 17." Cappadocia and Colchis. Dionys.Perieg. "

Justin. 18, c. 5. " Flor. 2, c. 15. Liv."

153. 34, c. Place. 5, V.
62. Byzes, a celebrated artist in the age of
Byziacium, a country of Africa. Astyages. Pans. 6, c. 10,
Byzantium, a town situate on the Thracian Eyzia, a town in the possession of the
Eosphorus,founded by a colony of Megara, kings of Thrace, hated by swallows on ac- count
under the conduct of Byzas,658 years before of the horrible crimes of Tereus. Plim
the christian era. Paterculus says it was 4, c. 11.
founded by the Milesians, and by the Lace-

CA CA

of Oceanus and Tethys. Cabika, a wife of

pAANTHUS,
^^
a son
Vulcah, by whom she
He was ordered by his father to seek his had three sons. A town of Paphlagonia.
sister Malia, wliom Apollohad carried away, Caeiri, certain deitiesheld in the greatest
and he burnt in revenge the ravisher's temple veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia,
near the Isthiiius. He was killed for this im-
piety and Phrygia, but more
particularly in the
by the god, and a monument raised to islands of Saraothrace and Imbros. The
kis memory. Pans. 9, c. 10, number of these deities is uncertain. Some
Cabades, a kingof Persia,";c. say they were only two, Jupiterand Bar-
Cabala, a place of Sicily where the Car- chus ; others mention three,and some four-
tliaginians
were conquered by Dionysius. Aschieros, Achiochersa,Achiochersus,and
Diod. 15, Camillas. It is unknown where their worship
Cabales, a peopleof Africa, Htrodct. was first established; yet Phoenicia seeme
Cabalii, a peopleof A.siaMinor. Id. to be the placeaccordingto the authoritv of
Cabalinus, a clear fountain on mount He- Sanchoniathon, and from thence it wa.s intro-
duced
Kcon, sacred to the muses, and called also into Greece by the Pelasgi.The fes-
tivals
Hipperrene, as raised from the ground by the or mysteries of the Cabiri,were celc
foot of Pegasus. Pers. brated with the greatest
of the ^dui, now
solemnity at Samo-
Cacallinum, a town thrace, where all the ancient heroes and
Chalons,on the Saone. C""s. 7, Bell. G. c. princes were generallyinitiated,as their
42, seemed to be great in protecting
power sons
per-
Cabarnos, a deityworshippedat Paros, Irom shipwreck and storms. The ob-
scenities
His priests were called Cabarni. which prevailedin the celebration
Cagassus, a town of Cappadocia. A have obliged the authors of
every country to
villagenear Tarsus.
[)assover them in silence, and say that it wa".
Cabaj,uo, a town of Gaul, Iunlawful to reveal them. These deitiesar^
 CA CA
"ftcn confounded with the Corybantes,Ana- delay,went to the place,and saw tliemonster
stillfeedingon their tlesh. He attacked the
c^s. Dioscuri, cic. and; accordingto Herodo-
tus,
Vulcan was their father. This author dragon,and overcame it by the assistance of
mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses com-mitted Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon
in entering their temple,and turning to which armed men suddenlyrose up from the
ridicule their sacred mysteries.They were ground. He threw a stone in the midst of
to preside metals. Herodol. 2, them, and they instantly turned their arms
sup|)osed over

e. dl."Slrab. 10, kc."Paus. 9, c. 22, Lc" one againstthe other, tillall perishedexcept
Cic. fk Xat. D.\. five, who assisted him in buildinghis city.
Cabjria, a surname of Ceres. tivalsSoon afterhe married Hermoine
The fes- the daughter
of the CabirJ. Vid. Cabiri. of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest
Cabura, a fountain of Mesopotamia,where cordiality, and by whom he had a son, Poly-
Juno bathed. P/in. 31, c.3. dorus, ajid four daughters, Ino, Agave, Auto-
Caburus, a chief of the Helvii. C(zs. noe, and Semele. Juno persecutedthose
misfortunes
Caca, a goddessamong the Romans, sister children ; and their well-known
to Cacus, wiio is said to have discovered to so distracted Cadmus and Hermoine, that
Hercules where her brother had concealed his they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief,
oxen. She presidedover the excrements of and'infirm with age. They entreated the.
the body. Tlie vestals offered sacrifices in her gods to remove them from the misfortunes of

temple. Ladant. 1, c. 20. life,

and theywere immediatelychangedinto
Cachalej, a river of Phocis. Paus. 10, serpents. Some explainthe dragon'sfable,
32. by 5upi)Osing that it was a king of the countcy
c.

Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan whom Cadmus conquered by war ; and the
and Medusa, lepresentedas a three-headed armed men risingfrom the field,is no more
He resided than men armed with brass, accordingto the
mojister, and as vomitingHames.
in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were ambiguoussignification of a Phoenician word.
covered with human bones. He plundered Cadmus was the firstAvho introduced the use
the neighbouring and when les
Hercu- of letters into Greece ; but some maintain,
country ;
returned from the conquest of Geryon, that the alphabet which he broughtfrom Phce-
Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged iiicia,was only different from that which is
them backwards into his cave to prevent dis- used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece.
covery.
Hercules departedwithout perceiv-ing This alphabetconsisted only of lt3 letters, to

the theft ; but his oxen having lowed, which Palamedes afterwards added four, and
cus, Simonides of Melos the same number. The
were answered by the cows in the cave of Ca-
and the hero became with the worshipof many
acquainted of the Egyptianand Phoeni-
cian
Joss he had sustained. He ran to the place, deities was also introduced by Cadmus,
attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him who is siippo!"ed to have come into Greece
In his arms, thoughvomitingfire and smoke. 1493 years before the christian era, and to
Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servetor, have died 61 years after. Accordingto those
in commemoration of this victory; and an an-
nual who believe that Thebes was built at the
instituted the inhabitants sound of Amphion'slyre, Cadmus built only
festivalwas by
in honour of the hero, who had delivered a small citadel which he called Cadmea, and
ed
finish-
them from such a publiccalamity. Ovid. 1, laid the foundations of a citywhich was
Fast. \\5ry]." Virg.Jl'M. 8, v. 194.- -Propert. by one of his successors. Ovid. Met. 3,

4, el. 10. Jul'.5, V. 125. Li v. 1,c 7. Dio- fab. 1,2, hii."Herodot. 2, c.49, I. 4, c. 147."
"
" "

7iys.H(d. 1, ".9. Hygin.fab. 6, 7(5, 155, ^c. Diod. 1, ".C. " "

".c.
Cacuthis, a river of India flowinginto the Paus. 9, c. 5, Isic. Htsiod. Theog. v. 937,
"

irrian. Indie. A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated

Ganges.
Cacvparis, a river of
Sicily. as an historian in the age of Croesus, and as the
writer of an account of some citiesof Ionia,
Cadi, a town Phrygia. Strab.
of 12.
Of 4, e'l.
Lydia. Propert. 6, v. 7. in 4 books. He iscalled the ancient,in contra-distinction

Cadmea, a citadel of Thebes, built by fronj another of the same name and
Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes it- place,
self, son of Archelaus, who wrote an histoiy
and the Thebans are often called Cadrae- of Attica, in 16 books, and a treatise on love
Slat. Theb. 8, v. 6(Jl." Pajw. 2, c. 5. in.14 books. Diod. 1. Dio)tys." Hal. 2. Cle^"

"ans.
ancient of Boootla. ment. .'iUxund. 3." Strab l."Plin. 5, c. 29.
CAPMi-.is, an name

Cadmus, son of king of Phojnicia,

Agenor A Roman executioner, mentioned Horat-

by Telephassaor A,j;riope,
wasordered by 1,Sat. 6, v. 39.
his fati'.er to go in qjiest of his sister Europa, Cadra a hillof Asia Minor. Tacit.
,

CadCceus, rod entwined at one end by

whom Jupiterhad carried away, and lie Wixs a

never to return to Phcenicia if he did not two serpents, in the form of two equal circles.
semi-
It was ihe attribute of Mercuiy and
bringher back. As his search proved fruit- less,
he consulted the oracle of Apollo,and the emblem of power, and it had been given

was ordered to build a citywhere he should liim by Apollo in return for the lyre. Vari- ous
heifer in the and iuterpretatiojis have been put upon the
see a young stop grass,
Bceotia. He found the two sei-jjents round it. Some suppose them to
to call the countiy
be a symbol of Ju{)itor's with Rhea,
Leifer accordingto the directions of the ora- cle amours

wished to thank the god by when' these two deities transformed them- selves
; and as he
sent his companions to fetch into snakes. Others say, that it origi-nates
a sacrifice, he

water from a neighbouringgrove. The wa-

ters from Mercury's having appeased the
were sacredlo Mars, and guardedby a fuiyof two serpents that were fighting, by
dragon, which devoured all tliePhoenician's touching them with his rod. Prudence is

iMteudaiits. Cadmus, tired of theii-seeming supposed

generally to be by these
represented
 CM
two and the wings arc the symbolof
serpents, C^ciNA Tuscus, a son of Nero's nurse,
; both
diligence necessary in the pursuit of bu-
siness
made governor of Egypt. Suet in Ner.
and commerce, which nized. A Roman
Mercury patro- who wrote some physicaltreatises,
With it.Mercury conducted to the A citizen of Volaterrae,defended by
infernal regionsthe souls of the dead, and Cicero.
could lull to sleepand even raise to lifea C^cuBUM, a town of Campania in Italy,
dead person. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 242. Horat. \, near
" the bay of Caieta,famous for the excel"
od. 10. lence and plentyof its wines. Strab. 5.-*"
Cadurci, a peopleof Gaul,at
the east of Horat. 1,od. 20, 1.2, od. 14, ",c.
the Garonne. Ccb*. C^cuLUS, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as
Cadusci, a peoplenear the Caspian sea. some say, by his mother, when a sparkof fire
Plut. fellinto her bosom. He was called Coeculus,
Cadytis, a town of Syria. Herodot. 2, because his eyes were small. After a lifespent
c. 159. in plundering and rapine, he built Praeneste ;
Cma, an island of the JEgean sea among but being unable to find inhabitants,he im- plored
the Cyclades, called also Ceos and Cea, from Vulcan to show whether he really was
Ceus the son of Titan. Ovid. 20, Heroid. his father. Upon this a flame suddenlyshone
"

Virg.G. 1,V. 14. among a multitude who were assembled to

CvEciAs,a blowingfrom the north.
wind see spectacle,
some and they were ately
immedi-
CECILIA, the wife of Sylla. Plut in Syl. persuadedto become the subjects of Cas-
The mother of Lucullus. Id. in Luc. culus. Virg.JEn. 7, v. 680, says, that he
A daughterof Atticus. was found in fire by shepherds, and on that
CiEciLiA Caia, or Tanaquil. Vid. Tana- account called son of Vulcan,who is the god
quil. of fire.
Cjscilia Lex, was proposed,A. U. C. Q. C^Dicius, a consul, A. U. C. 498,
693, by Caecil. Metellus Nepos, to remove "
Another, A. U. C. 465.
" A military
taxes from all the Italian states,and to give tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted him-
them free exportation. Another called also selfto rescue the Roman army from the Car-
Didia,A. U. C. 656, by the consul Q. Caecilius thaginians, B. C. 254. He escaped with his
Metellus,and T. Didius. It required that no life. A rich person, he. Virg.Mn. 9, v,
more than one singlematter should be pro- posed 362. A friend of Turnus. Virg.Mn. 10,
to the people in one question, lest by V. 747.
one word they should give their assent to a C^LiA Lex, was enacted A. U. C. 635,
whole bill, which might contain clauses wor-thy by Caelius, a tribune. It ordained that in ju-
dicial
to be approved,and others unworthy. It proceedings before the people^in cases of
requiredthat every law, before it was pre- treason, the votes should be givenupon tablet*
ferred,
should be exposed to publicview on contraryto the exceptionof the Cassian law.
three market-days.Another, enacted by Cae- cilius CjELius,an orator, disciple to Cicero. He
Metellus the censor, concerningfullers. died very young. Cicero defended him whea
Flin. 35, c. 17. Another, A. U. C. 701, to he was accused by Clodius of beingaccessary
jrestore to the censors their original rights and to Catiline's conspiracy, and of havingmur-
dered

privileges, which had been lessened by P. some ambassadors from Alexandria,and

Clodius the tribune. Another called also carried on an illicitamour with Clodia the
Gabinia,A. U. C. 685, against usury. wife of Metellus. Oral, pro M. Ccel. Quiw "

CiEciLiANus,a Latin writer before the age of til. 10,c. 1. A man of Tarracina,found
Cicero. murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected
C^ciLii, a plebeianfamilyat Rome, de- scended
of the murder, but acquitted. Val. Max. 8,
from Cascas,one of the companions c. 1. Aurelianus, a writer about 300 yeara
of iEneas, or from Caeculus the son of Vul-can, afterChrist, the best edition of whose works is
who built Praeneste. This familygave thatof Almeloveen, Amist. 1722 and 1755. .

birth to many illustriousgenerals and patriots.L. Antipater, wrote anhistory ofRome, w^hich,
C^ciLius Claudius Isidorus,a man who M. Brutus epitomized,and which Adrian
left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves,preferred to the historiesof Sallust. Caelius
3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle,flourished 120 years, B. C. Val Max. 1,c. 7.
600,000 pounds of silver. Plin. 33, c. 10. Cic. 13,ad. Mic, ep. 8.
" Tubero, a mans
Epirus,a freedman of Atticus,who opened who came to lifeafter he had been carried ta
a school at Rome, and is said to have first the burningpile.Plin.T, c. 52. Vibien-
taughtreadingto Virgil and some other grow-
ing us, a kingof Etruria,who assisted Romulus.
poets. A Sicilian orator in the age of againstthe Cseninenses,he. Sabinus,a
Augustus,who wrote on the Servile wars, a writer in the age of Vespasian, who compo-
sed
comparisonbetween DemosthenesandCicero, a treatise on the edicts of the curuleediles.
and an account of the orations of Demos-
thenes. One of the seven hillson which Roo?e was
Metellus. Vid. Metellus. Sta- built. Romulus
tins, surrounded itwith a ditch aud
a comic poet, deservedlycommended rampart,and it was enclosed by wails by the
by Cicero and Quintilian, thoughthe orator succeedingkings. It received its name frcm
M. Mlic. calls him Malum Latinitatis aucto- Caelius, who assisted Romulus against the
rem. Above 30 of his comedies are mention-
ed Sabines.
by ancient historians, among which are his CjEmaro, a Greek, who wrote an account
Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus,Syracusae, of India.
Fcenerator,Fallacia,Pausimachus, "lc. He C/ENE, a small Islandin the Siciliansea.
was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168, A toy, .'I Oil the ocast of Laconia,whence Jupi-
ter
B. C. and was bui'i".'d
on the Janiculum. Ho- is called Caeuius. PUn. 4, c. 6. Ovid "

"rat.2, ep. 1. Mpt 9, T. lc"".

20
 CM CiE!
"";eneus, one of the Argonauts. Jipollod. Hu5 the son of iEneas. When he reached hh
1^c. 9. A Trojankilled by Turnus. Virg. 15th year he lost his father,and the year after
CA:NinES, a patronymic of Eetion, as de-
scended
he was made priestof Jupiter.Syllav,as
from Ca^neus. Herodot. 5, c. 92. aware of his ambition,and endeavoured to re-
move

C.iKNiA, a town of Latium near; but Caesar understood

Rome. himhis inten-
tions,
called Cmninenses,made
The inhabitants, and to avoid discovery,
war changed every
againstthe Romans when their virginshad day his lodgings. He Avas received into Sylla's
been stolen away. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 135. friendship some time after;
"
and the dictator
Properf.4,el. 11,c. 9.-"Liv. 1,c. 9. told those who solicited the advancement of
Cj"Nis, a promontory of Italy, oppositeto young Caesar, that they were warm in the in-
terest
relorns in Sicily, a distance of about one mile of a man who would prove, some day or
and a half other,the ruin of their country and of their
C.'EMs, a Thessalian woman, daughter of liberty.When Caesar went to finish his stu- dies
Elatus,who beingforcibly ravished by Nep-tune, at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was
obtained frojii the god the power to seized by pirates, who oSered him his liberty
change her sex, and to become invulnerable. for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and threat- ened
She also changed her name, and was called to revenge their insults ; and he no soon-
er

Cccncus. In the wars of the Lapithic against was out of their power, than he armed a
the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter,and was ship,pursued them, and crucified them all.
overwhelmed with a huge pileof wood, and His eloquenceprocuredhim friends, at Rome,

changed into a bird. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 172 and the generous manner
"
in which he lived,
and 479. Virg.Jl'.n.6, v. 448, says, that she equallyserved to promote his interest. He
"

returned againto her pristine form. obtained the office of highpriest at the death,
Q. Servimus CyEPro, a Roman consul,!of Metellus ; and after he had passedthrough
A. U. C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He the inferior employments of the state,he was
plundered a temple at Tolossa,for which he appointedover Sj)ain, where he signalized
was punished by divine vengeance, ".c. Jus- tin. himself by his valour and intrigues. At his
c.'^
'i'2, Paterc.2,c. 12.
" A quaestor return to Rome, he was made consul, and
who opposed Saturninus. Cic. ad Her. soon afterhe effected a reconciliation between
Cjerxtvs, a town of Crete. Strab. A Crassus and Pompey. He Avas appointedfor
river. the space of five yeai-s over the Gauls,by the
C/ERE, C^REs, ancientlyAgylla, now interest of Pompey, to w-hom he had given
Cer-veteri, a cityof Etruria, once the capitalhis daughterJulia in marriage. Here he en-
larged

of the whole country. It was in beingin the the boundaries of the Roman empire,
age of Strabo. Wlien ^Eneas came by conquest,and invaded Britain,which was
to Italy,
Mezentius was the inhabitants cal-
led then unknown
kingover to the Roman people. He
Caretes, or checked the Germans,
but they banished
Cccrites; and soon after had his
their pnnce, and assisted the Trojans. The government over Gaul prolongedto five other
peopleof Casre received with all possible hos- years, by means
pitality of his friends at Rome. The
the Romans who fled with the fire of death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted
Vesta,when the city was besiegedby the state of the Roman senate, and the ambition
Gauls,and for this humanity they were made of Caisar and Pompey, soon became the
citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of causes of a civil war. Neither of these ce-
lebrated

voting; whence Cceritestabulcc was appliedto Romans would suffer a superior, and
those who had no and Cierites cera
suffrage, the smallest matters were sufficient ground
appropriated as a mark of contempt. Virg.for unsheathing the sword. Cccsar's petitions
^n. Sand 10." /ir. 1, c. 2." 5/ra6.5. were received witii coldness or indifference
C.EKE51, a [)eople of Germany. Ccns. by the Roman senate ; and by the influence
Cesar, a surname givento the Julian ly fami- of Pompey, a decree was passedto striphira
at Rome, either because one of them kept of his power. Antony, Avho opposed it as
an which bears the same
elephant, name in the tribune,fled to Caesar's camp with the news ;
Punic tongue,or because one was born with a and the ambitious generalno sooner heard
thick head of hair. This name, after it had this,than he made ita pleaof resistance. On
been dignified in the person of Julius Caesar, pretence of avengingthe violence which had
and of his successors, av as given to the appa-
rent been offered to the sacred office of tribune
heir of the empire,in the age of the Ro- man in the person of Antony, he crossed the Ru- bicon,
emperors. The twelve firstRoman perors
em- which was the boundary of his pro-
vince.
were distinguished by the surname of The passage of the Rubicon was a de-
claration
C'cesar. They reignedin the following order of war, and C"sar entered Italy,
Julius Caesar, Augustus,Tiberius,Caligula sword in hand. Upon tliis,Pompey, witli
" Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, pasian,all the friends of liberty,
Ves- leftRome, and re-
tired
Tif us, and Domitian. In Domitian, or to Dyrrachium ; and Ca3sar,after he had
rather in Nero, the familyof Julius Ceesar was subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome,
extinguished.But after such a lapseof time, and provided himself with money from the
the appellationof Ccesar seemed inseparable ti-easury.He went to Spain,where he
j)ublic
from the insperialdignity,and therefore it conquered the partizans of Pompey, under
was assumed by the sticcessors of the Julian Petreius, Afranius,and Varro; and, at iiis
family.Suetonius has written account of returnanto Rome, was declared dictator,and
these tv.rlve characteis,in an extensive and soon after consul. When he leftRome, he
impartial jnanncr. C. .luliusCajsar, the first went in que^'t of Pompey, observing that he
emperor of Rome, was son of li. Cajsar and was marcliiugagalnsta general without troojis,
Aurelia the dang.hter of Cotta. He was des- after having defeated troops without a ge- neral
t\fndt'd;accordingto some accouiits.from Ju- in Spain, la the of Pharsalia,
phiias
B. C. 48, the tivo hostile generals engaged. services of a man, who, in the inteivals of
Pompey was con(juered, and fled into Egypt, peace, beautified and enriched the capital of
where he was murdered. Csesar, after he his country with publicbuildings,
libraries,and
had made a noble use of victory, pursued his porticos,the senate permittedthe dictator to
adversaryinto Egypt, where he for sometime wear a laurel crown on his bald head ; and it
forgothis fame and character in the arms of is said,that,to reward his benevolence, they
Cleopatra,by whom he had a sosi. His dan-
ger were goingto give him the titleor authority of
was great while at Alexandria ; but he king all over the Roman empire,except Italy,
extricated himself with wonderful success, and when he was murdered. In his privatecha-
racter,
made Egypt tributaryto his powder. After Csesar has been accused of seducingone
several conquests in Afi'ica, the defeat of Ca- of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being
to, Scipio,and Juba, and that of Pompey's privyto Catiline's conspiracy; and it was his
sons in Spain,he entered Rome, and trium-
phed fondness for dissipatedpleasureswhich made
over five different nations,Gaul, Alexan-
dria, his countrymen saj- that he was the husband of
Pontus, Africa,and Spain,and was ted
crea- all the women at Rome, and the woman of
dictator.
perpetual But now his all men.
It is said that he conquered 300 na-
glorywas tions,

at an end, his uncommon success created him took 800 cities, and defeated thre" mil-
lions
enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, of men, one of which fellin the field of
among whom was Brutus, his most intimate battle. Plin. 7, c. 25, says that he could em-ploy

friend,conspiredagainst him, and stabbed him at the same time, his ears to listen, his
in the senate-house on the ides of March. He eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind
died, piercedwith 23 wounds, the 15th of to dictate. His death was preceded,as many
March, B. C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; and
Casca gave hirathe firstbloAV,and immediately immediately after his death, a large comet
fee make
attempted to some resistance; but made its appearance. The best editions of
when he sawBrutus among the conspirators, Caesar's commentaries, are the magnificent
he submittedto his fate,and felldown at their one by Dr. Clarke, fol. Lond. 1712; that of
feet,muiilingup his mantle, and exclaiming,Cambridge, with a Greek translation,4to.
Til quoque Brute ! Caesar migiit have escaped 1727 ; that of Oudendorp, 2 volumes 4to. L.
the sword of the conspirators, ifhe had listen- Bat. 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo. L. Bat.
";d to the advice of his wife,whose dreams, on 1635. Sueton. ^ Plut. in vita. Dio ^p- " "

the nightpreviousto the day of his murder, pian. Orosius. Diod. 16 and eel. 31 and 37.
" "

Tv'ere alarming. He also received,as he went Virg. G. 1, V. 466." Ovid Met. 15,v. 782."
to the senate-house,a paper from Artemido- Marcell. " Flor. 3 and 4. Lucius, W'as ther
fa-
rus, which discovered
conspiracyto the whole
to the dictator. He died suddenly, Avhen
him ; but he neglectedthe reading of what puttingon his shoes. Octavianus. Vid.
might have saved his life. When he was in his Augustus. Caius, a tragicpoet and orator,
first campaign in Spain,he was observed to commended by Cic. in Brut. His brother C,
gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed Lucius, was consul, and followed, as well as
tears at the recollection that that hero had quered
con- himself,the party of Sylla. They were both
the world at an age in which he himself put to death by order of Marius. Lucius,
had done nothing. The learning of Caesar de-
serves
an uncle of M. Antony, who followed the in-
terest
commendation, as well as his military of Pompey, and was proscribedby Au-
gustus,
diaracter. He reformed the calendar. He for which Antony proscribedCicero,
wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was
the spot where he foughthis battles; and the put to death by J. Ca?sar, in his youth. Two
comj)osition has been admired for the elegance sons of Agrippabore also the name of Caesars,
as well as the correctness of its style. This Caius and Lucius. Vid. Agrippa. Augus-
valuable book nearlylost ; and when Cce- ta, a town of Spain,built by Augustus, on thp
was

sar saved his life in the

bay of Alexandria,he Iberus,and now called Saragossa.
was obliged to swim from his ship,with his C^SAUEA, a cityof Cappadocia, of Bi-
arms in one hand and his commentaries in the thynia, of Mauritania, of Palestine.
other. Besides tiie Gallic and Civil wai's, he There are many small insignificant towns of
wrote other pieces, which are now^ lost. The that name, either built by the emperors, or

history of the war in Alexandria and Spainis at- called by their name,
tributed in compliment to them
to him by some, and by others to Hir- C.ESARioN, the son of J. Caesar,by queen
tius. Caesar has been blamed for his debauch-
eries Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed
and expenses ; and the firstyear he had by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus,
a publicoffice, his debts were rated at 830 ta- lents,Egypt,and Calosyria. He was j)utto death
which his friends discharged ; yet, in five years after by Augustus. Sutf. in Aug.^
his publiccharacter,he must be reckoned one 17,and C(es.52.
of the few heroes that rarelymake their ap-
pearanceC^SKNNius PiETUS, a generalsent by Nero
among mankind His qualities were to Armenia, fcc. Tacit.15, .^nn. 6 and 25.
such, that in every battle he could not be but C^.SETios, a Roman who protectedhis
conqueror, and in every republic,master; children against Cajsar. Val. Max. 5, c, 7.
and to his sense of his superiority over the rest Cj*:,sia,a surname of Minerva. A wood
of the world, or to hie ambition, we are to in Germany. 2V/ci7.1,^mi. c. 59.
attribute his saying,that he wished rather to CiEsius,a Latin poet, whose talents were
be first in a little village,then second at not of uncommon brilliancy.Catull. 14.
Rome. It was afterhis conquest over Pharnaces A lyric and heroic poet in the reignof JNero
in one day, that he made use of these remark-able Persius.
words, to express the celerity of his ope- CiEso, a sou of Q. Cincinnalus,who r^voltej^
*fations; Vf,ni, i-kH,vici, ConBcious of the to the Volsci.
 CA CA
Cjesosia, a lascivious woman who married Calaris, a cityof Sardinia. Flor. 2, c. 6,
Caligula, and was murdered at the same time Calathana, a town of Macedonia. Liv.
with her daughter Julia. Suet, in Calig.c. 59. 32, c. 13.

C5:soNius, Maximus, was banished from Calathion, a mountain of Laconia. Paus,

Italyby Nero, account of his friendship
on 3, c. 26.
with Seneca, "c. Tacit. 15,y?n?i.c. 71. Calathus, a son of Jupiterand Antiope,
Cjetulum, a town of Spain. Strab. 2, Calates, a town of Thrace near Tomus,
Cagaco, a fountain of Laconia. Pans. 3, on the Euxine sea. Strab. 7. Mela, 2, c. 2.
"

C.24. Calatia, a town of Campania, on the Ap-

Caicinus, a river of Locris. Thucyd.3, c. pianway. It was made a Roman colonyia
303. the age of Julius Caesar. Sil. 8, v. 543.
Caicus, a companion of iEneas. Virg.JF,n. Calatia, a people of India, who eat the
1,V. 187,1.9, V. 35. A river of Mysia,fall-
ing flesh of their parents. Herodot. 3, c. 38.
into the ^gean sea, opposite Lesbos. Calavii, a peopleof Campania. Liv. 26,
Yirg.G. 4, V. 370." Ovid. Met. 2, v. 243. c. 27.
Caieta, a town, promontory, and harbour Calavius, a of Capua, who
magistrate cued
res-

of Campania, which received its name from Roman

some senators from death, "ic.
Caieta, the nurse of iEneas, who was buried Liv. 23, c. 2 and 3.
there. JEn. 7, v.
Vi7-g. 1. Calaurea and Calauria, an island near
Caius and Caia, a praenomen very mon
com- Trcezene in the bay of Argos. Apollo,and
at Rome to both sexes. C, in itsnatural afterwards Neptune,was the chief deity of the
position, denoted the man's name, and when place. The tomb of Demosthenes was seen
reversed 3 it impliedCaia. 1,c. 7.
Qidntil. there,who poisonedhimself to flee from the
Caius, a son of Agrippa by Julia. Vid. persecutions of Antipater. Ovid. Met. 7, v.
Agrippa. 384." Paus. 1, c. 3, kc.Strab. 8." Mela, 2,
Q. Calaber, called also Smyrnreus,wrote c. 7.
a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation Calbis, a river of Caria. Mela, 1,c. 16.
of Homer's Iliad, about the beginningof the Calce, a cityof Campania. Strab. 5.
third century. The best editions of this ele-
gant Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son of
and well written book, are, that of Rho- Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy,
doman, 12mo. Hanover, 1604, with the notes in the office of highpriest; and he informed
of Dausqueius, and that of Pauw, 8vo. L. Bat. them that that citycould not be taken with- out
1734. the aid of Achilles,that their fleetcould
Calabria, a country of Italy in Magna not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was ficed
sacri-
Grajcia. Ithas been called Messapia, Japygia, to Diana, and that the plaguecould not be
Salentini,and Peucetia. The poet Ennius stopped in the Grecian army, before the res- toration

was born there. The countiy was fertile,and of Chiycisto her father. He told
produced a variety of fruits,much cattle,and them also that Troy could not be taken before
excellent honey. Virg.G. 3, v. 425. Horat. ten years siege. He had received the power
"

1, od.31. !. 1, ep. 7, v. 14."

Epod. 1, v. 27, of divination from Apollo. Calchas was formed,
in-
Strab. 6." Mela, 2, c. 4."Plin. 8, c. 48 that as soon as he found a man more
Calabrus, a river of Calabria. Pans. 6. skilled than himself in divination, he must pe-rish
Calagurritani, a people of Spain, who ; and this happened near Colophon, after
ate their wives and children, rather than yieldthe Trojanwar. He was unable to tell how
to Pompey. Val. Max. 7, c. 6, many figswere in the branches of a certain
Calais and Zethes. Vid. Zethes. ; and
fig-tree when Mopsus mentioned the act
ex-

Calagutis, a river of Spain. Flor. number, Calchas died throughgrief.[Vid.

3, c.
22. Mopsus.] Homer. II. 1, v. 69. JEschyl. m "

Calamis, an excellent carver. 3, Agam. Eurip.in Iphig. Paus. 1,c. 43.

Propert. " "

el.9, v. 10. Calchedonia. Vid. Calchedon. "

Calamisa, a placeof Samos. Herodot. 9. Calchinia, a daughterof Leucippus. She

Calabios, a town of Asia, near mount Li- had a son by Neptune, who inherited his
banus. Plin. 5, c, 20. A town of Phoeni-
cia. kingdom of Sicyon.Paus.
grandfather's 2, c. 5.
Another of Babylonia. Caldus Cje-livs,a Roman wko killed self
him-
Calamus, a son of the river Magander, who when detained by the Germans. Paterc.
xvas tenderlyattached to Carpo, he. Pans. 2, c. 120.
9, c. 35. Cale, (es) Cales, (ium,)and Calencm,
Calanus, a celebrated Indian philosopher,
now Calvi,a town of Campania. Horat. 4,od.
one of the gymnosophists.He followed Alex- ander 12." Juv. 1,v. 69." Sil. 8, v. 413." Virg. *5Cn.
in his Indian expedition, and beingsick, 7, V. 728.
in his 83 year, he ordered a pileto be raised, Caledonia, a countryat the north of Bri- tain,
upon which he mounted, decked with flowers now called Scotland. The reddish hair
and frarlands, to the astonishment of the king and lofty stature of itsinhabitants seemed to
and of the army. When the pilewas fired, denounce a German extraction,accordingto
Alexander asked him whether he had any Tacit, in vild Agric. It was so littleknown
thingto say : " No," said he, " I shall meet to the Romans, and its inhabitants so littleci- vilized,
you againin a very short time." Alexander that they called it Britannia Barbara,
died three months after in Babylon. Strab. and they never penetratedinto the country
15. Cic de Div. 1, c. 23. Arrian. ^ Plut. in either for curiosity
"
" or conquest. Martial. 10,
Alex."JElian. 2, c. 41, 1.5, c Q." VnL Max. 1, ep. 44." Sil. 3, v. 598.
e.8. Calentum, a place of Spain,where it is
Calaon, a river of Asia,negir Colophon.said theymade bricks so lightthat they swam
Paus. 7, c. 3. on the surface of the water. Plin. 35, c. 14.
 CA CA
Calenus, a famous soothsayer of Etruria, Calipus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B
In the age of Tarquin. Plin. 28, c. 2. A C. 330.
lieutenant of Cassar's army. After Caesar's Calis,a man in Alexander's army, tortured
murder, he concealed some that had been pro- for conspiring against the king. Curt. 6, c. 1 1.
acribed by the triumvirs, and behaved with Call;5:scheru3,the father of Critias. Plut.
great honom* to them. Plut. in Cces. in Mcih.
Cales, Vid. Cale. A Callaici, a peopleof Lusitania,
cityof Bithyniaon now Gal-
the Euxine. Arrian. licia,at the north of Spain. Ovid. 6, Fast. v.
Calesius, a charioteer of Axylus,killedby 461.
Diomedes in the Trojanwar. Homer. 11.16,v. 16. Callas, a general of Alexander. Diod,
Cail".tm, a people of BelgicGaul, now 17. Of Cassander against Polyperchon./tt
Pays de Cauxy in Normandy. Cces. Bell. G. 19. A river of Eubcea.

2; c. 4, Their town is called Caletum. Callatebus, a town of Caria. Herodot. 7,

Caletor, a Trojan prince,slain by Ajax c. 32.
as he was going to set fire to the ship of Calle, atown of ancient Spain,now to,
Opor-
Protesilaus. Homer. II. 15,v. 419. at the mouth of the Douro in Portugal.
Calex, a river of Asia Minor, falling into Calleteria, a town of Campania.
the Euxine sea. Thucyd.4, c. 75 Calleni, a peopleof Campania.
Caliadne, the wife of Egyptus. ^ollod. Callia, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8. c. 27.
% c. 1. Calliades, a magistrate of Athens when
Caliceni, a peopleof Macedonia. Xerxes invaded Greece. Herodot. 8, c. 51.
M. Calidius, an orator and who
pretorian Calllis, an Athenian appointedto make
died in the civil wai's, Sic. Cces. Bell. Civ. peace between Artaxerxes and his country.
1, c. 2. L. Julius,a man remarkable for Diod. 12. A son of Temenus, who dered
mur-

his riches,the excellency of his character,his his father with the assistance of his
learningand poetical abilities. He was brothers,
scribed
pro- .^polled.2, c. 6. A Greek poet,
by Volumnius, but delivered by Atti- son of Lysimachus.His compositions
are lost.
cus. C.JVep.in Jitiic.12. He wassurnamed
Schcenion,from his twisting
C. Caligula, the emperor, received throughpoverty. Mhen
this ropes, ("rx:eiv"--,) 10.
surname from his
wearingin the camp, the A partial historian of Syracuse.He wrote
Caliga, a military coveringfor the leg.He was an account of the Sicilian wai's, and was well
son of Germanicus by Agrippina,and grand- rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shown
eon to Tiberius. During the firsteightmonths him in a favourable view. Athen. 12. Dionys. "

of his reignr Rome expecteduniversal prosper-

ity, An Athenian greatly revered for his pa- triotism.
the exiles were recalled, taxes were ted,
remit- Herodot. 6, c. 121. A soothsayer.
and profligates dismissed;but Caligula An Athenian, commander of a fleet
soon became proud, wanton, and cruel. He againstPhilip, whose ships he took, he. A
built a templeto himself,and ordered his head rich Athenian; who liberated Cimon from pri-
son,
to be placedon the images of the gods, while on condition of marrying his sister and
he wished to imitate the thunders and power wife Elpinice. C. Ntp. and Plut. in Cim.
of Jupiter.The statues of all great men were A historian, who wrote an explanation of the
removed, as if Rome would sooner forgether poems of AlcaeuS and Sapj)ho.
virtues in their absence ; and the emperor peared Callibius, a generalin the. war
ap- between
in publicplacesin tiie most indecent Mantinea and Sparta. Xenoph.Hist. G.
manner, encouraged roguery, committed in- cest Callicerus, a Greek poet, some of whose
with his three sisters, lic epigi'ams
and established pub- are preservedin the Anthologia.
places of prostitution. He often amused Callichorus, a place of Phocis, where
himself with putting innocent peopleto death ; the orgies of Bacchus were yearlycelebrated,
he attemptedto famish Rome, by a monopoly Calllicles, an Athenian,whose house was
of corn ; and as he was pleasedwith the great- est not searched on account of his recent riage,
mar-

disasters which befell his subjects, he often when an inquirywas made afterth^
wished the Romans had but one head, that he money givenby Harpalus,",c. Plut. in Dc-
might have the gratification to strike it oflf.mosth. A statuaryof Megara.
Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace Callicolona, a place of Troy, near the
with human victims,and a favourite horse was Simois.
made high-priest and consul, and kept in mar-
ble Calucrates, an Athenian, who seized
apaitments, and adorned with the most upon the sovereignty of Syracuse,by imposing
valuable trappings and pearls the Roman pire
em- upon Dion when he had lost his popularity.
could furnish. Caligula built a bridgeup-
wardsHe was expelledby the sons of Dionysius, af-
ter
of three miles in the sea ; and would per-
haps reigningthirteen months. He is called
have shown himself more tyrannical, had Callipus, by some authors, C. JVep.in Dimi.
not Chajreas, one of his servants, formed a con-
spiracy An officer intrusted with the care of the
againsthis life,with others equallytreasures of Susa by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2
tired with the cruelties and the insults that An artist,who made, witli ivory,m\\s
were offered with impunityto the persons and and other insects,so small that they could
feelingsof the Romans. In consequence of scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved
this,the tyrantwas murdered Januaiy24th,in some of Homer's verses upon a grainof millet.
his 29th year, after a reignof three years and Plin. 7, c. 21-vE/wn. V. H. 1, c. 17. An
ten months, A. D. 41. It has been said,that Athenian,who by his perfidy constrained the
Caligulawrote a treatise on rhetoric ; but his Athenians to submit to Rome. Pous. 7, c. 10.
love of learningis better understood from his A Syrianwho wrote an account of Aurc-
attemptsto destroythe writings of Homer and i lian's life. A brave Athenian killed at liie
of Virgil.Bio.-^Suelon. in vitA-^Tacif. 4nn. |battleof Platae. Htrodot. 9, c. 72.
 CA CA
Callicrat;daSj a Spartan,who succeeded Olympicgames. When Pisidorus was ed
declar-
Lysfinderin the command of the fleet. He victor,she discovered her sex through ex-
cess

took Alethymna,and routed the Athenian fleet of joy,and was arrested,as women wer"5

under Conon. He was defeated and killed not permitted to appear there on painof death-
near the Arginuia?, in a naval battle,B. C. The victoryof her son obtained her release ;
406. Diod. 13. Xenopli. " Hisl. G. One of and a law was instantly made, which forbade
the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedaemo-
nians any wrestlers to appear but naked. Pans.
to Darius, upon the rupture of their al- liance
5, c. 6, 1.6, c. 7.
with Alexander. Cart. 3, c. 13. A Caleiphon, a painterof Samos, famous for
Pythagoreanwriter. his historical pieces, Plin. 10, c. 26, A
Callioius, celebrated Roman
a orator, philosopherwho made the summum bonum-
contemporary with Cicero,who speaksof his consist in pleasure joinedto the love of hon-esty.
abilities with commendation. Cic. in Brut. This system was opposedby Cicero. QacBst.
2'74.~-Paterc. 2, c. 36. Acad. 4, c. 131 and 139. de Offic. 3, c. 119.
Callidromus, a place near Thermopylae. Caleiphron, a celebrated dancing master*
Thucyd.8, c. 6. who had Epaminondas among his pupils. C.
Calligetus, a man of Megara, received in JVep. in Epam.
his banishment bv Pharnabazus. Thucyd.8, Callipidje, a peopleof Scythia.Htrodot.
c. 6. 4, c. 17.
Callimachus, an historian and poet of Callipolis, a cityof Thrace on the Hel-;
Cyrene,son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupillespont. SiL 14, v. 250. A town of Sicily
to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in near -Stna. A cityof Calabria on the coast
the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kepta school of Tarentum, on a rockyisland,joinedby a
at Alexandria,and had Apollonius of Rhodes bridgeto the continent. It is now called GaU
among his pupils, whose ingratitude obligedlipoli,aind contains 6000 inhabitants,who trade^
Callimachus to lash hira severely in a satirical in oil and cotton, ,

of Ibis. (Fi"f.
poem, under the name nius.)
Apollo- Caeeipus or Calippus, an Athenian, dis-
ciple
The Ibis of Ovid is an imitation of this to Plato. He destroyedDion, "ic. Vid.
piece. He
wrote a work in 120 books on fa-
mous Callicrates. C. JYep.in Dion. A Corin-
thian,
besides treatises on
men, birds ; but of who wrote an history of Orchomeuos.*
aJl his numerous compositions, only'31 epi-
grams,Pans, 6, c. 29. A philosopher.Diog. in:
an elegy,and some hymns on the gods, Zen. A generalof the Athenians when the,|
are extant; the best editions of which, are Gauls invaded Greece by Paus,^ Thermopylie.
that of Ernestus, 2 vols. 8vo. L. 1761,and that 1, c. 3.
of Vukanius, 12mo. Antwerp, 1584. Pro- Caelipyges, a surname of Venus.
pertius styledhimself the Roman CaUhnachus. Caleirhoe, a daughterof the Scamander,.
The precise time of his death,as well as of his who married Troas, by wliom she had Ilus,Ga-
,

birth,is unknown. Property4, el. 1, v. 65. nyraede,and Assaracus.

"

A fountain of At-i
Cic. Tu.'ic.1, c. 84.~"Horat. 2, ep. 2, v. 109." tica where Callirhoe killed Iierself. Vid. Co-vJ
Quhdil.10, c. 1. An Athenian general ed
kill- resus. Pans. 7,c. 21. Slal. 12. Theb. v. 629.
"

in the battle of Marathon. His body was A daughterof Oceanus and Tethys,mo-ther
found in an erect posture, all covered with of Echidna, Orthos, and Cerberus, by.^i
wounds. Phd. A Colophonian,who wrote Chrysaor. Hesiod. A daughterof Lycusj
tae lite of Homer. Plut. tyrantof Libya, who kindlyreceived Diome^
Callimedo.v, partizanof Phocion, at des at his return from
a
Troy. He abandonedl
Athens, condemned by the populace. her, upon which she killed herself. -

Callimeles, a youth ordered to be killed daughterof the Achelous, who married Alci
and served up as meat by ApoUodorus of Cas- mieor^. Vid. Alcmason. Pans. 8, c. 24.-
sandrea. PolycBn. 6, c. 7. A daiighter of Phocus the Bojotian, whose^^
Callinus, an orator, who is said to have beautyprocuredher many admirers. Her fa- ther
firstinvented elegiac poetry,B. C. 776. Some behaved with such coldness to her lovers!
of his verses are to be found in Stobajus. Aihtn. that they murdered him. Callirhoe avengedi
"Strab. 13. his death with the assistance of the Boeotians;
Caeliope, of the muses,
one daughterof Phd. Amat.JVarr.- -A daughterof Piras anc
Jupiterand Mnemosyne, who presidedover Niobe. Hygin.fab. 145.
eloquenceand heroic poetiy. She is said to Calliste, an island of the ^gean sea, call-
ed
be the mother of Orpheusby Apollo,and Ho-
race afterwards Thera. Plin. 4, c. 12. Pans. 3," "

supposes her able to play on any musical c. 1, Itschief town was founded 1150 yearsj
instrument. She was representedwith a before the christian era, by Theras.
trumpet in her righthand, and with books in Caleistel\, a festival at Lesbos, during!
the other, which signified that her ollice was which, all the women presentedthemselves :
to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, the templeof Juno, and the fairestwas warded
re-
as Clio was emploved in celebrating them : and in a publicmanner. There Avas alsoj
she held the three most famous epicpoems of an institution of the same kind among tUel
and appeared generallycrowned
antiquity, Parrhasians,first made by Cypselus, whose]
with laurels. She settled the dispute between wife was honoured with the firstprize. Thel
Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis^ Eleans had one also,in whicli the fairest manj
whose these two goddesses wished received as a suit of
company prize complete
a armour,!
botJi perpetually to enjoy. Htsiod. Thcog. which he dedicated to Minerva.
"

Jlpollod. 1, c. 3. Moral, od. "

CaelistiijLnes, a Greek who wrote ani

""ae.mpatika, daughterof Diagoras, and history of his own country in 10 books, begin-
ning
wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguisedin from the })eace between Artaxerxes and-i
:nuf. " clothes with her son Pisidoi'us,
to the Greece,down to the plundering of the temple-
 CA
"f Delphi by Philoraelus. x\ that he hatd been stabbed in her arms
Dlod. 14." "
; and on
man with others attemptedto
who expelthe
that account, she attempted,but in vain, to
of Demetrius
garrison from Athens. Poly(zn. detain him at home. After Caesar's murder, she
5, c. 17.- A philosopher
"
of Olynthus, mate placedherself under the patronage of M. An-
inti- tony.
with Alexander, whom he accompanied Sucion.in Jul.
in his oriental expedition in the capacityof a Calphurnius Bestia, a noble Roman ed
brib-
preceptor, and to whom he had been recom-
mended by Jugurtha. It is said that he murdered
by his friend and master Aristotle. his wives when asleep. Plin. 27, c. 2.
lie refused to pay di\ine honours to the king, Crassus,a patrician, who went with Regulus
for which he was accused of conspiracy, mu-
tilated, against the Massyli. He was seized by the
and exposed to wild beasts,di-aggedenemy as he attempted to plunderone of their
about in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poi-
son towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to
together
which ended his tortures and his Neptune. Bisaltia, the king'sdaughter, fell
life,B. C. 328. of his compositions
None are in love with him, and gave him an opportunity
extant. Curt. 8, c. 6. Plut.inAlex."Jlrri- of escapingand conqueringher father. Cal-
"

an, 4. Justin. 12, c. 6 and 7.

"
A writer of phurniusreturned victorious, and Bisaltia de-
stroyed
Sybaris. A ffeedman of Lucullus. It is herself. A man who conspired
said that he gave poisonto his master. Plut. againstthe emperor Nerva. Galerianus,
in Lucull. sonofPiso,putto death,";c. Tacit.Hist. 4,c. II.
Caixisto and Calisto, called also Helice, Piso,condemned for us'ngseditious words
was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, against Tiberius. Tacil. Hist. 4, c. 21. A-
and one of Diana's attendants. Jupitersaw nother famous for his abstinence. Val. Max,
her, and seduced her after he had assumed 4, c. 3. Titus,a Latin poet,born in Sicily,
the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy was covered
dis- in the age of Dioclesian,seven of whose eclogues
as she bathed with Diana ; and the are extant,and generally found with the works
fruit of her amour with Jupiter, called Areas, of the poets who have written on hunting.
was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno, Though aboundingin manybeautiful lines,they
who was jealousof Jupiter,changed Calisto are however greatlyinferior to the elegance
into a bear ; but the god,apprehensive of her and simplicity of Virgil.The best edition is
stellationthat of Kempher, 4to."L.
beinghurt by the huntsmen, made her a con- Bat 1728. A maa
of heaven, with her son Areas, under surnamed Frugi,who composed annals,B. C.
the name of the bear. Met. 2, fab. 4, 130.
Ovid.
fab. 176
^c.".^pollod.3,c.8."Hi/gin. and 177. Calpuenia or Calphurnia, a noble family
^ Paus. 8, c. 3. at Rome, derived from Calpusson of Numa.
Callistonicus, a celebrated statuary at It branched into the families of the Pisones
Thebes. Pans. 9, c. 3. Bibuli,Flammge, Casennini, Asprenates,
SiC.
Callistratus, an Athenian, appointed PHji. in JVuni.
generalwith Timotheus and Chabris against Calpurnia and Calphurnia j.ex, was
Lacedaemon. Diod. 15. An orator of A- enacted A. U. C. 604, severely to punishsuch

phidna in the time of Epaminondas, the most as were found guiltyof usingbribes,Sic. Cie.
eloquentof his age. An Athenian orator, de Off.2. A daughter of Marius, sacrificed
with whom Demosthenes made an intimate to the godsby her father,who was advised to
acquaintanceafter he had heard him plead.do it,in a dream, if he wished to conquer the
Xtnoph. A Greek historian praised by Di- Cimbri. Plut. in ParuU. A woman who
onys. Hal. A comic poet, rival of Aristo- killed herself when she heard that her husband
plianes. A statuary. PUn. 34, c. S. A was murdered in the civil wars of Maiius.
secretary of Mithridates. Plut. in Luculli. Paterc. 2, 26. The wife of J. Caesar. Vid.
A grammarian,who made the alphabetof Calphurnia. A favourite of the emperor
the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some pose Claudius, he.
sup- Tacit. Ann. A w^omaa
that he wrote a treatise on courtezans. ruined by Agrippinaon account of her beauty,
Calli.xj^na,
a courtezan of Thessaly, whose he. Tacit.

company Alexander refused,thoughrequested Calvia, a female minister of Nero's lust5. ^

by his mother Olympias. This was attributed Tacit. Hist. 1,c. 3.

by the Atiienians to other causes than chas-
tity, in Juvenal's age.
Calvina, a prostitute 8,
and therefore the prince's ambition was v. 133.

ridiculed. Calvisius, a friend of Augustus. Pint, la

Callixe"'us, a generalwho perished by fa-
mine.
Anton. An officer whose wife prostituted
An Athenian, imprisonedfor pass-
ing herself in his camp by night,he. Tacit. 1#
.sentence of death upon some prisoners. Hist. c. 48.
Diod. 13. Calumnia and Impldektia, two deities wor-
shipped

Calok, a3tatuar}^ Quinlil.

12,c. 10. " Plin. at Athens. Calumny was ingeniously
34, c. 8. represented
in a by Apelles.
painting
Calor, now Calore,a river in Italy
near Calusidius, a soldier in the army of Ger-
Beneventura. Liv. 14, c. 14. manicus. When this generalwished to stal*
Calpk, a loftymountain in the most ern
south- liimselfwith his own sword, Calusidius.oflercd
partsof Spain,oppositeto mount Abyla him his own, observingthat it was sharper.-
on the African coast. These two mountains Tacit. l,An.c.'S5.
were of Hercules.
called the pillars Calpe is Calusium, a town of Etruria.
BOW called Gibraltar. Calvas Corn. Licinias, a famous ora-
Calphurnia, a daughter of L. Piso,who ^ tor. equally known for writing Iambics. As he
was Julius Ca3sai''s fourth wife. The nightjwas both facetiousand satirical, ho did not fail
previous to her husbands murder, she dream-
ed ito excite attention by his animad\ eraions upon
that the roof of her house UacKalltn,ao(ijCiosar and Porapey,and,,from hi;?eloquence..
 CA CA
to dispute the palm of eloquencewith Cicero. Camalod^num, a Roman colony
in Britain^
Cic. tp." Moral. 1, Sat. 10, v. 19. supposedMaiden, or Colchester.
Calvbe, a town of Thrace. Slrah. 17. of Asia Minor.
Camantium, a town

, The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. of Italy. A lake of

Camarina, a town

3, c. 12. An old woman priestess

Sicily,with a town of the same built B.
Apollod. name,
in the templewhich Juno had at Ardea. Virg.C. 552. It was destroyedby the Syracusans,
JEn. 7, V. 419. and rebuilt by,acertain Hipponous. The lake
CAi.ycADNUs, a river of Cilicia. was drained contraryto the advice of Apollo,
Calyce, a daughter of iEolus, son of He- as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence was

lenus and Enarelta daughterof Deimachus. the consequence ; but the lowness of the lake
She had Endymion, king of Elis-,by Ethlius below the level of the sea prevents its being
the sonJupiter.Apollod.
of \, c. 7. Paus. 5.
" drained. The words Camarinam movere are

c. 1.A Grecian gu'I, who fellin love with become proverbial to express an unsuccessful
a youth called Evathl.is. As she was
unable to and dangerousattempt. Virg.JEn. 3, v. 791.
gainthe objectof her love" she threw herself Strah. 6. Herodot. 7, c. 134.
" "

from a precipice.This tragical story was Cambaules, a general of some Gauls who
made into a song by Stesichorus,and was still invaded Greece. Paus. 10, c. 19.
extant in the age ofAthenceus, 14. A daugh-
ter Cambes, a princeof Lydia, of such vora-cious
of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. Hygin.157 appetitethat he ate his own wife,"c.
Calydiam, a town on the Appian way. ^lian. 1, V.H.c. 27.
Calydna, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Cambre, a placenear Puteoli. Juv. 7,v. 154.
Some it to be near
suppose Rhodes, others Cambunii, mountains of Macedonia. Liv.
near Tenedos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 205. 42, c. 53.
Calydon, a cityof /Etolia, where (Eneus, Cambyses, kingof Persia,was son of Cy-
rus
the father oifMeleager,reigned.The Evenus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and
flows throughit,and it receives itsname from was so offended at the superstition of the
Calydon the son of iEtolus. During the reign Egyptians,that he killed their god Apis,and
of (Eneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the plunderedtheir temples. When he wished
country, on account of the neglectwhich had to take Pelusium, he placedat the head of his
been sliown to her divinity by the king. All army, a number of cats and dogs; and the
the princes of the age assembled to hunt this Egyptiansrefusing, in an attempt to defend
boar, which is greatly celebrated by the poets, themselves,to kill animals which they reve-
renced

under the name of the chase of Calydon,or the as divinities, became an easy prey to

Calydonianboar. Meleagerkilled the animal the enemy. Cambyses afterwards sent an

with his own hand, and gave the head to Ata- army of 50,000 men to destroyJupiter Am-
lanta,of whom he was enamoured. The skin mon's temple,and resolved to attack the Car- thaginians
of the boar was preserved, and was stillseen and .^^thiopians. He killed his
in the age of Fausanias, in the temple of Mi- nerva brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and
The tusks were
Alea. also preserved by flead alive a partial judge,whose skin he nail-
ed
the Arcadians in Tegea,and Augustuscarried on the judgmentseat, and appointedhis
them away to Rome, because the peopleof son to succeed him, telling him to remember
Tegea had followed the party of Antony. where he sat. He died of a small wound he
These tusks were shown for a long time at had givenhimself with his sword as he mount- ed
Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, on horseback ; and the Egj^ptians observed,
and the other was broken. (Vid. Meleagerand that it was the same place on which he had
Atalanta.)Apollod.1, c. 8. Paus. 8, c. 45.
"
" wounded their god Apis,and that therefore
Strab. 8. Homer.
" II. 9, v. 577."

Hygin.fab. he was visited by the hand of the gods. His

174. "Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 4, kc. A son of death happened 521 years before Christ. He
JEtolus and Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He leftno issue to succeed him, and his throne
gave his name to a town of Etolia. was usurpedby the magi, and ascended by
Calydonis, a name of Delanira,as living Darius soon after. Herodot. 2, 3, "lc. Justin. "

in Calydon. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 4. 1, c. 9. Val. Max. 6, c. 3.

"
A person of
Calydonius, a surname of Bacchus. obscure origin, to whom king Astyagesgave
Calymne, an island near Lebynthos. Ovid. his daughterMandane in marriage.The king,
Art. Am. 2, V. 81. who had been terrified by dreams which
Cai.ynda, a town of Caria. Ptol. 5, c. 3. threatened the loss of his crown by the hand
Calypso, one of the Oceanides, or one of of his daughter's son, had taken this step in
the daughters of Atlas,according to some, washopes that the children of so ignoblea bed
goddessof silence,and reignedin the island would ever remain in obscurity. He was appointed.
dis-
of Ogygia,whose situation and even existence Cyrus, Mandane's son, dethron-
ed
IS doubted. When Ulysseswas shipwrecked him when grown to manhood. Herodot. 1,
on her coasts, she received him with great c. 46, 107, ".C. Justin. 1, c. 4. "
A river of
hospitality, and offered him immortality if he Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into
would remain with her as a husband. The the Cyrus. Mela, 3, c. 5.
hero refused,and after seven years'delay,he Camelani, a people of Italy.
was permittedto departfrom the island by Camelit^;, a peopleof Mesopotamia.
ortler of Mercury, the messenger of Jupiter. Camera, a field of Calabria. Ovid. Fasl.
During his stay, Ulysseshad tAvo sons by Ca-
lypso,
3, V. 582.
Nausithous ajid Nausinous. Calypso Camerinum, and Camertium, a town of
was inconsolable at the departure of Ulysses.Umbria, very faithfulto Rome. The inhabit-
ants
Homer. Od. 7 and 15. Hesiod. Theog.v. 360.
" were called Camertes. Liv. 9, c. 36.
" Ovid, dc Pont. 4, ep. 18. Amor. 2, el. 17. "
Camerinus, a Latin poet, who wrote a

Pfopert. 1,el. 15. poem oa the takingof Troy by Hercules

 CA CA

Olid. 4, (X Pont. el. 16, v. IP. Some of his murderer binorix,by making Llm drink
Camerini distinguished in of which the fiquor was poiso)ied,
the family of the were a cup,
for their zeal as citizens,as well as
for the'r on pretence of marryinghim, accordingto
w horn was Siilpi-the custom of their coimtry, Vviiich required
abilitiesas scholai's,among
cius, commissioned by the Roman senate to that the bridegroomand his bride should drink
Athens, to collect the best of Solon's out of the same vessel. She escapedby refu-
sing
go to
Juv. 7, V. 90. to druik on pretence of illness. Polytjen.8.
laws.
ancient town ot Italynear Cam(es^, a name givento the muses from
Camericm, an
the sweetness and melodyof their songs a can-
Home, taken by Romulus. PluL in Rom.
Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by tu amceno, or, accordingto Varro, from car^

Vairo de L. L. 5, c. 7.
^neas. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 562. Vid. Came- vien.

rinum.
Campana lex, or Julian agrarian law, was
enacted by J. Csesar, A. U. C. 691, to divide
Camilla, queen of the Volsci,was daughter
of Metabus and Casmiila. She was educated some lands among the people.
in the woods, inured to the labours of hunt- ing, Campania, a country of Italy,of which
and fed upon the milk of mares. Her fa-
ther Capua was the capital, bounded by Latiura,
devoted her, when young, to the service Samnium. Picenura,and partof the Mediter-
of Diana. When she was declared queen, she raiiean sea. It is celebrated for its delightful
marched at the head of an army, and accompa- nied views, and for its fertility. Capua is often
three youthful females of equalcour-
age called Campana urbs. Strab. 5. Cic. de Leg.
by "

as herself,to assistTurnus against ^neas, Ag. c. 35" Justin. 20, c. 1, 1. 22, c. l."Plin.
where she signalized herselfby the numbers 3, c. 5." Mela, 2, c.4." Flor. 1, c. 16.
that perished by her hand. She was so swift Campe, keptthe 100 handed monsters fined
con-

that she could run, or rather flyover a fieldof in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her,because
corn without bendingthe blades,and make her she refused to givethem their liberty to come

way over the sea without wettingher feet. to his assistance againstthe Titans. Hesiod.
She died by a wound she had received from Theog.500." ApoUod. 1,c. 2.
Ai-uns. Virg. JFm. 7, v. 803, 1. 11, v. 4"5. CaMpaspe and Pancaste, a beautiful con-
Camilii and Camilla, the priests instituted cubir.e of Alexander,whom the king gave to
who had fallen in love with her,as
by Romulus for the service of the gods. Apelles,
Camillus, (L. Furius)a celebrated Ro- man, he drew her picture in her naked charms. It
called a second Romulus, from his ser- vices is said that from this beautythe painter copied
to his country. He was banished by the the thousand charms of his Venus Anadomenc.
peoplefor distributing, contrary to his vow, Plin. 35, c. 10.
the spoils he had obtained at Veii. Duringhis Campi Diomedis, a pidinsituate in Apulia.
exile,Rome was besiegedby the Gauls under Mart. 13. ep. 93.
Brennus. In the midst of their misfortunes, Campas, a town near PaJlene. Herodoi. T,
the besieged Romans elected him dictator,and c. 123.
he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the Campus Martius, a largeplainat Rome,
reliefof his country,which he delivered, after without the walls of the city, where the Ro-
man
it had been for some time in the possessionof youths performed their exercises,and
the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his learnt to wrestle, and box, to throw tliediscus,
had been five times hurl the javelin, ride a horse,drive a chariot,
age, B. C. 365, after he
dictator, once censor, three times interrex, ".C. The publicassemblies were held there,
twice a militarytribune, and obtained four and the officers of state chosen, and audience
triumphs. He conqueredthe Hernici,Volsci, givento foreign ambassadors. It was adorned
Latini,and Etrurians,and dissuaded his coun- with statues, columns, arches,and porticoes,
trjmeu from their intentions of leaving
Rome and its pleasantsituation made it veiy fre-
quented.
to reside at Veii. WhenbesiegedFalisci,
he It was called Martius,because de- dicated
he rejected, with proper indignation, the of-
fers to Mars. It was sometimes called
of a schoolmaster, who had betrayedinto Tiberinus, from itscloseness to the Tiber. It
his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. w^as givento the Roman people by a vestal
Pint, in vita. Lit. 5. Flor. 1, c. 13. Diod. virgin
" "
"

; but they were deprivedof it by Tar-

14. Vir. JEn. 6, v. 825.
" a name of Mer-
cury. quinthe Proud, who made it a private field,
An intimate friend of Cicero. and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin was
Camiro and Clytia, two daughters of driven from Rome, the people recovered it,
Pandarus of Crete. When their parents were and threw away into the Tiber,the corn which
dead, they were left tothe care of Venus; had grown there,deeming it unlawful for any
who, with the other goddesses, broughtthem man to eat of the produceof that land. The
and asked Jupiter to grant sheaves which were thrown into the river stop-
up with tenderness, ped
them kind husbands, Jupiter, to punishupon in a shallow ford,and by the accumulated
them the crime of their father,w ho was cessary collectionof mud
ac- became firm ground,and
to the impietyof Tantalus, ordered formed an island,which was called the Holy
the harpies to carry them away and deliver Island,or the Island of iEscuiapius. Dead
them to the furies. Paus. 10,c. 30. Homer. "
carcasses were generally burnt iu the Campus
Od. 20, v. 66. Martius. Strak 5.~Liv. 2, c. 5, 1.6, c. 20.
Camirus and Camir.4, a tOAvn of Rhodes, Camuloginus, a Gaul raised to great ho-
which received its name from Camirus, a son nours by Ceesar,for his military abilities C""S.
of Hercules and Jole. Homtr. 11. 2, v. 163. |
Bell. G'.7, c. 57
Camissakes, a governor of part of Cilicia Camulus, a surn;"me of Mars among the
father to Datames. C. JS'ep.in Dot. Sabines and Etrurians.
Camma, a woman of Galatia,who aveng-
ed Cana, a city and promontory of ,"oUa.
the death of her husband Sinotus upon M^h, J.o. 18.
^1
 CA
Canacb, a daughterof JEolus and Ena- to empower Porapeyto go onlywith two lic^
I'etta,who became enamoured of her brother tors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexand-
rians.
Marcareus, by whom she had a child,whom Plut. in Pomp.
she exposed. The cries of the child discover-
ed Caninefates, a people near Batavia^
the mother'sincest ; and iEokis sent his where modern Holland now is situate. Tacit.
daughtera sword, and obligedher to kill her- self Hist. 4, c. 15.
Macareus fled,and became a priest of C. Caninius Reeilus, a consul with J.
Apolloat Delphi. Some say that Canace was Cffisar, afterthe death of Trebonius. He wae
ravished by Neptune,by whom she had ma-
ny consul only for seven hours,because his prede-,
children, among whom were Epopeus, cessor died the last day of the year, and he wa"
Triops,and Alous. ApoUod. 1. Hygin. fab. chosen onlyfor the remainingpart of the day ;
"

238 and 242." Ovid. Heroid. 11. Trist. 2, v. whence Cicero observed, that Rome was ly
great-
384. indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had

Canache, one of Acteeon's dogs. not slept during the whole time of his consul-
ship.
Canachus, a statuary of Sicyon. Paus. Oic. 7, ad Fam. ep. 33. Plut. in Cces. "

6, c. 9. lieutenant ot Cassar's army in

Lucius, a

Can^, a cityof Locris. Of jE.oUa. Gaul. Ca^. Bell. G. 7, c. 83. Rufus, a

Canarii, a people near mount Atlas in friend of Plinythe younger. Plin. 1, ep. 3.
Africa, who received this name because they Gallus,an intimate friend of Cicero.
fed in common w ith their dogs. The islands Canistius, a Lacedaemonian courier,who
which they inhabited were called Fortunate ran 1200 stadia in one day. Plin. 7, c. 20.
by the ancients, and are now known by the Canius, a poet of Gades, cotemporary witk
"name of the Canaries. Plin. 5, c. 1. Martial. He was so naturallymerry that
^

Canathus, a fountain of Nauplia,where he always laughed. Mart. 1, ep. 62. A

Juno yearlywashed herself to receive her in- fant Roman knight,who went to Sicilyfor his
purity. Paiis. 2, c. 38. amusement, where he bought gardens well
Candace, a queen of -^Ethiopia, in the age stocked with fish,which disappearedon the
of Augustus, so prudentand meritorious that morrow. Cic. de offic. 14.
her successors always bore her name. She CANNiE, a small villageof Apulianear the
was blind of one eye. Plin. 6, c. 22. Dio. Aufidus, where
"
Hannibal conqueredthe Ro-
man
B4."Strab. 17. consuls,P. jSraylius and Terentius Var-
Candavia, a mountain of Epirus,which ro, and slaughtered40,000 Romans, on the 21st
separateslUyriafrom Macedonia. Lucan. 6, of May, B. C. 216. The spot where this fa-
mous
V. 331. battle was foughtis
shown
now by the
Gandaules, or Myrsilus,son of Myrsus, natives,and denominated the field of blood.
tvas the last of the HeraclidiB who sat on the Liv. 22. c. 4A."Flor. c. 6." Plut. in Annib.
2,
throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked Canopicum ostium, one of the mouths
to Gyges,one of his ministers ; and the queen of the Nile, twelve miles from Alexandria.
W as so incensed,that she ordered Gyges to Paus. 5, c. 21.
murder her husband, 718 years before the Canopus, a city of Egypt twelve miles
christian era. After this murder, Gyges mar- ried from Alexandria,celebrated for the templeof
the queen, and ascended the throne. Serapis.It w as founded by the Spartans, and
Justin. 1,c. I."Herodot. 1, c. 7, ikc."Plul. therefore called Amyclsea,and it received its
Symph. name from Canopus,the pilot of the vessel of
Candeij a peopleof Arabia who fed on Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The
serpents. inhabitants were dissolute in their manners..
Candiope, a daughter of Oenopion, ravish-
ed "Virgil bestows upon itthe epithet of Pellmu^
by her brother. because Alexander, who was born at Pella^
Candyba, a town of Lycia. built Alexandria in the neighbourhood.Ital.
Canens, a nymph called also Venilia, 11, V. 433." Mela, 1, c. 9."Strab. 11." Plin.
daughterof Janus and wife to Picus king of 5, c. 31." Virg.G. 4, v. 287. The pilot of
the Laurentes. When Circe had changedher the shipMenelaus, who died in his youth on the
husband into a bird,she lamented him so much coast of Egypt,by the bite of a serpent.Mela^
that she pined away, and was changed into a 2, c. 7.
voice. She was reckoned as a deityby the Cantabra, a river falling into the Indus.
inhabitants. Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 9. Plin. 6, c. 20.
Canephoria, festivalsat Athens in hon-
our Cantabri, a ferocious and warlike people
of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Di-
ana, of Spain,who rebelled against Augustus,by
in which all marriageable women offered whom theywere conquered; their country is
small baskets to the deity,and received the now called Biscays.Liv. 3, v. 329. H"rat. "

name of Cantphorae, whence statues represen-

ting 2, od. 6 and 11.
women in that attitude were called by Cantabrive lacus, a lake in Spain,
the same appellation.Cic. in Verr. 4 where a thunderbolt fell, and in which twelve
Canethum, a placeof Eubcea. A moun-
tain axes were found. iSuet.in Galb. 8.
in Bceotia. Cantharus, a famous sculptor of Sicyon.
Caniculares dies, certain days in the Pau^. 6, c. 17. A comic poet of Athens.
summer, in which the star Canis is said to in-fluenceCakthus, a son of Abas, one of the Ai'go-
the season, and to make tiiedays more nauts.
tvanu duringits appearance. Maniiius. Cantium, a country in the eastern parts ol
Camdia, a certain woman of IS'eapolis, Britain,noAv called Kent. Ccks.Bell. G. 6,
againstwhom Horace inveighedas a sorceress. Camuleia, one of the first vestals chosen
i-ioral.epod. by Nuraa. Plut. A law. Vid. Canuleiuf .

Canibjus; a tribctnewho proposeda law C. Cakuleius,a tribune of the peopleoV

 CA eA
Rome, A. U. C. 310, who made a law to der
ren- / settlehis disputes
with Augustus. Horat. 1,
and
it constitutional forttie patricians ISat. 5,
beians
ple- v. 32. A man accused of tion
extor-
to intermarry. It ordained Cilitia, also, that
and severelypunished by the in
one of the consuls should be yearly chosen senate. Jar. 8, v. 93. An epic poet of
from the plebeians.Liv. 4, c. 3, uc. Flor. 1, Alexandria,who wrote on love.
"

An histo-
rian
c. 17. of Lycia,who wrote an account of Isau-
Canulia, a Roman became ria in eight
virgin,who books. A poet who wrote oa

pregnant by her brother, and. killed herself by illustrious men.

"rder of her father. Flui. in Parall. Capitolini LUDi, games yearlycelebrated

Canlsiu3I, now Canosa, a town of Apulia,at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved
whither the Romans fled after the battle of the capitol from the Gauls.
Canna?., It was built by Diomedes, and its in- Capitolikus, a surname
habitants of Jupiter, from
have been called bilingues, because his temple on mount Capitolinus. A sur- name

they retained the language of their founder, of M. Manlius, whO; for his ambition,
and likewise adoptedthat of their neighbours.was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock
Horace complained of the grittiness of their which he had so noblydefended. A moun-
tain
bread. The wools and the cloths of the place at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and
were in high estimation. Horat. 1, Sat. 10,v. Mons. Saturni. The capitol was built upon it.
ZO."Melu, 2, c. 4."JPlin. 8, c. 11. A man of lascivious morals, consul with
Canl'sius; a Greek historian under Ptolemy Marcellus. Plut. in Marcell. Julius,an
Auletes. Plut. author in Dioclesian's reign, who wrote an ac-
count

Canutius Tiberimjs, a tribune of the of the lifeof Verus, Antoninus Pius,the

people,who, like Cicero, furiously Gordians, he. most of which are now
attacked lost.
Antony when declared an enemy to the state. Capitolium, a celebrated temple and cita- del
His satire cost him his life. Patercul. 2, c. 64. at Rome, on the Tarpeian rock, the plan
A Roman actor. PliU. in Brut. of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It
Capaneus, a noble Ai'give, sou of Hippo- was begun by ServiusTullius, finishedby Tar-
quin
nous and Astinome, and husband to Evadne. Superbus,and consecrated by tlie consul
He was so impious,that when he went to the Horatius after the expulsionof the Tarquins
Theban war, he declared that he would take from Rome. It was built upon four acres of
Thebes even in spiteof Jupiter. Such con- tempt ground ; the front was adorned with three
provokedthe god,who struck him dead rows of pillars, and the other sides with two.
with a thunderbolt. His body was rately The ascent to it from the ground was
burnt sepa- by au
from the others,and his wife threw her- self hundred steps. The magnificenceand rich- ness
on the burning pileto mingle her ashes of this templeare almost incredible. All
with his. It is said that iEsculapius restored the consuls successively made donations to
him to life. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 404." Stat. Theb. the capitol,and Augustus bestowed upon
S, kc. Hygin. fab. 68 and 70, Euripid.it at one time 2000 pounds w^eightof gold,
"

t?i Phxzniss ^ Sufp."'JEschyl.Its thresholds were

Sept^ ante made of brass, and its
Theb. roof was gold It was adorned with ves-sels

Capella, an elegiacpoet in the age of J. and shields of solid silver,with gold- en

Cagsar. Ovid, de Pont. 4, el. 16,v. 36. Mar- chariots,":c. It was burnt during the
tianus,a Carthaginian, A. D. 490, who wrote a civil wars of Marius, and Syllarebuilt it,but

poem on the marriageof Mercury and philolo-

gy; died before the dedication,which was formed
per-
and in praiseof the liberal arts. The best by Q. Catulus. It was againdestroyed
edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo. Bernae, in the troubles under Vitellius ; and Vespasian,
1763. A gladiator. Jwr. 4, v. 155. who endeavoured to repairit,saw it againin
Capena, a gate of Rome. Ovid. Fast. 5, v ruins at his death. Domitian raised it again,
192. for the lEisttime,and made it more grand and
Capenas, a small river of Italy. Stat. Theb. magnificent than any of his predecessors,
and
13, v. 85. spent 12,000 talents in gilding
it. When they
Capeni, a peopleof Etruria,in whose ter- ritoryfirst dug for the foundations, they foimd. a
Feronia had a grove and a temple.Virg.man's head called Tolius,sound and entire in
JEn. 7, v. 697." Lu". 5, 22, "c. the ground,and from thence drew an omen of
Caper, a river of Asia Minor. the future greatnessof the Roman empire.
Capetus, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 The hill was from that circumstance called
years. Dionys. A suitor of Hippodaraia.Capitolium, a capiteToli. The consuls and
Pans. 6, c, 21. magistrates offered sacrifices there,when they
Caphareus, a loftymountain and promon-
tory firstentered upon then- offices,and the pro-
cession
of Eubcea, where Nauplius,king of tlie in triumphswas always conducted to
countr}',to revenge the death of his son the capitol. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 136,1. 8, v. 347
Palamedes" slain by Ulysses,set a burning Tacit. 3. Hist. c. 12." Plut. in Poplic"
"

torch in the darkness of night, which caused Liv. 1, 10, ".C. Plin. 33, "c. Sutton, in " "

the Greeks to be shipwreckedon the coast. Aug. c. 40.

Virg.JF.ti.11,V. 260." Ovid. Met. 14,v. 481 Cappadocia, a countrj'^ of Asia Minor, be-
tween
"
Propert.4, el. 1, v. 115. the Halys, the Euphrates, and the
Caphy.":, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. Euxine. It receives its name from the river
23. Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia.
Capio, a Roman, famous for his friendship The inhabitgjits were called Syriansand Leu-
with Cato. Plut. de Patr. Am. co-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a
Capito, the uncle of Paterculus,who join- ed dull and submissive disposition, and addicted
Agi'ippaagainstCrassus, PateAul.2, c. Ito every vice,accordingto the ancients,who
69." Font^iuS;a man
" scut by Antony to Iwrote this virulent epigramagainst them :
 CA CA
VtperaCappadocemnocituramomordU; at ilia thisvoluptuous cityand under a softclimate.
Gustuio periit sanguineCappadods. Virg.mi. 10, V. 145." Liv. 4, 7, 8, hc"Pa-
When they were offered their freedom and terc. 1,c. 7, 1. 2, c. 44." FZor. 1,c. 16." Cic. m
independenceby the Romans, theyrefused it,Philip. 12, c. 3. Plut. in Ann.
"

and betged of them a king,and theyreceived Capys, a Trojan who came with iEneas in-to
Ariobarzanes. It was some time aftergovern-
ed Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of
by a Roman proconsul.Though the an- cients those who, against the advice of Thyracetes,
have ridiculed this country for the un- wished to destroythe wooden horse, which
fruitfulnessof its soil, and the manners of its proved the destruction of Troy, Virg.Mn,
inhabitants, yet it can boast of the birth of the 10, V. 145. A son of Assaracus by a daugh-
ter
geogiapherStrabo, St. Basil,and Gregoi^ of the Simois. He was father of Anchises
r^'azianzen, among other illustriouscharacters. by Themis. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33. "

The horses of this country were in general Capys Sylvius, a kingof Alba, who reign-ed
esteem, and with these theypaidtheir tributes twenty-eightyears. Dionys,Hal. Virg.
to the king of Persia,while under his power, JEn. 6, V. 768.
for want of money. The kingsof Cappadocia Car, a son of Phoroneus,kingof Megara.
mostlybore the name of Ariarathes. Horat Paus. 1,c. 39 and 40, A son of Manes, who
I, ep. 6, V. 39." PZin. 6, c. ^."Curt. 3 and 4." married Callirhoe, daughterof the Mseander.
Strab. 11 and \Q."Htrodot. 1,c. 73, 1.5, c. 49 Caria received its name from him. Herodot.
"Mela, 1, c. 2, 1.3, c. 8. 1, c. 171.
Capradox, a river of Cappadocia.Plin. Cahabactra, a placein India.
6,c. 3. Carabis, a town of Spain,
Capbaria, now Cabrera,a mountain island Caracalla. Vid. AntoninUs.
on the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. Caracates, a peopleof Germany.
Plin. 3, c. 6. Car-Vctacus,a king of the Britons, conquer-
ed
CAPREiE, now Capri,an island on the coast by an officer of Claudius Cassar,A. D. 47.
of Campania,aboundingin quails, and famous Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 33 and 37.
for the residence and debaucheries of the em- CARi?:,certain placesbetween Susaand th"-
eror Tiberius,duringthe seven last years of Tigris,where Alexander pitchedhis camp.
i;is life. The island,in which now several Car.?^us,a surname of Jupiter in Bceotia, "

medals are dug up expressive of the licentious in Caria.

morals of the emperor, was about 40 miles in Caralis, (ores, ium),the chief cityof Sar- dinia.
circumference,and surrounded by steeprocks. Pans. 10, c. 17.
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 709." 5"e?. in Tib." Stat. C \RAMBis, now Kerempi, a promontory of
Sylv.3, V. 5. Papiilagonia,Mela, 1, c. 19.
Capre^ Palus, a placenear Rome, where Caranus, one of the Heraclidae,the first
Romulus disappeared.Plat, in Rom. Ovid. who laid the foundation of the Macedonian
"
pire,
em-
Fast. 2, v.49\. B. C. 814, He took Edessa, and reigned
Capricornus, a sign of the Zodiac, in twenty-eight years, which he spent in estab-
lishing
which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, ?.nd strengthening the government of
supposedby the ancients to be the goat Amal- his newly founded kingdom.He was succeed- ed
with her milk.
tha'a,which fed Jupiter Some by Perdiccas. Justin. 7, c. 1. Pat ere. I, "

maintain that it is Fan, who changed himself c. 6. A generalof Alexander. Curt. 7,

into a goat w hen frightened at the approachof An harbour of Phcenicia.
Typhon. When the sun enters this signit is Carausius, a tyrant of Britain for seven
the winter solstice, or the longest nightin the years, A. D. 293.
year. Manil. 2 and 4 "
Horat. 2, od. 17, v. 19. Carbo, a Roman orator who killed himself
"Hygin. fab. 19G. P. A. 2, c. 28. because he could not curb the licentious man-ners

Caprificialis, a day sacred to Vulcan, on of his countrymen. Cic. in Brut.

which the Athenians offered him money. Plin. Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embrac- ed
II, c. 15. the party of Marius, and after the death of
Caprima, a town of Caria. Cinna succeeded to the government. He was
Capripedes, a surname of Pan, the Fauni killed in Spain,in his third consulship, by or-
der
and the Satyrs, from their havinggoats' feet. of Pompey. Val. Max. 9, c. 13. ^An "

Caprius, a greatinfornierin Horace's age. of Carbo

orator,son the orator, killed by the
Horat. 1, Sat.4,\\ 66. army when desirous of re-establishing the an-
cient
Caprotjna, a festival celebrated at Rome militarydiscipline. Cic. in Brut.
in July,in honour of Juno, at which women Carchedon, the Greek name of Carthage.
Philotis.)Varro.de L.
only officiated, (il^'^trf. Carcinus, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in
L. 5. the age of Philipof Macedon. He wrote on
Caprus, a harbour near momit Athos. the rape of Proserpine,Diod. 5. Another
Capsa, a town of Libya,surrounded by vast of Athene. Another of Psaupactum. A
deserts full of snakes. Flor. 3, c, 1. Sail. man
" of Rhegium, who exposedhis son Aga-
Bell. Jug. thocles on account of some uncommon dreams
Capsaue, a town of Syria. Curt. 10. duringhis wife's pregnancy. Agathocleswas
Capua, the chief cityof Campania in Italy,preserved. Diml. 19. An Athenian gene-
supposed to have been founded by Capys,the al,who laid waste Peloponnesusin the time
father,or rather th6 companion of Anchises. of Pericles. Id. 12.
This citywag very ancient, and so opulent
that Carcinus, a constellation,
the same as the
it even rivalled Rome, and was called allera Cancer, Lucan. 9, v. 536,
Poma. The soldiers of Annibal,after the bat-
tle Cardaces, a peopleof Asia Minor, Strab.
of Cannae, were enervated by the pleasures15,
and luxuries which powerfully prevailedin Carba .ivut, a town of Argos,
 CA CA
-Cardia,atown in the Thracian Chersone- mount Carmel,situate between Syriaand Ju- daea.
aas. Plm.4. c. 11. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 78. Sutton. Vesp.5. "

Card Lc HI, a warlike nation of Media, along Carmenta and Carmentis, a prophetess
the boruers of the Tigris.Diod. 14. of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom
CareS; a nation which inhabited Caria,and she came to Italy, and was received by
king
thoughtthemselv^es the original possessors of Faunus, about 60 years before the Trojan war.
that country. They became so powerfulthat Her name was Mcostrata, and she received that
their countiry
was not extensive
sufficiently to of Carmentis from the wildness of her looks,
contain all, upon which theyseized the
them when givingoracles, as if carens mentis. She
neighbouringislands of the jEgean sea. These was the oracle of the people of Italyduring
islands were conqueredby Minoskingof Crete. after death she received divineher life,and
Pviieus son of Codrus, invaded their country, honours. She had a templeat Rome, and the
and slaughtered many of the inhabitants, in Greeks offered her sacrifices under the name
this calamity,the Carians. surrounded on eve-
ry of Themis. Ovid. Fast. 1, v, 467, 1.6, v. 530.
side by enemies, fortifiedthemselves in the "
Plut. in Rpmul "
Virg.JEn. 8, v. 339.
mountainous parts of the country, and, soon Liv. 5, c. 47.
after,made themselves terrible by sea. They Carmentales, festivalsat Rome in honour
were ancientlycalled Leleges. Herodot. 1,c. of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of Januarj"-,
140 and lll."Paus. 1, c. 40." S/r"6. 13." near the Porta Carmentalis,below the
capitol.
Curt. 6, c. 3." Justin. 13,c. 4." Virg.Mh. 8, This goddesswas entreated to render the Ro- man
V. 725. matrons and theirlabours
prolific, easy.
Caresa, an island of the iEgean sea, oppo-
site Lit*.1, c. 7.
Attica. Carmentalis Porta, one of the gates of
Caresscs, river of Troas. Rome in the neighbourhoodof the
a It capitol.
Carfinia, an immodest afterwards called Scderata,because the
woman, mentioned was

Juv. 2, v. 69. Fabii passedthroughit in going to that fatal

Caria, now Aidindli,a country of Asia expeditionwhere they perished. Virs.Mn.
Minor, whose boundaries have been different 8, V. 338.
in difterent ages. Generallyspeaking, it was Carmidej, a Greek of an uncommon mory.
me-
at the south of Ionia,at the east and north of Plin. 7, c. 24.
the Icarian sea, and at the west of PhrygiaMa-
jor Carna and Cardinea, a goddess at Rome
and It has been called Phoenicia,who presided
Lycia. over hinges,
as also over the en-
trails
because Phcenician colonyfirstsettled there ;
a and secret partsof the human body. She
and afterwards itreceived the name of Caria, was originally a nymph called Grane, whom
from Car, a king who firstinvented the augu- Janus ravished,and, for the
ries injury, he gave
of birds. The chief town was called Hali- her the power of presiding over the exterior of
carnassus, where Jupiterwas the chief deity.houses,and removing all noxious birds from
{Vid.Cares.) A port of Thrace, Mda, 2, the doors. The Romans offered her beans,
C.2. bacon, and vegetables,
to represent the simpli-
city
Cartas, a town of Peloponnesus. A
Ovid. Fast. 6,v. 101. "c. of theirancestors.
neral,
ge-
Fiti.Laches. in Pelo- Carnasius,
ponnesus. a villageof Messenia
C vRiATE, a town of Bactriana,where Alex-
ander Paus. 4, c. 33.
imprisonedCallisthenes. Carneades, a philosopher of Cyrene iu
Carii.la, a town of the Piceni,destroyedAfrica,founder of a sect called the third or
by Annibal, for its great attachment to Rome. new Academy. The Athenians sent him with
8il. ltd. 8. Diogenes the stoic,and Critolaus the peripa-
tetic,
Carina a virgin of Caria, k.c. Polycen. 8. as ambassadors to Rome, B. C. 155. The
Carin.*, certain edifices at Rome, built ia Roman youth were
extremelyfond of the com-
pany
the of ships,which
in the tem-
ple of these learned philosophersand
manner were
; when
of Tellus. suppose Some
that it was a Carneades,in a speech,had givenan accurate
street in which Pompey's house was built. and judicious dissertationupon justice, and in
Virg.JEn. 8, v. 3dJ."Horat. 1, ep. 7. another speechconfuted all the
arguments he
Carine, a town near tlieCaicus,in Asia Mi- nor, had advanced,and apparently givenno exist-
ence
Herodot. 7, c. 42, to the virtue he had so much commended ;
Carinus, (M. Aurelius)a Roman who at- a report prevailed
tempted all over Rome, that a Gre-
cian
to succeed iiisfather Carus as empe- was come, who had so captivated his
ror. by
He was famous for his debaucheries and words the rising generation,that tliey forgot
cruelties. Dioclesian defeated him in Dalma- their usual amusements, and ran mad after
losophy.
phi-
tia, and he was killed by a soldier whose wife When this j-eached the ears of Cato
he had debauched, A. D. 268. the censor, he gave immediate audience to the
Car^isiacum, a town of ancient Gaul, now Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dis-
missed
Cressyin Picardy. them in haste,
expressuig his aj)pre-
C.\ri5san(;.m,a place of Italynear which hension of their corrupting the opinions of the
Milo was killed. Flin. 2, c. 66. Roman people, whose only profession, he
Carjstum, a town of Liguria. sternly observed,was arms and wai-. Carnea-
Carma.ma, a country of Asia,between Per- sia des denied that any thingcould be
perceived
and India. Arrian. Fiia. 6, c. 23. " or understood in the world, and he was the
CARiMANOR, purified
a Cretan, who
Apollo irstwho introduced an universal suspensionof
of slaughter.Pans. 2, c. 30. assent. He died in the 90th year of his
age, B.
Carme, a nymph, daughterof Eubulus and C. 128. Cic. ud .ittic.12, ep. 23. de Orat. 1
motlier of Britomartis by Jupiter.She was and 2.~Plin. 7, c. 30." Lactantius 5, c. 14."
one of Diana's attendants. Pans. 2, c, 30. Vul. Max. 8, c. 8.
Car5I"lus;a god among tiiciahabitantsef CxR^EiAj a festivalobserved in most of the
 CA CfA
"recian cities, but more particulai-ly at Sparta, itcontained no lessthan 700,000 inhabitaMta,
avhere it was firstinstituted, about 675 B. C. in Itmaintained three famous wars againstRome,
honour of Apollosurnamed Cameus. It lasted called the Punic wars, [Vid. Punicum Bel'
nine days, and was an imitation of the manner lum\ in the third of which Carthagewas to- tally
of living in camps among the ancients. destroyedby Scipio,the second Africa-
Carnjon, a town of Laconia. A river nus, B. C, 147, and only 5000 persons were
"f Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 34. found within the walls. It was 23 miles in
Carnu5, a prophet of Acarnania, from circumference, and when it was set on fire by
whom Apollowas called Cameus. Paus. 3, the Romans, it burned incessantly duringIT
e. 13. days. After the destruction of Carthage,
Uti-
Carnutes, a peopleof Celtic Gaul. Coes. ca became powerful,
and
the Romans thought
Bell. G. 6, c. 4. themselves ; and as theyhad no rival to
secure

Carpasia and Carpasium, a town of Cy- dispute

prus, with them in the field, they fell into
indolence and inactivity.Caesar planteda
Carpathus, an island in tha Mediterra-
nean small colony on tiieruins of Carthage,Au- gustus
between Rhodes and Crete, now called sent there 3000 men ; and Adrian, af-
ter
to a part of the example of his imperial
Scapanto. It has given itsname predecessors,
the neighbouring thian rebuilt pai'tof it,which he called Adrianopo-
sea, thence called the Carpa-
sea, between Rhodes and Crete. pathus lis. Carthagewas
Car- conquered from the Ro-mans
was at firstinhabited by some Cretan by the arms of Genseric, A. D. 439 ;
soldiers of Minos. ference, and it,
It was 20 miles in circum- was for more than a century the seat ot*
and was sometimes called Teti'apoHs, the Vandal in Africa,and fellinto the
empire
from its four capital cities. Plin. 4, c. 12. hands of the Saracens in the 7th century,.
"

Herodot. 3, c. 46.--Diod. 5."Slrab. 10. The Carthaginians were governed as a repub-

lic,
Carpia, an ancient name of Tai'cessus. and had two persons yearlychosen among
Paus. 6, c. 19, them with regalauthority.They were
very
Carpis, a river of Mysia. Herodot. superstitious, and generallyoffered human
Carpo, a daughterof Zephyrus, and one victims to their gods; an unnatural cus-
tom,

"f the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus which their allieswished them to abolish,
the son of Meeander, w^hom she equallyad- but in vain. They bore the chai-acterof a
mired.
She was drowned in the Mseander, faithlessand treacherous people,and the pro- verb
and was changedby Jupiterinto all sorts of Punica fidesis well known. Slrab 17..
fruit. Paus. 9, c. 33, Firg.JEn. 1, kc."Mela, 1, kc."Plol. 4.
"
"

Carpophora, a name of Ceres and Pro- serpineJustin." Liv. 4, )k.c."Paterc. 1 and 2." Pint.
in Tegea. Paus. 8, c. 53. in Annib. iic Cic. Nova, ^ town built io
"

Carpophorus, an actor greatly esteemed by Spain,on the coast of the Mediterranean, by

Domitian. Martial. Juv. 6, v. 1S8.
"
Asdrubal the Carthaginiangeneral. It was
Carr^ and Carrh/e, a town of J^lesopota- taken by Scipiowhen Hanno surrendered
mia, near which Crassus was killed. Lucan. 1, himself after a heavy loss. It now bear*
V. 105." Plin. 6, c. 14, the name of Carlhagena. Polyb. 10. Liv, "

Carrinates nious26, c. 43, "!.c."Sil. 15, v. 220, ".c.

SecuiVbus, a poor but inge- A.
rhetorician,v^fho came from Athens to daughterof Hercules.
Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, Carthasis, a Scythian, ".c. Curt. 7, c. 7.
especially
againsttyrannicalpower, expose'd Carthea, a town of Cos. Ovid Met. 7,
him to Caligula's resentment, who banished fab. 9.
him. Juv. 7, v. 205. a king of Britain,
Carvilzus, who attack-
ed
Carruca, a town of Caesar's naval station by order of Cassive-
Spain. Hirl. Hisp.
27, launus,kc. Cces. Bell. G. 5, c. 22. Spu-
Carseoli, a town of the ^Equi,at the west rius,a Roman who made a large image of the
of the lake Tucinus. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 683. breastplates taken from the Samnites, and
Cartahas, a town of Spain. placeditin the capitol. Plin. 34, c,7. The
Carteia, a town at the extremity of Spain, firstRoman who divorced his wife duringthe
near the sea of Gades, supposed to be the space of above 600 years. This was for bar-
renness,
same as Calpe. B. C. 231. Dionys.Hal. 2. Val. "

Cartena, a town of Mauritania, now Tc- Max.

1. 2, c.

nez, on the shores of the Mediterranean. Carus, a Roman emperor who succeeded
Carth^a, a town in the island of Cea, Probus. He was a prudent and active gene-
ral
"whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid. Met. ; he conqueied the Sarmalians,and coji-
*J,V. 368. tuiued the Persian war which his predecessor
Carthagi'nienses,the inhabitants of Car- thage, had commenced. He reignedtwo years, and
a rich and commercial nation. Vid. died on the banks of the Tigris as he was
ing
go-
Carthago. in an expeditionagainstPersia,A. D.
Carthago, a celebrated cityof Africa,the 283. He made his two sojis, Carinus and
rival of Rome, and longthe capital of the coun-
try, Numerianus, Caesars ; and as his many virtues
and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. had promised the Romans happiness, he was
The precise time of itsfoundation is unknown, made a god after death. Eutrop. One of
yet most writers seem to agree that it was those who attemptedto scale the rock Aor-
firstbuilt by Dido, about 869 years before the nus, by order of Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 11.
christian era, or, according to others, 72,or 93 Carya, a town of Arcadia. A cityof
years before the foundation of Rome. This Laconia Paus. 3, c. 10. Here a festival
cityand republic flourished for 737 years, ant' was observed in honour of Diana Caryatls^
the time of its greatestglorywas under Anni- It was then usual for virginsto meet at the
bal and Amilcar. Daringthe firstPunic war,|[celebration,
and joinin a certain dance, said
 CA CA
to KaxreBeen firstinstitutedb^ t"stot and north of Parthia,
receivingin its capaciotS
PoUax. When Greece was invaded by Xerx-
es, bed the tribute of several largerivers. An- cient
the Laconians did not appear before the authors assure us, that it producedenor-
mous

enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess, by serpents and fishes, different in colour
not celebrating her festival. At that time the and kind from those of allother waters. The
peasants assembled at the usual place,and eastern parts are more particularly called the
sang pastorals called Bou ex" "^. from H9"e".a,-,
a Hr/rcaniansea, and the western the Caspian^
neatherd. From this circumstance some pose It is now
sup- called the sea of Sala or Baku. The
that bucolics originated. Stat. 4, Theb. Caspianis about 680 miles long,aad in no part
more than 260 in breadth. There are no tides
Caryasda, a town and island on the coast in it,and on account of itsnumerous shoals it.
of Caria,now Karacoion. 19 navigable to vessels drawingonly nine or
Gary AT i:, a peopleof Arcadia, ten feet water. It has strong currents, and,
Carystius Antigonus, an historian, Stc. B. like inland seas, is liable to violent storms^
C. 248. Some navigators examined it in 1708,by or-
der

Carystus, a maritime town on the south of the Czar Peter,and after the labour o"
of Eubcea, stillin existence,famous for its three years, a map of itsextent was published..
mai-ble. Stai. 2, Sylv.2, v. 93.^Mariial. 9, Its waters ai-e described as brackish,and nofe
ep. 76. impregnated with salt so much as the wide
Caryum, placeof Laconia, where
a Aris- ocean. Herodot. 1, c. 202. kc. Curt. 3, c. 2i
"

tomenes preservedsome virgins, Faus. 1.6, c. 4, 1.7, c. 3. Sirab. U."Mela,

kc. 1, c. 2, 1.3,
4, c. 16. c. 5 and 6. Plin. 6, c. 13. Dionys.
"

Perieg. "

v 50.r .

Casca, one of Cassar's assassins,who gave Caspius mons, a branch of mount Taurus,
iira the firstblow. Plut. in Cces. between Media and Armenia, at the east or
Cascellius Aclus, a lawyerof greatmer-
it the Euphrates. The Caspite portce are placed
in the Augustan age. Horat. Jirt. Poet. in the defiles of the mountains by some graphers.
geo-
371.
CasilinuM; a town of Campania. When Cassandane, the mother of Cambyses by
it was besiegedby Hannibal, a mouse sold for Cyrus. Herodot. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 2.
200 denarii. The placewas defended by 540 Cassasder, son of Antipater, made self
him-
or 570 natives of Praeneste,who, when half master of Macedonia after his father's
their number had perished either by war or death, where he reignedfor 18 years. He
famine, surrendered to the conqueror. Liv. married Thessalonica,the sisterof Alexander,
23, c. \9."StTab. b."Cic dt Inv. 2, c. 57." to strengthen himself on his throne. Olym-
JPlin.3, c. 5. pias, the mother of Alexander, wished to
Casina and Casinum, a town of Campania. keep the kingdomof Macedonia for Alexan-
der's
Sil. 4, V. 227. young children ; and therefore she de-
stroyed
Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates. the relations of Cassander,who sieged
be-
" Another at the east of Pelusium, where her in the town of Pydna, and put her
Pompey's tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupi- ter, to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander,
sumamed Camus, had a temple there. and Barsena the mother of Hercules, both
Lucan. 8. v. 258. Syria,from wives of Alexander, shared the fate of Olym-
Another in
Tvhose top the sun can piaswith their children. Antigouus,
be
rising, seen who had
though it be stillthe darkness of
night at the been for some time upon friendly terms with.
kottom of the mountain. Plin. 5, c. 22. Cassander, declared war
"
againsthim ; and
Mela, 1 and 3. Cassander, to make himself equalwith his ad-
versary,
Gasmen^, a town built by the Syi-acusans made a leaguewith Lysimachus and
in Sicily. Thucyd.6, c 5. Seleucus, and obtained a memorable victory
C ASM ILL A, the mother of Camilla. Virs. at Ipsus,B. C. 301. He died three years after
JEn. 11, V. 543. this victory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater
Casperia, wife of Rhoetus king of the killed his mother, and for this unnatural mur-
der

Marrubii, committed adulterywith her son- he was put to death by his brother Alex-
ander,
in-law. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 388. A town of who, to strengthen himself,invited De-
metrius,
the Sabines. F/rg-.
^n. 7, v. 714 the son of Antigonus, from Asia. De-
metrius
Casperula, a town of the Sabines. Sil. took advantageof the invitation, and
5, V. 416. put to death Alexander, and ascended the
CaspijE Port^, certain passes of Asia, throne of Macedonia. Paus. 1, c. 25. " Diod.-
which some place about Caucasus and the 19." Justin. 12, 13, he.
Caspian sea, and others between Persia and Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and He- cuba,
the Caspiansea, or near mouut Taurus, or was passionately loved by Apollo,who
Armenia, or Cilicia. Biod. 1. Plin. ", e. 27, promisedto grant her whatever she might re-
"

quire,
i. 6, c. 13. if she would gratify his passion. She
Caspiaka, a countiy of Armenia. asked the power of knowing futurity ; and as
Caspii, a Scythiannation near the Cas-
pian soon as she had received it,she refused to per-
sea. Such as had lived beyond tlieir70th form her promise,and slighted Apollo. The
year were starved to death. Their dogswere god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips
remarkable for their fierceness. Herodot. 3, with his
tongue, and by this action ettected
4J. 92, "c. I. 7, c. 67, ^. C. JS'tp. that no credit or reliance should ever
"
14,c. 8. " be put
ll.rtr.JEn. 6, v. 798.
upon her predictions, however true and faith-
ful
Caspium mare, or Hyrcanum, a largesea theymight be. Some maintain timt she re- ceived
in the form of a lake, which has no commu- the giftof prophecy with her brother
,"icationwith other seas, and lies between tlie Helenus, by being placed when
young one
C3aspia"and Hyrcanian movmtaiiii5, ot t4ie in the
night of
temple where
Apollo, ieipenti
 CA CA
trere found wreathed
ai-ound theirbodies,and C. Cassius,a celebrated Roman, who made

lickingtheir ears, which circumstance gave himself knowii by beinghrst quaestor to Cras-
them the knowledge of futurity.She was sus in his expeditionagainst Panhia, from
looked upon by the Trojansas insane, and she which he extricated himself with uncommon
was even conlined, and her predictions were address. He followed the interestof Pompey ;
disregarded. She was courted by many ces and when Caesar had obtained the victoryin
prin-
duringthe Trojan war. When Troy u as the plainsof Pharsalia;Cassius w^as one of
taken, she fled for shelter to the templeof Mi-
nerva,those who owed their lifeto the mercy ol the
where Ajas found her, and offered her conqueror. He married Junia the sister of
Tiolence, with the greatestcruelty, at the foot Brutus, and with him he resolved to murder
of Minerva's statue. division of the the man
In the to whom he was indebted for his life,
who account of his oppressive ambition ; and
spoilsof Troy, Agamemnon, was moured
ena- on

of her, took her as his wife, and re- turned before he stabbed Ceesar,he addressed himself
with her to Greece. She repeatedlyto the statue of Pompey, who had fallen by
foretold to him the sudden calamities that the avarice of him he was goingto assassinate.
awaited his return ; but he gave no credit to When the provinceswere divitled among C^e-
ker, and was assassinatedby his wife Clytem- sar's murdej-ers, Cassius received Afiica ; and
Bestra. Cassandra shared his fate,and saw when his party had lost gi'oundat Rome, by
all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled.[Vid. the superiorinfluence of Augustus and M.
Jigamemiion.lJEschyl. in Agam. Homer. II. Antony, he retired to Philippi,
"
\vith his friend
13,V. 363. Od. 4."Hi/gm. fab. 111." Virg.Brutus and their adherents. In tlie battle
JEn. 2, V. 246, kc."Q. C'alab. 13, v. 421." that was foughtthere,the wing which Cassius
Eurip.in Troad. " Pans. 1, c. 16, 1.3, c. 19. commanded v/as defeated,and his camp was

Cassandria, a town of the peninsulaof plundered. In this unsuccessful momenthe

Pallene in Macedonia, called also Potidosa. suddenlygave up all hopes of recovering his
Fans. 5, c. 23. losses,and concluded that Brutus was quered
con-

Cassia lex was enacted by Cassius Longi- and ruined as well as himself. ful
Fear-
By it no man condemned to fall into the enemys hands, he ordered
nus, A. U. C. 649.
or deprived of military
power was permittedone of his freed-men to run him through, and
to enter the senate house. Another enact-
ed he perishedby that very sword which had
by C. Cassius,the prcEtor, to choose some of given wounds to Ceesar, His body was noured
ho-
the plebeians
to be admitted among the patri-
cians. with a magnificent funeral by his friend
Another A. U. C. 616, to make the Brutus,who declared over him that he deser-
ved
suffragesof the Roman peoplefree and inde-
pendent. to be called the lastof the Romans. If he
It ordained that they should be re-ceived was brave,he was equallylearned. Some of
upon tablets. Cic in Lai. Another his letters are stillextant among Cicero's epis-
tles.
A. U. C. 267, to make a division of the terri-
tories He was a strictfollower of the doctrine

taken from the Hernici,half to the Ro- man of Epicurus. He was often too rash and too
people,and half to the Latins. ther
Ano- violent,and many of the wrong stepswhich
enacted A. U. C. 596, to grant a consular Brutus took are to be ascribed to the prevail-
ing
to P. Anicius and Octaviusthe day on advice of Cassius. He isallow ed by Pater-
power
theytriumphedover Liv.
Macedonia. culus to have been a better commander than
Cassiodorus, a great statesman and writer Brutus, thougha less sincere friend. The day
in the 6th century. He died A. D. 662, at after Caesar's murder he dined at the house of
the age of 100. His works were edited by Antony, who asked him whether he had then
Chandler, 8vo. London, 1722. a daggerconcealed in his bosom : yes, replied

Cassiope and Cassiopea, married

Ce- he,ifyou aspire to tyranny. Suelon. in C'cbs.
pheus,kingof ^Ethiopia, by whom she had ^ Aug. Plul. in Brut. ^ Cccs. Paitrc. 2,
" "

Andromeda. She boasted herselfto be fairer c. 4fo. Dio. 40. A Roman

"
citizen,who
than the Nereides ; upon which, Neptune,at condemned his son to death, on pretence of
the request of these despised nymphs, punish-
ed his raisingcommotions in the state. VaL
the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge Max. 5, c. 8. A tribune of the peo-
ple,
sea monster to ravage ^Ethiopia.The wrath who made many laws tendingto diminish
of Neptune could be appeasedonly by sing
expo- the influence of the Roman nobility.He was

Andromeda, whom Cassiopetenderlycompetitorwith Cicero for the consulship-

loved,to the furyof a sea monster ; and justas One of Pompey's oflicei'swho, during
she was goingto be devoured,Perseus deliver-
ed the civil wars, revolted to Caesar with 10 ships.
her. [Vid.Andromeda.] Cassiope^vas A poet of Parma, of great genius. He
made a southern constellation, consistingof was killed by Varus by order of Augustus,
13 stars called Cassiop"r.Cic. de JVat. D. 2, c. whom he had offended by his satirical wri-
tings.
^."Apollod. 2, c. 4." Ovid. Met. 4, v. 738." His fragmentsof Orpheus were found,
Hygin.fab. 64. Propert.1, el. 17,v. 3. Ma- and edited some time after by the poet Statins.
" "

nilius,1. A city of Epirus near Thes- Horat. 1,sat. 10, v. 62. Spurius, a Roman.
protia. Another in the island of Corcyra. put to death en suspicion of his aspiring to ty-
ranny,
Plin. 4, c. 12. The wife of Epaphus. Stal. after he had been three times consul,
Sylv. B. C. 485. Diod. Ih" VaL Max. 6, c. 3.
CassiterVpes, islands in the western ocean, Brutus, a Roman, who betrayed his country
where tin was found,supposedto be the Scil- to the Latins,and fled to the temple of Pallas,
lyislands,the Land's end, and Lizard point,where his father confined him, and he was
of the moderns. Plin. 6, c. 22. starved to death. Longinus,an oflicer of
Cassivelaunus, a Briton invested with so- vereign Ca3sar in Spain,much disliked. Cits. Alex, c
authoritywhen J. Ceesar made a des-
cent 48. A consul to whom Tiberius married
upon Britain. Ca^t:D"Al. Q. 5, c. 19, "c. Dnisilla,daughter of ^jicnnanicus. SueiojJ.ir
 CA CA
Cal. c. 57. A lawyer whom Nero put to slew Amycus, in the combat of thfecestus,and
death because he bore the name of J. Cssar's was ever alter reckoned the god and patron of
murderer. Suet, in Mr. 37. ^L. Hemina, boxing and wrestling.Castor distinguished
the most ancient writer of annals at Rome. himself in the management of horses. The
He lived A. U. C. 608. Lucius, a Romari brothers cleai-edthe Hellespont, and the neigh-
bouring
lawyer,whose severity in the execution of the seas, from pirates,after their return
law'has rendered the words Cassiani judicestrom Colchis,from which circumstance they
applicable to rigid judges. Cic. pro. Rose. c. have been alwaysdeemed the friends of naviga-
tion.
30. a critic.Vid. Longinus.
Loriginus, Duringthe Argonauticexpedition,
in a
Lucius;a consul with C. Marius, slain with his violent storm, two flames of iire were seen to

army by the Gauls Senones. Appian.in Celt. playround the heads of l^hesons of Leda, and
^M. Sc"eva, a soldier of uncommon valour immediatelythe tempest ceased and the sea
in Cajsars army. Vol. Max. 3, c. 2. An was calmed. From this occurrence their pow-
er
officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his to protect sailors has been more firmlycre-
dited,

soldiers,and murdered three months after. "

and the two mentioned fires,which are
Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who very common in storms,havesince been known
wrote on animals. Severus, an orator who by the name of Castor and Pollux ; and wiien
wrote a severe treatise on illustriousmen and they both appeared, it was a signof fair wea-ther,

women. He died in exile, in his 2oth year. but ifonlyone was seen, itprognosticated
Vid. Severus. The family of the Cassii branch-
ed storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was
into the surname of Longinus,Viscellinus, consequently solicited.Castor airdPollux mad"
Brutus,"ic. Avar againstthe Athenians to recover their sis-
ter
Cassotis, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. Helen, whom Tneseus had carried away ;
Pans. 10, c. 24. and from their clemencyto the conquered, viiey
Castabala, a cityof Cllicia, whose inhab-
itants acquiredthe surname of Anaces,or benefac-
tors.
made war with their dogs.Plin. 8, c. 40. They were initiatedin the sacred myste-
ries
Castabus, a town of Chersonesus. of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of
Castalia, a town near Phocis. A daugh-
ter Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when
of the Achelous, Ly nceus and Lias w ere goingto celebrate their
Castalius fons, or Castalia, a fountain marriagewith Phcebe and 'ialaria, the daugh-
ters
of Parnassus, sacred to the muses. The of Leucippus, who w'as brother to Tynda-
waters of thisfountain were cool and excellent,rus. Their behaviour after this invitation was
and theyhad the power of inspiring those that cruel. They became enamoured of the two
drank of them with the true fire of poetry. women whose nuptials they w ere to celebrate,
The muses have received the surname of Caa- and resolved to carry them away and marry
talidesfrom this fountain. Viro;. G. 3, v, 293. them. This violent step provoked Lynceus
"Martial. 7, ep. 11, 1. 12, ep. 3r and Idas ; a battle ensued, and Castor killed
Castanea, ato.wn near the Peneus, v/hence Lynceus,and was killed by Idas. Pollux re-venged

the 7iuces Castanta received their name. Plin. the death of his brother by killing Idas ;
4, c. 9. and as he was immortal, and tenderly attached
Castellum menapiorum, a (own of Belgium to his brother,he entreated Jupiter to restore
"n the Maese, now Kessel. Morinorum, him to life,or to be deprived himself of immor-
tality.
now Mount Cassel, in Flanders. Cattorum, Jupiter permittedCastor to share the
now Hesse Cassel. immortality of his brother;and consequently,,
Casthenes, a bay of Thrace,near Byzantium. as longas the one was upon earth,so longwa?
Castiasira, a Thracian,mistress of Priam, the other detained in the infernalregions,
and
and mother of Gorgythion. Homer. II.8. theyalternately lived and died every day ; or
Castor and Pollux, were twin brothers,according to others,every six months. This
sons of Jupiter, by Leda, the wife of Tynda- act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by ma*
iTis, king of Sparta. The manner of their kingthe two brothers constellations in heaven^
birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was ena- under the name oi Gemini,w^hich never appear
mom-ed of Leda, changed himself into a beau-tiful together ; but u hen one rises the other sets-
swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose and so on alternately. Castor made Talaria
herself into an eagle. After this transforma-
tion mother of Anogon, and Phcebe had iVlnesileup
the goddesspursuedthe god with appa- by Pollux. They received divine honours aftej-
i-ent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refugeinto death,and were generally coWi^d Dioscuri, son?
the arms of Leda, who was bathingin the Eu- of Jupiter.White lambs were more larly
particu-
rotas. Jupiter took advantageof his situation, offered on their altars,and the ancients
and nine months after, Leda, who was already were fond of swearingby the divinity of the
pregnant,broughtforth two eggs, from one of Dioscuri,by the expressions oiJEdtpol, an"T.
which came Pollux and Helena ; and from the JEcastor. Among the ancients,and especially
other. Castor and Clylemnestra.The two among the Romans, there prevailedmany
former were the offspring of Jupiter, and the publicreports, at differenttimes,that Castor
latter were believed to be the children of f
yn- and Pollux had made their appearance to^heir
darus. Some suppose that Leda broughtforth armies ; and, mounted on white steeds, had
only one egg, from which Castor and Pollux marched at tliehead of their troops,and furi- ously
sprung. Mercury, immediately after their attacked the enemy. Their surnames
birth,carried the two brothers to Pallena, were many, and they w ere generally repre-
sented
where they were educated ; and as soon as mounted on two white horses, armed
they had arrived to years of maturity,they W'ith spears, and ridingside by side,with tlieir
embarked with Jason to go in quest of the
den head covered wiih a bonnet,on whose topj^lit
gol-
fleece. In this expedition both behaved tered a star. Ovid. Met. 6. v 109. iW. 5,
with superior courage : Pollux conqueredand v. 701. ./?m 3, el.2; v. 54." iy^m. fab. 77 ard
99
 "A CA
!78. HoiUcr. Hymn. i7iJov. puer.
" "
t!.ujip, ift Catiena, a courtezan iu Juvenal's
age.
Helen." Plat, in Thes."Virg. ^n. 6, v. 121. Juv. 3, V. 133.
" Manil. j^rg. 2.
"
Liv. 2. Dionys.
"
Hal. 6.
"
Catienus, an actor at Rome in Horace'*
Justin. 20, c. S." Floral.2. Sat. 1,v. 21.--Flor. age, 2, S.at.3, v. 61.
% c. 12." Cic. de A'at. D. 2, c. 2."Apollo7i. 1. L. Sergius CATiLisA, a celebrated Ro-
-^Apollod.1, c. 8, 9, 1. 2, c. 4, 1.3, c. 11." msm descended of a noble family.When he.
Pans. 3, c 24, 1. 4, c. 3 and 27. An ancient had squandered his fortune by his de- baucheries
away
physician.A swift runner. A friend of and extravagance, and been refused
iEneas.-vvho accompaniedhim into Italy. Virg.the consulship, he secretly meditated the ruia
JEn. 10, V. 124. An orator of Rhodes, rela- ted of his country, and conspired withmany of the
to king Deiotarus. He wrote two book on most illustriousof the Romans, as dissolute as
Babylon,and one on'the Nile. A gladiator. himself,to extirpate the senate, plunderthe
Hor'at.l, ep. 18,v. 19. treasury,and set Rome on fire. This conspi- racy
C ASTRA Alexandri, a place of Egypt was timelydiscovered by the consul Ci- cero,
about Pehisiura. Curl. A, c. 7. Cornelia,a whom he had resolved to murder; and
maritime town of Africa,between Carthage Catiline,afterhe had declared his intentions in
and Utica. Mela, 1, c.7. Annibalis, atowu the fullsenate,and attempted to vindicate him- self,
of the Brutii, now Roccella. Cyri,a coun-
try on seeingfive of his accomplices arrested^
of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when retired to Gaul, where his partisans were sembling
as-
he marclied against Croesus. Curl. 3, c. 4. an army; while Cicero at Rome nished
pu-
Julia, a town of Spain. Posthumiana, a the condemned conspirators. Petreius"
placeof Spain. Hirt. Hisp.8. the other consul's lieutenant,attacked Cati- line's
Castratius, a governor of Placentia du- ill-discjf)lined troops,and routed them.
ringthecivil wars of Marius. Val. Max. 6, c. 2. Catiline Avas killed in the engagement, bravely
CastrUxM Novu3t. a place on the coast of fighting, about the middle of December, B. C.
Etruria. Liv. 36, c. 3. Truentinum, a town 63 His charac'*er has been deservedly ed
brand-
of Picenum. Cic. de Attic. 8, ep. 12. Inui, with the foulestinfamy; and to the violence
a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. he offered to a vestal, he added the more cious
atro-
Virg.JEn. 6, v. 775. murder of his own brother,for which he
Castijlo,a town of Spain,where Annibal would have suft'ereddeath,had not friends and
married one of the natives. Plut. in Serl. " bribes prevailed over justice.It has been re- ported

Liv. 24, c. 41." Hal. S, v. 99 and 391. that Catiline and the other conspirators
CatabAthmos, a great declivity near Cy- drank human blood,to make then- oaths more
rene,fixedbySallust as the boundaryof Africa, firm and inviolable. Sallust has written an count
ac-

Sallust. Jvg. 17 and 10. Plin. 5, c. 5.

" of the conspiracy.Cic. in Catil. Virg. "

CATADCPA,lhe name
" of the largecataracts JEn. 8, V. 668.
of the Nile,whose immense noise stuns the ear Catilli,a peoplenear the river Anio. SiL
of travellers for a short space of time, and to- tally4, v. 225.
deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of Catilsus, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cic. Div. 5,
the power of hearing.Cic. de Somn. Scip.5. c. 10.
Catagogia, festi\alsin honour of Venus, Catileus or Catilus, a son of Amphiarus,.
celebrated by the peopleof Erjx. Vid. Ana- who came to Italywith his brothers Coras
gogia. and Tiburtus,where he built Tibur, and as- sisted

Catamenteles" a king of the Sequani, Turnus against ^Eneas. Virg.JEn. 7, v.

In alliance with Rome, kc. C(es.Bell. G. 1, 672. Horat. 1,od. 18,v. 2.
C.3. Cati'na,a town of Sicily, called also Cata-
na.
Cataxa, a town of Sicil}'', at the foot of {Vid.Catana.] Another of Arcadia.
mounts tna.founded by a colonyfrom Chalcis, M. Catius, an epicurean philosopher of In-
753 years before the christian era. Ceres had subria, Avho wrote a treatise in four books, on
there a temple, in which none but women the nature of things, and the summum bonum,
Were permittedto appear. It was largeand and an account of the doctrine and tenets of
opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faith-ful
dreadful overthrows to which it has been sub- jected follower of the epicureanphilosophy, he
from its vicinity to /"Etna, which has has been ridiculed by Horat. 2, Sat. 4. "

Qimi-
discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream lil.10, c. 1. Vestinus,a military tribune in
of lava 4 miles broad and 50 feet deep,advan- cing M. Antony'sarmy. Cic. Div. c. 10,23.
at the rate of 7 railcs in a day. Catana Catizi, a people of the Pygmajans,sup- posed
contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. Cic.ia to have been driven from their countiy
Verr. 4, c. 53,1.5,c. M."Diod. 11 and 14. by cranes. Plin. 4, c. 11.
Strah. 6." Thucyd.6, c. 3. Cato, a surname of the Porcian family^
Cataonia, a country above Cilicia,near rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a
Cappadocia.C. JVep.in Dal. 4. celebrated Roman, afterwards called Censo-
C3ataracta,a cityof the Samnites. rlus,from his having exercised the office of
river of Pamphylia, He rose to allthe honours of the state,
C^taractes, a now censor.

Doaensoiii. and the firstbattle he ever saw was against

Catenes, a Persian,by whose means Bes- Annibal, at the age of seventeen, where he.
isiiswas seized. Curt. 7, c. 43. behaved with uncommon valour. Inhisqua^s-
Cath.tea,a country of India. torshipunder Africanus againstCarthage,
Cathari, certain gods of the Arcadians. and hJ3 expedition in Spain,against the Cel-
An Indian nation,vvhere the wives accom-
pany tiberians,and in Greece, he dis})layed equal
their husbands to the burningpile, and proofs of his courage and prudence. He wa"
are burnt with them. Diod. 17. remarkable for his love of temperance; he
Catia, an immodest wonicw, mentioued never drank biit water, and ahvay;?salir-
Boral. IjSat. % v. 95r
 CA CA
fied with whatever meats were laid upon his seemed to promisea gi'eat man ; and at thfe
table by his sei-vants,
whom he never reproved age of fourteen,he earnestlyasked his pre- ceptor
with an angry word. During his censorship, for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla-
which he obtained, thoughhe had made many He was austere in his morals, and a strict fol-
lower
declarations of his fiiture severity if ever in of the tenets of the stoics ; he was less
care-

office,he behaved with the greatest rigourand of his dress,often appearedbarefooted in

impartiality, showed liiniself an enemy to all public, and never travelled but on foot. He
luxuryand dissipation, and even accused his was such a lover of discipline, that in whatever
colleague of embezzlingthe public money. He ottice he was employed, he always reformed
is famous for the great oppositionwhich he its abuses, and restored the ancient regula- tions.
made against the introduction of the finei-arts When he was set over the troops in
of Greece into Italy,and his treatment of the capacity of a commander, his removal was
Carneades is well known. This prejudiceuniversally lamented, and deemed almost a
arose from an apprehension that the learningpublicloss by his affectionate soldiers. His
and luxuryof Athens would destroy the valour fondness for candour was so great,that the
and simplicity of the Roman people; and he veracity of Cato became proverbial.In his
often observed to his son, that the Romans visits to his friends, he wished to giveas little
would be certainly ruined whenever they be-
gan molestation as possible ; and the importuning
to be infected with Greek. It appears, civilitiesof kingDejotarus so displeased him,
however, that he changed his opinion,and when he was at his cou-rt,that he hastened
made himself remarkable for the knowledge away from his presence. He was very jealous
of Greek, which he acquiredin his old age. of the safety and liberty of the republic, and
He himself educated his son, and instructed watched carefully over the conduct of Pom=
him in writing and grammar. He taughthim pey, whose power and influence were great.
dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured He often expressedhis dislike to serve tho
him to the labours of the field, and to bear otfice of a tribune ; but when he saw a man of
cold and heat with the same indifference, and apply for it,he offered
corruptedprinciples
to swim across the most rapidrivers with ease himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtain-
ed
and boldness. He was universallydeemed so the tribuneship. In the conspiracyof Cati-
line,
strict in his morals, that Virgilmakes him he supportedCicero,and was the chief
one of the judgesof hell. He repentedonly that the conspirators
cause were capitally pun-r
"f three thingsduringhis life; to have gone ished.
When the provinces of Gaul were creed
de-
by sea when be could go by land, to have for five years to Caesar,Cato observed
passeda day inactive,and to have told a secret to the senators, that they had introduced a
to his wife. A statue was raised to his me-
mory, tyrantinto the capitol.He was sent to Cy-
prus
and he distinguished himself as much against Ptolemy,who had rebelled, by his
for his knowledge of agriculture as his political enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the
Kfe. In Cicero's age there were ioO orations expedition would injurehis reputation.But
"f his,besides letters, and a celebrated work his prudence extricated him from every dan=
called Origines, of which the first book gave ^er. Ptolemy submitted,and after a success- ful

a history of the Roman monarchy ",the second campaign,Cato was received at Rome with
and third an account of the neighbouring cities the most distinguishinghonours, which he,
of Italy ; the fourth a detail of the first, and however, modestlydeclined. When the first
the fifthof the second Punic war ; and in the triumvirate was formed between Caesar, Pora-
others,the Roman historywas broughtdown pey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all
to the war of the Lusitanians, carried on by his might,and with an independentspirit told
fore-
Ser Galba. Some fragmentsof the Origines to the Roman peopleall the misfortunes
remain, supposedby some to be supposititious.which soon afterfollowed. After repeatedap-
plications
Cato's treatise,De Re rudica,was edited by he was made praetor,but he seemed
Anfon. Pompna, 8vo. Ant. Plant. 1590 ; but rather to disgrace than support the dignityof
the best edition of Cato, "c. seems to be Ges- that oflfice,
by the meanness of his dress. He
ners, 2 vols. 4to. Lips.1735. Cato died in an appliedfor the consulship,but could nevee

extreme old age, about 150 B. C. ; and Cicero, obtain it. When Casar had passedtheRubi-
to show his respect for him, has introduced con, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver
him in his treatise on old age, as the principal the care of the republic into the hands of Pom-
character. Plin. 7, c. 14. Plutarch "/" C. JVepospey : and when his advice had been complied
have written an account of his life. Cic Acad. with, he foliowed him with his son to Dyrra-
^ de Senect. "lc. Marcus, the son of the chium, where, after a small victory there,he
censor, married the daughterof P. iEmylius.was intrusted with the care of the ammunition,
He lost his sword in a battle,and though and 15 cohorts. After the battle of Phar-
wounded and tired,he went to his friends,salia, Cato took the command of the Corcy-
and, with their assistance, renewed the battle,rean fleet ; and when he heard of Pompey's
and recovered his sword. Flut. in Cat.- death,on the coast of Africa,he traversed the
A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato deserts of Libya,to joinhimself to Scipio.He
the censor. He had five horses killed under refused to take the command of the army in
him in battles, Plut. in Cat. Valerius,a Africa,a circumstance of which he afterwards
grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the repented. When Scipiohad been defeated,
time of Sylla,who instructed at Rome many partlylor not payingregardto Cato's advice,
noble and
pupils, wrote some poems. Ovid. Cato fortified himself in Utica,but, however,
3, Trist. 1, 436.
v. Marcus, surnamed not with the intentions of supporting a siege.
from his death at Utica, was
Uticensis, great When Cn^sar apjjroached near the city,Cato
grandsonto the censor of the same name. The i disdained to fly,and rather than fallalive into
earlyvirtues that oppearodin liischildheod; jthe(;on"iueror','^hands^he ^tabbed himseif; ajf-
 CA GA
ter he had read Plato's treatise on the immor' Caturiges, a people of Gaul, now C/tor-
oi the soul, B.
taiily C. 46, in the 59th year of ge5, near the source of the Durance. Cms. B.
his age. He had firstmarried Attilia, a woman G. 1,c. 10." Plin. 3, c. 20.
whose licentious conduct obligedhim to di- vorce Cavares, a people of Gaul, who inhabited
her. Afterwards he united himself to the presentprovinceof Cointat in Provence.
Martia, daughter of Philip.Hortensius, his Cavarillus, a commander of some troops
friend,wished to raise chil,drenby Martia,and of the iEdui in Caesar's army. Cats. Bell. G.
therefore obtained her from Cato. After the 7, c. 67.
death of Hortenshis, Cato took her again.This Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the Se-
conductwas ridiculed by the Romans, who ob- served
nones by Cassar, and banished by his subjects.
that Martia had entered the house of C"w. Bell. G. 5, c. 54.
Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed Caucasus, a celebrated mountain between
of Cato loaded with treasures. It was ed
observ- the Euxine and Caspianseas, which may be
that Cato alwaysappeared in mourning, considered as the continuation of the ridgeof
and never laid himself down at his meals since mount Taurus. Its height is immense. It
the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, was inhabited anciently by various savage na-
tions

contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if who lived upon the wild fruitsof the
'depressedwith the recollection that the sup- earth. It
porters covered with snow in some
was

d( republicanliberty were decaying.parts,and others it was variegatedwith

in
Plutarch has written an account of his life. fruitfulorchards and plantations. The inhabi-
tants
Lucan. 1, v. 128, Lc." Val. Max. 2, c. 10." formerlywere supposed to gathergold
Horat. 3, od. 21." P'irg. JEn. 6, v. 841, 1. 8, on the shores of their rivulets in sheep skins,
V. 670. "^A son of Cato of Utica, who was but now they live without making use of mo- ney.

killed in a battle,after he had acquiredmuch Prometheus was tied on the top of Cau-
casus
honour. Plut. in Cat. Min. by Jupiter, and continually devoured by
Catrea, a town of Crete. Pav^. vultures,accordingto ancient authors. The
Catretjs, a king of Crete, killed by his son passes near this mountain, called CaucasicR
at Rhodes, unknowingly. Diod. 5. porta, bear now the name of Derbent,and it
Catta, a woman who had the gift of pro- is supposedthat through them the Sarmatians,
phec3^ Suet, in Vitel. 14. called Huns, made their way, when they in-
vaded
Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany. the provinces of Rome. Plin. 6, c. 11.
Tacit.Jinn. 13, v. 57. "Strab. U."Herodot. 4, c. 203, kc."Virg.
Catulianaj a surname of Minerva, from L. Eel. 6, G. 2, V. 440. ^7i. 4, v. 366." Flac. 5,
Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. V. 155.
Piin. 34, c. 8. Caucon, a son of Clinus,w^hofirstintroduc-
ed
Catullus, C. or Q. Valerius, a poet of the Orgiesinto Messenia from Eleusis.
Verona, whose compositions,elegantand Paus. 4, c. 1.
simple,are the of a luxuriant imagi-
offspring nation. Caucones, a people of Paphlagonia, ginally
ori-
He was acquainted with the most inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia,
distinguished peopleof his age, and directed accordingto some accounts. Some of thera
his satire againstCaesar, whose only revenge made a settlement nearDymae in Elis. Hero-
was to invite the poet, and
hospitcibly tain
enter- dot. 1, kc" Strab. 8, "c
him at his table.
Catullus was the first Caudi and Caudium, a town of the Sam-
Roman Avho imitated with success the Greek nites,near which, in a placecalled Cavdincs
writers,and introduced their numbers among Furculoe,the Roman army under T. Veturius
the Latins. Though the pages of the poet are Calvinus and Sp. Posthumius was obligedto
occasionally disfiguredwith licentious expres-
sions, surrender to the Samnites,and pass under the
the whole is written with greatpurityyoke with the greatestdisgrace. Liv. 9, c. 1,
of style. Catullus died in the 46th year of his kc. Lucan. 2, v. 138. "

age, B. C. 40. The best editions of his works, Cavii, a peopleof Illyricum. Liv. 44, c. 30.
Avhich consist only of epigrams,are that of Caulonia, or Caulon, a tow n of Italynear
Vulpius,4to. Patavii, 1737, and that of Bar- the country of the Brutii,founded by a colony
bou, 12mo. Paris,1754. Martial. 1,ep. 62. of Achaeans,and destroyed
"
in the wars between
Ovid. Trisl. 2, v. 427. A man surnaraed Pyrrhus and the Romans. Pam. 6, c. 3. "

Urbicarii:^,
was a mimographer. Juv. 13, v. Virg.JEn. 3, v. 553.
111. Caunius, a man raised to affluence from
Q. LucTATius Catulus, went with
300 poverty by Artaxerxes. Plut. in Artax.
shipsduringthe first Punic war againstthe Caunus, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He
Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their was passionately fond of, or,- accordingto
thipsunder Hamilcar, near the jEgates. This others,he was tenderlybeloved by his sister
celebrated victory put an end to the war. Byblis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce,
An orator distinguished also as a writer of epi-
grams,he retired to Caria,where he built a citycall- ed
and admired for the neatness, gance,
ele- by his own name. \Vid.Byblis.] Ovid.
and polished styleof his compositions. Met.9.i'Ah. 11. A city of Caria, opposite
He i.^supposedto be the same as the colleagueRhodes, where Protogeneswas born. The
of Marius, Avhen a consul the fourth time ; climate w^as considered as unwholesome, espe- cially
and lieshared with him the triumphover the in summer, so that Cicero mentions the
Cin-bri. He was, by his colleague'.'j order, cry of a j)erson who sold Caunian figswhich
su located in a room filledwith the smoke of were very famous, (qui Cauneas vlami tabat,)
burningcoals. Lucan. 2, v. Vj4."Plv.t. in at Brundusium, as a bad omen (caveneeas)
Mario. A Roman sent by his countrymen againstCrassus going to attack the Parthians.
to cany a presentto the god of Delphi, from Cic. de Div. 2. v'.4."Strab, H."Harodot. h
{he ^poils taken from Asdrrib?J L'V. 27', .
r. 176.
 CE CE
Cauros, an small town, for-1ticular frien|d
island with a of Cicero, with whom he cor
merly called Andros, in the iEgean sea. Plin responded. Some of his letters are stillex- tant

4, c. 12. in Cicero. Plirk.10,c. 24. Cic. 15 ep, "

Caurus, a wind blowing from the west. 66. Orat. 29. A scribe of Octavius Caesar,
Virg.G. 3, V. 356. Cic. 16, ad Attic, ep. 8. A consular man

Caus, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. suspectedof conspiracy, and murdered by

25. Titus,afteran invitation to supper. Suet, in
Ca? CI, or Chauci, a nation of Germany, Tit. c. 6.
now the peopleof Friesland and Groningen. Cecropia, the original name of Athens, ia
jLucan.l,v.463. honoar of Cecrops,itsfirstfounder. The an- cients

Cavcus, a river of Mysia. Vid. Caicus. often use this word for Attica,and the
Cayster, or Caystrus, now Kilcheck Athenians are often called Cecropidce. Virg.
Meinder, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Ly- Ml. 6, V. 21." Ovid. Met. 7, v. 671. Fast. 2,
dia, and after a meandering course, fallingV. 81." Lucan. 3, v. 3u6." Plin. 7, c. 56."
Into the iEgeansea near Ephesus. Accordini,'' CatuU. 62, 79."Jav. 6, v. 186.
to the poets, the banks and neighbourhoodof Cecropid^, an ancient name of the Athe-
nians,
this river were frequented
generally by swans. more particularlyappliedto those who
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 253, 1. 5, v. S8Cy."Mart. 1 wers descended from Cecrops the founder of
ep. 54. " Homer. II. 2, v. 461." Virg.G. 1, v. \thens. The honourable name of Cecropi-
384. d:e was often conferred as a reward for some
Cea or Ceos, an island near Eubcea, called virtuous action in the fieldof battle. Virg. ^n.
also Co. Vid. Co. 6, \r.2\."0vid.l. Met.%l\.
CeAdes, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who
was concerned in the Trojan war. Homer. led a colonyto Attica-about 1556 years before
IL2. the christian era, and reignedover partof the
Ceba, now Ceva, a town of modern
country, which was called from him Cecro[)ia,
mont,
Pied-
famous for cheese. Plin. 11, c. 42. He softened and polished the rude and uncul-
tivated
Ceballinus, a man who gave information manners of the inhabitants, and drew^
of the snares laid againstAlexander. Diod. them from the country to inhabit twelve small
"

n."Curt. 6, c. 7. villages which he had founded. He gave thena

Cebarenses, a people of Gaul. Paus. 1, laws and regulations, and introduced among
c. 36. them the worshipof those deities which were
Cebenna, mountains, now the Ccvennes, held in adoration in Egypt. He married the
separating the Averni from the Helvii, ex-tending daughterof Actaeus a Grecian prince, and was
from the Garonne to the Rhone. deemed the first founder of Athens. He
Cces. B. G. 7, c. S."Mela, 2, c. 5. taughthis subjects to cultivate the olive, and
Cebes, a Theban philosopher, one of the instructed them to look upon Minerva as the
disciples of Socrates,B. C. 405. He attended watchful patroness of their city. It is said
his learned preceptor in his last moments, that hQ was the firstwho raised an altar to Ju-
piter
and distinguished himself by three dialogues in Greece, and offered him sacrifices.
that he wrote ; but more particularly by his After a reignof 50 years, spent in regulating
tables, which contain a beautiful and afl'ecting his newly formed kingdom, and in polishing
pictureof human life,delineated with accu-
racy the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died,leav-
ing
of judgment,and greatsplendourof sen- timent. three daughters, Aglaurus, Herse, and Pan-
Little is'known of the character of drosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, a na- tive

Cebes from histofy.Plato mentions him once, of the country. Some time after,The-
seus,
and Xenophon the same, but both in a man-
ner one of his successors on the throne, form-
ed
which conveys most fully the goodnessof the twelve villages which he had established,
his heart, and the purityof his morals. The into one city, to which the name of Athens was
best editions of Cebes are those of Gronovius, given. [Vid.Athenae.] Some authors have
8vo. 1689 ; and Glasgow,12mo. 1747. described Cecropsas a monster, half a mati and
half
Cebren, the father of Asterope. .flpollod. a serpent; and thisfable is explainedby
3, c. 12. the recollection that he was master of two lan-
guages,
CEBRiiNiA, a country of Troas
with a the Greek and Egyptian; or that he
town of the same name, called after the river iiad the command over two countries, Egypt
Cehrenus, which is in the neighbourhood.and Greece. Others explainit by an allusion
CEnone, the daughterof the Cebrenus, re- ceives to the regulationswhich Cecropsmade amongst
the patronymic oi Cebrenis. Ovid. Met. the inhabitants concerningmarriageand the
11,V. 169." Stat. 1, Sylv.5, v. 21. union of the two sexes. Paus. 1,c. 5. Strah. "

Cebriones, of tlie giants

oneconqueredby 9. Justin. 2, c. 6. Herodot. 8, c. 44. Apol- "
" "

Venus. An illegitimate son of Priam, kill-

ed lod. 3, c. \4."0vid. Met. 11,, v. o6l."Hygin,

with a stone by Patrochis. Homer. II. fab. 166. The second of that name, was the
Cebrus, now Zcbris, a river falling in a seventh kingof Athens, and the son and suc- cessor

southern direction into the Danube, and divi-

ding of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa..
Lower from Upper M("sia. the sister of Duidalus,by whom he had Pan-
Cecidas, an ancient and dithyrambic poet. dion. He reignedforty years, and died 1307,
Cecimus, Vid. Cajcilius. B. C. Jipollod.3, c. Ib."Pam. 1,c. 5.
Cecina, a river near Volaterra, in Etruria. Cecyphal,";, a placeof Greece, where the
Mela, 2, c. 4. Athenians defeated the fleet of the Pelopon-
A. Cecinna, a Roman knis^htin the in- nesiaus.
terest Thucyd.1,c. 105.
of Pompey, who use^ to breed up Cedreatis, the name of Diana among the
young swallows, and send theitjto carry news Orchomenians, because her imageswere hung
to his friends as messengers, lie was a on lofty
cedars.
par-
 CE CE
CbdoS, an Athenian genera!,kHled iu an 508, 1.5, V. 296." Firg-. G. 1, v. le^."Apol-^
the Spartans. Diod. 15.
"eagagement against Ion. 1,c. 5." Paus. 1, c. 14. A king of Ce^
CedrusiIj an Indian nation. Curt. 9.c. 11. phallenia.
Ceglu.sa, the mother of Asopusby Nep-
tune. Celmus, a man who nursed Jupiter,by
Pans. 2, e. 12. whom he was greatlyesteemed. He was
Cei, the inhabitants of the island of Cea. changed into a magnet stone for sayingthat
Cel.^don, a man killed by Perseus, at the Jupiterwas mortal. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 281.
Siarriageof Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. Celon^, a placeof Mesopotamia. Died.
144. A river of Greece, flowing into the 17.
Alpheus. Strab
Homer. II.7,v. 133.
8. "
Celsus, an epicureanphilosopher in the
Celadus, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. second centuiy, to whom Lucian dedicated
38. An island of the Adriatic sea. JWeto, one of his compositions.He wrote a treatise
3, c. 1. against the christians,
to which an answer was

or Celeste, a city
C-EJ.JE.fSM, of Phrygia,of returned by Origen. Corn, a physician, in
which itwas once Cyrusthe young-
the capital. er the age of Tiberius, who wrote eightbooks
had a palacethere, with a parkfilledwith on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture,
wild beasts, where he exercised himself in rhetoric, and militaryaffairs.The best editions
Iiunting. The Maeander rose in this park. of Celsus de medecind are the Sv'o. L. Bat.
Xeraes built a famous citadel there after his 1746, and that of Vallart,12mo. Paris apud
defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celaenss Didot, 1772. Albinovanus, a friend of Ho-
race,
were carried by Antiochus Soter to people warned againstplagiai'ism, 1, ep. 3, v.
Apamea when newly founded. Slrab. 12. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed in the 8th epistle,
"

Liv. 38, c. 13. Xenoph.Anab. " 1. Marsyas for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been
is said to have contended in itsneighbourhood preserved. Juventius,a lawyer who con- spired

againstApollo. Htrodot. 7, c. 26. Lucan. 3, against Domitian.

" Titus, a man pro^
V. 206. claimed emperor, A. D. 265, against his will,
Cel5:no, one of the daughters of Atlas,rav-
ished and murdered seven daysafter.
by Neptune. Ovid. 4, Fast. v. 173. CeltjE, a name given to the nation that
One of the harpies, daughterof Neptune and inhabited the country between the ocean
Terra. Virg.Mn. 3, v. 245. One of the and the Palus Masotis,accordingto some thors
au-

Danaides. Apollod.2, c. 1. A daughterof mentioned by Plut. in Mario. This

Nept.ine end Ergea. Hygin. A daughter name, thoughanciently appliedto the inhabi-
tants
"f Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo. of Gaul, as v.^ellas of Germany and
Paus. 10, c. 6. Spain,was more particularlygivento a part of
Celes, a town of Peloponnesus.
Pa-as. 2, theGauls, whose country, called Gallia Cel-
c. 14. tica,was situatebetween the rivers Sequana
Celeia and Cela, a town of Noricum. and Garumna, raodernly called la Seine and
JPlin.3, c. 24. la Garonne. The Celtae seemed to receive
Celelates, a peopleof Liguria. Liv. 32, their name from Celtus,a sou of Hercules or
c. 29. of Polyphemus. The promontory which bore
CELENDRa:, Celendris, and Celende- the name of Cclticum is now called Cape Fin-
ms, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia,
with a Isterre. Cces. Bell. G. 1, c. 1,^. "
Mela, 3,
harbour of the same name at the mouth of the c. 2. Herodot. 4, c. 49.
"

gelinus. Lucan. 8, v. 406. Celtiberi, a people of Spain,descended

Celeneus, a Cimmerian, who fir.sttaught from
the Celtae. They settled near the Ibe-
tow persons guiltyof murder piated. rus, and
might be ex- added the name of the river to that
Flacc. 3, v. 406. of their nation, and were afterwards called
Celenna or CEL.a;NA,a town of Campa-
nia, Celtiberi. They made strong head against
where Juno was worshipped. Virg.Mn.
tlie Romans and Carthaginians when they
7, V. 739. invaded their country. Their country,called
Celer, a man who with Severus undertook Celliberia,is now known by the name of Ar-
to rebuild Nero's palaceafter the burning of ragon. Diod. 6. Flor. 2, c. 17. Strab. 4. " " "

Konie. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 42. A man called Lucan. 4, v. 10." Sil.It.3, v. 339.
Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped Celtica, a well populatedpart of Gaul^
over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. inhabited by the Celtae.
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 837. Plut. in Romul. "
Celtic 1, a people of Spain. The montory
pro-
Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius dedi-
cated which bore their name, is now Cape
a poem. Finisietre.-
Celeres, of the noblest and strongest Celtillus,
300 the father of Vercingetorix
youthsat Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his among the Averni. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c.4.
body guards, to attend him wherever he went, Celtoru, a people of Gaul, near the Se-
and to protect his person. The chief or cap-
tain nones. Plut.
was called Tribunus Cekrum. Liv. 1,c. Celtoscyth^, a northern nation of Scy- thians.
15. Strab. 10.
Celetrum, a town of Macedonia. Liv. Cemmenus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. Strab.
31, c. 40. Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bottom
Ceeeus, a king of Eleusis,father to Trip- of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionys.Perieg.
tolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind recep-
tion v. 358.
to Ceres, who taughthis son the cultiva-
tion Cenabum or Genabum. Vid. Genabum.
of the earth. (Vid.Triptolemus.)His Cenjeum, a promontory of Eubcea, where
Fustic dress became a proverb. The invention JupiterCaineus had an altar raised by Her-
cules.
Qf several agriculturalinstruments made of Ovid. Met. 9; V. l3!o.
"Tlmcyd. 3,
flsiersis atti'ibutedto him. Ovid. Fa^l. 4; v.
 CE cs
Cenchre j:,now Kenkri, a town of Pelo-
ponnesusremained for some time unaltered,the Re- mans,
the isthmus of Corinth.
on A jealousof their power, abridgedthe-
harbour of Corinth. Ovid. Trist. 1,el. 9, v. duration of their office, and a law was made,
19." F/m. 4, c. 4. A. U. C. 420, by Mamercus ^Emilius,to limit
Cenchreis, the wife of Cinyrasking of the time of the censorship to 18 months. ter
Af-
Cvprus,or as others say, of Assyria.Hygiji. the second Punic war, they were always
fab. 58. chosen from such
persons as had been consuls ;
Cenchreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis, then- office was more honourable,thoughless
or as some say, of Pyrene. He killed a powerful, than that of the consuls;the bad--
large serpent at Salamis. Paus. 2, c. 2. ges of their office were
"
the same, but the cen-
sors
Diod. 4. were not allowed to have lictors to walk
Cencfirius, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, before them as the consuls. When one of the
where some suppose that Latona was washed censors died, no one was elected in his roonx
aftershe had broughtforth. Tacit. Jln7i.3, c. tillthe five years were expired,and his col- league
61.
immediatelyresigned.This circum^
Cenepolis, a town of Spain,the same as stance originated from the death of a censor
CarthagoNova. Polyb. before the sack of Rome by Brennus, and
Cenetium, a town of Peloponnesus.was ever after deemed an unfortunate event
Slrah. to the republic.The abolished the
emperors
Cenneus. Vid. Caenis. censors, and took upon themselves to execute.,
Cemijiagni,a peopleon the western parts their office.
of Britain. Censorinus, Ap. CI. was compelled,after
Cenina. Vid. Caenina. many services to the state,to assume the im-
perial
Cenon, a town of Italy.Liv. 2, c. 63. purpleby the soldiers, whom he
by was
Censores, two magistrates of greatauthor-
ity murdered some days after,
A. D. 270.-" "

at Rome, fii-st
created,B. C. 443. Their Martius,a consul, to whom, as a particular
office was to number the people,estimate the friend, Horace addressed his 4 od. 8. A
possessions of every citizen,reform and watch grammarian of the 3d century, whose book^
over the manners of the people,and regulateDe die natali,is extant, best edited in
8vo^
the taxes. Their power was also extended by Havercamp, L. Bat. 1767. It treats of the
over privatefamilies : they punishedirregu- larity,birth of man, of years, months, and days.
and inspectedthe management and Census, the numbering of the people at
education of the Roman youth. They could Rome, performed by the censors, a cemeo to
inquireinto the expenses of every citizen, value. Vid. Censores. A god worshipped
and even degradea senator from all his privi-leges at Rome, the same as Consus.
and honours, if guilty of any extrava-
gance. Centaretus, a Galatian,who, when An-
This punishment was generally exe-
cuted tiochus was killed,mounted his horse in the
in passingover the offender's name exultation. The horse,as if conscious
greatest
in calling the listof the senators. The office of disgrace, immediatelyleapeddown a pre- cipice,
of publiccensor was originally exercised by and killedhimself and his rider. Flin.
the kings. Servius Tullius,the sixth king of 8, c. 42.
Rome, firstestablished a census, by which Centauri, a peopleof Thessaly, half men
"veiy man was obligedto come tered,and half horses. They were the offspring
to be regis- of
and givein writing the placeof his resi-
dence, Centaurus, son of Apollo,by Stilba,daugh-ter
his name, his quality, the number of of the Peneus. Accordingto some, tlie
his children,of his tenants, estates, and do-
mestics,
Centaurs were the fruitof Ixion's adventure
The
6ic. ends of the census were with the cloud in the shape of Juno,
or, "ts
very salutaryto the Roman republic.They others assert,of the union of Centaurus with
knew their own strength,
their ability to sup'-
the mares of Magnesia. This fable of tlie ex- istence
part a war, or to make a levy of troops,or of the Centaurs, monsters
supported
raise a tribute. It was requiredthat every upon the four legsof a horse,arises from the-
knightshould be possessedof 400,000 sester- ces ancient people of Thessaly
havingtamed
to ejijoythe rightsand privileges of his horses,and having
appearedto the neighbour?
order ; atjd a senator was entitled to sitin the mounted on horseback,a sightvery uncom-
mon
senate, if he was reallyworth 800,000 sester-
ces. at that time, and which, when at a dis- tance,
This laborious task of numbering and seems only one body,and consequently
reviewingthe people,was, afterthe expulsionone creature. Some derive the name "sro o-o./
of the Tarquins,one of th^ duties and privi- leges "ivT.*i T"vtoj";, goadingbulls, because they went;
of the consuls. But when the republicon horseback aftertheir bulls which had
ed,
stray-
was become more powerful,and when the or because they hunted wild bulls with
number of its citizens was increased,the con-
suls horses. Some of the ancients have ed,
maintain-
were found unable to makethe census, that monsters like the Centaurs can have
on account of the multiplicity
of business. existed in the natural course of things.Plu-tarch
After it had been neglected for 16 years, two in Sympas. mentions one seen by Peri-
new mufoFtrates called censoi-s were elected. ander tyrant of Corinth ; and
Pliny7, c. 3,-
They remained in office for five years, and says, that he saw one embalmed in honey^
every fifthyear they made a census of all the which had been broughtto Rome from Egypt
citizens in the Campus Martius, and offered a in the reignof Claudius. The battle of"the
solemn sacrifice, and made a lustrationin the Centaurs with the Lapithffi
isfamous in history
name of all the Roman people. This space of Ovid has elegantly described it,and ithas aljo
time was called a luslruia,
and ten or twenty employed tiiepen of Hesiod, Valerius Flaccu?^
years were commonly expressedby two or "tc. and Pausanias in Eliw.
feav lu^ti'a. ^fter the ofii" '""'"''- '"Ts^ors had says, it was present^
re-
in die templeof Jrrjjitefr
"

at Olyrapia*
 CE CE
an J also at Athens by
Phidias and Parrhasius ofthe law was extensive. They were ly
general-
accordingto Pliny,36, c. 5. The originof summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed
this battle was a quarrelat the marriageof to be the chieiest among them ; and they as-
sembled

Hippodamia with JPirithous,where the Cen-

taurs, in the Basilica,or publiccourt, and
intoxicated with wine, behaved with had their tribunal distmguished by a spear
rudeness, and even offered violence to the with
iron head, whencean a decree of their
women present. Such an insult
that were called Hasta. judicium: their sen-
court was tences

irritatedHercules, Theseus, and the rest ot were very impartial, and without ap-
peal.
the Lapithae,who defended the women, Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 38. Q,uintil.
4, o,
"

wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and oblig-

ed "tnd 11. Plin. 6, ep. 33. "

them to leave their country , and retire to Centum cellum, a sea-porttown of Etru-
Arcadia. Here their insolence was a second ria built by Trajan,who had there a villa.
time punished by Hercules, who, when he was It is now Civila i'ecchia,and belongsto the
going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was Pope. Plin. 6, ep. 31.
kindlyentertained by the Centaur Pholus,who Cesturia, a division of the peopleamong
the Komans, consisting of a hundred,
gave him wine which belonged to the rest of 'laa
the Centaurs, but had been given them on Koinau people were originally divided into
condition of tlieirtreating Hercules with it three tribes,and each tribe into 10 Curiae.
he passedthrough their territory. Servius Tullius made he
whenever a census ; and when
They wnich Hercules took had the placeof habitation,name,
resented the liberty and pro-"
with their wine, and attacked him with un- tession of every citizen,which amounted to
eoramon fury. The hero defended himself 80,()0li men, ail aule (o bear arms, he divided
with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries- tuem into six classes, ana each class into seve-
ral

who fled for safetyto the Centaur Chiron. ceuturies or comi)anies of a hundred men.

Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, The firstclass consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of
and thereforetheyhoped that he would desist which vv ere composed of men from the age of
in his presence. Hercules, though awed at 45 and upwards,appointedto guard the city.
the sightof Chiron, did iiOt desist" but, in the The 40 others were young men from 17 to 45
midst of the engagement, be wounded ceptoryears of age, appointedto go to war, and fight
his pre-
in the knee, who, in the excessive pain the enemies of Rome. Their arms were all
he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. the same, that is,a buckler,a cuirass,a helmet,
The death of Chiron nritated Hercuies the cuishes of brass,with a sword, a lance,and a
more, and the Centaurs that were present javelin; and as they were of (he most illustri-
ous
were allextirpated by his hand, and indeed citizens, they were called by way of em-
inence,

few escaped the common destruction. The classici,and theirinferiors infraclassem.

most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chiron, They were to be worth 1,100,000 o^se^, a sum

Eurytus,Amycus, Gryneus,Cauraas, Lycidas,equivalentto 1800 poundsEnglishmoney. The

Pisenor,Mermeros, second, third, and fourth classes,consisted
Arneus, Medon, Pthcetus,
Pholus,"c. Diod.4." TsetzesCfiiL9. Hist. each of twenty centuries,ten of which were

237. Hesiod. in Suet. Hercul.

"
Homer. II."^ composed of the more
"

aged,and the others of

Od."Ovid. Met. 12." Strab. 9." Pans. 5, c. 10, the younger sort of people. Their arms were

Lc"JFAian. V. H. 11,c. 2.~Jipollod.2, c. 3, 1. a large shield,a spear, and a javelin ; they

5." Virg. JEn. 6, v. 286.--Hygm. fab. 33 and were to be worth in the second class,75,0(X"
62." Pindar, Pyth.2. assesy or about 121/. In the third,50,000, or
Centaurus, a shipin the fleetof -S^neas,about 80/. ; and in the fourth,25,(X)0,or about
"which had the figureof a Centaur. Virg.40/. The fifthclass consisted of 30 centuries,
JEn. 5, V. 122. three of W'hich were carpenters by trade,and
Centobrica, a town Val. the others of dift'erentprofessions,
of Celtiberia. :-uchas were
Max. 5, c, 1. necessary in a camp. They were all armed
Centores, a peopleof Scythia. Flacc. with slings and stones. They were to be worth
Centoripia or Centuripa. Vid. Centu- 11,000 asses, or about 18/. The sixtliclass con- tained

wpa. onlyone cenluria,comprisingthe whole

Centrites, a river between Armenia and body of the poorest citizeu.i, who were called
Media. Proletarii, as their onlyservice to the .state wa^^

Centrones, a people of Gaul, severelyprocreating children. They were also called

beaten by J. Caesar when they attemptedto capite ccnsi,as the censor took notice of their
obstruct his passage. They inhabited the person, not of their estate. In the publicas- semblies

modern country of Tarantaist in Savoy. in tlieCampus Martins, at the election

There was a horde of Gauls of the same name of publicmagistrates, or at the trialof capital
^subject to the JNervii, now sup})osed to be crimes,the peoplegave their vote i)y centuries,
near Courtrayin Flanders. Ca:s.B. G. I,c. whence the assemblywas called comilia centv-
10, 1.5, c. SS."Plin. 3, c. 20. riata. in these public assemblies, which were
CE!STRoxiLs, a man who squandered his never convened onlyby the consuls at the per- mission
immense riches on useless and whimsical build-
ings. of the senate, orby the dictator, in the
Jhv. 14,V. .S6. absence of the consuls,some of the peopleap- peared
CENTi'Mvini, the members of a court of under arms for fear of an attack from
justice at Rome. They were originally chosen, some foreignenemy. Whcji a law was posed
pro-
three from the 35 tribes of the people,and in the publicassemblies,its necessity
though 105, they were alwayscalled Centum- was explained, and the advantagesit would
virs. They were afterwards increased to the })roduce to the state were enlargedupon in a
{lumber of ISO, and still ke])l their original harangue; after which it was exposedin the
name. The prcetor sent to their tribunal causes most coi spicuous partsof the citythreemarket
of tli("greate."!t importance.- a? their knowledge days,that the peoplemightsee and coa.sider
 CE CE
Exposingitto public vieW;Was cdWedproponereProcris,daughterof Erechtheus, kingof A
tegem, and explainingit,promulgerelegem.thens. Aurora fell in love with hmi, and car- ried

He who merely proposedit,was called latoi- him away ; but he refused to listen to her
hgis; and he who dwelt upon its importance addressee, and was impatient to return to Pro-
cris.
and utility, and wished it to be enforced,was The goddesssent him b^ck; and to try
called auctor h'lis. When the assemblywas to the fidelity of his wife,she made him put on a
be held,the auguries were consulted by the different form, and he arrived at the house of
consul, who, alter haranguing the people,and Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris
reminding them to have in view the good of was deaf to offer ; but she suffered self
her-
every
the republic, dismissed them to their respective to 1)6 seduced by the goldof this stranger,
centuries,that their votes might be gathered.who discovered himself the very moment that
They gave their votes viva locc, tillthe year Procris had yieldedup her virtue. This cir- cumstance
of Rome A. U. C. 615, when theychanged the so ashamed Procris, that she fled
custom, and gave their approbationor disap- from her husband, and devoted herself to hunt-
probation ing
by ballots thrown into an urn. If in the island of Euboea, where she was ad"
the firstclass was unanimous, the others w ere mitted among the attendants of Diana, who
not consulted,as the firstwas superiorto all presentedher with a dog always sure of his
the others in number; but if they were not prey, and a dart which never missed its aim,
unanimous, theyproceededto consult the rest, and always returned to the hands of its mis-
tress
and themajoritydecided the question.This accord. Some say that the
of its own
advantageof the firstclass g-ave offence to the dog was a present from Minos, because Pro-cris
rest; and it was afterwards settled,that one had cured his wounds. After this Procris
class of the six should be drawn by lot,to give returned in disguise to Cephalus, who was wil-
its votes first,without regardto rank or prior-
ity. lingto disgracehimself by some unnatural
After all the votes had been gathered,concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of
the consul declared aloud, that the law which Procris. Procris discovered herself at the
had been proposedwas ly
constitutional-
dulyand moment that Cephalus showed himself faith-
less,
approved.The ceremonies
same were served
ob- and a reconciliation w^as easily made be-
tween
in the election of consuls,prajtors, k,c. them. They loved one another with
The word Centuria is also appliedto a subdi-
vision more tenderness than befoi-e,and Cephalus
of one of the Roman legions, which con-
sisted received from his wife the presentsof Diana.
of an hundred men, aud was the half of As he was particularlyfond of hunting, he ev-
ery

a manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and morning earlyrepaired to the woods, ajid
the sixtieth part of a legion. The command-
er after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down
of a centuria was called centurion,and he in the cool shade,and earnestly called for Au-
ra,
was distinguished from the rest by the branch or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous
of a vine which he carried in his hand. word was mistaken for the name of a mistress ;
Centuripa, (es,or ce, aitim,)now Cen- and some informer reported to the jealous cris,
Pro-
torlu,a town of Sicily
at the foot of Mount that Cephatus dailypaida visit to a tress,
mis-
"Etna. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 23." Ital. 14, v.
whose name was Aura. Procris too rea-
dily

205.~P/m3,c.8. believed the information, and secretly lowed

fol-
Ceos and Cea, an island. Vid. Co. her husband into the w^oods. According
Cephalas, a loftypromontory of Africa to his dailycustom ;Cephalus retiredto the cool,
near the Syrtis Major. Strab. and called after Aura. At the name of Aura,
Cephaledion, a town of Sicily, near ver Procris eagerlylifted up her head to see her
the ri-
Himera. Plin. 3, c. 8. Cic.in Verr. 2,c.52 expectedrival. Her motion occasioned a rust-
" ling
Cephallen, a noWe musician,son of Lam- among the leaves of the bush that conceal-
ed
pus. Pans. 10, c. 7. her ; and as Cephalus listened, he thought
Cephallena and Cephallenia, an island itto be a wild beast,and he let flyhis unerring
in the Ionian sea, belaw Corcyra, whose .iart. Procris was struck to the heart,and in- stantly
inhabitants went with Ulyssesto the Trojan expiredin the arms of her husband,
war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. confessing that ill-grounded jealousywas the
It was anciently divided into four different dis-
tricts,
cause of her death. Accordingto Apollodo-
from which circumstance it received the rus, there were two persons of the name of
name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in Cephalus;one, son of Mercury and Herse,
circumference,and from its capital Samo, or carried away by Aurora, with whom he dwelt
Samos, ithas frequently been called Same. "
n\ Syria, and by whom he had a son called Ti-
."Strab.
lO.~Plin. 4, c. 12." .1fe/a,
2, c. 7." 'honus. The other married Procris, and was
Ho77ier.II.2." Thucyd.2, c.
30." Pans. 6, c. 15. the cause of the tragical event, mentioned
Cephalo, anofficer of Eumenes. Diod. li). above. Cephaluswas latherofArcesius by Pro-
cris
Cephaloedis and Cephaludium, now and of Phaeton,according to Hesiod, by Au-
rora.
Ccphalu,a town at the north of Sicily. Sil. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 26. Hygiii. fab. 189.
14, V. 253." Cic. 2, in Verr. 51. Jipollod. 3, c. 15.
" A Corinthian lawyer,
Cephalon, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote who assisted Tiraoleon in regulating the repub-
lic
an history of Troy,besides an epitomeof uni- versal of Syracuse. Diod. 16. Plut. in Tim. "

history from the age of Ninus to Alex-

ander, A kingof Epirus. Liv. 43, c. 18. An era-
which he divided into nine books,insci- or frequently mentioned by Demosthenes.
bcd with the name of the nine muses. He af-fected Cepheis, a name given to Andromeda as
not to know the placeof his birth,ex- pecting daughter; of Cepheus. Ovid. A. A 1, v. li"3.
it would be disputedlike Homer's. Cepuekes, an ancient name of the Persians.
He lived in the reignof Adrian. ffcrodot. 7, c. 61. A name of the JCthio
Cephalus, son of Deioneus, kingofThes- l)ians,
from Cephus;one of then*kings. Ovid
?aly,by Diomede,daughterofXuthus;raarriedMet. 5, V. 1
 CE CE
Cepheus, a king of -Ethiopia, father of Cerasus, (untis)now Keresoun, a mari'
Andromeda, by Cassiope. He was one of the time cityof Cappadocia,from which cherries
Argonauts,and was changed into a tion
constella- were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. " "

after his death, Ovid. Met. 4, v, 669, 1. Marcell. 22, c. \3."Plin. 15, c. 25, 1. 16,
5, V. 12." Paus.4, c. 35, 1.8, c. ^."Apollod.1. c. 18, 1. 17, c. 14." Mela, 1, c. 19. -Ano-
". 9, 1.2, c. 1,4, and 7, 1.3, c. 9, mentions one ther,built by a Greek colony from Sinope.
SOIL of Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The Diod. 14.
former he makes tingof Tegea,and father of Cerata, a placenear Megara.
Sterope; and says, that he, with his twelve Ceratus, a river of Crete.
sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hip- Ceradnia, a town of Achaia.
pocoon, where theywere killed. The latter he Ceraunia and Ceraunii, large moun-
tains
calls kingof ^Ethiopia, and father of Andro-
meda. of Epirus, extendingfar into the sea, and
A son of Lycurgus present at the forminga promontory which divides thelonian
chase of the Calydonianboar. JipoUod. ], c. 9. and Adriatic seas. They are the same as

Ckphcsia, a part of Attica, through which the Acroceraunia. Vid. Acrocerauniam.

the Cephisusflows. Plin. 4, c. 7. Iviount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. Plin.
Cephisiades, a patronymic of Eteocles, 5, c. 27.
Son of .^ndreus and Evippe, from the suppo-
sition Ceraunii, mountains of Asia, opposite
of his beingthe son of the Cephisus.the Caspiansea. Mela, 1, c. 19.
Pans. 9: c. 34. Ceraunus, a river of Cappodocia. A
Cefiiisidorus, a tragicpoet of Athens in surname of Ptolemy the 2d, from his boldness.
the age of iEschylus. An historian who C. Kep.Reg. c. 3.
wrote an account of the Phocian war. Cerasius, a mountain of Arcadia. Paus.
CephisiOxN. the commander of some troops 8, c. 41.
^ent bv the Thebans to assist Megalopolis,",c. Cerbalus, a river of Apulia. Plin. 3, c,
Diod. 'l6. 11.
CEPHisoDoxrs, a discipleof Isocrates, a Cerberion, a town of the Cimmerian
who
greatreviler of Aristotle, wrote a book Bo.sphorus.Plin. 6, c. 6.
of proverbs. Aihen. 2. Cerberus, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of
Cephisus and Cephissus, a celebrated river Echidna's union with Typhon. He had 50
of Greece, that rises at Lilaea in Phocis, and heads accordingto Hesiod, and three accord-
ing
after passingat the north of Delphiand mount to other mythologists. He was stationed
Parnassus, enters Bceotia.. where it flows into at the entrance of hell,as a watchful keeper,
the lake Copais.The Graces were ly
particular- to prevent the living from entering the infernal
fond of this river, whence they are called regions, and the dead from escaping from their
the goddessesof the Cephisus. There v. as a confinement. It was usual for those heroes
river of the same name in Attica,and another who in their life-timevisited Pluto's kingdom,
in Argolis.Strab. 9. Plin. 4, c. 7. Pans. to appease the barking mouths
" " of Cerberus
9, c. 24." Homer. 11. 2, v. 29."Lucan. 3, v. with a cake. Orpheuslulled him to sleepwith
lib." Olid. Met. 1,v. 369, 1. 3, v. 19. A his lyre; and Hercules draggedhim from hell
man changed into a sea monster, by Apollo, when he went to redeem Alceste. Virg.JEn.
when lamenting the death of his grandson. 5, v. 134, 1.6, V.417." i -omer. Od. 11,v.622."
Ovid. Met. 7, V. 388. Paus. 2, c. 31, 1. 3, c. 25." Hesiod. Theog.312.
Cephren,king of Egypt, who
a built
"Tibiill. l,el.10, V.35.one

of the pyramids. Diod. I. Cercaphus, a son of -(Eolus. A son of

Cepio or CiEPio, a man who by a quarrelSol, of greatpower at Rhodes. Diod. 5.
with Drusus caused a civil w'ar at Rome, "c. Cercasorum, a town of Egypt, where
.i Servilius,a Roman consul, who put an the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and Ca-
end to the war in Spain. He took goldfroni nopicmouths. Herodot. 2, c. 15.
a temple, and for that sacrilege the rest of his Cerceis, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod.
life was alwaysunfortunate. He was conquer-
ed Theog.V. 355.
by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly Cecene, a country of Africa. Diod. 2.
eonliscated, and he died at lastin prison. Cercestes, a son of iEgj'ptus and Phoeiiissa.
ChPioN, a nmsician. Plut. de Mvs. Jpollod. 2, c. 1.
Ceraca, a town of Macedonia. Polyb.5. Cercides, a native of Megalopolis,who
Ceracates, a peopleof Germany. Tacit. wrote Iambics. Athen. 10. " JElian. V. H. 13,
4, Hid. c. 70. Cercii, a peopleof Italy.
Cerambus,
a man changed into a beetle, Cercina and Cercinna, a small island of
or,accordingto others,into a bird,on mount the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis,
Parnassus,by the nymnhs, before the deluge.on the coast of Africa. Tacit. 1. Ann. 53. "

Ovid.Mel.l',i"S).9. Strab. r,."Liv. 33,48." Plin. 5, c. 7.

c.

Ceramicus, now Kermno, a bay of Caria. A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia.

near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, receivingit."-Thvcyd.2, c. 98.
name from Ceramus. Plin. 5, c. 29. Akla- Cercinium,
"
a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31,
1,c. 16. A publicwalk, and a placeto bu-ry c. 41.

those that were killed in defence of their Cerciub and Rhetius, charioteers of Cas-
tor
country,at Athens. Cic. ad .fill.
1,ep. 10. and PoDu.x.
Ceuamiu.m, a place of Rome, where Cice- peopleof Ephesus, made pri-
Cehcupes;
soners a

ix)'shouse was built. Cic. ad JiUic. Apollud.

2, c. 6. The by Hercules.
Ceuamds, a town at the west of Asia
nor. inhabitants of the island Pithecusa
Mi- changed
into monkics on account of their dishonesty.
Ceras, a peopleof Cyprus melamorpjio.sedOvid. Met. 14, V. 91.
into bulls. Ceikops, a Milesian, author of a fabulous
 CE CE
history,
mentioned by Athenssus. ^A Py-
thagorean
country in the world, and instructed Triptos^
'

philosopher. lemus of Eleusis in every thingwhich concern- ed

Cercyon and Cercyones, a kingof Eleusis, agriculture. She taughthim how to plough
son of Neptune, or, accordingto others,of the ground, to sow and reap the corn, to
Vulcan. He obligedall strangers to wrestle make bread, and to take particular care of
with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler,fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave
they were easily conqueredand put to death. him her chariot,and commanded him to travel
After many cruelties,he challengedTheseus alloverthe world, and communicate his know-
ledge
in wrestling, and he was conquered and put of agriculture to the rude inhabitants,
to deatli by his antagonist.His daughter,who hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots
Alope, was loved by Neptune, by whom she of the earth [Vid.Triptolemus.] Her bene-
ficence
had a child. Cercyon exposed the child,call- ed to mankind made Ceres respected
Hippothoon ; but he was preservedby a Sicilywas supposedto be the favouriteretreat
and afterwards placed upon his grand- father'sof the goddess,and Diodorus
mare, says, that she
throne by Theseus. Ovid. Met. 7, v. and her daughtermade their firstappearance
439."Hygm. fab. lS7."Flut. in Tfies."Paus. to mankind in Sicily, which Pluto received as
1,c. 5 and 39 a nuptial dowry from Jupiterwhen he mar-
ried
Cercyra and Corcyra, an island in the Proserpine The Sicilians made a yearly
Ionian sea, which receives its name from Cer-
cyra sacrifice to Ceres, every man accordingto hw
daughterof the Asopus. Diod. 4. abilities; and the fountain of Cyane, through
Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis.which Pluto opened himself a passage with his
Thucyd.5, c. 6. trident, when carrying away Proserpine, was

Cerealia, festivals in honour of Ceres ; publicly honoured with an offering of bulls, and
firstinstituted at Rome by Memmius the edile, the blood of the victims was shed in the waters
and celebrated on the 19th of April.Persons in of the fountain. Besides these,other ceremo- nies
mourning were not permitted to appear at the were observed in honour of the goddesses
celebration ; therefore they were not observed who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The
after the battle of Cannce. They are the same commemoration of the rape was celebrated
as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. Vid. about the beginningof the harvest,and the
ThesmopJioria. search of Ceres at the time that corn is sowa
Ceres, the goddessof corn and of harvests,in the earth. The latter festival continued six
was daughterof Saturn and Vesta. She had successive days; and duringthe celebration,
a daughter by Jupiter,whom she called the votaries of Ceres iriade use of some free
Pherephata, fruit-bearing, and afterwards and wanton expressions,as that languagehad
Proserpine. This daughterwas carried away made the goddesssmile while melancholy for
by Pluto,as she was gathering flowers in the the loss of her daughter. Attica,which had
plainsnear Enna. The rape of Proserpinebeen so eminentlydistinguished by the god-dess,
was grievousto Ceres, who sought her all gratefully remembered her favours in the
over Sicily ; and when nightcame, she light-
ed celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. [Via.
two torches in the flames of Mount JEtna, Eleusinia.]Ceres also performed the duties
io continue her search by nightall over the of a legislator, and the Sicilians found the ad- vantages
World. She at last found her veil near the of her salutary laws ; hence, her sur- name
fountain Cyane ; but no intelligence could of Thesmophora. She is the same as
be received of the placeof her concealment, the Isis of the Egyptians,and her worship,it
tillat last the nymph Arethusa informed her is said, was firstbroughtinto Greece by Erech-
that her daughterhad been carried away by theus. She met with different adventures
Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this than when she travelled over the earth, and the
she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by impudence of Stellio was severelypunished.
two dragons"and demanded of Jupiter the re- To av^oid the importunities
storation of Neptune, she
of her daughter. The endeavours of changed herself into a mare : but the god took

Jupiterto soften her by representing Pluto as advantage of her metamorphosis,and from

apowerfulgod, to become her son-in-iaw,prov- their union arose the horse Arion. [Vid.
ed fruitless, and the restoration was granted,Arion.] The birth of this monster so offended
providedProserpine had not eaten anythingin Ceres, that she withdrew herself from the
the kingdom of Pluto. Ceres upon this repairedsight of mankind ; and the earth would have
to Pluto,but Proserpine had eaten the grains of perished for want of her assistance, had not
a pomegranate which she had gathered as she Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and givenin*
walked over the Elysian tields.and Ascalaphus,formation of it to Jupiter.The Parcffi were
the only one who had seen her, discovered it,sent by the god to comfort her, and at their
to make his court to Pluto. The return of persuasion she returned to Sicily, where her
Proserpineupon earth was therefore imprac- ticable statues represented her veiled in black, with
; but Ascalaplms,for his unsolicited the head of a horse, and holdinga dove in one
information,was changed into an owl. [Vid. hand, and in the other a dolphin. In their
Ascalaphus.]The grief of Ceres for the loss sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant
of her daughter was so great,that Jupitersow, as that animal often injures and destroys
grantedProserpineto pass six months with the productions of the earth. While the corn
her mother, and the rest of the year with was yet in grass, they offered her a ram, after
Pluto. During the inquiries of Ceres for her the victim had been led three times roinid the
daughter, the cultivation of the earth was glected,field. Ceres
ne- was representedwith a garland
and the groundbecame barren ; there-
fore, of ears of corn on her head, holdingin one
to rei)air the loss which mankind had hand a lighted torch,and in the otiier a poppy,
suffered by her absence, the goddesswent to which was sacred to her. She appears as a
AttlcQ,which was bocome the most desolate country-woman mountcdon the back of an r"x.
 CE CE
and carryinga basket on her leftarm, and p. Cervius, an officer under Vierres. Cici
holdinga hoe ; and sometimes she rides in a in Verr. 5, c. 44.
chariot drawn by wingeddragons. She was Cervces, a sacerdotal familyat Athens
supposedto be the same as Rhea, Tellus,Cy- Thvcyd. 8, c. 53.
bele, Bona Dea, Berecynthia, "ic. The Ro-
mans Cerycius, a mountain of Bajotia. Paus.9f
paid her greatadoration, and her festi-
vals c. 20.
were yearly celebrated by the Roman Cerymica, a town of Cyprus. Diod,
matrons in the month of April,duringeight Cerynea, a town of Achaia, and moun-
tain

days. These matrons abstained duringseveral of Arcadia. Pans. 7, c. 25.

days from the use of wine and every carnal Cerynites, a river of Arcadia. Pam. 7,
enjoyment. They alwaysbore lighted torches c. 25.
in commemoration of the ; and
goddess ever
who-
Cesellius Balsus, a turbulent Carthagi-
nian,
came to festivals whhout
these a pre-
vious who dreamt of money, and persuaded
initiation,
was punishedwith death. Ce- res Nero that immense treasures had been depo-
sited
is metaphorically called bread and corn, as by Dido in a certain place,which he de- scribed.
Ihe word Bacchus is frequently used to signify Inquiry was made, and when no

wine. Jipollod.1, c. 5,1.2, c. 1, 1.3, c. 12 and money was found,Cesellius destroyed himself.
U."Paus. 1,c. 31, 1. 2, c. 34, 1. 3, c. 23, 1.8, Tacit. Ann. 16, c. 1, he.
c. 25, hc."Diod. 1, kc."Hesiod. Theog." Cesennia, an infamous prostitute, born of an
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 417. Met. fab. 7, 8, "ic." illustriousfamilyat Rome. Juv. 6, v. 135.
Claudian. de Rapt. Pros. Cic. in Verr.
" CESTius,an epicurean
" of Smyrna,who taught
Callimach. in Cer."Uv. 31." Stat. rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero.
29 and
Theb. 12." Dionys. Hal 1, c. S3."FJygin.A governor of Syria. Tacit. H. 5. Seve-
P. A. 2. rus, an informer under Nero. Tacit. H. 4.
Ceressus, a placeof Bceotia. Pavjs, 9, c. Proculus,.aman acquitted of an accusation of
14. embezzlingthe publicmoney. Id. Am. 30.
CERETiE, a peopleof Crete. A bridgeat Rome.
Cerialis Anicus, a consul elect, who Cestrina, part of Epirus. Pans. 2, c.
"wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a 23
god, after the discoveryof the Pisonian con- spiracy, Cestrinus, son of Helenus and Androma-che.
":c. Tadl. Ana. 15. c. 74. After his father's death he settled in Epi-
rus,
Ceru. a peopleof Etruria. above the river Thyamis, and called the
'
Cerilli or Carill-SE, now Cirella,a town country Cestrina. Paiis. 1, c. 11.
of the Brutii near the Laus. Strab. 6. Cetes, a king of Egypt, the same as Pro-
teus.
Cerillum, a placeof Lucania. Strab. 6. "
Diod 1.
Sil. Ital. 8, V. 680. Cethegus, the surname of one of the
Cerinthus, now Zero, a town of Eubcea, branches of the Cornelii Marcus, a consul
.

whose inhabitants went to the Trojanwar; in the second Punic war. Cic. in. Brut. A
headed by Elphenor,son of Chalcedon, mer. tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted
Ho- morals,
[[. 2, V. 45. Strab. 10.
" A beautiful who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against
youth,longthe favourite of the Roman ladies,the state, and was commissioned to murder
and especially of Sulpitia, ^c. Horat. 1, Sat. Cicero. He was apprehended,and, with
2, V. 81. One of the early heretics from Lentulus,put to death by the Roman senate.
Christianity. Plut. in Cic. Lc. A Trojan, killed by
Cermanus, a placewhere Romulus was posed Turnus,
ex- Virg.JEn. 12, v. 513. P Corn.
by one of the servants of Amulius. a powerfulRoman, who embraced the party
Plut. in Romul. of Marius against Sylla. His mistress liad ob-
tained
Cerne, an island without the pillars of Her-
cules, such an ascendancyover him, that she
on the African coast. Str^ib.1. " Plin. 5 distributed his favours,and Lucullus was not
and 6. ashamed to court her smiles,when he wished
Cerkes, a priest of Cybele. to be appointedgeneralagainstMlthridates-
Ceron, a fountain of Histiaeotis,
whose ters
wa- A senator put to death for adultery
undei'
rendered black all the sheepthat drank of Valentinian.
them. Plin. 3, c. 2. Cetii, a i"eople of Cilicia.
Ceropasades, a son of Phraates king of Cetius, a river of Mysia. A mountain
Persia,givenas an hostageto Augustus. which separatesNoricum from Pannonia.
Cerossus, a placeof the Ionian sea. Ceto, a daughterof Pontus and Terra, who
Cerpheres, a kingpf Egypt,who is sup- married Phorcys,by whom she had the three
jjosed to have built the smallest pyramid. Gorgons,he. Hesiod. Theog.v. 237. Lucan. "

CERRUiEi, a people of Greece, who pro- faned 9, V. 646.

the templeof Delphi. Plut. in Sol. Ceus and C^eus, a son of Ccelus and Terra,
Cerretani, a peopleof Spain that inhab-ited who married Phcebe,by whom he had Latona
the modern districtof Cerdana in Cata- and Asteria. Hesiod. Thcog. v. 135. Virg. "

ionia. Plin 3, c. 3. A^n.4fV. 179. The father of Troezen. mer.

Ho-
Cersobleptes, a king of Thrace, con- II. 2, v. 354.
"iuered by Philipking of Macedonia. Poly"En. Cey.x, a kingof Trachinia, son of Lucifer,
T, c.31. and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned
Certima, a town of Celtiberia. Lav. 40, as he went to consult the oracle of Claros.
c. 47. His wife was apprizedof his misfortune in a
Certoniubt, a of Asia Minor.
town dream, andfonud his dead body washed on the
Cervarius, aRoman knightwho con- sea shore. They were both changed into
.spired
with Piso against r*Jero. Tacit. Arm. 16, birds called Alcyons. Vid. Alcyone. Olid .

Mel. 11, v."dl."Paus. 1, c. 32. According

 CH CH
to 1,c. 7, 1.2, c. 7,the
Apollod. cyoneblind men,
husband of Al- intimatingthe inconsiderate plan
and the kingof Tracbini were two dif-
ferent
of the founders. Strab. 7. Plin. 5, c. 32. " "

persons. Mela, 1, c. 19.

Chea, a town of Peloponnesus. Chalcidene, a partof Syria,very fruitful .

Chabinus, a mountain of Arabia Felix. Plin. 5, c. 23.

Diod. 3. Chalcidenses, the inhabitants of the isth-
mus
Chabria, village of Egypt.
a between Teos and Erythrae. A people
Chabrias,
an Athenian generaland phi-
losopher,
near the Phasis.
who chiefly himself when
signalized Chalcidius, a commander of the Lace-
daemonian
he assisted the Boeotians againstAgesilaus. fleet killed by the Athenians,kc.
In this celebrated campaign, he ordered bis Thucyd.8, c. 8.
soldiers to put one knee on the ground, and Chalcidi'ca, a country of Thrace of Sy^ "

firmlyto rest their spears upon the other, and rla.

cover themselves with their shields,by which Chalcidicus, (of Chalets,) an epithetap-
plied
means he daunted the enemy, and had a sta-
tue to Cumae in Italy,as built by a colony
raised to his honour in that same posture. from Chalcis. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 17.
He assisted also Nectanebus, kingof Egypt, Chalckeus, a surname of Minerva, because
and conquered the whole island of Cyprus : she had a templeat Chalcis in Eubcea. She
but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive was also called Chalciotisand Chalcidica.
courage, and despisedto flyfrom his ship, Chalciope, a daughter of jSetes king of
when he had it in his power to save his life Colchis, who married Phryxusson of Athamas,
like his companions,B. C. 376. C.JVep.in vita. who had fled to her father's court for protec-
tion.
" Diod. 16. Pint, in Phoc.
" She had some children by Phryxus,and
Ch ABRYis, a kingof Egypt. Diod. 1. she preservedher life from the avarice and
Ch^anit^, a people at the foot of Cau-
casus. cruelty of her father,who had murdered her
husband to obtain the golden fleece,
\yidi
CH;?;REis, an Athenian,who wrote on agri- Phryxus.] Ovid. Heroid. 17, v. 2m."Hygin.
culture."
""An officerwho murdered Caligula, fab. 14, he. The mother of Thessalus by
A. D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which Hercules. Apollod.2, c. 7. ^The daughtei;;
was prepared againsthimself An nian, of Rhexenor, who married JEgeus. Id. 3, c. 1,
Athe-
"c. Thucyd.8, c. 74, he. Chalcis, now Egripo, the chief city of
Ch^redemus, a brother of Epicurus,",c. Eubcea,in that partwhich isnearest to Boeotiav
Diog. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The
Ch^^remon, a comic poet, and disciple of island was said to have been anciently joined
Socrates. A stoic, who wrote on the Egyp- to the continent in the neighbourhoodof Chal- cis.
"^an priests. There were three other towns of the
Ch.'erephon, a tragicpoet of Athens,in same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily;,
the age of Philip of Macedonia. all belongingto the Corinthians. Plin. 4, c .

Cii.ERESTRATA, the mothcr of Epicurus, scended

de- 12." Strab. 10." Paus. 5, c. 23."Ci". JV. D. 3,
of a noble family. c. 10.

Ch ^rinthus, a beautiful youth,

"c. Ho- Chalcitis, a country of Ionia. Paus. 7,
ral. 1. Serm. 2, v. 81. C.5.
CniERiPPUs, an extortioner,".c. Juv. 8,
Chalcodon, a son of iEgyptus,by Ara"
r. 96. bia. Apollod. 2, c. 1." A man of Cos, who "

Ch^.uo, the founder of Chgeronea. Plut. wounded Hercules, Td. 2, c. 7. The father
m Syll. of Elephenor,one of the Grecian chiefs in
Ch.eronia, CHiERONEA, and Cherronea, the Trojan war. Paus. 8, c. 15. A maft
a cityof Bceotia,on the Cephisus,celebrated who assisted Hercules in his war against Au-
for a defeat of the Athenians tians, gias. Paus. 8, c. 15.
by the Boeo-
B. C. 447, and for the victorywhich Phi-
lip Chalcon, a Messenian, who reminded An-"
of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 tilochus,son of Nestor, to beware of the
isi^n, over the confederate army of the The- ^Ethiopians, by whom he was to perish.
bans and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 Chalcus, a man made governor of Cyzicus
men, the 2d of August, B. C. 338. Plutarch by Alexander. Polycen.
was born there. The town was anciently CuALDA'-A,a countiy of Asia, between the
called Arne. Pans. 9, g. 40. Plui. in Pelop. Euphratesand Tigris.Its capital
" is Babylon"
iic. Slmb. 9.
" wiiose inhabitants were famous for their know-
ledge
ChaljEon, a cityof Locris." A port of of astrology.Cic. de Div. 1, c. 1."
"

Bceotia. Diod. 2.Slrab. 2." Plin. 6, c. 28.

C HALES, a herald of put to death by
Busiris, Chaldjei, the inhabitants of Chaldsea.
Hercules. Apollod.
2, c. 5. Chalestra, a town of Macedonia. Hero -

Cha.lc^a, a town of Caria, of Phoe- dot. 7, c. 123.

Hicia. Chalonitis, a country of Media.
CiiAi.cEA, an island with a town near Chal^bes and Calybes, a people of As'ik
Rhodes. Pirn. 5, c. 3. A festivalat Athens. Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and
Vid. Panathenaea. possessed ofa greatextent of country,abound-
ing
CuALCKDOiV and CHALciiooNiA, now Kadi- in iron mines, where the inhabitants work-
ed
fCeni,an ancient cityof Bithynia, opposite naked. The Calybes attacked the tea
Byzantium, built by a colony from JMe- thousandia their retreat, and beharved with
gara, headed by Argias,B. C. '685. It was much and couras:e.
spirit They were partly
I firstcalled and
Procerastis, afterwards Col- conqueredby Croesus, king ol' Lydia. Some
pusa. Its situation,however, was so imi)ro-authors imaginethat the Calybesarc a nation
perly chosen, that it was oaUed the cityof of Spain. Ffrg..AEr. 8. v. 421. ,^trab 1'-.. "
 CH CH
Ste. Apollon. 2, v. SlS.-^Xenoph. Anab. 4, with Darius againstAlexander. Curt. 4, e.
5:c. Herodot. 1, c. 2S." Justin. 44, c. 3. 5. A I'iverof Peloponnesus. Plut.in Arat.
Chalvbon, now supposedto be Aleppo,a Charicles, one of the 30 tyrantsset over
town of Syria,which gave the name of Cha- Athens by the Lacedajmonians. Xenoph.Mi-
hbonitis to'the neighbouring country. mor. 1. Arist. Pol it. o, c. 6.
"
A famous
Chalvbo.vitis, a country of S3"r)a, so mous physician
fa- under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 50.
for its wines that the king of Persia Chariclides, an officer of Dionysiusthe
drank no other. younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the
Chalybs, a river in Spain,where Justin. tyj-aht. Diod. 16.
44, c. 3, placesthe ])eople called Calybes. Chariclo, the mother of Tiresias,greatly
Chamam and Chamaviri, a peopleof Ger- many. favoured by Minerva. Apollod.3, c. 6. A
Tacit, in Germ. daughterof Apollo, who married the centaur
Chake, a river between Armenia and Al- Chiron
bania, Ovid. Met. 2, v. 635.
.

falling into the Caspian sea. Charidemus, a Roman exposed to wild

CiiAOisf,a mountain of Peloponnesus. A beasts. Martial. 1, ep. 44. An Athenian,
son of Priam. Vid. Chaonia. banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius,
Chaones, a peopleof Epirus.
Chaonia, mountainous
a part of Epirus. Charila, a festivalobserved once in nine
which receives its name from Chaon, a son of years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to
Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother tillscircumstance. In a great famine the peo-
ple
Helenas. There wood near, where doves
was a of Delphiassembled and appliedto their
(ChnonicBaves) were said to deliver oracles. king to relieve their wants. He accordingly
The words Chaonius rictus are by ancient distributed a little corn he had among the
authors applied to acorns, the food of the first noblest ; but as a poor littlegirl called Charila,
inhabitants. Lucan. 6, v. 426. Claudian, de begged the king with
"
more than commou
Pros. rapt. 3, v. 47." Virg.JEn. 3, v. 335." earnestness,he beat her with his shoe,and the
Propert. I,el. 9." Ovid. A. A. 1. girl,unable to bear his treatment, hanged her-
self
Chaonitis, a country of Assyria. in her girdle.The famine increased ; and
Chaos, a rude and shapeless mass of mat-
ter, the oracle told the king,that to relieve hi*;
and confused assemblageof inactive ele- ments,people,he must atone for the murder of Cha-
rila.
which, as the poets suppose, pre-ex-
isted Upon this a festivalwas instituted,with
the formation of the world, and from expiatory rites. The king presidedover this
which the universe was formed by the hand institution, and distributedpulseand corn to
and power of a superior being. This doctrine such as attended. Charila's image was brought
was firstestablished by Hesiod, from whom before the king,v" ho struck it with his shoe;
the succeeding poetshave copiedit; and it is after which it was carried to a desolate place,
probable that it was obscurely drawn from the where they put a halter round its neck, and
account of Moses, by beingcopied from the buried it where Charila was buried. Plut. in
annals of Sjinchoniathon,whose age is fixed QucRst. Groec.
antecedent to the siegeof Troy. Chaos was Charilaus and Charillus, a son of Poly-
deemed by some, as one of the oldest of the dectes king of Sparta, educated and protected
gods, and invoked as one of the infernal deities. by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against
Virg.JEn. 4, v. 510." Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 1. Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken
CtiARADRA, a town of Phocis. Herodot. S, prisoner, and released on promisingthat he
c. 33. would cease from war, an engagement he soon
Charadros, a river of Phocis, falling into broke. He died in the 64th year of his age...
the Cephisus. Stat. Thth. 4, v. 46. Pans. 2, 36, 1. 6, c. 48. A Spartan,who
CiiARADRDS, a placeof Argos,where mili- changedthe monarchical power into an aiis-
fary causes were tried. Thucyd.5, c. 60. tocracy. Arist. Polit. 5, c. 12.
,

Char/eadas, an Athenian general,sent Charillus, one of the ancestors of Leuty-

Tvith 20 shipsto Sicily during*thePelopon- chides. Herodot. S. c. ISl.
oesian war. He died 42.Q B. C. k.c. Thucyd. Charini and CAraKi, a peopleof Germany.-
3, c. 86. Plin. 4, c. 14.
Charand^ei, a peoplenear Pontus. Charis, a goddessamong the Greeks, sur-
rounded

Charax, a town of Armenia. A sopher

philo- with pleasures,graces, and delight.
of Pergaraus, who wrote an history of She was the wife of Vulcan. Homer. II. 18,
Greece in 40 books. V. 382.

Charaxes and Charaxus, a Mitylenean, Charisia, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8,

brother to Sappho, who became passionately c. 3. A festival in honour of the Graces,
ibnd of the courtezan Rhodope, uporj whom with dances which continued all night. He
he squanderedall his possessions,and reduced who continued awake the longest, was warded
re-
himself to poverty,and the necessityof pirati-
cal with a cake.
excursions. Ovid. Heroid. 15, v. 117.
" Charisius^;an orator at Athens. Cic. in B.
Herodot. 2, c. 135, "c. 83.
Charaxus, one of the centaurs. Ovid. Charistia, festivalsat Rome, celebrated on
Met. 12,v. 372. the 20th of February,by the distribution of
Chares, an Athenian general. sta- mutual presents, with the intention of recon-
A tuary ciling
of Lindus, who was 12 years employed friends and relations. Val. Max. 2, c. 1.
in making the famous Colossus at Rhodes. "Ovid, Fast. 1.
Plvn. 34, c. 7. A man who wounded Cyrus Charitj-.s and Gratis:, Uie Graces, daugh-
ter
when fighting againsthis brother Artaxcrxes. of Venus by Jupiteror Bacchus, are
An historian of Mitylene,who wrote a three in number, Aglaia, Thalia,and Euphro-
!^c of Alcxa-nder. An Athenian who foughtsyne. Thoy were the constrint atlpjidaflts of
 CH CH
t'^enus,
and they were represenfed
as three Hercules,
without this passport. Charon is
and modest
beautiful, virgins, all hold-
ing representedas an old robust man, with a hi- deous
young,
one another by the hand. They presided countenance, long white beard, and
over kindness and all good offices,and their piercing eyes. His garment is raggedand fil- thy,
as that of the nine mu- an d his forehead is covered with wrin-
kles.
worshipwas the same ses,

As allthe dead were

with whom they had a templein common. obligedto pay a
They were generally representednaked, be- causesmall pieceof money for then- admission,it
kindnesses ought to be done with sin- ceritywas alwaysusual among the ancients, to place
and candour. The moderns explainunder the tongue of the deceased,a pieceof
the allegory of their holdingtheir hands join-ed, maney for Charon. This fable of Charon and
by observing, that there ought to be a per-petualhis boat is borrowed from the Egyptians,
and never ceasingintercourse of kind-ness whose dead were carried across a lake,where

and benevolence among friends. Their sentence was passedon them, and according
youth denotes the constant remembrance that to their good or bad actions,they were noured
ho-
we ought ever to have of kindnesses received ; with a splendid burial, or left unnoti-
ced
and their virginpurityand innocence teach in the open air. Vid. Acherusia. Diod.
us, that acts of benevolence ought to be done 1. S"7iec.in Her. Fur. act. 3, v. 765. Virg.
" "

without any expectations of restoration, and JEn. 6, V. 298, "c.

that we ought never to suffer others or our-selves Charondas, a man of Catana, who gave
to be guilty of base or impure favours. laws to the people of Thurium,. and made a

Homer speaksonly of two Graces. law that no man should be permittedto come
Chariton, a writer of Aphrodisium,at the armed into the assembly. He inadvertently-
latter end of the fourth century. He com- posed broke this laW; and when told of it,he fell up- on
a Greek romance, called The Loves of his sword, B. C. 446. Val. Max. 6, c. 5.
Chareas and CalUrhoe,which has been much Charonea, a placeof Asia,k,c.
admired for its elegance, and the originality of Charonia scrobs, a placeof Italy emitting
the characters it describes. There is a very deadlyvapours. Plin. 2, c. 23.
learned editionof Chariton, by Reiske, with Charonium. a cave near Nysa, where the
D'On'ille'snotes, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1750. sick were supposedto be delivered from their
Chakmadas, a philosopherof uncommon disorders by certain superstitious solemnities.
Plin. 7, c. 24. Charops and Charupes, a Trojan,killed
memory.
Charme and Carme, the mother of Bri- by Ulysses.Homer. II. A powerfulEpirot
toraartis by Jupiter. who assisted Flaminius when making war
Charmides, a Lacedaemonian sent by the againstPhilip the kingof Macedonia. Plul,
kingto quellseditions in Crete. Pans. 3, c. in Flam. The first decennial archon at
2. A boxer. Id. 6, c. 7. A Athens.
philosopher Patert. 1, c. 8.
of the third academy, B. C. 95. Charybdis,a dangerouswhirlpool on the
Chaminus, an Athenian general,who de- coast of Sicily,
feated oppositeanotlier whirlpool
the Peloponnesians. Thucyd. 8, c. called Scylla, on the coast of Italy.It was ry
ve-

42. dangerousto sailors, and it proved fatalto

Charmione, a servant-maid of Cleopatra,part of the fleet of Ulysses.The exact situa- tion
who stabbed herself after the example of her of the Charybdis is not discovered by the
mistress. Plut. in Anton. moderns, as no whirlpoolsufficiently dous
tremen-
Charmis, a physician of Marseilles,in is now found to correspond to the des-cription
?fero's age, who used cold baths for his pa-
tients, of the ancients. The words
and prescribedmedicines contraryto Inndit in Scyllamquivult vitare Charybdim,
those of his contemporaries.Plin. 21, c. 1. became a proverb, (o show that in our eager-
ness
Charmosyna, a festival in Egypt. Plut. to avoid one evil,
we oftenfallinto a great-
er.
de Isid. The name of Charybdis was properlybe-
stowed
Charmotas, a part of Arabia. on mistresses who repay affectionand
Charhius, a poetof Syracuse,some of whose tenderness with ingratitude.
It is supposed
fragments
are found scattered in Athena:us. that Charybdiswas
avaricious woman,
anwho
Charon, a Theban, who received into his stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft
house Pelopidas, and his friends,
when theyde- she was
livered struck with thunder by Jupiter, and
Thebes from tyranny, ",c. Plut. in changedinto a whirlpool.Lycophr.in Cass
Pdop. An historian of Lampsacus, son of Homer. Od. 12." Propert. 3, el. ]l._//a^
Pytheus,who wrote two books on Persia,be- sides 14. Ovid, in Ibin. de Ponto, 4, el. 10.
"

other treatises,B. C. 479 An histo- .^mor. 2, el. 16." Virg.JEn.3, v. 420.

rian of Naucratis,who wrote an history of his Chaubi and Chauci, a people of Ger-
many,
country and of Egypt. A Carthaginian wri-
ter, supposedto inhabit the country now'
kc. hell,son of Erebus and called Friesland and Bremen.
A god of
Nox, who the souls of the dead in a
conducted Chaula, a village of Eg\pt.
boat over Styx arrd Acheron to the
the river Chauros. Vid. Cauros.'
infernal regionsfor an obolus. Such as had Chel.", a Greek word, (z*t"ji)
signifying
not been honoured with a funeral were not claws,which is appliedto the Scorpion, one

permittedto enter his boat,without previous-

ly of the signsof the zodiac,and lies,according
wandering on the shore for one hundred to the ancients,contiguousto Virgo. Virg.
years. If any
living person presented himself G. 1,V. 33.
to cross Stygianlake,he could not be ad-
the mitted Cheles, a satrapofSeleucus,
kc.
before lie showed Charon a golden Chelidon, a mistress of Verres. Cic in
bough,which he had received from the Sibyl,Ver. 1,c. 40.
and Charon was imprisonedfor one year, be- Chelidonia, a festival at Rhodes, iu
r;ause ho had fer-iod ovrr. .'i";ainsthisown
will,which it was castomaryfor boys to go beg-
 CH CH
and singing certain of Thrace, and west of the Hellespont,
giug irom door to door, where
ik.c. Athm The wind Favonius Miltiades led a colony of Athenians,and built
songs,
"was called also Chelidonia, from the 6th ot a wall across the isthmus. From itsisthmus
the ides of February to the 7 h of the calends to' itsfurther shores,it measured 420 stadia,
of March, the time when swallows firstmade extending between the bay of Meias and the
their appearance. Plin. 2, c. 47. Hellespont.The third,called Taurica,now
Chelidonia, now Kelidoni,small islands Crim Tartary,was situate near the Falus
oppositethe promontory of Taurus, of the Mffiolis. The fourth,called Cimbrica,now
same name, very dangerousto sailors. JJio- Jutland,is in the northern partsof Germany ;
nys. Ferieg.v. 6U6.
"
Flin. 6, c, 27 and 31. and the fifth, surnamed Aurea, lies in India,
" Liv. 33, c.41. beyond the Ganges. Htrodot. 6, c. 33, 1.7,
CiiELiDONis, a daughterof king Leoty- c. 58." Lii'.31; c. 16." C(C. ad Br. 2.
chides,who married Cieonymus, and commit- ted Also a peninsula near Alexandna in Egypt,
adultery with Acrotatus. Flut. i7iFyrr. Hirt.Alex. 10.
Chelidonium, a proraontoiy of mount Cherusci, a people of Germany, who
Taurus, projecting into the Pamphyliansea. longmaintained a war againstRome. They
Che LONE, a nymph changed into a tor- toise inhabited the countrybetween the Weser and
by Mercury, for not being present at the Elbe. Tacit."Cces. B. G. 6, c. 9.
the nuptialsof Jupiter and Juno, and condemn-
ed Chidn.":i, a peoplenear Pontus.
to perpetual silence for having ridiculed Chidorus, a river of Macedonia near

these deities. Thessalonica, not sufficiently largeto supply

Chelonis, a daughter of Leonidas king the army of Xerxes with w^ater. Htrodot. 7,
of Sparta,who married Cleombrotus. She c. 127.
accompaniedher father,whom her husband CniLLiRCHus, a great officer of state at
had expelled, and soon after went into banisii- the court of Persia. C. JVep.in Conon.
Djent with her husband, who had in his turn Chilius and Chileus, an Arcadian, who
he"n expelled by Leonidas, Flut. in Agid, advised the Lacedajmonians,w hen Xerxes was
"^Ckom. in Greece, not to desert the common cause of
Cheloxophagi, a peopleof Carmania, who their country. Htrodot. 9, c. 9.
fed upon turtle,and covered their habitations Chilo, a Spartanphilosopher, who has
with the shells. Flin, 6, c. 24. been called one of the seven wise men of
CHi-LYDORiA, a mountain of Arcadia. Greece. One of his maxims was
''
know self."
thy-
Chemmis, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. He died throughexcess of joy, in the
Herodot.2, c. 157. arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at
Cheka, a town of Laconia. Olympia, B. C. 597. Pli7i. 7, c. '63."Latii.
Chen/", a village on mount (Eta. Pave. One of the Ephori at Sparta, B. C. 556.
30, c. 24. Chilonis, the wife of Theopompuskingof
Cheniox, a mountain in Asia Minor, from Sparta.Folycbn. 8.
which the lOOiiO Greeks first saw the sea. ChimjSra, a celebrated monster, sprung
Diod. 14. from Echidna and Typhcn, which had three
Cksnius, a mountain near Colchis. heads,that of a lion,of a goat,and a dragon,
Cheops and CaEosPEs, a king of Egypt, and continually vomited flames. The lore-
after Khampsiuilas, who built lamous mid!-, partsof itsbody were
pyra- those of a lion,the mid- dle
upon which 1060 talents were expended was that of a goat,and the hinder parts
only on supplyingthe workmen witli leeks were those of a drag wi. It generally lived in
parsley, garlick, and other vegetables. Hero- Lycia, about the reign of Jobates,by whose or- ders

dot. 2,' c. 124. Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pega-

sus,
Cheperek, a brother of Cheops, who overcame it. This fabulous tradition is
also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so invet- explained by the recollection that there was a
erately hated these two royal brothers, that burningmountain in Lycia,called Chiraaira,
they publiclyreported, that the pyramids w hose top was the resort of lions, on account of
which theyhad built had been erected by a itsdesolate wilderness; the middle,which was
shepherd. Herodol. 2,c. 127. fruitful, was covered with goats;and at the
Cheremocrates, an artistwho built Diana's bottom the marshygroundabounded with ser- pents.

templeat Ephesus,iSiC. blrab. 14. Bellerophon is said to have conquered

Chkrisophus, a commander of 800 Spar-
tans, the Chimeera,because he firstmade his habi- tation
in the ex[)edhion which Cjtusundertook on that mountain. Plutarch says that it
against his brother Artuxerxes. Diod 14. is the captainof some pirates, who adorned
Ciieron.t:a. Vid. Chieronea. their shipwith the imagesofa lion, a goat,and

Cherophon, a tragic writer of Athens, in a dragon. From the union of the Chimaera
ihe a^e of Thilip.FIvdostr.in vilis. with Orthos,sprung the Sphinx,and the lion
Cherron'esus. Vid. Chersoncsus. of JNemaja. Homer. 11. 6, v. 181. Htsiod
"

Chersias, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Thtog.V. "S22."Apollod. I, c. 9, 1.2, c. 3."

Periander by Chilo. Fausauius praises some Lucrtt. 5, V. W3."0iid. 9, Met. v. 646."
"f his poetry, 9, c. 38. Virg.Jf:hi.6, v. 288. One of the shipsin
,Ch^rsidamas, a Trojan,killeu by Ulyssesthe fleetof iEneas. Virg.JEn. 5, v. 118.
in tiieTrojanwar. Ovid. Met. 13,v. 259. Chimarus, a river of Argolis.Pans. 2,
Chersipho, an architect, k.c. Flin.o6,c. 14. c. 36.
CiiEKSoNEsus, a Greek word, rendered Chimerium, a mountain of Phthiotis, in
by the Latins Feninsula. There were many Thessaly.Plin. 4, c. 8.
of these among the ancients,of wliich these Chio.mara, a woman who cut off the head
five are the most celebrated ; one called Fe- of a Roman tribune when she had been taken
loj)onncsus ; oae called Tfiracian, in the south prisoner, i,i,c. Plat, de Virt. Mui^
 CH CH
Chiok, a Greek writer, whose epistles
pliedto women of beauty,and
possessed oi
were edited cum notis,Cobergi,8vo. Lips.simplicity.
1765. Chloreus, a of Cybele,who
priest came

Chione, a whom
daughterof Daedalian, of with .^neas into Italy, and was killed by Tur-
Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. nus. Virg.JEn. 11, v. 768. Another, ".c.
To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her Chloris, the goddessof flowers, who mar-
ried

to sleepwith his Caduceus, and Apollo,in Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora.
the night,under the form of an old woman, Ovid. Fast. 5, A daughterof Amphion,
obtained the same favours as Mercury, From son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Ne-
this embrace Chione became mother of Phi- leus,king of Pylos,by whom she had one
lammou and Autolycus, the former of whom, daughterand twelve sons, who all,except
asbeingson of Apollo,became an excellent mu-
sician Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homer. Od.
; and the latter was equally notorious for 11, v. 280." Pcu5. 2, c. 21, 1. 9, c. 36. A
his robberies,of which his father Murcury was prostitute, kc. Horat. 3, Od. 15
the patron. Chione grew so proud of her com- merce Chlorus, a river of Cilicia. Plin. 6, c.
with the gods,that she even preferred27. Constantine, one of the Caesars,in Dio-
cletian's
lier beautyto that of Diana, for which impiety age, who reignedtwo years afterthe
she was killed by tlie goddess,and changed emperor's abdication,and died July 25,
into a hawk. Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 8. A A. D. 306.
daughterof Boreas and Orithyia, who had Choarina, a country near India,reduced
Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son by Craterus,k-c.
into the sea, but he was presei-ved ther. Choaspes, a son of Phasis,"c.
by his fa- Flacc. 5,
J3pollod.3, c. 15. Paus. 1,c. 38,
"
A V. 585. An Indian river. Curt. 5, c. 2, "

famous prostitute. Martial. 3, ep. 34. A river of Media, flowinginto the Tigris, and
Chionides, an Athenian poet,supposedby now called Karun. Its waters are so sweet,
some to be the inventor of comedy. that the kingsof Persia dfank no other,and
Chionjs, a victor at Olympia. Paus. 6, c. in their expeditions theyalwayshad some with,
13. them, which had been previously boiled. He-
Crnos, now Scio, an island in the -^gean rcdot. 1, c. 188." .E/ian, V. H 12, c.40."Ti-
sea, between Lesbos and bull. 4, el. 1, V. 141." Plin. 6, c. 27.
Saraos,on the coast
of Asia Minor, which receives itsname, as CnoBUSj^a river of Colchis. Arrian.
some suppose, from Chione, or from 7:"*? snow, Chcerades and Pharos, two islands oppo- site
which was very frequentthere. It was well Alexandria in Egypt. Thucyd.7, c. 33,
inhabited,and could ouce equip a hundred Others in the Euxine sea. An island
ships; mid itschief to v/n, called Chios, had a in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont.
beautifulharbour,vv"hichcould contain eighty Theocrit. Id. 13.
ships. The wine of this island,so much brated
cele- CHOSRiLus. a tragicpoet of Athens, who
by the ancients,is stillin generales-
teem. wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtEuned the
Chios was ancientlycalled .'Ethalia,
Ma- prize. An historian of Samos. Two
cris,and Pityasa. There was no adulteryother poets,one of whom was very intimate
committed there for the space of 700 years. with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the
Plui. de Virt. Mul"Horat. which the Athenians had obtained over
3, od. 19,v. 5, 1, victoiy
sat. 10, v. 24." Paus. 7, c. 4." Mela,2, v, 2." Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of %
Strab. 2. the composition, he receiveda pieceof goldfor
CmRON, a centaur, half a man and half a each verse from the Athenians, and was pub
horse, son of Philyraand Saturn, who had 1icly ranked with Homer as a poet. The othei

changedhimself into a horse,to escape the in-quiries

was one of Alexander's flatterers and friends.
of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous It is said the princepromised him as many
for his knowledge of music, medicine,and piecesof goldas there should be goodverses
his forehead^
shooting.He taughtmankind the use of plantsin his poetry,and as many slaps on

and medicinal herbs ; and he instructed, in all as there were bad : and in consequence of this,
the polite arts, the greatestheroes of his age ; scarce six of his verses in each poem were titled
en-

such as Achilles, ^Esculapius, Hercules,Jason, to gold,while the rest were rewarded

Peleus, JEneas, fee. He was wounded in the with the castigation. Pint, in Alex. Hgrat., "

knee by a poisonedarrow, by Hercules,in his 2, ep. 1,V. 232.

pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his Ch(Ere^, a placeof Bceotia.
assistance ; but as the Avound was incurable, Chonnidas, a man made preceptor to
and the cause of the most excruciating pains,Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus kingof
Chiron begged Jupiterto deprivehim of im- TroBzene.
mortality. The AUienians instituted sacrifice^
His prayers were heard, and he to him for the good preceptshe had inculcated
was placedby the gods among the constella-
tions, into his pupil. Plut. in Thes,
under the name of Sagittarius. Hesiod. Chonuphis, an Egyptian prophet.Plut.
in Scuto.-^HomeT. II. \\.~Paus. 3, c. 18,1.5, de Socrat.gen.
c. 19, 1. 9, c. 31." Ovid. Mtt. 2, v. QIQ."Mmi- Chorasmi, a peopieof Asia near the Oxus^
lod.2,c. 5,1.3, c. 13." Horat, epod.13. Herodot. 3, c. 93,
Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her Chorineus, a man killed in the Rutulian
yearlyfestivals, called Chloeia, were ted
celebra- war, i^irg.JEn. 9, v. 571. Another. Id.
with much mirth and rejoicing, and a 12, V. JJ98." A priest with iEneas.
r" Id.
^

ram was alwayssacrificed to her. The name Chorcebus,a man of Elis,who obtained
of Chloe is supposed to bear the same cation a pri^ethe firstolympiad. Vid. Corcebus.
signifi-
as Flava, so often applied dess A youtliof Mygdonia,who was enamoured of
to the god-
of corn. The name, from itssignifica- Cassandra. Virg.^n. 2, v. 341.
^on, ('/:\v")hcrba vinns)has generally been ap- CHORoaiNiFi, " peoplesubdued by Niuws
24 Diod 1.
 CH CH
Chosroes, a in Justiniem's history
kingof Persia, besides
and of India,
of Peloponnesus,
reign. a treatise on rivers. Plut. in ParalL
Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned in Chryses, the priestof Apollo,father of
Terence's Ilorat. in Jirt.v. 94,
Aiidda. Astynome, called from him Chryseis.When
ChrkmiItes, river of Libya. a Lyrnessuswas taken, and the spoils divided
architect of Diana's ple who was the
Chi^esiphon, an tem- among the conquerors, Chryseis,
in Ephesus. Plin.S6,c. 14. of the place,
wife ofEetion, the sovereign fell
Chresphontes, a son of Aristomaclms. to the share of Agamemnon. Chrj-ses, upon
Vid. Aristodemus. this,went to the Grecian camp to solicithis
Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens, daughter's restoration ; and when his prayers
"c. Colum. l.deR. R. c 1. were fruitless,he imploredthe aid of Apollo,
Chromia, a daughter of Itonus. Faus. 6, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and
c. 1. obligedthem to restore Chryseis. Homer. II.
Chromios, a son of
Neleus and Chloris, 1, V. 11,"c. A daughter of Minos. ApoU
who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by lod. 3, c. 1.
Hercules. A son of Priara,killed by Dio- Chrysippe, a daughter of Danau^. "pol'
medes. "poUod.3, c. 12. lod. 2, c. 1.
Chkomis, a captain in the Trojan war. Chrysippus, a natural son of Pelops,high-
ly
Homer. It. 2. A young shepherd. Virg. favoured by his father,for which Hippoda-
Ed. 6. A Phrygian, killed by Camilla. Id. mia, his step-mother, ordered her own sons,
M.n. 11, V 675. A son of Hercules. Stat. Atreus and Thyestes, to killhim, and to throw
6, V. 346. his body into a well,on account of w hich they
Chromius, a son of Pterilaus. "poUod. 2, were banished. Some say that Hippodamia's
c. 4. An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, sons refused to murder Chrysippus,and that
survived a battle between 300 of his country-
men slie did it herself They further say, that
and 300 Spailans. Herodot. 1, c. 82. Chrysippushad been carried away by Lsdus,
Ckronius, a man who built a templeof king of Thebes, to his unnatural lusts,
gratify
Diana at Orchomenos. Pans. 8, c. 48. and that he was in his arms when Hippoda-
Chronus, the Greek Saturn, or name of mia killed him. Hygin. fab. 85. Plato de "

time, in whose honour festivalscalled Chronia Leg.d."Apollod.3, c. 5." Pans. 6, c. 20.

were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians and A stoic philosopherof Tarsus, who wrote
some of the Greeks. about 311 treatises. Among his curious opin- ions
Chrvasus, a king of Argos, descended was his approbation of a parent's mar-

from Inachus. i-iage with his child,and his wish that dead
Chrysa and Chryse, a town of Cilicia,bodies should be eaten rather than buried.
famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. He died tln'ough excess of wine.,or as ethers
Homer. II. 1, v. 37 "Strah. \2."0vid. Met. 13, say, from laughing too much on seeingan ass
V. 174. A daughter of Halraus, mother of eatingfigs on a silver plate, 207 B. C. in the
^
Phlegiasby Mars. Pans. 9, c. 86. 80th yeai- of his age. Val. Max. 8, c. 7. "

Chfysame, a of Diana
Thessaiian,priestess Diod."Horat. 2. Sat. 3, v. 40. There were
Trivia. She fed a bull with poison,which she also others of the same name. Laert.- A
sent enemies of her country,who
to the eat freedmanof Cicero.
the flesh and became delirious,and w-ere an Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in
iasy conquest. Polycen. Demet.' A priestess
" of Juno at Mycenae.
Chrysantas, a man who refrained from The temple of the goddesswas burnt by the
another,by hearing
.liing a dog bark. Plut. negligenceof Chrysis, who fled to Tegea,to
Rom.
^ucest. the altar of Minerva. Paus. 2, c. 17.
Chrvsanthius, a philosopher in the age of Cheysoaspides, soldiers in the armies of
Julian,known for the greatnumber of volumes Persia,whose arms were all covered with ver,
sil-
liewrote. todisplaythe opulence of the prince
CiTRYSANTis, a nymph who told Ceres, whom they served. Justin. 12, c. 7.
when she was at Argos with Pelasgus,
that
her Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sylla. Cic.
had
daughter been caiTied away. Pans. 1. pro Ros. A celebrated singer
in Domitian's
Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune. reigo. Juv. 6, v 74.
Some report that he sprung from the blood CuRYsoLAUs, a tyrant of Metbymna, "".
of Medusa, armed with a golden sivord,Cnrt. 4, c. 8.
whence his name zf-o-o,"";. He married Callir- Chbysondium, a town of Macedonia. Po-
hoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had lyb.5.
Gerj'on,Echidna, and the Chima^ra. Hesiod. Chrysopolis, a promontory and port of
Thevg.V. 293. A rich kingof Iberia. Diod. Asia,opposite Byzantium,now Scutari.
4. A son of Glaucus. Pavs. 5, c, 21. ChbysorrhojE, a peoplein whose country
CiiRvsAOREus, a surname of Jupiter, from are goldenstreams.
his temple at Stratonice,where all the Ca- Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus,
rians assembled upon any publicemergency. Paus. 2, c. 31.
Strab. 4. Chrvsostom, a bishopof Constantinople,
CiiRYSAoRis, a town of Cilicia. Paus. 5, who died A. D. 407, in his 63d year. He was

C.2. a disciplinarian,
gi'eat and by severely
lashing
Chrysas, a river of falling
Sicily, into the the vices of the age, he procuredhimself many
Simaethus,and worshippedas a deity. Cic. in enemies. He was banished for opposing the
I'er.4, c. 44. raisinga statue to the empress, after having
Chryfeis, the daughterof Cbryses, Vid. displayedhis abilitiesas an elegantpreacher,a

("hryses. sound theologician, and a faithful interpreter

CrinvsERittus, who
a Corinthian, wrote aji of scripture. Chrysostom's works were nobly
 CI CI
and correctly without
edited, Latin version, haved with greatjustice
a and moderation ; and
1613. They
bySaville,8vols.fol.Etoriae, have the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the
appeared,with a translation, at Paris, edit. eloquence of Cicerojtheircommon patron,who
Benedict. Montfaucon, 13 vols fol.1718. had delivered them from the
tyranny and ava-
rice

Chrvsosthemis, a name givenby Homer of Verres. After he had passed through

to of Agamemnon
daughter
Iphigenia, and Cly- the oflices of edile and he stood
praetor, a didate
can-
temnestra. A first obtained
Cretan, who for the consulship,
A. U. C. 691 ; and
prizeat the Pythiangames. Pans.
the poetical the patricians
and the plebeians were equally
10, c. 7. anxious raise him to that dignity,
to
against
Chrvxus, a leader of the Boii, grandsonto the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new-
Brennus, who took Rome. Sil.4,v. 148. situationwas critical,
andrequired
circumspec-
tion.
Chthonia, a daughterof Erechtheus, who Catiline,with many dissoluteand des- perate
married Butes. Apollod. 3, c. 15. A sur-
name Romans, had conspu-edagainsttheir
of Ceres, from a temple built to her by country,and combined to murder Cicero him-
self.
Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival In this dilemma, Cicero, in fullsenate,
there called by the same name, and celebrated accused Catiline of trezison against the state ;
every summer. During the celebration,the but as his evidence was not clear,his efforts
priests of the goddessmarched in procession, were unavailing.He, however, stood upon
accompaniedby the magistrates, and a crowd his guard,and by the information of his friends,
of women and boys in white apparej, with and the discovery of Fulvia,his lifewas saved
garlandsof flowers on their heads. Behind from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus,
was draggedan untamed heifer, just taken whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him.
from the herd. When they came to the tem-
ple, After this,Cicero commanded Catiline,in.the
the victim was let loose,and four old wo- men senate, to leave the city; and this desperate
armed with scythes, sacrificed the heifer, conspirator marched out in triumphto meet
and killed her by cuttingher throat. A se- cond, the 20,000 men who were assembled to sup-
port
a third,and a fourth victim, was in a his cause. The lieutenant of C. Antony,
like manner dispatchedby the old women ; the other consul,defeated them in Gaul; and
and itwas observable,that theyall fellon the Cicero,at Rome, punishedthe rest of the con- spirators
same side. Pans. 2, c. 35. with death. This capital punishment,
Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor in though inveighedagainstby J. Cassar as too
a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. severe, was supportedby the opinionof Luta-
Met. 12, v. 441. One of the soldiers who tius Catulus,and Cato, and confirmed by the
sprang from thedragon'steeth,sown mus. whole senate.
by Cad- After this memorable ance,
deliver-
Hygin.fab. 178. A son of,^gyptus Cicero received the thanks of all the
and Calliadne. Jlpoilod.
2, c. 1. people,and was styledThe fatherof his coun- try^

Chitrium, a name given to part of the aiid a second founderof Rome. The vehe-
mence
town of Clazomenae. with which he had
attacked Clodiug,
CiBAL*, now Swileifa town of Pannonia to him
provedinjurious ; and when his enemy
where Licinius was defeated by Constantiue. was made tribune,Cicero was banished fi-om
It the birth placeof Gratian.
was Europ, 10, Rome, though20,000 young men were
porters
sup-
". 4."Marcell. 30, c. 24. of his innocisnce. He was not,however,
CiBARiTis, a country of Asia near the deserted in his banishment. Wherever he
Mseander. went he was received with the highest marks
CiBYRA, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, of of approbation and reverence ; and when the
which the inhabitantsdexterous hunters. factionhad subsided at Rome, the whole senate
were

Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. in Verr. 4, c. 13. and people were

33."Cic. unanimous for his return.
^itic 5, ep. 2. of Caria. After sixteen months absence, he entered -

C. CicEREius, a scci-etary of ScipioAfri- Rome with universal satisfaction; and when

eanus, who obtained a triumph over the Cor- he was sent, with the power of proconsul,to
sicans. Liu. 41 and 42. his integrity
Cilicia, and prudence made him
M. T. Cicero, born at Arpinum, was son successfulagainst the enemy, and at his return
of a Roman knight,and lineally descended he was honoured with a triumph,which the
from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His factionspreventedhim to enjoy. After much
mother's name was Helvia. After displaying hesitation duringthecivilcommotions between
many promisingabilities at school, he was Cffisarand Pompey, he joinedhimself to the
taughtphilosophy by Pisp,and law by Mutius latter,and followed him to Greece. When
Scaevola. He accmired and perfected a taste victoryhad declared in favour of Ca3sar,atthe
for militaryknovViedgeunder Sylla,in the battle of Pharsalia,Cicero went to Brundu-
Marsian war, and retired from RoYne, which sium, and was reconciled to the conqueror,
was divided into factionsj sophicwho treated him with greathumanity. From
to indulgehis philo-
propensities. He was naturallyof a thistime Cicero retired into the country,and
weak and delicate constitution, and he visited seldom visited Rome. When Czesar had been
Greece on account of his health ; though,
haps, stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended
per- a
the true cause of his absence from Rome generalamnesty, and was the most earnest to
might be attributedto his fear of Sylla. His decree the provincesto Brutus and Cassius.
friends, who were well acquaintedwith his But when he saw the interest of Caesar's mur-
derers

superior abilities, were anxious for his return; decrease, and Antony come into pow-
er,
and when at lasthe obeyed theirsolicitations, he retired to Athens. He soon after re-
turned,
he applied himself with uncommon diligence but lived in perpetualfear of assassi-
nation.
to oratory, and was soon distinguished
above Augustuscourted the of
approbation
allthe speakersof his age in the Roman forum. Cicero,and expressedliiswish to be his col-
league
VVhen he went to Siciiyas quaestor,he be- in the consulship.
But his wish was not
 CI CI
sincere ; he soon forgot his former professions the death of his daughter,Tullia, he repudiate*^
of friendship ; and when the two consuls had her. The works of this celebrated man, of
been killed at Mutina, Augustusjoinedhis in- which, accordingto some, the tenth part is
terest
to that of Antony, and the triumvirate scarce extant, have been edited by the best
was soon after formed. The great enmity scholars in every country. The most valuable
which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to editions of the works complete,are that of
him ; and Augustus,Antorfy, and Lepidus,Verburgius, 2 vols. fol. Arast. 1724. That of "

the triumvirs, to destroyall cause of quarrel,Olivet,9 vols. 4to. Geneva, 1758" The Oxford
and each to dispatchhis enemies, produced edition in 10 vols. 4to. 1782" and that of Lal-
their listof proscription. About two hundred lemand, 12rao. 14 vols. Paris apud Barbou,
"were doomed to death, and Cicero was among 176S. Plutarch, in vita. Quiniil. Dio. Cox.
" "

the number upon the listof Antony. Augus-tus ^ppian. Florus. C. JVep. in Miic. Eu-
" " "
"

yielded a man to whom he partly owed his trop. Cic. he. "
^Marcus, the son of CicerOj
greatness, and Cicero was pursuedby the emis- saries was taken by Augustusas his colleague in the
of Antony, among whom was Popilius, consulship.He revenged his father's death,
whom he had defended upon an accusation of by throwingpublicdishonour upon the memo- ry

parricide.He had fled in a litter towards the of Antony. He disgraced his father's vir-
tues,
sea of Caieta ; and when the assassins came up and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny
to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it observes,he Avished to depriveAntony of the
was severed from the body by Herennius. honour of being the greatestdrunkard in the
This memorable
event happened in Decem- Roman empire. Pint, in Cic.' Quintus,
Ijer,43 B.C. after the enjoyment of life for the brother of the orator, was Caesar's lieuten-
ant
63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head in Gaul, and proconsulof Asia for thre"
and right hand of the orator were carried to years. He was proscribed Avith his son at the
Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum ; same time as his brother Tully, Plut. in Cic,
and so inveterate was Antony'shaired against Jlppian."

the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia the CicERONis A'lLLA, a placB near Puteoli in
triumvir's wife, wreaked her vengeance upon Campania. Plin. 31, c. 2.
his head, and drew the tongue out of the CicHYRis, a town of Epirus.
mouth, and bored itthroughrepeatedly with a CicoNEs, a peopleof Thrace near the He-
gold bodkin,verifying in this act of inhumani-
ty, brus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, con-
quered

what Cicero had once observed, that no them, and plundered their chief city
(inimalis morerevengtful than awoman. Cicero Ismarus because they had assisted Priam
has acquiredmore real fame by his literary against the Greeks. They tore to piecesOr-
pheus,
compositions, than by his spirited exertions as for his obscene indulgences, Ovid.
a Roman senator. The learningand the abili- ties Met. 10, v. 83, 1. 15, v. 313." Fir^. G. 4, v.
which he possessed, have been the admi-ration 520, "c." Jlfe/rt,2, c. 2.

of every age and country,and his style CiciJTA,an old avaricious usurer. Horat.
has always been accounted as the true ard
stand- "2. Ser. 3, v. 69.

of pure latinity. The words nascitur poeta CiLiciA, a country of Asia Minor, on the
have been verified in his attempts to write po- etry sea coast, at the north of Cyprus,the south of
; and the satire of Martial,Carmina quod mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates.
scribitmusis et Jlpolline nullo,though severe, is The inhabitants enriched themselves by pira- tical
true. He once formed a designto write the excursions,tillthey were conqueredby
history of his countiy,but he was disappointed. Pompey. The country was opulent- and was
He translated many of the Greek writers, po- ets governedby kings, under some of the Roman
as well as historians, for his own ment.
improve- emperors ; but reduced into a proAJnceby Ves- pasian.
When he travelled into Asia, he Avas Cicero presided over it as proconsul.
attended by most of the learned men of his It receives its name from Cilix, the son of Age -

age ; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of nor. Apollod.3,c. l." Farro. R. R. 2, c. 11.
the famous Molo, conduced not a littleto per-
fect "
Sueion. in Vesp.8. Ihrodot. 2, c. 17, 34."*
"

his judgment. Like his countiymen, he Justin. 11, c. 11. Curt. 3, c. 4. Plin. 5, c.
"
"

was not destitute of ambition, and the arro- 27. Part of the country between i^olia and
which he returned from Troas is also called Cilicia, Strab. 13, calls it
fintexpectatipnj"with
is quaestorsl^lp in Sicily are well known. He Trojan,to distinguish itfrom the other Cihcla.
was of a timid di.sposition; and he who shone P/m. 5, c. 27.
as the father 'of Roman elo(]uence, never cended
as- CiLissA, a town of Phrygia.
the pulpit to harangue, A. ithout feeling CiLix, a son of Phomix, or according to
a secret emotion of dread. His conduct,dur- ing Herodotus, of Agenor, Avho after seekingin
the civil wars, is far from that of a patriot; vain his sister Europa,settled in a country to
and when we view him, dubious and ii*reso- which he gave the name of Cilicia. jJpoilod.
lute,soriynotto follow Pompey, and yet afraid 3, c. l."Herodot. 7, c.91.
to oppose Caesar, the judgment would almost CiLLA, a town of Africa Propria. Diod.
brand him with the name of coward. In his 20. A tOAvii of ^olia. Herodot. 1,c. 149.
privatecharacter, however, Cicero was of an Of Troas, Avhich received its name, cording
ac-

amiable disposition ; and thoughhe was too to Thcopompus, from a certain Cillus,
elated with prosperity, and debased by adver-
sity Avho Avas one of Hippodamia's suitors,and kill-
ed
the affability
r
of the friend conciliated the bv (Enoniaus. Homer. II. 1,v. 38. Ovid."

good graces of all. He married Terentia, Met.'l3,y. 174.

whom he aften\'ards divorced, and by whom CiLLEs, a generalof Ptolemy, conquered
he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards by Demetrius. Diod. 19,
married a young woman, to whom he was CiLLus, a charioteer of Pelops,in whose
guardian;and because she seemed elated at honour a cityAvas built. Slrab. 13,
 X
CI CI
the
GiLKiirs, surname of Mseeenas. CimJJlws,now JirgerUiera, an island in tte
CiLo, Jan. oppressive
angovernor of Bi- Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller's earth,
tbyniaand Pontus. The provincescarried Ovid. Met. 7, v. 463." PZin. 35, c. 16.
their complaintsagainsthim to Rome ; but CiMON, an Athenian,son of Miltiades and
such was the noise of the flatterersthat attend-
ed Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his
the emperor Claudius,that he was unable youth, and the reformation of his morals
to hear them ; and when he asked what they when arrived to years of discretion. When his
had said,he was told by one of Cilo's friends,father died- he was imprisoned, because una-
ble

that theyreturned thanks for his good admin- istration; to pay the fine laid upon him by the Athe- nians
upon which the emperor said,Let ; but he was released from confinement
Cilo be continued two years longerin hia pro- vince.by his sisterand wife Elpinice. [FiU El pinice .J
Inod. GO." Tacit. Ann. 12,c. 21. He behaved with greatcourage at the battle of
CiMBER, TuLL. one of Caesar's murderei*s. Salamis,and rendered himself popularby his
He laid hold of the dictator's robe,which was munificence and valour. He defeated the Per- sian
a signal for the rest to strike. Plut. in Cass. fleet,and took 200 ships, and totally ed
rout-
CiMBEKius, a chief of the Suevl. their land army, the veiy same day. The
CiMBRi, a peopleof Germany, who invaded money that he obtained by his victories, was

the Roman empire with a largearmy, and not appliedto his own private use ; but with
were conqueredby Marius. Flor. 3, c. 3. ithe fortified and embellished the city. He
CiMBRicuM BELLUM, was begun by the some time afterlost allhis popularity, and wa"
Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Ro- man Ijanished by the Athenians, who declared war
territories, B. C. 109. These barbarians against the Lacedaamonians. He was recalled
were so courageous, and even desperate,that from his exile,and at his return, he made a
theyfastened their firstranks each to the oth- er reconciliation between Lacedaemon and his
with cords. In the firstbattle theydestroy-
ed countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to
80,000Romans, under the consuls Manlius carry on the war against Persia in Egypt,and
and Servilius Caepio. But when Marius,in his Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships ; and on the
second consulship, was chosen to carry on the coast of Asia,he gave battle to the enemy,
war, he met the Teutones at Aqpae Sexti", and totally
ruined their fleet. He died as he
where, after a bloody engagement, he left was besiegingthe town of Citium in Cyprus,
dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took B. C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He
90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. The Cimbri,who may be called the last of the Greeks, whose
had formed another army, had already trated spirit
pene- and boldness defeated the armies of the
into Italy, where they were met at the barbarians. He was such an inveterate ene-
my

river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Ca- to the Persian power, that he formed a
tulus,a year after. An engagementensued, planof totally desti-oying it; and in his wars,
and 140,000of them were siain. This last bat-
tle he had so reduced the Persians, that theypro-
mised
put an end to this dreadful war, and the in a treaty,not to pass the Chelido-
two consuls entered Rome in triumph. Flor. nian islands with their fleet,or to approach
3, c. Z."Plin. 1, c. 22, 1. 17,c. 1." Jlfe/a, 3, c. within a day'sjourney of the Grecian seas.
3. Pattrc. 2, c. \2.-^Plui. in Mario. The munificence of Cimon has been highly
CiMiNus,now Viterbe, a lake and mountain extolledby his biographers, and he has been
of Etruria. "
Fi/g.JEn. 7, v. 697. Liv. 9, c. 36. deservedlypraisedfor leavinghis gardens
CiMMERii, a people near the Palus Mceo- open to the public.Thucyd.1,c. 100 and 112!.
tis,v/ho invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon "Justin. 2, c. IS." Diod. U."Plut.^C. Nep:
the kingdom of Cyaxares. After they had in vita. An Athenian,father of Miltiades.
been masters of the country for 28 years, tbey Herodot. 6, c. 34. A Roman, supportedin
were driven back by Alyatteskingof Lydia. prisonby the milk of his daughter. Ah
Herodot. 1, c. 6, Sic.1.4, c. 1, he. Another Athenian,who wrote an account of the war
nation on the western coast of Italy, generallyof the Amazons against his country.
imagined to have lived in caves near the sea-
shore CiN^THON, an ancient poet of Lacedaemon,
of Campania,and there, in concealingkc. Vid. Cinethon.
themselves from the light of the sun, to have CiNARADAS, one of the descendants of Ci-
made their retreat the receptacle of their nyras, wlio presidedover the ceremonies of
plunder. In of this manner of Venus at Paphos. Tacit. 2. Hist. c. 3.
consequence
living, the countiy which they inhabited, was CiNciA LEX, was enacted by M. Cincius,
supposedto be so gloomy, that,to mention a tribune of the people,A. U. C. 649. By itno
greatobscurity, the expression "f Cimmerian man was permittedto take any money as a
darkness has proverbially been used. Homer, gift or a fee in judginga cause. Liv. 34,c. 4.
accordingto Plutarch,drev/ his imagesof hell L. Q. CiNciNNATus, a celebrated Roman,
and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal coun- try, who was informed,as he ploughed his field,
where also Virgil and Ovid have placed that the senate had chosen him dictator. Up- on
the Styx,the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful this,he lefthis ploughed land with regret,
abodes of the infernal regions.Homer. Od. and repaired to the field of battle, where his
13. Virg.JEn.Q."Omd.Met. 11,v. 592, "c. countrymen were closely besieged by the Vol-
"
Sirab. 5. sci and .'Equi.He conqueredthe enemy and
CiMMERis, a town of Troas, formerlycall- ed returned to Rome in triumph: and 16 days
Edonis. FUn. 5, c. 30. after his appointment, he laid down his olfice,
CiMMKRiUM, now Crim, a town of Taurica and retired back to ploughhis fields- In his
Chersonesus, whose inhabitants aie called 80th year he was again summoned against
Ciramerii. Mela, 1,c. 19. Preeneste as dictator; and alter a successful
CiMuLis and Cr:fOLis,a town of Paphla- campaign,he resignedthe absolute power he
":onia. had enjoyed only 21 days,noblydisregarding
 CI CI
the rewards that were offered him by the se- nate. upon the sovereign power. Hia conspiracy was
He flourishedabout 460 years before discovered,and be was put to death. Aridot,
Christ. Liv. 3, c. 2G."Flor. 1,c. 11." Ctc. dt CiNNAMUs, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridi- culed
Finib. 4."Plin. 18, c. 3. hy Martial,7, ep. 63
L. CiNcius Alimewtus, a prastorof Si- cily CiNNiANA, a townof Lusitania,famous for
in the second Punic war, who wrote an- nals the valour of its citizens. Vdl. Max. 6, c. 4.
in Greek. Dionys.Hal. 1. Marcus, a CiNXiA, a surname of Juno, who presided
tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549, author of over marriages, and was supposed to untie the
the Cincia lex. girdle of new brides.
CiNEAS, a Thessalian,minister and friend CiNYPs and Cikyphus, a river,and country
to Pyn'hus king of Epirus. He was sent to of Africa, near the Gararaantes, wlience
Borne by his master to sue for peace, which Cinyphius. Virg.G. 3, v. 312. Herodot. 4,"

lie,however, could not obtain. He told Pyr- c. 198." P/iri.6, c. 4.~Martial. 7, ep. 94."
rhus,that the Roman senate were a venerable Ovid. Met. 7, V. 272, 1. 15,v. 755." Lucan. 9,

assemblyof kings;and observed,that to fightv. 787.

with them, was to fight against anotiierHydra. CiNYRAS, a king of Cyprus, son of Pa-
He was of such a retentive memory, that the phus,who married Cenchreis, by whom he
day after his arrival at Rome, he could salute had a daughtercalled Myrrha. Myrrha fell
every senator and knightby bis name. Plin. in love with her father ; and in the absence of
7, c. 24. Cic. ad Fam. 9, ep. 25.
"
A king her mother at the celebration of the festivals
ofThessaly. Herodot. 5, c. C3. nian, of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed
An Athe-
"1C. Foli/Kn.2, c. 32. by means of her nurse. Cinyrashad by her a
CiNESiAs, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bcro- son called Adonis ; when he knew the in-
cest
tia,who composedsome dithyrambic verses. he had committed, he attemptedto stab
Jlthen. his daughter, who escapedhis pursuitand fled
CiNETHON, a Spartan,who genealo-to Arabia,where, aftershe had broughtforth,
wrote
^cal poems" in one of which he asserted that she was changed into a tree which stillbears
Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and hername. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed
a daughter called Eriopis. Faus. 2, c. 18. himself. He was so rich,that his opulence,

CiNGA, now Cinea,a river of Spain, flow-

ing like that of Croesus, became proverbial. Ovid.
from the Pyrenean mountains into the Ibe- Met. 10,fab. 9.~Flut in Parall."Hygin. fab.
rus. Lucan. 4, v, 21. Cas B. C. 1, c. 48.
" 242, 248, "c. A son of Laodice. JipoUod.
CiNGETomx, a princeof Gaul, in alliance 3, c. 9. A man who broughta colonyfrom
with Rome. Cass.Bell. G. 5, c.3. A prince Syriato Cypms. Id 3, c. 14. A Ligurian,
of Britain who attacked Caesar's camp, by or- der who assisted ^Eneas againstTumus. Virg.
of Cassivelaunus. Id. ib. c. 22. Mn. 10,V. 186.
CiNGULUM, now Cingoli,
a town of Pice- Cios,a river of Thrace. Plin. 5, c. 32.
num, whose inhabitants are called Cingulani.A commercial placeof Phiygia. The name
Flin. 3, c. 13." C(RJ.Bell. Civ. 1,c. 15."- Si/. of three cities in Bithynia.
//. 10,V. 34." Cic. M. 7, ep. 11. Cippus, a noble Roman, who as he re- turned

CiNiATA, a placeof Galatia. home victorious,was told that ifhe en-

tered

CiNiTHii,a peopleof Africa. the cityhe must reign there. Unwilling

L. Corn. Cinna, a Roman who oppressedto enslave his country,he assembled the sen- ate
th" republic
with his cruelties,
and was banish without the walls, and banished himself
ed by Octavius,for attemptingto make the fu- for ever from the city, and retired to live upon
gitive slaves free. He joinedhimself to Mari a singleacre of ground. Ovid. Mel. 15, v.
us ; and with him, at the head of 30 legions, he 566.
filledRome with blood, defeated his enemies, CircjEum, now Circello, a
promontory of
and made himself consul even to a fourth time. Latiuui,near a small town called Circeii, at
He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that the south of the Pontine marshes. The peo-
ple
his name became odior.s ; and one of his oflicei's were called Circeienses. Ovid. Met. 14,
assassinated him at Ancona, as he was ring
prepa- v. 248." Firg-.JEn. 7, v. 799." Lit'. 6, c. 17.-
war against Sylla.His daughter Cornelia, Cic. ^V. D. 3, c. 19.
married Julius Ccesar,and became mother of CiKCE,a daughterof Sol and Perseis,ce- lebrated
Julia. Flut in Mar. Pomp. ^ Syll. Lucan- " for her knowledge in magic and ven- omous
4, V. S22.~Appian. Bell. Civ. l."Flor. 3, c. herbs. She was sister to iEetes king
21. Paterc. 2, c. 20, kc."Plut. in Cccs. of Colchis,ajid Pasipha3the wife of Minos.
One of Caesar's murderers. C. Helvius Cin-
na, She married a Sarniatian princeof Colchis,
a poet intimate with Caesar. He went to whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom.
attend the obsequies of Caesar,and beingmis- taken She was expelled by her subjects, and carried
by the populacefor the other Cinna, he by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an
was torn to pieces.He had been eight years io island called Msea. Ulysses,at his return
composingan obscure poem called Smyrna, in from the Trojanwar, visited the placeof her
M'hich he made mention of the incest of Ciny- ras. residence ; and all his companions,who ran
Flut. in CcES grandsonof Pompey. headlonginto pleasureand voluptuousne."=s,
A
He conspired
against who pardoned
Augustus, were changedby Circe's potionsinto filthy
him, and made him one of his most intimate swine. Ulysses,w ho was fortified
againstail
friends. He was consul,and made Augustus enchantments by an herb called moly,which
his heir. Dio. Seneca dt Clem. c. 9.
" A he had recei\'ed from Mercury,went to CircCj,
town of Italy taken by the Romans from the and demanded, swoad in hand, the restoration
Saranites. of his companionsto their former state. She
CiNNADON, a Lacedaemonian youth,who 1complied,and loaded the hero with pleasures
resolved to put to death the Ephori,and seize jand honours. In this voluptuous retreat,
 CI CL
Ulysses had by Circe one son calladTelegonus, I CisKHENANi, part of the Germans who
or two according to Hesiod, called Agriusand lived nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine.
Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgotC(Bs.B. G. 6, c. 2.
his glory in Circe's arms, and at his departure, Cissa,a river of Pontus. An island near
the nymph advised him to descend to hell,istria.
and consult the manes concerning Cissfiis,
of Tiresias, a patronymicgiven to Hecuba as
the fates that attended him. Circe showed of
daughter Cisseus.
herselfcruel to Scyllaher rival,and to Picus. CissEus, a kingof Thrace,father to ba,
Hecu-
IVid.Scyllaand Picus.]Ovid. Md. 14, fab. according to some authors. Virg.JEn. 7,
1 and 5."Horat. 1,ep.2,1. 1,od. ll.^Virg. V. 320. A son of Melampus, killedby ^ne-
Ed. 8, V. 70." JEn. 3, v. 386, 1. 7, v. 10, kc. as. Id. Mn. 10,v. 317. A son of jEeyptus.
"^^
"
HTi/gin.fab. 125. Apollon.4, Arg. Homer. .^pollod.
" "
2, c. 1.
Od. 10,V. 136,kc.~"polM. 1,c. 9.~-Hesiod. CissiA,a country of Susiana, of which Susa
Th. 956.~Strab. 5. was the capital.Herodot. 5, c. 49.
CiRCENSEs LUDi, games performedin the CissiiE,some gatesin Babylon. Id. 3, c.
circus at Rome. were dedicated to the 155.
They
god Consus, and firstestablishedby Ro-
were mulus CissiDEs,a generalof Dionysius sent with
at the rape of the Sabines, They were to assist the Spartans,
nine gallics kc. Diod.
in imitation of the Olympian games among the 15.
Greeks,and, by way of eminence, were often CissoEssA,a fountain of Bceotia. Plut.
called the
great games. Their originalname Cissus,a mountain of Macedonia. -A city
was Consualia,and they were firstcalled Cir- of Thrace. A man who acquaintedAlex-
ander
censians by Tarquhi iKe elder after he had with the flightof Harpalus. Plut. in
builtthe Circus. They were not appropriated Aim.
to one particularexhibition ; but were equally CissusA, ^a fountain where Bacchus was
celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the washed when young. Plut. in Lys.
quoitand javelin, races on foot as well as in CisTEN^, a town of iEolia. A town of Ly- "

chariots, and bosing. Like the Greeks, the cia. Mela, 1,c. 18. -

Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or CiTHiERON,a king,who gave his name to
Quiuquertiumto these five exercises. The ce- a mountain
lebration of Bceotia,situate at the south of
continued five days,beginning on the the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiterand
16th of September. All games in generalthat the Muses. Actseon was torn to piecesby his
were exhibited in the Circus,were soon after own dogson this mountain,and Hercules kil- led
called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and there an immense lion. Virg. JEn. 4, y.
called by the Romans
skirmishes, Nauraachise,
303.~JlpoUod.
2, c. 4.'-^Mela,
2, c. S" Strab
were afterwards exiiibited ia the Circus. 9.~Paus. 9, c. l,kc.~Plin. 4, c. 7."Pto!. 3,
"

Virg.JEn. 8, v. 636. c. 15.

CiRcius, a part of mount Taurus. Plin. CiTHARisTA,a promontory of Gaul.

6, c. 27.
A rapid and tepestuous wind CiTiuM, now Chita, a town of Cyprus,
frequent
in Gallia Narbonensis,and unknown where Cimon died in his expedition against
in any other country. Lucan. 1,v. 408. Egypt. Plut. in Cym."Thucyd.1, c. 112.
CzRcuM PADANi AGKi, the couutry around Cms, a town of P4ysia.Apollod. 1, c. 9.
the river Po. Liv. 21, c. 35. J. CiviLis,a powerfulBatavian, who raised
Circus, a large and elegantbuilding at a sedition against Galba,kc. Tacit.Hist. L
Rome, where playsand shows were exhibited. c. 59.
There were about eightat Rome ; the first, GizYcuM, a cityof Asia in the Propontis,
called Maximus Circus, was the grandest,the same as Cyzicus. Vid. Cyzicus.
raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. Cladeus, a riverof Elis,passingnear O-
Its figurewas oblong,and it was filledallround lympia,and honoured next to the Alpheus.
with benches, and could contain,as some port, Paus. 5, c. 7.
re-

about 3(X),000 spectators.It was about Clanes, a river falling

into the Ister.
2187 feet long,and 960 broad. All the em-perors Clanis,a centaur killedby Theseus. Odd,
vied in beautifying it,and J. Caesar Md. 12,V. 379.
introduced in it largecanals of water, which, Clanius or Clanis, a river of Campania,
on a sudden,could be covered with an infinite Virg.G.2,v.225. Of Etruria, now Ckiana.
number of vessels,and representa sea-fight.Sil. 8, v. 434." Ta"7. 1,An. 79.
CiRis,the name of Scyila,daughterof Ni- Clarus,or Claros,a town of Ionia,famous
sus, who was changedinto a bird of the same for an
oracle of Apollo. It was builtby Man-
name. Ovid. Md. 8, v. 151. to, daughterof Tiresias, who fledfrom The-bes,
CiRRii:ATUM, a place near Arpinum, after it had been desti-oyed by the Epi-
where C, Marius lived when young. Plut. in goni. She was so afflictedwith her misfor-
tunes,
Mar. that a lake was formed with her tears,
CiRRHA and Cyrrua, a town of Phocis,where she firstfounded the oracle. Apollo
at the foot of Parnassus, where Aj)ollowas was from thence surnamed Clarius. Strab.
worsliipped.Lucan. 3, v. 172. 14." Paus. 7, c. 3." Mela, 1, c. 7." Ovid. Met.
CiRTiiA and CiRTA, a town of Numidia. 1,V. 516. An island of the JEgemi, be-tween
Strab. 7. Tenedos and Scios. Thucyd.3, c. 33.
CisalpLva Gallia, a partof Gaul, called One of the companions of iEneas. Virs^
also Citerior and Togata. Its farthestboun-
dary JEn. 10,V. 126.
was near the Rubicon, and it.touched Clastidium, now Schiatezso, a town of
the Alpson the Italian side. Liguria. Strab. 6." Liv. 32, c. 29. A vil-
lage
Cispadana Galllv,a pwt of ancientGaul, of Gaul. Plut. in Marcel.
south of the Po, Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, de
 CL CL
so"nded from Clausus a king of the Sabines. which Ctesar had carried to Novicomum.
in the Sueton. in Jul. 28.
It gave birth to many illustriouspatriots
; and
republic it is particularly Claudius: aqu^e, the first
recorded that water broughtto
there were not less than 28 of that
family who
Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles,
were invested with the consulship,
five with
erected bv the censor Appius Claudius,A. U.
the office of dictator,and seven with that of C. 441. Eutrop.2, c. 4." Liv. 9, c. 29.
censor, besides the honour of six triumphs. Clauuianus, a celebrated poet, born at
Sueton. in Tib. 1. Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius
Claudia, accused of incon-
a vestal virgin tinence. and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the
To show her innocence, she offered majestyof Virgil, without beinga slave to the
to remove a shipwhich had brought the im- age corruptedstylewhich prevailed in his age.
of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of Scaligerobserves, that he has suppliedthe
the shallow placesof the river. This had al- readypoverty of his matter by the purityof his
baffled the effortsof a number of men ; language, the happiness ci his expressions, and
and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the melody of his numbers. As he was the
the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it ea-
sily favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the
draggedafter her the shipto shore, and court, when his patron was disgraced, and pas-
sed
by this action was honourably acquitted.Val. the rest of his lifein retirement, and learn-
ed
Max. 6, c. 4. Proptrt.4, el. 12, v. 62.
" ease." His pot-nis on Rufinus and Eutro-
Jtal. 17, V. Zo."Ovid. Fast. 44, v. 315, ex pius, seems to be the best of his compositions.
Potito. 1, ep. 2, V. 144 A step-daughter The best editions of his works are that of Bur-
ef M.Antony, whom Augustusmarried. He man, 4to. 2 vols. Amst. 1760, and that of Ges-
dismissed her undefiled,immediately after ner, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips.2758.
the contract of marriage,on account of a sud-
den Claupiopolis, 9 town of Cappadocia. Plin.
quarrelnith her mother Fulvia. Sueto7i. 5, c. 24.
in Jlug.62. The wife of the poet Statias. Claudius I. (Tiber.Drusus Nero) son of
Stat. 3, Sylv.5. A daughter of Appius Drusus, Livia's second son, succeeded as em- peror

Claudius, betrothed to Tib. Gracchus. of Rome, afterthe murder of Caligula,

The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to P. Clo- whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate.
dius and to Appius Claudius. An siderableHe made himself popularfor a while, by tak-
incon- ing
town of Noricum. Plin. 3, c, 14. particular care of the city,and by adorn-
ing
A Roman road which led from the Mil- and beautifying it with buildings.He pas-sed
vian bridgeto tlieFlaminian way. Ovid. 1, over into Britain, and obtained a triumph
"x Pont. el. 8, v. 44. ceived for victories which
A tribe vvhich re- his generals had won, and
its name from Appius Claudius, who suffered himself to be governedby favourites,
came to settle at Rome with a large body of whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the
attendants. Liv. 2, c. 16. " Halk. 5. state,and distracted the provinces. He mar-
ried

Quinta, a daughterof Appius Caecus, whose four wives, one of whom, called Messa-
lina,
statue in the vestibulum of Cybele'stemple he put to death on account of her lust
was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to and debauchery. He was at last poisonedby
ashes. Val. Max. 1, c. 7. Tacit. 4, Ann. another called Agri])pina,
"
who wished to raise
c. 64. Fulcra, a cousin of Agrippina,ac- cused her son Nero to the throne. The poisonwas
of adultery and criminal designsagainstconveyedin mushrooms; but as it did not
Tibeiius. She was condemned. Tacit. Ann. operate fast enough, his physician, by order
4, c. 53. Antonia, a daughterof the em- peror of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned
Claudius,married Cn. Pompey, whom feather. He died in the 63d year of his age,
Messalina caused to be put to death. Her October 13, A. D. 54, after a reignof 13 vears;
second husband, SyllaFaustus,by whom she neither by humanity nor
distinguished age,
cour-

had a son, v.'as killed by Nero, and she shared but debased by weakness and irresolu-
tion.
his fate,^v"hen she refused to marry his mur-
derer. He was succeeded bv Nero. Tacit.Ann.
11, kc" Die. 60." Juv. 6, v. 619." Suet, in
Claudia lex, de comiliis,was enacted vita. The second emperor of that name,
by M. CI. Marcellus,A. U. C. 702. It ordain- ed, was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus^
that at publicelections of ma;gisti'ates, no He conqueredthe Goths, Scythians,and He-
notice shouldbe taken of the votes of such as ruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a bat-
tle
were absent. Another, de vsura, which ; and after a reignof about two years, died
forbade people to lend money to minors on of the plague in Paunonia. The excellence
condition of payment afterthe decease of their of his character, marked with bravery, and tem-
pered
parents. Anotlier,de negotia'icne, by Q. with justice and benevolence, is well
Claudius the tribune,A. U. C. 535. It forbade known by these words of the senate, addressed
any senator, or father of a senator, to have any to him : Ciaudi Avguste,tii firater, tu pater,
vessel containing above 300 amphorai,for fear tu amicus, tu bonus senator, in vercprinceps.
of their engaging themselves in commercial Nero, a consul,with Liv. Salinator,
who
schemes. The same law also forbade the same defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river
thingto the scribes and the attendants of the Metauiura, as he was passingfrom Spaininto
as itwas
quaestors, naturally supposed that peo-
ple to go to the assistance of his brother An-
Italy,
who had any commercial connexions, could nibal. Uv. 27, kc. Uorat. 4, od. 4, v. 37."
"

not be faithfulto their trust, nor promote the Sutt. in Tib. The father of the emperor
interest of the state. Another,A. U. C. 576, Tiberius, quaestorto Caesar in the wars of Alex-
andria.
to permitthe alliesto return to their respec-
tive Polios,an historian. Plin. 7, ep.
cities,after their names were enrolled. 51. Pontius,a general of the Samnites,who
IJiK 41, c. 9. Another, to take away the conqueredthe Romans at Furcae Caudin8e,and
freedom of the city
of Rome from tliecolonists,made them pass under tlieyoke. Liv. 9, c. ""
 CL CX
A. V. Cm.
Pctibas,a dictator, the day time. Cicero calls him the father
ice- jln
Appuis, an orator. Brut.
Ctc. %n Vid. Ap- jof the stoics : and out of respect for his vir-
pius. App Cascus, a Roman censor, who tues,the Roman senate raised a statue to him
built an aqueductA. U. C. 441, which brought|in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in
water to Rome from Tuscuium, at the dis- tancehis 90ih year, B. C. 240. Strah. 13. Cic. de
"

of seven or eight miles. The water was Finib. 2, c. 69, 1.4, c. 7.

called Appia, and it was the first that was Clearchus, a tyrant of Heraclea, inPon-
broughtto the cityfrom the country. Befox-e tus, who was killedby Chion and Leonidas,
his ag" the Romans u ei-e satisfied with the Plato's pupils, duringthe celebration of the
waters of the Tiber, or of the founteuns and festivalsof Bacchus, afterthe enjoyment of
wells in the city. [Vid.Appius.] Liv. 9, c. the sovereign
"

power during twelve years, 3.53

29." OwtZ. Fast. 6, v. 203." C^c- de sen. 6. B. C. Justin. 16, c. 4. "
Diod. 15. The
A prsetor of Sicily. Publius, a great second tyrantof Heraclea of that name, died
enemy to Cicero. Vid. Clodius. Marcellus. B. C. 288. A Lacedcemonian sent to quiet
Vid. Marcellus. Pulcher, a consul,who, the Byzantines. He was recalled, but refused
when consulting the sacred chickens, ordered to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who
them to be dipped in water, because they made him captainof 13,000 Greek soldiers.
would not eat. Liv. ep. 19. He was cessful
unsuc- He obtained a victory over Artaserxes, who
in his expedition against the Carthagi-
nians was so enraged at the defeat,that when
in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Clearchus fell into his hands, by the treache- ry
Rome. Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Tissapherncs, he put him to imme-
diate
of Drusus, and son of Livia Drusilla, who mar-
ried death. Diod. 14. A disciple of Aris-
totle,
Augustus,after his divorse of Scribonia. who wrote a treatise on tactics, ":c.
He married Livia,the emperor's daughter by Xenoph.
Scribonia,and succeeded in the empireby the Clearides, a son of Cleonymus,governor
name of Tiberius. Vid. Tiberius. Horat. 1, of Amphipolis. Thucyd.4, c. 132, 1.5, c. 10.
ep. 3, v. 2. The name of Claudius is com-
mon Clemens Romanus, one of the fathersof the
to many Roman consuls,and other offi- cers church,said to be contemporary with St. Paul.
of state; but nothingis recorded of them, Several spurious compositions m-e ascribed
and their is but barely
name mentioned. Liv. to him, but the onlythingextant is his epistle
Clavienus, obscure
an poet in Juvenal's to the Corinthians, written to quiet the dis-
turbances
age. 1, V. 8. that had arisen there. It has been
Claviger, a surname of Janus, from his much admired. The best edition is that of
beingrepresented with a key. Ovid. Fad. 1, Wotton, 8vo. Cantab. 1718 Another of
V. 228. Hercules received also that surname, Alexandria, called from thence Alexandrinus,
as he was armed with a club. Ovid. Met. 15, who nourished 206 A. D. His works are va-
rious,

V. 284. elegant,and fullof erudition ; the best

Clausius, or Clusi'us, a surname of Ja-
nus. edition of which is Potter's,
2 vols, folio,
Oxon.
1715. A senator who favoured the party of
Clauscs, or Claudius, a king of tlie Sa- Nigeragainst Severus.
bines, who assisted Turnus against.tneas. Clementia,one of the virtaes to whom the
He was the
progenitor of that Ap. Claudius,Romans paidadoration.
who migratedto Rome, and became the foun-der Cleo, a Sicilian among Alexander's flatter-
ers.
of the Claudian family.Virg.Mn. 7, v. Curl. 8, c. 5.
707, 1. 10,V. 345. Cleobis and Biton, two youths,sons of
Claz6mem." and Clazo.mena, now Vourla, Cydippe,the priestess of Juno at Argos.When
a cityof Ionia, on the coasts of the ^Egean oxen could not be procured to draw their mo-
ther's
sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was chariot to the temple of Juno, they pot
founded A. U. C. 98', by the lonians,and gave themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45
birth to Anaxagorasand other illustriousmen. stadia to the temple,amidst the acclamations
Mda, 1,c. n."PUn. 5, c. 29." Strab. 14." of the multitude,who congratulated the mo-
ther

Liv. 38, c. 39. on account of the filialaftection of her

Cleadas, a man of who
raised sons.
Plataea, Cydippe entreated the goddess to re- ward

tombs over those who had been killedin the the pietyof her sons with the best gift
battle againstMardonius. Herodot. 9, c. 85. that could be grantedto a mortal. They went
Clean DER. one of Alexander's officers, who to rest,and awoke no more : and by this the
killed Parmenjo by the king's command. He goddess showed, that death is the only true
was punishedwith death,for offering violence happyevent that can happen to man. The
to a noble virgin, and givingher as a prosti-
tute Argivesraised them statues at Delphi. Cic.
to his servants. Curt. 7, c. 2, 1. 10, c. 1 Tusc. 1,c. 47." Vol. Max. 5, c. 4" Herodot.
The firsttyrant of Gela.
. Aristol.5, Polit. 1,c. 31." Plui. de Cons. adApol.
c. 12. A soothsay e^ of Arcadia. Herodot. Cleobula, the wife of Amyntor, by whom
6, c. 83. A favourite of the emperor Com she had Phosnix. A daughter ot Boreas
modus, who was put to death A. D. 190, after and Orithya, called also Cleopatra. She mar-ried

abusingpublicjustice, and his master's dence.

confi- Phineus son of Agenor,by whom she had
Plexippusand Pandion. Phineus repudiated
Cleanoridas, a Spartangeneral,":c. A
her to marry a daugliter of Dardanus. Apol-
man panisiicd with death for bribing two of lod. 3, c. 15. A woman, njother of a son
tlie E])hori. called Eurii)ides, by Apollo. Another who
Cleantjies, a stoic j)hilosopberof Assos bore Cepheus and Amphidamus lo .Egeus.
iii Ti-oas,successor of Zeno. He The mother of Pithus. fab. 14,97, ^c
was so Hi/^in.
poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw Chr.ohCusA, a daughterof Cleobulus, re- markable

o.it water fo::a gardenerin the niglit,and study for her geniti"; learning, judgment^
 CL CL
and courage. She composed enigmas,some doors he so stronglysecured, that his
ers
pursu-
of which have been preserved. One of them Avere obligedto break them for access.
runs thus: "A father had 12 children,and When the tomb Avas opened, Cleomedes could
these 12 children had each 30 white sons and not be found either dead or alive. The oracle
30 black daughters, who are immortal,though of Delphi Avas consulted,and gave this an-swer,

they die every day." In this there is no need Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypaltnis.
of an (Edipus,to discover that there are 12 Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a
months in the year, and that every month god. Pavs. 6, c. 9. Plut. in Rom.
"

consists of 30 days,and of the same number Cleomenes 1st,king of Sparta,conquered

of nights.Laert. the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by set-
ting
Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of fire to a grove where theyhad fled,and
Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, famous freed Athens from the tyranny of the Pisis-
for the beautifulshapeof his body. He wrote tratidee. By bribing the oracle,he pronounc-
ed
some few verses, and died in the 70th year of Demaratus, his colleague on the throne,il-
legitimate,
his age, B. C. 664. Diog. in vita." Pint, m because
he refused to punishthe
Symp. "An historian. Plin. 5, c. 31. peopleof /Egina,
who
had deserted the Greeks.
One' of th e Ephori. Thucyd. He killed himself in a fitof madness, 491 B. C
Cleochares, a man sent by Alexander to Herodot. 5, 6, and 7. Pans. 8, c. 3, "ic. "

demand Porus to sun-ender. Curt. 8, c. 13. The 2d, succeeded his brother Agesipolis 2d.
Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas, by He reigned61 years in the greatesttranquilli-
ty,
Lelex. Apollod. 3, c. 10. and Avas father to Acrotatus and Cleony-
CLEODyETTs, a SDH of Hyllus. Herodot. 6, mus, and Avas succeeded by Areus 1st, son of
c. 52, 1. 7, c. 204, 1. 8, c. 131. He endeavour-
ed Acrotatus. Pans. 3, c. 6. The 3d succeed-
ed
to recover Peloponnesusafter his father's his father Leonidas. He Avas of an enter-
prising
death,but to no purpose. spirit,and resolved to restore the an- cient

Cleodamus, a Roman generalunder Gal- discipline of Lycurgus in its fullforce by

lienus. banishingluxuryand intemperance. He kill- ed
Ci.EODEMus, a physician. Plut. de Symp. the Ephori, and remoA^ed by poison his
Cleodora, a nymph, mother of Parnassus royalcolleagueEurydamides,and made his
Pans. 2, c. 6. One of the Danaides who OAvn brother,Euclidas, king,against the laAvs
married Lyxus. Apollod. 2, c. 1 of the state,Avhich forbade more than one of
Cleodoxa, a daughterof Niobe and Am- the familyto siton the throne. He made
same

phion,changed into a stone as a punishmentwar againstthe Achasans, and attempted to

for her mother's pride.Apollod.
3, c. 5. destroy their league. Aratus, the general
Cleogenes, a son of Silenus,"^c. Pans. of the Achaeans, who
supposedhimself in- ferior
6, c. 1. his enemy, called Antigonus to his
to
Cleolaus, a son of Hercules, by Argele,assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had
daughterof Thestius,who upon the illsuccess fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B. C.
of the Heraclidse in Peloponnesus,retired to 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Pto- lemy
Bhodes, with his wife and children. Spollod.2. Evergetes,Avhere his Avife and children
Ceeomachus, a boxer of Magnesia. had fled before him. Ptolemy received him
Cleomantes, a Lacedemonian soothsayer.with greatcordiality; but his successor, weak
Plut. in Alex. and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousyof
Ceeombrotus, son of Pausania?, a king of
this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. omenes
Cle-
Sparta,after his brother Agesipolis 1st. He killed himself,and his body was ed,
flay-
"made war againstthe Boeotians, and lest he and exposedon a cross, B. C. 219. Polyb.
should be suspected of treacherous nication
commu- 6. Plut. in vita. Justin. 28, c. 4.
" A man
"

with Epaminondas, ge- appointed

he gave that neral by Alexander to receive the tributes
battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvan-
tageous of Egypt and Africa. Curt. 4, c, 8. A man
place. He was killed in the engage-
ment, placed as arbitrator between the Athenians
and his army
destroyed,B. C.31\.Diod. and the people of Megara. An historian.
"J5." Paiw.9, c. IS."Xcnoph. A son-in-law A dithyrambicpoet of F%hegiura. A
of Leonidaskiugof Sparta,who, for a while, Sicilian contemporary Avith Verres, Avhose li- centiousness
usurped the kingdom,after the expulsionof and avarice he Avas fond of grati-
fying.
his father-in-law. When Leonidas was called,
re- Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 12. A Lacede-
monian
Cieombrotus was banished ; and his general.
wife Chelonis, who had accompanied her Cleon, an Athenian, Avho, though ori- ginally
father,now accompaniedher husband in his a tanner, became generalof the ar- mies

exile. Pam. 3, c. 6." Plut. in Jig.and Cleom. of the state, by his intrigues and elo-
quence.
A youth of Ambracia, who tlu-evv him-
self He took Thoron in Thrace, and af-ter
intothe sea, after reading Plato's treatise distinguishing himself in several engage-
ments,
upon the immorlalitv of the soul. Cic.in Tusc. he A\as killed at Amphipolis, in a
1, c. ZA."Ovid. in J'b. 493. battle Avith Brasidas the Spartan general, 422
Cleomedes, a famous athlete of Astypa- B. C. Thucyd.3, 4, kc."Diod. 12. A gen-
eral
loea, above Crete. In a combat a( Olynipia, of Messenia, who disputed Avilh Aristode-
he killed one of his antagonistsby a blow with mus for the sovereignty. A statuary. Pans.
his fist. On account of this accidental murder, 2, c. 8. A poet Avho Avrote a poem on the
he Avas deprived of the victory,and he became Argonauts. An orator of Halicarnassus,
delirious. In his return to Astypala^a, he en-
tered who composed an oration for Lysander,in
a school, and pulled down the pillars Avhich he intimated the propriety of making
Avhich supported the roof, and crushed to the kingdom of Sparta elective. C. Mp. ^
death 60 boys. He was pursuedAvith stones, Plut. in Lys. A Magnesian, who Avrote
And he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose some commentaries, in Avhich he speaksof por-
 CL CL
tBntous events, ".c. Pans. 10,c. 4 "
odious,Cleopatrasuffered Lathurus to
ASici-jWas
lian,one of Alexander's flatterers. Curt. 8, c. ascend the throne,on condition, however, that
'6. A tyrant of Sicyon. A friend of he should repudiate his sisterand wife,called
Phocion. Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca, his younger
Cleon^ and Cleona, a village of Pelopon-
nesus, sister. She afterwards raised her favourite,
between Corinth and Argos, Hercules Alexander, to the throne ; but her cruelties
killed the lion of Nemasain itsneighbourhood,were so odious that he fled to avoid her tyran-
ny.
and thence itiscalled Cleonaeus. It was made a Cleopatralaid snares for him ; and when
constellation. Stat. 4, Silv. 4, v. 28. Ovid. Alexander heard it,he put her to death.
" tin.
Jus-
Met. 6, V. 417." 5i7.3, v 32." Pans. 2, c. 15." 39, c. 3 and 4. A queen of Egypt,
Plin. 36, c. 5. A town of Phocis. daughterof Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and
Cleone, a daughterof Asopus. Diod. 4. wife to Ptolemy Diouysius, celebrated for her
Cleonica, a young virginof Byzantium, beautyand her cunning. She admitted Caesar
whom Pausanias, kingof Sparta, invited to his to her arms, to influence him to give her th"
bed. She was introduced into his room when kingdonii, in preference to her brother,who
he was asleep,and unluckilyoverturned a had expelled her,and had a son by him, called
burninglamp which was by the side of the bed. Ca^sarion. As she had supportedBrutus, An- tony,
Pausanias was awakened at the sadden noise. in his expedition to Parthia,summoned
and thinking it to be some assassin,he seized her to appear before him. She arrayedher-self
his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew in the most magnificent apparel,and ap- peared
who it was. Cleonica often appearedto him, before her judge in the most captiva-
ting
and lie was anxious to make a proper tion
expia- attire. Her artifice succeeded : Antony
to her manes. Paus. 7, c. 17. Plut. in became
"
enamoured of her,and publicly mar-
ried

Cim. Sic. her,forgetful of his connexions with Oc-

Cleonicus, a freedman of Seneca, he. tavia, the sisterof Augustus. He gave her the
Tacit. 15,Ann. c. 45. greatest part of the eastern provinces of the
Cleonnis, a Messenian, who disputed with Roman empire.This behaviour was the cause
Aristodemus for the sovereignpower of his of a rupturebetween Augustusand Antony ;
country. Paus. 4, c. 10. and these two celebrated Romans met at Ac-
Cleonymus, a son of Cleomenes 2d, who tium, where Cleopatra, by flyingwith sixty
called Pyi'rhus to his assistance, because Areus, sail,ruined the interest of Antony, and h"
his brother's son, had been preferred to him in was defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt,
tliesuccession ; but the measure was lar,
unpopu- where soon afterAntony followed her. Anto-
ny
and even the women united to repelthe killed himself upon the false information
foreignprince. His wife was anfaithful to his that Cleopatrawas dead ; and as his wound
bed ; and committed adulterywith Acrotatus. was not mortal, he was carried to the queen,
Plut. in Pyrrh. Paus. 1, c. 3.
" A generalwho drew him up by a cord from one of the
who assisted the Tarentines, and was ed
conquer- windows of the monument, where she liad re-
tired

by jEmyliusthe Roman consul. Sirab. 6. and concealed herself. Antony soon ter
af-
A person so cowardly that Cltonymoti- died of his wounds, and Cleopatra, after
midior became proverbial. she had received pressinginvitations from
Cleopater, an officer of Aratus. Augustus, and even pretendeddeclarations ot
Cleopatra, the grand-daughter of Attalus,love, destroyed herselfby the bite of an asp,
betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, afterhe had not to fallinto the conqueror's hands. She
divorced Olympias. When Philipwas mur-dered had previously attemptedto stab herself, and
by Pausaniasj Cleopatrawas seized by had once made a resolution to starve herself.
order of Olympias,and put to death. Diod. Cleopatrawas a voluptuousand extravagant

l^." Justin. 9, c. I."Plut. in Pyrrh. A woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to
sister of Alexander the Great, who married Antony at Alexandria,she melted pearlsinte
Perdiccas,and was killed by Antigonus, asshe her drink, to render her entertainment more

attemptedto flyto Ptolemy in Egypt. Diod. sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of
16 and 2Ch" Justin. 9, c. 6, 1. 13, c. 6. A appearing dressed as the goddessIsis; and she
harlot of Claudius Caesar. A daughteradvised Antony to make w ar slgainst the rich-
est
of Boreas. [Vid.Cleobula]. A daughter nations to support her debaucheries. Her
of Idas and Marpessa,daughterof Evenus, beautyhas been greatly commended, and her
king of .(Etolia. She married Meleager,son mental perfections so highlycelebrated,that
of king (Eneus. Homer. II. 9, v. 52. Paus. she has been described as capableof giving
"
dience
au-

6, c. 2. One of the Danaides. Apollod. to the ambassadors of seven different

2, c. 1. A daughterof Amyntas of Ephe- nations,and of speakingtheir various lan- guages
sus. Paus. 1, c. 44. A wife of Tigranes, as fluently as her o\^n. In Antony's
king of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. Jus- absence she improved the publiclibraryof
tin. 3S, c. 3. A daughter of Xros and Alexandria, with the addition of that of
Callirhoe. Apollod. 3, c. 12 A dausihterof Pergamus. Two treatises, de medicamine fa-ciei
Ptolemy Philometor,who married Alexander epistolceeroiicce, and de morbis mulierum,
Bala, and afterwards Nicanor. She killed have been falsely attributed to her. She died B.
Seleucus, Nicanor's son, because he ascended C. 30 years, after a reignof 24 years, aged3".
the throne without her consent. She was pected Eg)'pt
sus- became a Roman provinceat her death.
of preparingpoisonfor Antiochus her Flor.4,c. 11. jippian. "
6, Bell. Civ. Plut. in
"

souy, and compelledto drink it herself, B. C. Pomp, i^Ant. Horat. 1, od. 37, v. 21, he.
" "

120. A wife and sisterof Ptolemy Ever- Strab. 17. A daughterof Ptolemy Epipha-
getes,who raised her son Alexander, a minor, nes, who married Philometor,and afterwards
to the throne of Egypt, in preference to his' Physcon of Cyrene.
elder brother,Ptolemy Lathurus, whose in- 1 CLEOP.iXRis or Arsinor, a fortified t"vrm. "!
terest the people favoured. As Ale\ander'Egypton the Arabiou jjulf.
 CL CL

Cleophanes, an orator. fiea honour and reputation,{y"~M@,, gloria;)

Cleophanthus, a son of Themistocles,fa-
mous and it was her office faithfully
to record the
for his skillin riding, actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She
Cleophes, a queen of India,who submitted had HyacinthabyPierusson of Magnes. She
to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she was also mother of Hymenaeus, and lalemus,
had a son. Curt. 8,c. 10. accordingto others. Hesiod. Theog.v. 75. "

Cleopholusj a Samian, who wrote count Apollod.1, c. 3.~Strab.

an ac- U.' One of Gy-
rene's
of Hercules. nymphs. Virg.G. 4, v. 341.
Cleophon, a tragicpoet of Athens. Clisithera, a daughterof Idomeneus, pro-
Cleophylus, a man whose saved
posterity raised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she
the poems of Homer. Plut.. w'as murdered.
Cleopompus, an Athenian, who toolcThro-
the last tyrant of Sicyon. Clisthenes,
the Locrians,".c. Thucyd. Aristot.
nium, and conquered An Athenian of the family of Alc-
3, c. 26 and 58. A man who married the mceon. It is said that he firstetablished ostra-
cism,

nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. and that he

was the firstwho was ished
ban-
As Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some that institution. He banished Isago-
by
have supposedthat she had two husbands. ras, and was himself soon after restored.
Paus. 10, c. 6. Pluti in Arist. Herodot. 5, c. 66, "c. A
Cleoptolemus, a man of Chalcis, whose person censured as effeminate and incontinent.
givenin marriageto Antiochus. Aristot. An orator. Cic. in Brut. c. 7.
daughter
was

Liv. 36, c. 11. Clit/e, a people of Cilicia. Tacit. Ann.

Cleopusj a son of Codrus. Pans. 7, c. 2. 12, c. 55. A placenear mount Athos. Liv.
Cleoua, the wife of Agesilaus.Plut. in 44, c. 11.
Ages. Clitarchus, a man who made himself
Ceeostratus, a youthdevoted to be sacri-
ficed absolute at Eretria,by means of Philipof Ma-
cedonia.
to a serpent, among the Thespians,"c. He was ejectedby Phocion. An " "

Paus. 9, c. 26.ancient philosopher

An and historian,who accompanied Alexander the
astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before Great, of whose life he wrote the history.
Christ. He first found the constellations of Curt. 9, c. 5.
the zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar. Clite, the wife of Cyzicus,who hung her-
self
Cleoxenus, wrote an history of Persia. when she saw her husband dead. Apollon.
Clepsydra, a fountain of Messenia. Paus. 1. "

Orpheus.
4,c.31. CuTERNiA, a tow'n of Italy.Mela. 2, c.

Cleri, a peopleof Attica. 4.

Clesides, a Greek painter,about 276 years Clitodemus, an ancient writer. Paus. 10,
before Christ,who revenged the injuries he c. 15.
had received from queen Stratonice,by re-
presenting Clitomachus, a Carthaginian philosopher
her in the arms of a fisherman. of the third academy, who was pupil and
However indecent the painter mightrepresent successor to Carneades at Athens, B. C. 128.
the queen, she was drawn with such personalDiog. in vita. An athlete of a modest
beauty,that she preservedthe piece,and lib- erally countenance and behaviour. M.lian. V. H. 3,
rewarded the artist, G.30.
Cleta and Phaenna, two of the Graces, Clitonymus, wrote a treatise on Sybaris
accordingto some. Pans. 3, c. 18. and Italy.
Clidemus,
a wrote the history Clitdphoit,a man
Greek, who of Rhodes, who wrota
of Attica. Vossius H. Gr. 3. an history of India,he.
Climax, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by Clitor, a son of Lycaon. A son of
the projection of a brow into the Mediterra-
nean Azan, who founded a cityin Arcadia, called
sea. Strab. 14. after his name. Paus. 8, c. 4. Apollod. 3, c. "

Climenus, a son of Areas, descended from 8, Ceres, iEsculapius, the Dioscuri,

Ilythia,
Hercules. and other deities, had temples in that city.
Clixias, a Pythagorean philosopherand There was also in the town a fountain called
musician, 520 years before the Christian era. Clitorium, whose waters gave a dislike for
Plut. Syinp.".^lian.V. 23. H.
A wine. Ovid. Met. 15,v. 322." P/m. 32, c. 2.
14, c.

son thebrave.st
of Alcibiades, in the Gre-
cian A river of Arcadia.
man Paus. c. 12.
fleet that foughtagainstXerxes. Herodot. Clitoria, the wife of Cimon the Athe-
nian.
8, c. 7.' The father of Alcibiades, killed at
the battle of Coronea. Plut. in Ale. The Clitumnus, a river of Campania, whose
father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B. C. waters, when drunk, made oxen white. Pro-
263. Plut. in Arat. A friendof Solon. Id. pirt.2, el. 10, V. 25." Virg. G. 2, v. 146."
in Sol. Plm. 2, c. 103.
Clinippides,an Athenian generalin Lesbos. Clitus, a familiar friend and foster-bro-
ther
f)wd. 12. of Alexander. He had saved the king's
Clinus of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks, lifein a bloody battle. Alexander killed him
in the pay of kingNectanebus. He was killed with in a fitof anger, because, at a
javelin,a

with some of his troops,by ISicostratus and feast,he preferredthe actions of Philipto
the Argives,as he passedthe JNile. Diod 16. those of his son. Alexander was inconsolable
Clio, the firstof the Muses, daughterof for the loss of a friend,whom he had sacrificed
Jupiterand Mnemosyne. She presidedover in the hour of drunkenness and dissipation.
history.She is representedcrowned with Justin. 12, c. C)."Plut.in Alcx."Curt. 4, Lc.
laurels, holdingin one hand a trumpet,and a A commander of Polyperchon's ships,
book in the other. Sometimes she holds a defeated by Antigonus. Diod. 18. An offi-
cer
with
pl'Xirumor quill a lute. Her name sig- sent with
by Antipater, 240 againsf
ships,
 CL CL
the Athenians, whom he conquerednear the kingand
proposinglaws. Another,to re-
establish
Echinades. Diod. 18. kil-
ted
A Trojanprince, the companiesof artists,
which had
by Teucer. A disciple Aristotle, been instituted by Numa; but since his time
ol who
wrote a book on Miletns. abolished.
CloacFna, a goddess at Rome, who pre- Clodii Forum, a town of
Italy.P/m. 3, c.l5
sided over the Cloacae. Some suppose her to Pe. Clodius,a Roman
, descended from an
be Venus, whose statue was found in the Illustrious
family, and remarkable for his licen-
tiousness,
Cloacce, whence the name. The Cloacae were avarice,and ambition. He commit-
ted
largereceptacles for the filth and dung of incest with his three
sisters,
and introdu-
ced
the whole city,begun by Tarquin the el- der, himself m women's clothes into the house
and finished by Tarquin the Proud, ot J, Cssar, whilst Pompeia,Csesar's wife,of
They were built all under the city; so that, whom he was enamoured, was celebrating
accordingto an expressionof Pliny,Rome the of
mysteries Ceres, where no man was
seemed to besuspendedbetween heaven and permitted to appear. He was accused for
earth. The building was so strong,and the this violation of human and divine laws : but
stones so large, that though they were nually he corruptedhis
conti-
judges,and by that means
washed by impetuoustorrents,they re-mained screened himself from justice.He descended
unhurt duringabove 700 years. There trom a patricianinto a
plebeianfamily to be-
come
were publicofficerschosen to take care of the a tribune. He was such an to enemy
Cloaca;,called Curatores Cloacarum urbis. Liv. Cato, that he made him go with
prajtorian
3, c. 48." P/m 5, c. 29. power, in an expeditionagainst
.

of the companions of
Ptolemy king
Cloanthus, one of Cyprus, that,by the
-Sneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii
difficulty
of tiiecam-
paign,
he might ruin his reputation,
and de-
at Rome were descended. Virg.Mn. 5, v. stroyhis interest at Rome
122.
duringhis absence.
Cato, however, by his uncommon success,
Clodia, the wife of Lucullus,repudiatedfrustrated the views of Clodius. He was also
for her lasciviousness. Plut. in Lucull. an inveterate enemy to Cicero ; and by his in- fluence
An opulentmatron at Rome, mother of D. he banished him from
Brutus. Cic. ad Mtic. A
Rome, partly
vestal virgin. on pretence that he had punishedwith death,
Vid. Claudia. Another of the same familyand without trial,the adherents of Catiline.
who successfully repressed the rudeness of a He wreaked his vengeance
upon Cicero's
tribune that attemptedto stop the processionhouse,which he
burnt,and set all his goods to
of her father in his triumphthroughthe streets sale ; which,however, to his
of Rome.
great mortifica-
tion,
Cic.pro M. Ccel. A woman who no one offered to buy. In spiteof Clo- dius,
married Q. Metellus,and afterwards disgraced Cicero was recalled,and all his goods
herselfby her amours with Ccelius,and her restored to him. Clodius was some time after
incest with her brother Publius,for which he murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero
is severely and eloquently aiTaigned by Cicero. took himself. Plut in Clc."Appian.
upon de,
Ibid. Civ. 2." Cic. pro Milan.
S^pro Domo."Dio.
Clodia lex de Cypro,was enacted by*the -A certain author,
quoted by Plut. .

tribune Clodius,A. U. C. 695, to reduce Cyprus Licmius wrote an history of Rome. Liv. 29,
into a Roman province,and exposedPtolemy c. 22. Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Neros
king of Egypt to sale in his regalornaments. age. Taat. 1, Hiu. c. 7,
Sextus, a rheto-
rician
It empowered Cato to go with the praetorian of Sicily, intimate with M, Antony,
power, and see the auction of the king's goods, whose preceptor he was. Suet, de Clar. Oral.
and commissioned him to return the money to "Cic.in Philip.
Rome. Another, de Magistratibus, A. U. Cl(Elia,a Roman virgin,
C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the maidens as
given with otheF
hostages to Porsenna king of Etru-
censors to put a stigmaor mark of infamyup-
on ria. She escapedfrom her
confinement,and
any person who had not been actuallyaccus- swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unpre-
cedented
edandcondemnedbyboththe censors. other,
An- virtue was rewarded by her coun-
trymen,
de Religione, by the same, A. U. C. 696. with an equestrian statue in the Vi"
to deprive the priest of Cybele,a native of Pes- Sacra. Lw. 2, c.
l3.~Virg.^n. 8, v, 651 "

sinus,of his office, and confer the priesthoodDionys. Hal. 5.~Juv. 8, v. 265. A patrician
upon Brotigonus,a Gallo-grecian, Another, family,descended from Cloelius, of the
one
de Provinciis, A. U. C. 695, which nominated companions of ^neas. Dionys.
the provincesof Syria,Babylon,and Persia, Cl(elia: FossiE, a
place near Rome. Plut.
to the consul Gabinus ; and Achaia, Thessaly,tn Coriol.
Macedon, and Greece, to his colleaguePiso, Cl(elius Gracchus, a generalof the VolscI
with pro-consularpower. It empowered them and Sabines againstRome,
to defraythe expenses of their march
conqueredby Q.
from the Cincinnatus the
dictator. TuUus,a Roinati
public treasury. Another, A. U. C. 695, ambassador put to death
which requiredthe same
by Tolumnius, kin^^
distributionof corn of the Veientes. *

among the people gratis,as had been given Clon'as,a musician. Plut. de Music.
them before at six asses and a triens the bush-
el." Clonia, the mother of Nvcteua. .^poUod.
A, U.
-^-Another, C. 695, by the same, de " ^
3, c. 10.
Judiciis. It called to an account such as had Clonius, a B^otian, who went
with 5"
executed a Roman citizen without a judg-
ment shipsto the Trojan Avar. Homer. IL 2.
of the people, and all the formalitiesof a A Trojan killed
trial.
by Mcssapusin Italy. Viv.
Another, by the same, to pay no at JEn. 10, v. 749.
tention to the appearance of theheavens,while
Another,kUled by
^
Tm-nu".
Id. 9, V. 574.
any affairwas beforethepeople. Another to Clotho, the yotmgest of the three Parry,
make the power of the tribunes free,iu ma- dau"5hter
of Jijpiicr
"nd Themis, or Recording;
 CL CL
supposed to presidePresbon, and father of Erginus,Stratius,
t" Hesiod,of Night,
was

that we are born. She held Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound
over the moment
from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he
the distaff in her hand, and span the thread ot
her name ("^^^i'v, to spin.) She died. His son Erginus,who succeeded him,
life, whence
with seven made war against the Thebans, to revenge his
was represented wearing a crown
with a variegated robe. death. Pans. 9, c. 37. One of the de- scendants
stars, and covered
Hesiod. 218." "pol- of Hercules, who built a templeto
Vid. Parca?. Theog. v.
Minerva of Cydonia. Id. 6, c. 21. A son
lod. 1, c. 3. of
of Venus, whose statue of Phoroneus. Id. 2, c. 35. A king
Cluacina, a name
where Elis. Id. A son of (Eneus king of Ca-
was erected in that place peace was

made between the Romans and Sabines,after lydon,

the.rape of the virgins.Vid. Cloacina. Clysoisiymus,a son of Amphidamus, killed
citizen,accused by by Patroclus. Apollod. 3, c. 13.
Cluentius, a Roman

his mother of having murdered his father, 5 4 "Clytemnestra, a daughter of Tyndarus

king of Sparta, by Leda. She was born, to-
gether
years B. C. He was ably defended by Cicero,
of the with her brother Castor, from one of
in an oration stillextant. The family
descended from Cloanthus, one the eggs which her mother broughtforth af- ter
Gluentii was
her amour with Jupiter, under the form
of the companions of JEneas. Virg.JEn. 6,
V. 122. "
Cic.proCluent.
of a swan. Clytemnestramarried Agamem- non
five miles distant king of Argos. She had before married
Cluilia fossa, a place
from Rome. Lit. 1,c. 23, 1.2, c. 39. Tantalus,son of Thyestes, according to some
authors. When Agamemnon went to the
Clupea and Clypea, now Aklibia, a town

22 miles east of Carthage,Trojanwar, he

left his cousin ^Egysthusto
of Africa Propria,
from its exact resem- take care of his wife, of his family,and all
which receives itsname blance

Lucan. 4, v. 586. his doiuestic affairs. Besides this,a certeiia

to a shield, clypeus. "

favourite musician was appointed by Agamem-

non,
mrab. n."Liv. 27, c. 29." Cce^.Civ. 2, c.23.
Etrurian of to watch over the conduct of the guar- dian,
Clusia, a daughter of an king,
whom V. Torquatusthe Roman generalbe- came as well as that of Clytemnesira.In
enamoured. He asked her of her father,the absence of Agamemnon, ^gysthus made

his addresses ; upon which he be- sieged his court to Clytemnestra, and publiclylived
who slighted
his town. Clusia threw with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of
and destroyed
to Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and
herselfdown from a hightower, and came
he resolved to take full revenge upon the
the ground unhurt. Plut. in Parall.
Clusini fontes, baths in Etruria. Horat. adulterers at his return. He w'hs prevented
from puttinghis schemes into execution ;
1, ep. 15, V. 9.
with her adulterer, murdered
Clusium, now Chiusi,a town of Etruria,Clytemnestra,
under Porsenna him at his arrival, as he came out of the
taken by the Gauls Brennus.
was buried there. At the north of Clusium bath,or, accordingto other accounts, as he
called Clusina lacus, which sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his
there was a lake
northward far Arretium, and hap^iy return. Cassandra, whom non
Agamem-
extended as as

had a communication with the Arnus which had broughtfrom Troy, shared his fate',
have been deprived
falls into the sea at Pisa. Diod. 14. Virg.and Orestes would also
"

JEn. 10,V. 167 and 655. of his life, like his father,had not his sister
Gaul. Polyb. 2. Electra removed him from the reach of Cly- temnestra.
Clusius, a river of Cisalpine
The surname of Janus, when his temple After this murder, Clytemnestra
shut. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 130. publicly married JEgysthus, and he ascended
was

Cluvia, anoted debauchee, he. Juv. 2, the throne of Argos. Orestes,after an ab- sence

V. 49. of seven years, returned to Mycenae,

Cluvius Rufos, a quaestor, A. U. C. 693. resolved to avenge his father'smurder.
"
He
Fam. 56. A of Pute- concealed himself in the house of his sister
Cic. ad 13, ep. man
the adul-
terers
oli appointed by Cajsar to divide the lands of Electra,who had been married by
to a person of mean extraction and in-digent
Gaul, kc. Cic. Div. 13, c. 7.
Clymene, a daughter of Oceanus and circumstances. His death was publicly
Tethyswho married Japetus,by whom she announced; aod when iEgysthus Clytem-
and nestra
had Atlas,Prometheus, Menoetius,and Epi- repairedto the temple of Apollo,to
nietheus. Hesiod. Theog. One of the Ne- return thanks to the god,for the death of the
reides,
mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, who
friend Pylades, had concealed
Hygin. The mother of Thesimenus by with his faithful
himself in the temple, rushed upon the adulte-
rers,
Farthenopaeus. Id. fab. 71. -A daughter hand.
of Atalanta Jasus. and killed them with his own
of Mymas, mother by
of who They were buried without the walls of the
Jipollod.3. daughter Crateus,
A
married Nauplius.Id. Q..-, The mother of city,
as their remains
were deemed unworthy
Pha^.ton by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 756. to be laid in thesepulchreof Agamemnon.
A Trojan'
woman. Pan$. 10, c. 27- The Vid. Agamemnon, Orestes, Elec-
Aigysthus, tra.
mother of Homer. Id. 10,c. 2-1. A female Diod. A." Homer. Od. W."JlpoUod. 3,
servant of Helen, who accompanied her IQ."Paus. 2,c.18 and 22."Euripid.
c. Iphig.
mistress to Troy, when in Jial" Hygin. fab. 117 and UO."Propert.
she elopedwith Pa-ris.
Odd. Ileraid. 17, v. 267. " 3, el. \^."Virg.JEn. 4, v. 'Ttl."PliUostr.
Homer. II.
3, v. 144. Icon. 2, c. 9.
Clvmf.klidks, a patronymic given to Clytia or Clytie, a daughterof Oce-
anus
PlKiiton's .si.^'icrs,
who were daughtersof and Tethys,beloved by Apollo. She
Clymene. was deserted by her lover, who paidhis ad-
dresses
Clyml-Ncs, a ul Orchomeno.s, son
kii!g of to Leucothoe ; and thisso irritated
hsr,
 CO CO
that she discovered the whole intrigueto her CoAMANi, a peopleof Asia. Mda, 1, e. 2.
rival's father. Apollo despisedher the more CoASTR^s and Coactrje, a people of A^ia,
for this,and she pinedaway, and was changed near the Palus Ma3otis. Lucan. 3, v. 246.
into a flower,commonly called a sun-flower, CoBAREs, a celebrated magician of Media,
which stillturns its head towards the sun in in the age of Alexander. Curt. 7, c. 4.
his course, as in pledge of her love. Ovid. CocALus, a king of Sicily, who hospitably
Met. 4, fab. 3, ".c. A daughterof Amphi- received Daedalus, when he fled before Minos.
damus, mother of Pelops,by Tantalus When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters
A concubine of Amyntor, son of Phrastor, of Cocalus destroyedhim. Ovid. Met. 8, v.
whose calumny caused Amyntor to put out the 2Ql."Diod. 4.
eyes of his falselyaccused son Phcenix. A CoccEius Nerva, a friend of Horace and
daughterof Pandarus. Mecajnas, and grandfather to the emperor
Clytius, a son of Laomedon, by Strymo. r^erva. He was one of those who settledthe
Hom. II. 10. A youth in the army of Tur- disputes between Augustusand Antony. He
nus, beloved by Cydon. Virg.JEn. 10, v. afterwards accompaniedTiberius in his retreat
325. A giantkilled by Vulcan, in the war in Campania, and starved himself to death.
waged against the gods, .^pollod. 1, c. 6. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 58, and 6, c. 26. Horai,
The father of Pireus, who faithfully attended 1, Sat. 5, V. 27. An architect of Rome,
Telemachus. Homer. Od. 15, v. 251. A one of whose buildings is stillin being,the
son of ^olus, who followed ^Eneas in Italy,present cathedral of
Naples. A nephew of
where he was killed by Turnys. Virg. JEn. Otho. Plut. A man whom Nero granted
9, V. 774. A son of Alcraagon,the son of a triumph,after the discovery of thePisonian
Amphiaraus. Pans. 6, c. 17. conspiracy. Tacit. 15,Ann. c. 72.
Clytus, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed CoccYGius, a mountain of Peloponnesus.
by Hector. Homer. II. U, v. 302. Paus. 2, c. 36.
Cnacauium, a mountain of Laconia. Pmis. CociNTUM, of the
a promontory Brutii,
3, c. 24. now Cape Stilo.
Cnacalis, a mountain of Arcadia, where CocLEs, Pub. Horat.
a celebrated Roman,
festivalswere celebrated in honour of Diana. who, alone,opposedthe whole army of Por-
Jd. 8, c. 23. senna at the head of a bridge,while his panions
com-
Cnagia, a surname of Diana. behind him were cuttingoff the munication
com-
CNEMus,a Macedonian general,unsuccess- with the other shore. When the
fol in an expedilioa
againstthe Acaruanians. bridgewas destroyed,Codes, though severe-
ly
Biod. 12." Thucyd.2, c. 66,^c. wounded in the leg by the darts of the
Cjjeus or Cn^us, a prajnomen common to leapt into the Tiber, and swam
enemy,
many Romans. across with his arms. A brazen statue was
Cnidinium, a name given to a raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, by the
monument
nearEphesus. consul Publicola, for his eminent services.
Cnidus and Gnidus, a town and a pro- He had the use only of one eye, as Cocks sig-
montory nifies.
of Doris in Caria. Venus Avas the Liv. 2, c. 10. Val. Max. 3, c. 2.
"

"

chief deityof the place, and had there a fa- mous Virg.JEn. 8, v. 650.
statue made by Praxiteles. Horat. 1, CocTi^ and CoxxiiE, certain parts of the
od. 30." Flin. 36, c. 15. Alps,called after Coctius, the conqueror of
Cnopus, one of the descendants of Co- the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus.
drus,who went to settle a colony,".c. Po- ly Tacit. Hist.
cen. 8. CocYTus, a river of Epirus.The word is de- rived
Cnossia, a mistress of Menelaus. Apollod. from xtoxusiv,to weep and to lament. Its
mology,
ety-
3, c. 11. the unwholesomeness of its water,
Cnosus, or Gnossus, a town of Crete, and,above all, itsvicinity to the Acheron, have
about 25 stadia from the sea. It was built by made the jjoets call it one of the rivers of hell,
Minos, and had a famous labyrinth.Paus. hence Cocytia virgo, appliedto Alector,one of
1,0.27. the furies. Virg.G. 3, v. 38, 1.4, v. 479. ^n.
Co, Coos, and Cos, now Zia, one of the Cy- 6, V. 297, 323, 1.7,v. 479." Paw^. 1, c. 17.
clades,situate near the coasts of Asia,about 15 A river of Campania,flowing into the Lucrine
miles from Halicarnassus. Its chief town is lake.
called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Codanus sinus, one of the ancient names
Astypalffia.It gave birth to Hippocrates,of the Baltic. Plin. 4, c. 13.
Apelles,
and Simonides,and was famous for CoDOMANus, a surname of Darius the third,
its fertility,
for the wine and silk-worms which kingof Persia.
it produced, and for the manufacture of silk CoDRiD^, the descendants of Codrus, who
and cotton of a beautifuland delicate texture. went from Athens at the head of several colo-
nies.
The women of the island always dressed in Paus. 7, c. 2.
white ; and their garments were so clear and CoDROPoLis, a town of Illyricum.
thin,that their bodies could be seen through, CoDRUs, the 17th and last of king Athens,
accordingto Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9. The men
wo- son of Melanthus. When
the Hcraclidaj made
of Cos were changed into cows by Ve-
nus war againstAthens, the oracle declared that
or Juno ; whom they rejjroachedfor suf-feringthe victorywould be grantedto that nation
Hercules to lead Geryon's flocks whose king was killed in battle. The Hera-
through their territories. Tibull. 2, el. 4, v. clidae upon this gave strictorders to spare the
29." Horat. 1, Sal. 2, v. 101." S/ra6. 14.-1 lifeof Codrus ; but the patriotic kingdisguised
Pirn. 11, c. 23. Properl. 1, el. 2, v. 2, 1 "" himself,and attacked one of the by
"

enemy,
el. 1, v. 5, 1. 4, el. 2, v. 23." Ovid. A. k
% whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained
V. 298. the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called
 CCE CO
ihe father of his country. He reigned 22 yean, master of his country,by Darius. His coun-
trymen
and was killed 1070 years bsfore the christian stoned him to death, Herodot. 5, c. 11
era. To pay greater honour to his memory, and 38.
the Athenians made a resolution, that no man Casus, a son of Ccelus and Terra. He was
after Codi-us should reignin Athens under the father of Latona, Asteria,fc.c.by Phcebe.
name of king,and therefore the government Hesiod Th. 135 and 405. Virg.G. 1,v. 279.
A river of Messenia, flowing
was put into the hands of perpetual arclions. by Electra.
Paterc. i, c. 2. Justin. 2, c. 6 and T.~-Faus. Pans. 4, c. 33.
"

I,c. 19, l. 7, c. 25."Val. Max. 6, c. 6. A CoGAKUS, a river ofLydia. Plin. 5, c. 29.

man who, with his brothers,killed Hegesias, CoGiDUNUs, a king of Britain,faithfulto
tyrantof Ephesus,".c. Polt/cm. 6, c. 49. Rome. Tacit. Jigric.
c. 14.

A Latin poet, contemporary with Virgil. CoHiBUs, a river of Asia,near Pontus.

l^irg. Ed. 7. Another, in the reignof Do- CoHORs, a division in the Roman armies,
mitian, whose poverty became a proverb. consisting of about 600 men. It was the sixth
Jux. 3, V. 203. partof a legion, and consequently its number
CcMiLius, a centurion. Cks. Civ. Bell. was under the same fluctuation as that of the
CcsLA, a place in the bay ofEubcea. Liv. legions, beingsometimes more, and sometimes
81,c. 47. A part of Attica. Strab. 10. less.
CcELkLETJE, a peopleof Thrace. CoLJSNUs, a kingof Attica,before the age
C(ELES"RiA and C(ELosyria, a country of of Cecrops, according to some accounts. Paus,
Syria, between mount Libanus and Antiliba- l,c.31.
"us, where the Orontes takes itsrise. Its capi- tal CoLAXEs, a son of Jupiter and Ora. Flacc.
was Damascus. Antiochus Cyzicenus 6,V. 48.
to that part of Syria w'hich CoLAXiAs, one of the remote ancestoi*s of
gave this Jiame
he obtained as his share,when he divided his the Scythians.Herodot. 4, c. 5, he.
father's dominions with Grypus, B. C. 112. CoLCHi, the inhabitants of Colchis.
Dionys.Pentg. Colchis and Colchos, a country of Asia,
CcELiA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in Syll.at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the
The Cwlian family, which was plebeian, but Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of
honoured with the consulship, was descended Iberia,now called MingreUa. It is famous
from Vibenna Coeles,an Etrurian, who came for the expedition of the Argonauts,and the
to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus. birth placeof Medea. It was fruitfulin poi-
sonous
CffiLius, a Roman, defended by Cicero. herbs, and produced excellent flax.
Two brothers of Tarracina, accused of The inhabitants were originally Egyptians,
havingmurdered their father in his bed. They who settled there when Sesostris kingof Egypt
were acquitted, wiien it was proved that they extended his conquests in the north. From
were both asleepat thp time of the murder. the country arise the epithets Colchus, Col-
Vol. Max. 8, c. 1. Plut. in Cic.
"
A generalchicuSfColciiiacus, and Medea receives the
of Carbo. An orator. Id. in Pomp. A name of Colchis. Juv. 6, v. 640. "
Flacc. 5, v.
lieutenant of Antony's Cursor, a Roman 418." Horat. 2. od. 13, v. 8." Strab. 11."
knight;in the age of Tiberiiis. A man, who Ptol.5,c. lO.-^Ovid. Met. 13, v. 24. ^mor.
afterspendinghis allin dissipation and luxury,2, el. 14,V. 28." Mela, 1,c. 19,1. 2, c. 3.
became a public robber with his friendBirrhus. CoLENDA, a town of Spain.
Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 69. A Roman historian, CoLiAs, now JlgioNicolo, a promontory
who nourished B. C. 121. A hill of Rome. of Attica,in the form of a man's foot,where
Vid. Ctclius. Venus had a temple. Herodot. 8, c. 96.
CcELus or Uranus, an ancient deity, sup-
posed CoLLATiA, a town on the Anio, built by
to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, the peopleof Alba, It was there that Sext.
Hyperion,".c. He was son of Terra, whom Tarquinoff^"eredviolence to Lucretia. Liv. 1,
he afterwards married. The number of his 37, iiic." Strab. 3." Virg. JEn. 6, v. 774.
children, according to some,amounted to forty- L. Tauquinius Collatinus, a nephew
five. They were called Titans, and were so of Tarquinthe Proud, who married Lucretia,
closely confined by their father, that theycon-
spired to whom Sext. Tarquinoffered violence. He,
againsthim, and v"ere supportedby with Brutus, drove the Tarquinsfrom Rome,
tlieir mother, who provided them with a and were made firstconsuls. As he was one
scythe. Saturn armed himself with this scythe,of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all
and deprivedhis father of the organs of gen- the Roman
eration, people,he laid down his office of
as he was goingto unite himself to consul, and retired to Alba in voluntaryban- ishment.
Terra. From the blood which issued from Liv. 1, c. 57, 1.2, c. 2. Flor. 1, c.
"

the wound, sprang the giants,furies,and 9. One of the seven hillsof Rome.
nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown CoLLiNA, one of the gates of Rome, on
into the sea, and from them, and the foam mount Quirinalis. Ovid. 4. Fast. v. 671.
which they occasioned,arose Venus the god-
dess A goddessat Rome, who j)resided over lulls.
of beauty. Htsiod. k.c. One of the original tribes established bv
CcEN'us,an officer of Alexander,son-in-law Romulus.
to Parraenio. He died of a distemper, in his CoLLuciA, a lascivious woman, "c. Juv.
return from India. Curt. 9, c. 3. Diod. 17. 9, V. 306.
"

CffiRANus, a stoic philosopher.Tacit. Jinn. JuN. Colo, a governor of Pontus, who

14, c. 52. A person slain by Ulysses. broughtMitliridatesto the emperor Claudius.
Ovid. Met. 13,v. 157. A Greek charioteer Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 21.
to Marion. He was killed by Hector. Homer. CoLoN.E, a j)lace of Troas. A'epos. 4, c. 3.
II. 17,v. 610. CoLONE, a cityof Phocis of Erythrsa
CoF.s,a man of Mitylene,made sovereign of Thes.saly of ?"lessenia. A rock
of Asia,on t'tic
Thracian Bu=iphorus.
 CO CO
CoLOKiA Agrippina, a city of Germany to accompany the goddess to Libya,whither
on the Rhine, now Cologne. Equestris, she went to pass nine days,after which they
a town on the lake of Geneva, now JVoyon.returned Doves were . supposedto giveoracles^
Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now Terrou- in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. Tibull. 1,

en, in Artois. Norbensis, a town of Spain, el.7, V. \l."JElian. V. IL 1, c. 15.

now Alcantara. Trajana,or Ulpia,a town Columella, (L. Jan. Moderatus)a na- tive

of Germany, now Kcllen,near Cleves. Va- ofGades; who wrote, among other works,
lentia,a town of Spain,which now bears the twelve books on agriculture.of
which the tenth,
same name. on gardening,is in verse. The style iselegant,
CoLONos, an eminence near where
Athens, and the work displaysthe genius of a na- turalist,

CEdipusretired during his banishment, from and the labours of an accurate ver.
obser-
which (circumstance Sophocles has giventhe ti-
tle The best edition of Columella is that of
of CEdipusColoneus to one of his tragedies. Gesner,2 vols. 4to. Lips.1735, and reprinted
Colophon, a town of ionia, at a small dis-
tance there 1772.
from the sea, first built by Mopsus the CoLUMN." IIerculis, a name given to
son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Co- two mountains on tlieextreraest partsof Spain
drus. It was the native country ofMimner- and Africa,at the entrance into the Mediter-
ranean.

mus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of They were called Calpe and Abyla-,
the cities which disputedfor the honour of the former on the coast of Spain,and the latter

havinggivenbirth to Homer. Apollo had a on the side of Africa,at the distance of only 18
miles. They are reckoned
templethere." 5/ra5. U."Plin. 14, c. 20." the boundaries of
Pans. 7, c. S." Tacit, .^nn.2, c. 54." Cic.pro the labours of Hercules,and theywere sed
suppo-
Arch. Pott. 8." Ovid. Met. 6, v. 8. to have been joined, tillthe hero separated;
CoLOSSE and Colossis, alargetown of Phry- them, and opened a communication between
Laodicea, of which the government the Mediterranean and Atlantic Pro-
gia, near seas.

was democratical,and the first ruler called tei.the boundaries ofEg"'pt, or the extent of the

archon. One of the fii-stchristian churches kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was sed
suppo-
was establishedthere; and one of St. Paul's to be built near them, though Homer ces
plai-
addressed to it. PUji. 21, c. 9. them in the island of Pharus. Odys.4, v.
epistles was

Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at '^ii\." Virg. JEn. 11_,v. 262.

Bhodes, which passed for one of the seven CoLUTiius, a native of Lycopolisin Egypt"
wonders of the world. Itsfeet were upon the who wrote a short poem the rape of Helen,
on

two moles which formed the entrance of the in imitation of Homer. The composition mained
re-

harbour, and shipspassed full sail between longunknown, tillitwas discovered at

its legs.It was 70 cubits,or 105 feet high,and Lycopolisin the 15th century,by the learned
in equalproportion, and few could cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus
every thing was, as some

the work of a contemporary of Tryphiodorus.

claspround its thumb. It was suppose,
Chares, the disciple of Lysippus,and ihe art-ist CoLYTTus, a tribe of Athens.
was 12 years 'inmaking it. It ^\ as begun CoMAGENA, a part of Syria above Cilicia,
300 years before Christ ; and after it had re- mained extending, on the east, as far as the Euphra-
tes.
unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was Its chief town was called Samosata, the
224 B. birth placeof Lucian. Slrab. 11 and 17.
partlydemolished by an eartliqualce,
C. A windingstaircase ran to the top, from CoMANA (cE.and orum), a town ofPontus,
which could easily be discerned the shores of Hist. Alex. 34. Another in Cappadocia,
Syria,and the shipsthat sailed on the coast of famous for a templeof Bellona, where there
which were hung were above 6000 ministers of both sexes,. The
Egypt,by the helpof glasses,
on the neck of the statue. It remained in chief priest among them was very powerful,,
ruins for the space of 894 years ; and the Rho- and knew no superiorbut the king of the
red
confer-
dians,who had received several largecontri-
butions country. This highoilice was generally
to repairit,divided the money among upon one of the roval family.Hirt. Alex.
themselves, and frustratedthe expectations of 66." Place. 7, v.6m."Sirab. 1%
the donors, by sayingthat the oyacle of Del- phi CoM.vNiA,a country of Asia.
forbade them to raise it up again from its CoMAREA, the ancient aame of Cape Co-
ruins. In the year 672 of the christian era, it morin in India..
was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of CoMARi, a people of Asia. Mela, 1,c. 2.
the island,to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, CoMARus, a port in the bay of Ambracia,
who loaded 900 camels with the brass,whose near Nicopolis.
value has been estimated at 36,000 pounds ; CoMASTus, a placeof Persia.
Englishmoney. CoMBABus, a favourite of Stratoniee,wife
Coi.oTEs, a Teian painter, discipleof Phi-
dias. of Antiochus.
Plin. 35, c.8. A discipleof Epicte- Combe, a daugliter of Ophius,who first
tus. A follower of Epicurus,accused of invented a brazen suit of armour. She was
ignoranceby Plut. A sculptor, who made a changedijito a bird,and escapedfrom her
statue of iEsculapius. Strab. 8. children,who had conspiredto murder her.
CoLPK, a cityof Ionia. Plin. 5, c. 29. Ovid, Met. 7,v. 382.
CoLUBRARiA, now Moiitc Coluhrt,a small CoMBi or Ombi, a city of Egypt on the
island at the east of Spain,supposedto be the Nile. Juv. 15,V. 35.
same as Ophiusa. Plin. 3, c. 5. CoMBREA, a town near Pallene. Uerodot.
CoLUMBA, a dove, the symbol of Venus 7, c. 123.
among the poets. This bird was sacred to Ve-
nus, CoMBUTis, a generalunder Brennus., Pans.
and received divine honours in Syria.10,c. 22.
Doves disappeared
once every year at Eryx, CoMETES, the fatherof Asterion,and one
where Venus had and tbeywere
temple, said of the
a
Argonauts.Flocc. 1, v 350, "One "

26
 CO CO
of the Centaurs killed at the nuptials of Piri- and of the decencies of nature, he
corrupted
thous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 284. A son of his own sisters,
and kept 300 women, and as
Thestius killed at the chase of the Calydonian many boys,for his illicitpleasures.Desirous
boar. Pans. 8, c. 45. One of the Magi, to be called Hercules,likethat
hero,he adorn-
ed
intimate with Cambyses kingof Persia. Jus- tin. his shoulders with a lion's skin,and
armed
1, c. 9. An adulterer of iEgiale. A his hand with a knotted club. He showed
son of Orestes. himself naked in public, and foughtwith the
CoMETHO, a daughterof Pterilaus,v/ho gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in kill-
ing
deprived her father of a golden hair in his the wild beasts in the amphitheatre.He
head, upon which depended his fate. She requireddivine honours from the senate, and
was put to death by Amphitryon for her perfi-
dy. they were granted. He was wont to put such
Apollod. 2, c. 4. an immense quantityof golddust in his hair,
Q. CoaiiNius,a Roman knight who wrote that wheji he appeared bare-headed in the
shine,
sun-
some illiberalverses Tiberius.
against Tacit. his head glittered
ns if surrounded with
4, Aim. c. 31. sun-beams. Martia, one of his concubines,
CoMiTiA, (onwi),
an assembly of the Ro- man whose death he had prepared,
poisonedhim;
people.The word is derived from Comi- but as the poisondid not quickly he
operate,
Hum, the placewhere they were convened, was strangled
by wrestler.
a He died in the
qua^i a rum cundo. The Comitium was a 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his
reign,
largehall, which was left uncovered at the A. D. 162. It has been observed, that he never
top, in the firstages of the republic ; so that trusted himself to a barber,but
alwaysburnt
the assemblywas often dissolved in rainywea-
ther. his beard, in imitation of the
tyrantDionysius.
TheComitia were called,some consu- Htrodian.
laria,(o\' the election of the consuls: others CoMMoRis, a village of Cilicia.Cic. Fam.
prmioria,for the election of praetors,"lc. 15, ep. 4.
These assemblies were more generally known CoMON, a general of Messenia. Pans. 4.'
by the name of Comitia, Curiata, Ctnturiata,c. 26.
and Tribula. The Curiata was when the CoMPiTALiA,festivalscelebrated by the Ro-
mans
peoplegave their votes by curia?. The Cen- the 12th of .January
and the 6th of
turiala were not convened in later times. March, in the cross ways, in honour of the
{Vid. Ceiituria.) Another assemblywas called household gods called Lares.
Tarquin the
Comitia Tribvta,where the votes were ceived Proud, or
re-
according to some, Servius Tallius,
from the whole tribes together.At instituted them, on account of an oracle which
firstthe Roman peoplewere divided onlyinto ordered him to ofter heads to the Lares. He
three tribes; but as their numbers increased, sacrificed to them human victims ; but J. Bru-
tus,
the ti'lbes were at last swelled to 35. The after the expulsionof the
Tarquins,
objectof these assemblies was the electing of thoughtitsufficientto ofter to them
onlypoppy
magistrates, and all the publicofficersof state. heads,and men of straw. The slaves were
They could be dissolved bv one of the tribunes,generallythe ministers,and duringthe cele- bration,
if he differed in opinionfrom the rest of his theyenjoyedtheir freedom. Varra
colleagues.If one among the ))eo{)ie was de L. L. 5, c. 2." Ovid. Fast.
5, v. 140." ZK-
taken with the falling sickness,the whole oni/s.Hal. 4.
assemblywas immediatelydissolved, whence CoMPSA, now Consa, a town of the Hirpi-
that disease is called morbis coviitalis. After ni in Italy,at the east of Vesuvius.
the custom of givingtheir vote viid voce had CosipsATDS,a river of Thrace, falling into
been abolished,everyone of the assembly,in the lake Bistonis. Hcrodot. 7, c. 109.
the enactiijg of a law, was presentedwith two CoMPu.5A,a town of Bithynia.
ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R. CoMUM,now Coma, a town at tlienorth of
that is,iitirogas, be it as it is required : on the Insubria,at the bottom of the lake Como, in
other was an A. that is,antiquo, wliich bears the modern duchy of Milan. It was after-
wards
the same meaning as antiqunmvolo, I forbid it, called A''ovo Comum by J. Ccesar, who
the old law is more preferable.If the number transplanteda colonythere, itresumed though
of ballots with U. R. was superior
to the A's, itsancient name. It was the birth placeof the
the law was ; if not, younger
approvedconstitutionally Pliny. Plin. 3, c. 18." Lu-. 33, c.
it was rejected.Only the chief magistrates, 36 and S7." Suet, in Jul. 28." Plin.
1, ep. 3.
and sometimes the pontifices,had the privi-
lege Cic. Fam. 13,ep. 35.
"

of convening these assemblies. There CoMcs, the god of revelry,

feasting,and turnal
noc-
%vere only these eightof the magistrates who entertainments. During his festivals,
had the p'ower of proposing a law, the consuls, niGii and women exchanged
each other".sdress.
the dictator,the praetor,
the inlerrex,
the de- He uas represented as
a
young and drunken
*',emvirs, tiibunes,the kings,
the military and with a garlandof flowers on
man, his head,
the triumvirs. These w-ere called majores
ma- and a torch in his hand,which seemed
falling.
gisiratus ; to whom one of the minoris magis- He is more generallyseen sleeping his
upon
tratus was added, the tribune of the people. legs, and turninghimself when the heat of the
CoMius, a man appointedking over the fallingtorch scorched his side. Phil. 2, Icon. .

Attrebates, by.J.CaBsar,forhis services. Cces. "Pint. Quest.Horn.

Bell. G.4, c. 21. CoNCANi, a people of Spain,who lived
CoMMAGENE. Vid. Comagena. chiefly'
on milk mixed with horse's blood.
CoMMonus, (L Aurelius Antoninus) son of Their chief town, Concana, is now called Sayi-
M. Antoninus,succeeded his father in the Ro-
man tinala,or Cangas de onis. Virg.G. 3, v. 463.
empire.lie was naturally cruel and fond "Sil. 3, V. 361." //ora^ 3, od. 4, v. 34.
of indulginghis licentious propensities ; and
CoNCERDiA, a town belonging
to Venice
of the instructionsof philosophers.
regardless in Italy.
 CO CO

Concordia, the goddessof peace and eon- CoNSENTEs, the name which the Romans
cord at Rome, to whom gods,the Dii ma-
Camillus firstraised gave to the twelve superior
a templein the where
capitol, the magistrates
jorum gentium. The word signifies
as much

often assembled for the transaction of publicas consentitntes,that is,who consented to the
business. She had, besides this,other temples deliberationsof Japiter's council. They were
and statues, and was addressed to promote the twelve in number, whose names Ennius has
peace and union of families and citizens. Plat. briefly expressed in these lines :
in Camil. Fliyu 33, c. 1. Cic. pro Domo.
"
"
Juno, Vesta,Minerva, Ceres,Diana, Venus f
"

Olid. Fast. 1, v. 639, 1. 6, v. 637. Mars,

CoNDATE, a town of Gaul, now Rtnnes Mercurius,Jovi,JVeptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo.
{Rhedonum urhs)in Britany. Varro,de R. R.
CoNDALUs, an avaricious officer, he. Aris CoNSENTiA, now Cosenztt,a town in the
tot. Polit. country of the Brutii. Liv.S,c. 24,1. 28, c,
CoNDivicNOM, a town of Gaul,novf J^aiUts 11." Cic. Fin. 1,c. 3.
in Britany. CoNsiDius uEquus, a Roman knight,"c.
CoNDOCHATES, a vivcr of India,flowinginto Tacit. Caius,one of Pompey's adherents,
the Ganges. "c. Cas. Bell. Civ. 2, c. 23.
CoNDRusi, a people of Belgium,now Con- CoNsiLiNUM, a town of Italy. Mela, 2,
drotz in Liege. C(zs.Bell. G. 4, c. 6. c. 4.

CoNDYLiA, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, Constans, a son of Constantine. Vid. Con-

C.23. stantinus.
Cone, a small island at the mouth of the CoNSTANTiA, a graud-daughtcrof the
Ister, supposedthe same as the Insula Conopon greatConstantine,who married the emperor
,
of Pliny4, c. 12." Lucan. 3, v. 200. Gratian.
CoNETODUNus and Coxu atcs, two desperate CoNSTANTiNA,a princess, wife of the em-
peror
Gauls,who raised their countrymen against Gallus. Another of the imperialfa-mily.
Rome, he. Coes. Bell. G. 7, c. 3.
CosFLUENTEs, a towu at the confluence CoNSTANTiNOPOLis, (Stttmboul)formerly
of the Moselle and Rhine, now Cohlentz. Byzantium,the capital of Thrace, a noble and
Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, as much magnificentcity,built by Constantine the
honoured among his countrymen as a mo- Great, and solemnlydedicated A. D. 330. It
Harcli. He died about 479 years B. C. was the capital of the eastern Roman empire,
CoNGEDUs,a river of Spain. Martial. 1,ep. and was called,afteritsfoundation,i?oma novUf
50, V. 9. on account of its greatness,
which seemed to
CoNiACi, a people of Spain, at the head rival Rome. The beautyof itssituation, with
of the Iberus. Strah. 3. allitsconveniences,have been the admiration
CoNiMBRicA, a town of Spain,now Coim- of every age. Constantinople became longthe
bra of Portugal. asylumof science and of learned men, but upon
CoNiSALTUS; a god worshipped at Athens, itsconquest by Mahomet the II. 28th of May,
with the same ceremonies as Priapusat Lamp- 1453, the professors retired from the barbari-ty
sacus. Strab. 3. of their victors, and found in Italy the pro-
tection
CoNisci, a peopleof Spain. which their learningdeserved. This
CoNNiUAS, the preceptor of Theseus, in migration was highly favourable to the cause of
whose honour the Athenians instituted a festi- val science, and whilst the Pope, the head of the
called Connideia. It was then usual to house of Medicis,and the emperor, cently
munifi-
sacrifice to him a ram. Plut. in Tlits. supportedthe fugitives, other princes
CowoN, a famous generalof Athens, son of imitated their example,and equallycontribut- ed
Timotheus. He was made gov^ernor of all the to the revival of literature in Europe.
islands of the Athenians,and was defeated CoNSTANTiNUs, sumamcd the Great, from
in a naval battle by Lysander,near the JEgos- the greatnessof his exploits, was son of Con-
potamos. He retired in voluntarybanish- ment stantius. As soon as he became independent,
to Evagorasking of Cyprus,and after- wards he assumed the title of Augustus, and made
to Artaxerxes kingof Persia, by whose as- war
sistance against Licinius,his brother-in-law, and
he freed iiiscountry from slaveiy. He colleague on the throne,because he was cruel
defeated the Spartansnear gagementand
Cuidos, in an en- ambitious. He conquered him, and
where Pisander,the enemy's admi- ral, obligedhim to lay aside the imperial power.
was killed. By his means the Athenians It is said,that as he was going to fight against
fortified their citywith a strongwall, and at- temptedMaxentius,one of his rivals, he saw a cross in
to recover Ionia and iEolia. He was the sky,with this inscription, "" tojtui
vux, in hoc
perfidiously betrayedby a Persian, and died vince. F'rom this circumstance he became a
in prison, B. C. 393. C. JVep.in vilci Plut. convert to Christianity,
"
and obtained an easy
in Lys. ^- Artax. Isocrates.
" A Greek victory,
tronomer
as- ever after adopting a cross or labarwn

of Samos, who, to gainthe favour of as his standard. After the death of Diocletian,
Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the Maximinian, Maxentius,Maximinus, and Li- cinius,
queen'slocks, which had been dedicated in who had reignedtogether, thoughin a
the temple of Venus, and had since disappear-
ed, subordinate manner, Constantine became sole
were become a constellation. He was timate
in- emperor, and began to reform tlie state. He
with Archimedes, and flourished 247 B. founded a cityin a most eligible situation,
C. Catul. Gl."Virg.Ed. 3, v. 40. cian where old Byzantium formerly
A Gre- stood,and cal-
led
mythologist, in the age of Julius Caesar, it by his own name. Const anlinopolia.
who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, Thither he transported part of the Roman ate
sen-

stillextant, preservedby Photius. There ; and by keepinghis court there, he made

was a treatise written on Italyby a man of itthe rivalofRome; in population and mngnifi-
the same name.
 CO CO
cence. From that time the two imperial ties tafors of the games.
ci- They were first
institu-
ted
began to look upon each other with an eye by Romulus. Some say, however, that
of envy ; and soon aJfter the age of Constantine, Romulus onlyregulated and re-institutedthem
a separation was made of the two empires,after theyhad been before established byEvan-
and Rome was called the capital of the west-
ern, der. Duringthe celebi-ation, which happened
and Constantinopolis was called the ca-
pital about the middle of August,horses,mules,and
of the eastern dominions of Rome. The asses, were exempted from all labours,and
has been distinguished for personalwere led through the streets adorned with
emperor
and praised for the protectionhe ex-
tended garlands and flowers. Auson. 69, v. 9. Ovid.
"

courage,
to the christians. He at firstpersecutedFast. 3, V. 199. Liv. 1,c. 9. Dionys.
"
" Hal.
the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their Consul, a magistrate at Rome, withTegal

opinions. His murder of his son Crispushas authority for the space of one year. There
been desei-vedly censured. By removing the were two consuls, a consulendo, annually
Roman legionsfrom the garrisons on ers, chosen in the Campus Martins.
the riv- The two first
he opened an easy passage to the barba-
rians, consuls were L. Jun. Brutus,and L. Taiquini-
and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. us Collatinus, chosen A. U. C. 244, after the
He defeated 100,000Goths, and received into expulsion of the Tarquins. In the firstages of
his territories300,000 Sarmatians, who had the republic, the two consuls were alwayscho-
sen
been banishedbytheir slaves,and allowed them from patrician families, or noblemen ; but
land to cultivate. Constantine was learned,and the people obtained thcprivilege, A. U. C.
well composed, 388, of electing of the consuls from their
preached, as as many sermons, one

one of which remains. He died A. D. 337, own body ; and sometimes both were plebeians.
after a reignof 31 years of the greatestglory The firstconsul among the plebeians was L.
and success. He leftthree sons, Constantinus, Sextius. It was requiredthat every candi-
date
Constance, and Constantius, among whom he for the consulship should be 43 years of
divided his empire. The first, who had age, called legitimum tempus. He was always
"aul, Spain, and Britain, for his portion,to appear at the election as a privateman,
was conquered by the armies of his brother, without a retinue;and it was requisite, before
Constance, and 'killedin the 25th year of he canvassed for the office, to have discharged
bis age, A. D. 340. Magnentius,the go- the inferior functions of quasstor,edile,and
vernor
of the provinces of Rhastia,murdered praetor. Sometimes these qualifications were

Constance in his bed, after a reignof 13 years disregarded.Val. Corvinus was made a con-
sul

over Italy,Africa,and Illyricum stantius, in his 23d year, and Scipioin his 24th.
; and Con-
the only surviving brother,now come Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus,
be- were
the sole emperor, A. D. 353, punishedalso under the proper age when they werei
his brother's murderer, and gave way to cru- elty invested with the office, and Pompey had ne- ver

and oppression.He visited Rome, where been quaestoror praetor. The power of
he displayed a triumph, and died in his march the consuls was unbounded, and they knew
against Julian, who had been proclaimedin- dependent
no superior but the gods and the laws : but
emperor by his soldiers. The after the expiration of their office, their con-
duct

name of Constantine was very common to the was minutelyscrutinized by the people,
emperors of the east, in a later period. A and misbehaviour was often punished by tlie
private soldier in Britain,raised on account of laws. The badge of their office was the prce-
insname to the imperialdignity. A ge- neraltexta, a robe fringed with purple,afterwards
of Belisarius. exchanged for the toga pictaor palmata.
Constantius Chlorus, son of Eutropius,They were precededby 12 lictors,cai-rying
and father of the great Constantine, merit- ed the fascesor bundle of sticks,in the middle
the title of Ciesar, which he obtained, of which appeared an ax. The ax, being
by his victories in Britain and Germany. the characteristic rather of tyranny than of
He became the colleague of Galerius,on the freedom, was taken away from the fasces by
abdication of Diocletian ; and after bearing Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his
the character of a humane and benevolent successor. The consuls took it by turns,
he died at York, and mads his son monthly, to be precededby the lictors while
Srince,
is successor, A. D. 306. The second son at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons
of Constantine the Great. Vid. Constan-
tinus. with the badges of royalauthority, should
The father of Julian and Gallus, raise apprehensions in the multitude. While
was son of Coiif;lantius by Theodora, and one appeared publicly in state, only a crier
died A. ]). 337. A Roman general of walked before the other, and the lictors fol- lowed
Nyssa, who married Placidia, the sister of behind without the fasces. Their
Honorius, and was proclaimedemperor, an authoritywas equal; yet the Valerian law
honour he enjoyed only seven months. He gave the right of priorityto the older,and
died universally regretted, 421 A. D. and was the Julian law to him vvho had the most
succeeded by his son V^alentinian in the \vett. children,and he was generally called consul
One of the servants of Attila. major or prior. As their power was absolute,
CoNSUAi.ES LuDi, or CoNsuALiA, festivals theypresidedover the senate, and could con- vene
at Rome in honour of Consus, llie god of and dismiss itat pleasure.The senators
counsel, Avhose altar Romulus discovered were their counsellors ; and among the Ro-
mans,
under the ground. This altar was always co-
vered the manner of reckoning their years
except at the festival,when a mule was was by the name of the consuls,and by M.
sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhi-
bited Tail. Cicerone ^ L. Antonio Consulibus, for
in honour of INeptune.It was during instance, the year of Rome 691 was alwaysun-derstood.
these festivalsthat Romulus carried away the This custom lasted from the year
Sabine women who had assembled to be spec- of Rome 244 tillthe 1294,or 541"t year
year
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of the christianera, when the consular office 248. Sp. Lartius;T. Hcrminius. ries
Victo-
was totally suppressed by Justinian. In public obtained over the Sabines.
assemblies the consuls sat in ivorychairs, and 249. M. Valerius ; P. Postumius. Wars with
held in their hands an ivory wand, called the Sabines continued.
scipio eburneus,which had an eagleon itstop, 250. P. Valerius 4 ; T. Lucretius 2.
as a sign of dignity and power. When they 2oL Agrippa Menenius ; P. Postumius 2.
had drawn by lot the provinces over which The death of Publicola.
they were to preside duringtheir consulship, 252. OpiterVirginius ; Sp. Cassius. Sa-bine
they went to the capitol to offer their prayers war.

to the gods,and entreat them to protect the 253. Postumius Cominius ; T. Lartius. A
republic; after this they departed from the conspiracy of slaves at Rome.
city, arrayedin their military dress,and pre-ceded 254. Serv. Sulpicius ; Marcus TuUius.
by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces 255. P. Veturius Geminusj T. Abulias
were assignedthem, without drawingby lot, Elva.
]"y the will and appointmentof the senators. 256. T. Lartius 2 ; L. Cloelius. War with
At their departure, theywere providedby the the Latins.
state with whatever was requisite duringtheir 257. A. Sempronius Atratinus ; M. Mi-
expedition. In their provinces they were both nucius.
attended by the 12 lictors, and equallyinvest-
ed 258. Aulus Postumius; Tit. Virginius.
with legal authority.They were mittedThe battle of Regillae.
not per-
to return to Rome without the special 259. Ap. Claudius ; P. Servilius. War with
command of the senate, and theyalwaysre- mained the Volsci.

in the provincetillthe arrival of their 260. A. Virginius ; T. Veturius. The dis*

successor. At their return they harangued satisfiedpeopleretired to Mons Sacer.
the people,and solemnlyprotested that they 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Sp. Cassius
had done nothingagainst the laws or interest 2. A reconciliation between the senate and
of their country, but had faithfully gentlypeople,and the election of the tribunes.
and dili-
endeavoured to promote the greatness 262. T. Geganius; P. Minucius. A famine
and welfare of the state. No man could be at Rome.
consul two following years 5 yet this institu-
tion 263. M. Minucius 2 ; Aul. Sempronius 2.
was sometimes broken ; and we find Ma- The haughtybehaviour of Coriolanus to the
Hus re-elected consul, after the expiration of populace.
bis oflSce, duringthe Cimbrian war. The office 264. Q. Sulpitius Camerinus; Sp. Lartius
of consul,so dignified duringthe times of the Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci.
commonwealth, became a mere title under 265. C. Julius;P. Pinarius. The Volsci
the emperors, and retained nothingof itsau- thority make declarations of war.
but the useless ensigns of original nity. 266. Sp.Nautius ; Sex. Furius. Coriolanus
dig-
Even the office of consul, which was forms the siegeof Rome. He retires at the
originally annual, was reduced to two or entreaties of his mother and wife,and dies.
three months by J. Caesar: but they who 267. T. Sicinius ; C. Aquilius.The Volsci
were the firstof January denomi-
admitted on nated defeated.
the year,
and were called ordinarii. 268. Sp. Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius.
Their successors, duringthe year, were dis- Cassius aspu-es to tyranny.
tinguished
by the name of sufftcti. Tiberius 269. Serv. Cornelius ; Q. Fabius. Cassius
and Claudius abridged the time of the consul-
ship, is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian
and the emperor Commodus made no rock.
less than 25 consuls in one year. Constan- 270. L. jEmilius;Caesio Fabius. The
tine the Great renewed the original tion,
institu- iEquiand Volsci defeated.
and permitted them to be a whole year in 271. M. Fabius; L.Valerius.
office. Here is annexed a listof the consuls 272. Q. Fabius 2 ; C. Julius. War with the
from the establishment of the consular power j3Equi.
to the battle of Actium, in which it may be 273. Caesio Fabius 2 ; Sp.Furius. War tinued
con-
said that the authority of the consuls was tally
to- with the iEquiand Veientes.
extinguished. 274. M. Fabius 2 ; Cn. Manlius, Victory
The firstconsuls chosen about the mid-
two dle over tlieHernici.
of June, A. U. C. 244,were L. Jun. Brutus, 275. Caesio Fabius 3 ; A. Virginius.The
and L. Tarq.Collatinus. CoUatinus retired march of the Fabii to the river Cremera.
from Rome as beingof the familyof the Tar- 276. L. iEmilius 2 ; C. Servilius. The wars
quins,and Pub. Valerius was chosen in his continued against the neighbouring states.
room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Sp. 277. C. Horatius ; T. Menenius. The de-
feat
Lucretius was elected to succeed him ; and and death of the 300 Fabii.
after the death of Lucretius,Marcus Horatius 278. Sp. Servilius; Aul. Virginius. nius
Mene-
was chosen for the rest of the year with Vale-rius brought to his trial for the defeat of the
Publicola. The first consulshiplasted armies under him.
about 16 months, during which the Romans 279. C. Nautiu's ; P. Valerius.
foughtagainst the Tarquins,and the capitol 280. L. Furius ; C. Manlius. A trace of 40
dedicated. to the Veientes.
was years granted
A. IJ. C. 246. Pub. Valerius Publicola 2. 281. L. jilmiliusS; Virginius or Vopiscus
Tit. Lucretius. Porsenna supported the Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered iu
claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Co- des, his bed for his seditions.
Scaevola, and Clcelia. 282. L. Pinai'ius ; P. Furius.
247. P. Lucretius,or M. Horatius ; P. Va- 283. Ap. Claudius ; T. Quintius. The Ro-
man
ier.Publicola 3. The vain effortsof na
Porsen- themselves to be defeated l/y
sttfter
army
continued,
 CO CO
the Volsci, on account of theirhatred to Ap- 312. M. Fabius Vibulanusj Postumius JEbu-

plus, while his colleague is boldly and cheer- tins Cornicen.

fiillyobeyed against the .^qui. 313. C. Furius Pacilus ; M. PapirinS Cra*-
284. L. Valerius 2 Tib. iEmilius.
.
Appius sus.
is cited to take his trialbefore the people, and 314. P. GeganiusMacerinus;L. Menenius
dies before the day of trial. Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Maelius at-
tempts
285. T. Nuraicius Priscus ; A. Virginias. to make himself king.
286. T. Quintius2; Q. Servilius. 815. T. Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa
387. Tib. iEmilius 2 ; Q. Fabius. Menenius Lanatus.
288. Q. Servilius 2 ; Sp.Postumius. 316. Manercus .^milius;T. Quintus; L.
289. Q. Fabius 2; T. Quintius 3. In the JuliuSi Military tribunes.
Census made this year, which the nintii, 317. M. Geganius Macerinus;
was
SergiusFide-
there were found 124, 214 citizens in Rome. nas. Tolumnius, kingof the Vaientes,killed
290. Aul. Postumius ; Sp.Fiirius. by Cossus, who takes the second royalspoils
291. L. ^butius ; P. Servilius. A plaguecalled Opima.
at Rome. 318. M. Cornelius Maluginensis ; L. Papirius
292. T. Lucretius Tricipltinus ; T. Veturius Crassus.
Geminus. 319. C. Julius;L. Virginius. f*'
293. P. Volumnius ; Serv. Sulpicius.ful
Dread- 320. C. Julius 2 ; L. Virginius 2. The du- } ,;
prodigies at Rome, and seditions. ration of the censorship limited to IS months.
294. C. Claudius P. Valerius 2. A Sabine
',
321. M. Fabius Vibulanus ; M. Fossius ; L.
seizes the capitol, and is defeated and killed. SergiusFidenas. Militarytribunes.
Valerius is killedin an engagement,and Cin- 322. L. Pinarius Mamercus ; L. Furius Me-
cinnatus is taken from the ploughand made dullinus ; Sp. Postumius Albus. bunes.
tri- Military
dictator; he the
quelled dissentionsat Rome,
and returned to his farm. 323. T. Quintius Cincinnatus ; C. Julius
295. Q. Fabius 3 ; L. Cornelius. The cen-
sus Manto ; consuls. A victory over the Veiente*
made the Romans amount to 132,049. and Fidenates by the dictator Posthumius.
296. L. Minucius ; C Nautius 2. Minucius 324. C. PapiriusCrassus ; L. Julius.
is besieged in his camp by the iEqui; and Cin- 325. L. SergiusFidenas 2 ; Host. Lucret.
delivers him, Tricipitinus.
cinnatus,beingelected dictator,
obtains a victory, and laysdown his power 16 326. A. Cornelius Cossus ; T. Quintius Pen-
days afterhis election. nus 2,
297. Q. Minucius ; C. Horatius. War with 327. ServiliusAhala ; L. PapiriusMugilla-
nus
the ^qui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected 2.
instead of five. 328. T. Quintius Pennus ; C. Furius ; M.
298. M. Valerius ; Sp.Virginius. Posthumius ; A. Corn. Cossus. Militarytri-bunes,
299. T. Romilius ; C. Veturius. all of patrician families. Victory over
300. Sp.Tarpeius; A. Aterius. the Veientes.
301. P. Curiatius ; Sex. Quintilius. 329. A. SemproniusAtratinus ; L. Quintius
302: C. Menenius ; P. Cestius Capitolinus. Cincinnatus; L. Furius Medullinus;L. He- rat.
The Decemvirs reduce the laws into twelve Barbatus.
tables. 330. A. Claudius Crassus, ".c. Military
303. Ap. Claudius ; T. Genutius ; P. Ces- tius, tribunes.
".C. The Decemvirs assume the reins of 331. C. Sempronius Atratinus ; Q. Fabius
government, and preside with consular power. Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much faction
dissatis-
304 and 305. Ap. Claudius ; Q. Fabius Vi- to the people.
bulanus ; M. Cornelius, ",c. The Decemvirs 332. L. Manlius Capitolinus, ".c. Military
continued. They act with violence. Appius tribunes.
endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; T. Q.
is killed by her father. The Decemvirs ished. Capitolinus.
abol-
Valerius Potitus and M. Horatius Bar- 334. L. Q. Cincinnatus 3 ; L. Furius Medul- linus
batus are created consuls for the rest of the 2; M. Manlius;A, Sempronius Atrati- nus.
year. Appiusis summoned to take his trial. Military tribunes.
He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decem-
virs 335. A. Menenius Lanatus, ";c. Military
are banished. tribunes.
306. Lart. Herminius ; T. Virginius. 336. L. Sergius Fidenas;M. Papirius Mu-
gillanus
307. M. Geganius Macerinus ; C. Julius. ; C. Servilius.
Domestic troubles. 337. A. Menenius Lanatus 2,";c.
308. T. Quintius Capitolinus 4 ; Agrippa 338. A. SemproniusAtratinus 3, Lc.
Furius. The iEqui and Volsci come ueai* to 339. P. Cornelius CossusjJsic.
the gatesof Rome, and are defeated. 340. Cn. Corn. Cossus,"c. One of the mili-
tary
309. M. Genucius ; C. Curlius. A law tribunes stoned to death by the
army.
passedto permitthe patrician and plebeian milies341. M. Corn. Cossus ; L. Furius Medulli-
fa- nus,
to intermaiTy. Consuls. Domestic seditions.
310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of 342. Q. Fabius Ambustus ; C. Furius Pacilus.
consuls. The plebeians admitted among them. 343. M. Papirius Atratinus ; C. Nautius Ru-
The first were A. Serapronius ; L. Atilius ; lilus,
T. Cloelius. They abdicated three months af- ter 344. Mamercus iEmilius ; C. Valerius Po- titus.
their election, and consuls were againcho-
sen,
L. PapiriusMugillanus ; S. Sempronius 345. Cn. Corn. Cossus ; L#Turius Medulli- nus
Atralinus. 2. Plebeians for the first time quaestors.
311. M. Geganius Macerinus 2 : T. Quintius 346. C. Juiius, Sjc. Military tribunes. J

Capitolinus
". The iHStituted.
censorship ;
 CO CO
347. L. Furius MeduUinus, "c. Military 383. L. Furius,"c.
tribunes. 384. Q. Servilius ; C. Veturius,he. Tea
348. P. and Cn. Comelii Cossi,".c. Militarymagistrates are chosen to take care of the Si-
bylline
tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first books.
received pay. 385. L. Q- Capitolinus ; Sp. Servilius, "c.
349. T. Quintius Capitolinu.s, "c. Military 386. Accordingto some writers,Camillus
tribunes. The siege of Veii begun. thisyear was sole dictator, without consuls or
350. C. Valerius Potitus,he. Military tri- tribunes.
bunes.
387. A. Cornelius Cossus ; L. Vetur. Cras-
351. Manlius jEmilius Mamercinus, fcc. sus, he. The Gauls defeated by Camillus,
The Roman cavaliybeginto receive pay. One of the consuls for the future to be elected
352. C. Servilius Ahala, cic. A defeat at from among the plebeians.
Veii,occasioned by a quarrel between two of 388. L. -Srailius, patrician ; L. Sextius,pie.
the military tribunes. beian ; consuls. The offices of
praetorand
353. L. Valerius Potitus 4 ; M. Furius Ca- Curule iEdile, granted to the senate by the
millus 2; "c. A military tribune chosen from people.
among the plebeians. 389. L. Genucius ; Q. Servilius. Camillus
354. P. Licinius Calvus,kc. died.
355. M. Veturius,".c. 390. Sulpitius Paeticus; C. Licinius Stolo.
356. L. Valerius Potitus 5 j M. Furius Ca- 391. Cn. Genucius;L. ^milius.
millus 3. "c. 392. Q. Serv. Ahala 2; L. Genucius 2,
357. L. Julius lulus,"c. Curtius devotes himself to the Dii manes.
358. P. Licinius,he. Camillus declared 393. C. Sulpicius 2 ; C. Licinius 2. Manliu*
dictator. The cityof Veii taken by means of conquers a Gaul in single battle.
a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph. 394. C. Petilius Balbus ; M. Fabius Am-
359. P. Corn. Cossus, he. The people bustus.
wished to remove to Veii. 395. M, Popilius Laenas ; C, Manlius 2,
3"50. M. Furius Camillus, he. Falisci sur-
rendered 396. C Fabius; C. Plautius. Gauls defeat-
ed.
to the Romans.
361. L. Lucret. Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius 397. C. Marcius ; Cn. Manlius 2.
Camerinus, consuls, afterRome had been go- verned 398. M. Fabius Ambustus 2; M. Popilius
by military tribunes for 15 successive Laenas 2. A dictator elected from the plebei- ans
years. Camillus strongly opposes the remov-
ing for the firsttime.
to Veii;and itis rejected. 399. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 3 ; M. Valerias
362. L. Valerius Potitus; M. Manlius. One Poplicola;both of patrician families.
of the censors dies. 400. M. Fabius Ambustus 3 ; T. Quintius.
363. L. Lucretius,he. Militarytribunes. 401. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 4; M. Valerius
A strangevoice heard, which foretold the ap- Poplicola3.
proach
of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banish-
ment 402. M. Valerius Poplicola 4; C. Marcias
to Ardea. The Gauls besiegeClusium, Rutilus.
and soon after march towards Rome. 403. Q. Sulpicius Paeticus 5 ; T. Q. Pennus.
364. Three Fabii militarytribunes. The A censor elected for the firsttime from the
Romans defeated at Allia by the Gauls. The plebeians.
Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camil-
lus 404. M. Popilius Laenas 3 ; L. Corn. Scipio.
declared dictator by the senate, who had 405. L. Furius Camillus ; Ap. Claudius
retired into the capitol.The geese save the Crassus, Velerius, surnamed Corvinus, after
capitol, and Camillus suddenlycomes and de-
featsconquering a Gaul.

the Gauls. 406. M. Valer. Corvus ; M. Popilius Laenas

365. L. Valerius Poplicola 3 ; L. Virginius, 4. Corvus was elected at 23 yeai-s of age,
he. Camillus declared dictator,defeats the against the standinglaw. A treatyof amity
Volsci,Jiqui,and Tuscans. concluded with Carthage.
366. T. Q. Cincinnatus; Q. Servilius Fide- 407. T. Manlius Torquatus; C. Plautius.
nas; L.Julius lulus. 408. M. Valerius Corvus 2 ; C. Paetilius.
367. L. Papirius; Cn.Sergius;L. .^milius, 409. M. Fabius Dorso ; Ser. Sulpicius Ca-
he. merinus.
368. M. Furius Camillus,he. 410. C. Marcius Rutilus ; T. Manlius Tor-
quatus.
369. A. Manlius; P. Cornelius,he. The
Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty. 411. M. Valerius Corvus 3 ; A. Corn. Cos-sus.
370. Ser. Corn. Maluginensis ; P. Valerius The Romans beginto make war against
Potitus ; M. Furius Camillus. Manlius iscon-
demned the Samnites, at the requestof tlieCampani-
and thrown down the Tarpeianrock. ans. They obtain a victory.
371. L.Valerius;A. Manlius; Ser. Sulpi-
cius, 412. C. Marcius Rutilus 4 ; Q. Servilius.
",c. 413. C. Plautius ; L. itrailius Mamercinus.
372. Sp.and L. Papirii, he. 414. T. Manlius Torquatus3; P. Decius
373. M. Furius Camillus ; L. Furius,"c. Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great
374. L. and P. Valerii. in Asia. Manlius put his son to death for
375. C. Manlius,".C. fighting against his order. Decius devotes him-
self
376. Sp.Furius, he. for the army, which obtains a great
victory
377. L. i^milius,"c. over the Latins.
378. For five years anarchy at Rome. 415. T. iEmilius Mamercinus ; Q. Publilius
379. No consuls or military tribunes elec-
ted, Philo.
380. but only for that time,L. Sexti- 416. L. Furius CanillHs ; C. Msenius. The
381. I nus ; C. Licinius Calvus ^tolo,
tri- Latins conquered.
382. j bunesof lh""people.
 CO CO
417. C. Longus ; P. ^lius Paetus.
Sulpitlus 457. Q. Fabius Maximus 4 ; P. Decius Mus
granted
The praetorship to a plebeian. 3. Wars against the Samnites.
418. L. Crassus
Papiriqs ; Caeso Duilius. 458. L. Volumnius 2 ; Ap. Claudius 2. Con-'
419. M. Valerius Corvus; M. Atilius Re- quest over the Etrurians and Samnites.

gulus. 459. Q. Fabius 5 ; P. Decius 4. Decius de-

votes
420. T. Veturius ; Sp. Posthumius. himself in a battle againstthe Samnites
421. L. Papirius Cursor; C. Paetilius Libo. and the Gauls,and the Romans obtain a victo-
ry.
422. A. Cornelius 2; Cn. Domitius.
423. M. Claudius Marcellus; C, Valerius 460. L. Postumius Megellus; M. Atilius^
Potitus. Regulus.
424. L. PapariusCrassus ; C. Plautius Ven- 461. L. Cursor;Sp.Carvilius.
Papirius tories
Vic-
no. the Samnites.
over

425. L. jEmilius Mamercinus 2; C. Plau-

tius. 462. Q. Fabius Gurges ; D. Jun. Brutus
Scaeva. Victoryover the Samnites.
426. P. Plautius Proculus;P. Corn. Sca-
pula. 463. L. Postumius 3 ; C. Jun. Brutus. JEs-
culapiusbroughtto Rome in the form of a
427. L. Corn. Lentulus ; Q. Publilius Phi- serpentfrom Epidaurus.
lo2. 464. P. Corn. Rufinus ; M. Curius Dentatus.
L. Papirius
428. C. Paetilius; Mugillanus. 465. M. Valerius Corvinus ; Q. Caedicius
429. L. Furius Camillus 2 ; D. Jun. Brutus Noctua.
Scaeva. The dictator PapiriusCursor is for 466. Q. Marcius Treraulus;P. Corn. Ar- vina.
puttingto death Fabius,his master of horse,
because he foughtin his absence,and obtain-
ed 467. M. Claudius Marcellus ; C. Nautius.
a famous victory. He pardonshim. 468. M. Valerius Potitus ; C. .Slius Paelus.
430. Accordingto some authors,there were 469. C. Claudius Caenina; M. iEmilius Le-
no consuls elected this year, but only a dicta-
tor, pidus.
L. Papirius Cursor. 470. C. Servilius Tucca ; Caecilius Metel-
431. L. Sulpicius Longus 1 ; Q. Aulius Cer- lus. War with the Senones.
retanus. 471. P. Corn. Dolabella ; C. Domitius vinus.
Cal-
432. Q. Fabius ; L. Fulvius. The Senones defeated.
433. T. Veturius Calvinus 2 ; Sp.Posthumi-
us 472. Q. iEmilius ; C. Fabricius. War with
Albinus 2. C. Pontius, the Samnite, takes Tarentum.
the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Cau- 473. L. iEmilius Barbula ; Q. Marcius. Pyr-
dium. rhus comes to assist Tarentum.
434. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Q. Publilius 474. P. Valerius Laevin*is; Tib. Coruncia-
Philo. nus. Pyrrhusconquers the consul Laevinus,
435. L. Papirius Cursor 3 ; Q. Aulius Cer- and, though victorious, sues for peace, which
retanus 2. is refused by the Roman senate. The census
436. M. Fossius Flaccinator;L. Plautius was made, and 272,222 citizens were found.
Venno. 475. P. Sulpicius Saverrio ; P. Decius Mus.
437. C. Jun. Bubulcus ; L. TEmilius Barbula. A battle with Pyrrhus.
438. Sp. Nautius ; M. Popilius. 476. C. Fabricius Lucinus2; Q. ."milius
439. L. Papirius 4 ; Q. Publilius 4. Papus 2. Pyrrhusgoes to Sicily.The treaty
440. M. Psetilius ; C. Sulpicius. between Rome and Carthage renewed.
441. L. PapiriusCursor 5; C. Jun. Bubul-cus 477. P. Corn. Rufinus; C. Jun. Brutus. Cro-
2. tona and Locri taken.
442. M. Valerius ; P. Decius. The censor 478. Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; C. Ge
Appiusmakes the Appian way and aqueducts. nucius Clepsina.Pyrrhus returns from Sicily
The familyof the Potitii extinct. to Italy.
443. C. Jun. Bubulcus 3 ; Q. iEmilius Bar- bula 479. M. Curiug Dentatus 2; L. Corn. Len-tulus.
2. Pyrrhusfinally defeated by Curius.
444. Q. Fabius 2 ; C. Martins Rutilus. 480. M. Curius Dentatus 3 ; Ser. Corn. Me-
445. Accordingto some authors,there were renda.
no consuls elected this year, but only a dicta-
tor, 481. C. Fabius Dorso ; C. Claudius Casnina
L. Papirius Cursor. 2, AnembassyfromPhiladelphus to conclude
446. Q. Fabius 3 ; P. Decius 2. an alliance with the Romans.

447. Appius Claudius ; L. Volumnius. 482. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Sp.Carvilius 2.

448. P. Corn. Arvina ; Q. Marcius Tremu- Tarentum surrenders.
lus. 483. L. Genucius; C. Quintius.
449. L. Postumius ; T. Minucius. 484. C. Genucius;Cn. Cornelius.
450. P. Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius 485. Q. OgulinusGullus ; C. Fabius Pictor.
Sophus. The JEqniconquered. Silver money coined at JRome for the first
451. L. Genucius ; Ser. Cornelius. time.
452. M. Livius; M. j^^railiiis. 486. P. SemproniusSophus;Ap. Claudius
453. Q. Fabius Maxiraus Rullianus ; M. Val. Crassus.
Corvus; not consuls,but dictators, according 487. M. Atilius Regulus; L. Julius Libo.
to some authors. Italyenjoyspeace universally.
454. M. Valerius Corvus ; Q. Apuleius. 488. Numerius Fabius;D.Junius.
The priesthood made common to the ple-
beians.489. Q. Fabius Gurges 3 ; L. Mamilius Vi-
tulus. The number of the quaestorsdoubled
455. M. Fulvius Paetinus; T. Manlius Tor- to eight.
quatus. 490. Ap. Claudius Caudex; M. Fulvius
456. L. CorneliHs ; Cn.
Scipio Fulvius. Flaccns. The Romans aid the Mamertines?
 CO CO
which occasions the firstPunic war. Appius 514. C. Claudius Centho ; M. Sempronius
defeats the Carthaginiansin Sicily.The com-
bats Tuditanus.
of gladiatorsfirstinstituted. 515. C. Mamilius Turinus; Q. Valerius
491. M. Valerius Maximus ; M. Otacilius iFalto.
Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero 516. T. SemproniusGracchus ; P. Vederius
king of Syracuse. A sun dial first put at Falto. The Carthaginians giveup Sardinia to
Rome, broughtfrom Catana. Rome.
492. L. Postumius Gemellus-,Q. Mamilius 517. L. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus;Q. Ful- vius
Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy
The total defeat of the Carthaginians. Evergetesassistance against Antiochus Theos.
493. L. Valerius Flaccus j T. Otacilius Cras- sus. 518. P. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius
Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia.
494. Cn. Corn. ScipioAsina; C. Duilius, In 519. C. Atilius Bulbus 2; T. Manlius Tor-
two months the Romans build and equip a quatus. The templeof Janus shut for the first
fleetof 120 gallies. The naval victory umph time since the reignof jNuma, about 440 years.
and tri-
of Duilius. An universal peace at Rome.
495. L.Cora. Scipio; C. AquiliusFloras, 520. L. Postumius Albinus ; Sp, Carvilius
Expeditionagainst Sardinia and Corsica. Maximus.
496. A. Attilius Calatinus ; C. Sulpicius Pa- 521. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; M.
terculus. The Carthaginians defeated in a Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy
naval battle. between Rome and Cai'thage.
497. C. AttiliusRegulus; Cn. Corn. Blasio. 522. M. -^milius Lepidus; M. Publiciu"
498. L. Manlius Vulso ; Q. Caedicius. At Malleolus.
the death of Csedicius, Matilius Regulus2, was 523. M. Pomponius Matho 2 ; C. Papirius
elected for the rest of the year. The famous Maso. The firstdivorce known at Rome.
battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls 524. M. JEmilius Barbula ; M. Junius Pera.
land in Africa. War with the Illyrians.
499. Serv. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior; M. 525. L. Postumius Albinus 2 ; Cn. Fulvius
JEmilius Paulus. Regulus,after many victo-ries Centu mains. The building of new Carthage.
in Africa, is defeated,and taken prisoner 526. Sp. CaTvilius Maximus 2 ; Q. Fabius

by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Maximus.

Carthaginians. 527. P. Valerius Flaccus; M. Attilias Re- gains.
500. Cn. Corn. ScipioAsina 2; A. Attilius Two new praetors added to the other
Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans. praetors.
501= Cn. Servilius Caepio; C. Sempronius 528. M. Valerius Messala;L. ApuUius Ful-
Blaesus. The Romans, discouraged by ship-
wrecks, lo. Italyinvaded by the Gauls. The Romans
renounce the sovereignty of the seas. could now lead into' the field of battle770,00a
502. C. Aurelius Cotta ; P. Servilius Gemi- men.

nus. Citizens capableto bear arms, amount- ed 529. L. ^milius Papus ; C. Atilius Regu- lus.
to 297,797. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clu-
503. L. Csecilius Metellus 2 ; C. Furius Pa- sium. The Romans obtain a victorynear
ttilus. The Romans begin to recover their Telamon.
power by sea 530. T. Manlius Torquatus 2 ; Q. Fulvius^
504. C. Attilius Regulus2; L. Manlius Vol- Flaccus 2. The Boii,part of the Gauls, sur-^
so 2. The Carthaginians defeated near normusrender.
Pa-
in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two 531. C. Flaminius;P. Furius Philus.

elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus 532. M. Claudius Marcellus ; Cn, Corn.
advises the Romans not to exchangeprisoners. ScipioCalvus, A new w^ar with the Gauls,
He is put to death in the most excruciating Marcellus gainsthe spoils sailed opima.
torments. 533. P. Cornelius; M. Minucius Rufus.
505. P. Clodius Pulcher ; L. Jun. Pullus. Annibal takes the command of the Carthagi-
nian
The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The armies in Spain.
Roman fleet lost in a storm. 534. L, Veturius;C. Lutatius. The Via
506. C. Aurelius Cotta 2 ; P. ServiliusGe- Flaminia built.
minus 2. 535. M. Livius Salinator; L, .^milius Pau-lus,
507. L. Csecilius Metellus 3 ; Num. Fabius War with lUyricnm,
Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222. 636. P, Cornelius Scipio;T. Sempronius
508. M. Otacilius Crassus ; M. Fabius Lici- Longus, Siegeof Saguntum,by Annibal. The
BUS. cause of the second Punic war, Annibal
509. M. Fabius Buteo ; C. Attilius Balbus. marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps.
510. A. Manlius Torquatus2; C. Sempro- nius The Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily.
Blaesus. Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Anni- bal,
511. C. Fundanius Fundulus; C. Sulpicius
Callus. A fleetbuilt by individuals at Rome. 537. Cn. Servilius; C. Flaminius 2. A fa- mous
512. C. Lutatius Catulus ; A. Postumius Al- battle near the lake Tlirasymenus,Fa- bius
binus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near is appointeddictator. Success of Cn..
the islands iEgates.Peace made between Scipioin Spain,
Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians eva- 538. C, Terentius Varro ; L. ^milius Pau- lus
c uateSicily. 2, The famous battle of Cannas, Annibal
513. Q. Lutatius Cerco ; A. Manlius Atti- marches to Capua, MarceUus beats Annibal
cus. Sicilyis made a Roman province. The near Nola. Asdrubal beginshis march towards
39th census taken. The citizens amount to Italy,and hrs army ft totallydefeated by di"
260,000. Scipies.
27
 CO CO
639. Ti. SemproniusGracchus ; Q. Fabius ; 560. P. Corn. Scipio Africanus 2 ; T, Sem-
pronius
Maximus 2. Philipof Macedonia enters into Longus. Annibal fliesto Antiochus,
an alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revoltsai561,L. CorneliusMerula; Q. Minucius Ther-
and is reconquered by P"Ianlius, The Cartha-
ginians mus. Antiochus prepares to make war against
twice beaten in Spainby Scipio. Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir
540. Q. Fabius Maximus 3; M. Claudius up the Carthaginians to take up arms.

Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges

Syracuseby 562. Q. Quintius Flamininus ; Cn. Domi-
sea and land. tius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver
541. Q. Fabius Maximus 4 ; T. Semproniusthem.
Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse con-tinued. 563. P. Corn. ScipioNasica; ManliusAci-
liusGlabrio. The success of Acilius in Greece
542. Q. Fulvius Flaccus ; Ap. Claudius Pul- against Antiochus.
cher. Syracusetaken and plundered.Sicily 564. L. Corn. Scipio; C. Laelius. The
made a Roman erously fleet of Antiochus under Annibal
province, Tarentura treach- defeated by
delivered to Aunibal. The two Scipiosthe Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio.
conqueredin Spain. 565. M. Fulvius Nobilior; Cn. Manlius
543. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus ; P. Sulpicius Vulso. War with the Gallo-grecians.
Galba. Capua besiegedand taken by the Ro-
mans. 566. M. Valerius Messala ; C. Livius Sali-
P. Scipiosent to Spainwith procon-
sular nator. Antiochus dies.
power. 567. M. ^milius Lepidus; C. Flaminius.
544. M.Claudius Marcellus 4; M.Valerius The Ligurians reduced.
Lcevinus 2. The driven
Carthaginians from 568. Sp. Postumius Albinus ; Q. Marcius
Sicily.Carthagenataken by young Scipio. Philippus, The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome.
545. Q. Fabius Maximus 5 ; Q. Fulvius Flac-
cus 569. Ap. Claudius Pulcher;M. Sempronius
4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius Tuditanus, Victories in Spainand Liguria.
takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by Scipio. 570. P. Claudius Pulcher;L. Porcius cinius.
Li-
546. M. Claudius Marcellus 5; T. Quintius Philipof Macedon sends his son De-
metrius
Crispinus.Marcellus killed in an ambuscade to Rome.
by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleetdefeated. 571. M. Claudius Marcellus;Q, Fabius La-
547. M. Claudius Nero ; M. Livius 2. beo.
drubal
As- Death of Annibal, Scipio,and Philo-
the Alps, JVero obtains some
passes pcemen. Gauls invade Italy.
advantageover Annibal. The two consuls de-
feat 572. M. Baebius Tamphilus; L. .ffimilius
Asdrubal, who is killed,and his head Paulus. Death of Philip.
thrown into Annibal's camp. The Romans 573. P. Cornelius Cethegus;M. Baebius
.
make war against Philip. Tamphilus.Expeditions against Liguria,The
548. L, Veturius ; Q. Caecilius. Scipio firstgiltstatue raised at Rome.
obtains a victoryover Asdrubal, the son of 574. A. Postumius Albinus Luscus ; C, Cal-
Gisgo, in Spain. Masinissa sides with the purniusPiso. Celtiberians defeated.
Romans. 575. Q. Fulvius Flaccus;L. Manlius Aci-
549. P, Cornelius Scipio ; P. Licinius Cras- dinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the
sus. Scipiois empowered to invade Africa. son of Philip
550. M. Cornelius Cethegus; P. Sempro-
nius 576. M. Junius Brutus ; A. Manlius Vulso.
Tuditanus, Scipiolands in Africa. The 577. C. Claudius Pulcher ; T. Sempronius
census taken, and 215,000 heads of families Gracchus. The Istrians defeated,
found in Rome. 578. Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispalus; Q. Petillius
Caepio;C. ServiliusGemi- Spurinus.
551. Cn. Servilius
nus. Scipiospreadsgeneralconsternation in 579. P. Mucius ; M. iEmilius Lepidus2.
Africa, Annibal is recalled from Italyby the 580. Sp. Postumius Albinus; Q. Mucius
Carthaginian senate. Scaevola,
552. M. Scrvilius; Ti. Claudius. Annibal 581. L. Postumius Albinus ; M. Popilius
and Scipiocome to a parley; theyprepare for Laenas,
battle. Annibaf is defeated at Zama. Scipio 582. C. PopiliusLasnas ; P. .^lius Ligur.
prepares to besiegeCarthage. War declared against Perseus.
553. Cn. Corn. Leatulus ; P" .^lius Paetus. 583. P. Licinius Crassus ; C, Cassius Longi-
Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio nus. Perseus gains some advantage over the
triumphs. Romans.
554. P. SulpiciusGalba 2; C. Aurelius 584. A, Hostilius Mancinus; A, Atilius
Cotia. War with the Macedonians. Serranus.
555. L. Corn. Lentulus;P. Villius Tapu- 685. Q. Mai-cius Philippus
2 ; Cn. Servilius
lus. The Macedonian war continued. Caepio. The campaign in Macedonia.
556. Sex. JEUus Partus ; T. Quintius Flami- 586. L. /Emilius Paulus 2; C. Licinius Cras-
sus.
nius. Philip defeated by Quintius. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner
557. C. Corn. Cethegus; Q. Minucius Ru- by Paulus.
fus. Philip is defeated. Quintius 587. Q. MUus Paetus ; M. Junius Pennus.
grants him
peace. 588. M. Claudius Marcellus ; C. Sulpicius
558. L, Furius Purjiureo ; M. Claudius Galba.
Marcellus. The independenceof Greece
claimed 589. Cn. Octavius Nepos; T. Manlius Tor-
pro-
by Flamininus,at the Isthmian games. quatus.
559. L. Valerius Flaccus ; M. Porcius Ca- 590. Aulus Manlius ; Q. Cassiu*
Torquatus
to. Quintius regulates the affairsof Greece. Longus.
Cato's victories in Spain,and triumph. The 591. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus ; M. Juven-
Romans demand Annibal from the Cartha-
ginians, cius Phalna.
"92. P. Corn. ScipioNasica ; C. Marcius
 CO CO
Figulus.Demetrius fliesfrom Rome, and is 627. L. Cassius Longus ; L. Cornelius Cin'
made king of Syria. na. A revolt of slaves in Sicily.
593. M.Valerius Messala; C. Fannius Strabo. 628. L. jEmilius Lepidus; L. Aurelius
694. L. Anicius Gallus; M. Corn. Cethegus.Orestes.
595. C. Cornelius Dolabella; M. Fulvius 629. M. Plautius Hypsaeus; M. Fulvius
Nobilior. Flaccus.
596. M. ./Emilius Lepidus; C. Popilius Lae- 630. C. Cassius Longinus; L. Sextius Cal-
nas. vinus.
597. Sex. Jul. Caesar;L. Aurelius Orestes, 631. Q. Caecilius Metellus; T. Quintius
War against the Dalmatians. Flamininus.
598. L. Corn. Lentulus Lupus; C. Marcius 632. C. Fannius Strabo : Cn. Domitius
Figulus2. Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Grac*
599. P. Corn. ScipioNasicaS; M. Claudius chus.
Marcellus 2. 633. Lucius Opimius; Q. Fabius Majtimus.
600. Q. Opimius Nepos; L. Fostumius Al- The unfortunate end of Caius Gracchus. The
binus. Allobroges defeated.
601. Q. Fulvius Nobilior;T. Annius Lus- 634. P. Manlius Nepos ; C. PapiriusCarbo.
cus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain. 635. L. Caecilius Metellus Calvus; L. Au-
relius
602. M. Claudius Marcellus 3; L. Valerius Cotta.
Flaccus. 636. M. Fortius Cato ; Q. Marcius Rex.
603. L. Licinius Lucullus;A. Posthumius 637. L" Caecilius Metellus;Q. Mutius Scae-
Albinus. vola.
604. T.Quintius Flamininus ; M. Acilius Bal- 638. C. Licinius Geta ; Q. Fabius Maximus
bus. War between the Carthaginians and Eburnus.
Masinissa. 639. M, Caecilius Metellus; M. ^milius
605. L. Marcius Censorinus: M. Manilius Scaurus.
Nepos. The Romans declare war against Car-
thage. 640. M. Acilius Balbus ; C. Fortius Cato.
The Carthaginians wish to accept the 641. C. Caecilius Metellus; Cn. Papirius
hard conditions which are imposedupon them; Carbo.
but the Romans say that Carthagemust be 642. M. Livius Drusus ; L. Calpurnius Piso .

destroyed. The Romans declare war against Jugurtha.

606. Sp. Postumius Albinus ; L. Calpernius 643. P. ScipioNasica ; L. Calpurnius Bes-
Piso. Carthagebesieged. tia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by Ju-gurtha.
607. P. Corn. Scipio; C. Livius Drusus.
The siegeof Carthage continued with vigour 644. M. Minucius Rufus ; Sp. Postumius
by Scipio. Albinus.
608. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus; L. Mummius. 645. Q. Caecilius Metellus ; M. Junius Sila-
and
Carthagesurrenders, is destroyed.Mum-
mius nus. Success of Metellus v.gainst Jugurtha.
takes and burns Corinth. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba ; M. Aurelius
609. Q. Fabius iEmilianus ; L. Hostilius Scaurus. Metellus continues the war.
Mancinius. 647. C. Marius; L. Cassius. The war a-

610. Ser. Sulpicius Galba;L. Aurelius Cotta. gainstJugurthacontinued with vigourby Ma- rius.
611. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; Q. Caecilius
Metellas Macedonicus War against the Cel- 648. C. Atilius Serranus ; Q.' Servilius Cae-
pio.
liberians. Jugurthabetrayedby Bocchus into the
612. L. Metellus Calvus ; Q. Fabius Maxi- hands of Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius.
mus Servilianus. 649. P. Rutilius Rufus; Corn. Manlius
613. Q, Pompeius ; C. Servilius Caepio. Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha.
614. C. Laelius Sapiens; Q. Servilius Caspio.Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri
The wars with Viriatus. and Teutones.
615. M. PopiliusLeenas; Cn. Calpurnius 650. G. Marius 2 ; C. Flavins Fimbria. The
Piso. Cimbri march towards Spain.
616. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; D. Junius 651. C. Marius3; L. Aurelius Orestes. The
Brutus. The two consuls imprisonedby the Cimbri defeated in Spain.
tribunes. 652. C. Marius 4; Q. Lutatius Catulus. The
617. M. ^milius Lepidus; C. Hostilius Teutones totally defeated by Marius.
Mancinus. Wars against Nuraantia. 653. C. Marius 5; M. Aquillius. The Cim-
bri
618. P.Furius Philus;Sex. Atilius Serranus. enter Italy,and are defeated by Mai'iusand
619. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus; Q. CalpurniusCatulus.
Piso. 654. C. Marius 6 ; L. Valerius Flaccus.
620. P. Corn. Scipio2; C. Fulvius Flaccus. Factions against Metellus.
621. P. Mucins Scavola; L. Calpurnius 655. M. Antonius; A. Postumius Albinus.
Piso Frugi. IVumautia surrenders to Scipio,Metellus is gloriously recalled.
and is entirely demolished. The seditions of 656. L. Caecilius Metellus Nepos;T. Didius.
Ti. Gracchus at Rome. 657. Cn. Corn Lentulus ;P. Licinius Crassus.
622. P. Popilius Laenas;P. Rupilus. 658. Cn. jDomitiusAhenobarbus ; C. Cas-
sius
623. P. Licinius Crassus ; L. Valerius Flac-
cus. Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left
by will to the Roman people.
624. C. Claudius Pulcher; M. Perponna. 669. L. Luciuius Crassus ; Q. Mucins Scse-
In the census are found 313,823 citizejis. voia. Seditions of Norbanus.
625. C. Sempronius Tudltanus;M. Aqui- 660. C. Ccelius Caldus ; L. Domitius Ahe- nobarbus.
lius Nepos.,
626. Cn. Octavius JSepos; T. Annius Luscus, 661. C. Valerius Flaccus; M, Herennius
 CO CO
Sylla
exhibited a combat of 100 lidnswith men
Lnculhig defeats Tigraneskingof Armenia?
in the circus. and meditates the invasion of Parthia.
662. C. Claudius Pulcher ; M. Perpenna. 686. Q. Martins Rex ; L, Caecilius Metellus.
The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithri-
dates
Rome. and Tigranes.
663. L. Marcius Philippus ; Sex. Julius Cae-
sar. 687. M. Acilias Glabrio ; C. CalpurniusPi-
The alliesprepare to revolt. so. Lucullus fallsunder the displeasureof his
664. M. Julius Caesar;P. Rutilius Rufus. troops,who partlydesert him. Pompey goes
Wars with the Marsi. against the pirates.
665. Cn, Pompeius Strabo;L.Portius Ca- 688. M. ^milius Lepidus; L. Volcatus Tul-
to. The greatvalour of Sylla, surnamed the lus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish th"
Fortunate. Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy.
666. L. Cornelius Sylla; Q. Pompeius fus.
Ru- 689. L. Aurelius Cotta ; L. Manlius Torqua-
Sylla
appointedto the Mithrida- tus.
conduct Success of Pompey in Asia.
tic war. Marius is empowered to supersede 690. L. Julius Caesar ; C. Martins Figulus.
him ; upon which Syllareturns to Rome with Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there.
his army, and takes it,and has Marius and his 691. M. Tullius Cicero ; C. Antonius. thridates
Mi-
adherents judged as enemies. poisonshimself. Catiline conspire*
667. Cn. Octavius ; L. Cornelius Cinna. Cin- against tlie state. Cicero discovers the con-
spiracy,

na endeavours to recall Marius,and is expelled. and punishesthe adherents.

Marius returns, and, with Cinna, mai'ches 692. D. Junius Silanus ; L, Licinius Murae-
Rome.
against Civil wars and slaughter. na. Pompey triumphsover the pirates, thridates,
Mi-
668. C. Marius 7; L. Cornelius Cinna 2. Tigranes, and Aristobulus.
Marius died,and L, Valerius Flaccus was sen
cho- 693. M, PuppiusPiso ; M. Valerius Massala
in his room. The Mithridatic war. Niger.
669. L. Cornelius Cinna 3; Cn. Papirius 694. L. Afranius ; Q. Metellus Celer, A
Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by reconciliation between Crassus,Pompey, and
Sylla. Caesar.
670. L. Cornelius Cinna 4; Cn. Papirius 695. C. Jul. Ca3sar ; M. CalpurniusBibulin.
"!^arbo 2. Peace with Mithridates. Caesar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and
671. L. Corn. ScipioAsiaticus ; C. Nor- is sole consul. He obtains the government of
banus. The capitolburnt. Pompey joins Gaul for five years.
Sylla. 696. C, CalpurniusPiso ; A. Gabinius Pau-
672. C. Marius ; Cn. Papirius vil lus, Cicero banished
Carbo 8. Ci- by means of Clodius.
wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla.Cato goes againstPtolemy king of Cyprus. ,

Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla,who Successes of Caesar in Gaul.

makes himself dictator. 697. P. Com, Lentulus Spinther;Q. Caeci-
lius
673. M. TuUius Decula ; Cn. Cornelius Do- Metellus
Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cae- sar's
labella. Syllaweakens and circumscribes the and victories.
success

power of the tinbunes. Pompey triumphs 698. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Mai'cellinus ; L.
over Africa. Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cae-
sar,
674. L. Corn. SyllaFelix 2; Q. Cacilius Pompey, and Crassus.
Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates, 699. Cn. Pomperas Magnus 2 ; M. Licinius
675. P. Servilius Vatia ; Ap. Claudius Pul-
cher. Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cse-
Syllaabdicates the dictatorship. sar continued for five years more in the ad-
ministration
676. M. iEmilius Lepidus; Q. Lutatius Ca- of Ganh His conquestof Britain.
tulus. Sylladies. 700. L, Domitius Ahenobarbus ; Ap. Clau-
dius
677. D. Junius Brutus ; Mamercus jJ^milius Pulcher. Great victories of Caesar.
LepidusLevianus. A civil war between pidus
Le- 701. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; M. Valerius
and Catulus. Pompey goes against Ser- Messala, Crassus defeated and slain in Par- thia.
toriusin Spain. Milo killsClodius.
678. Cn. Octavius ; M. Scribonius Curio. 702. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 3 ; the only con- sul.

Sertorius defeated. He afterwards took for colleague, Q,

679. L. Octavius ; C. Aurelius Cotta. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the
thridates
Mi-
and Sertorius make a treatyof al- Gauls crushed by Caesar.
liance
together. Sertorius murdered penna. 703. Ser. Sulpicius
by Per- Rufus ; M. Claudius
Marcellus, Rise of the jealousybetween Ca2-
680. L. Licinius LucuUus ; M. Aurelius Cot-
ta. sar and Pompey.
Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war. 704. L. iEmilius Paulus; P Claudius Mar- cellus.
681. M. Terentius Varro Lucullus ; C. Cas- Cicero pro-consul of Cilicia. Increase
"ius Varus Spartacus. The gladiators make of the ditFerences between Caesar and Pom-
pey.
head against the Romans with much success,
682. L. Gellius Poplicola ; Cn. Corn. Len- 705. C. Claudius Marcellus;L. Cornelius
tulus Clodiaaus. Victories of Spai'tacus Lentulus.
over Caesar begins the civil war, pey
Pom-
three Roman generals. fliesfrom Rome, Cajsar made dictator.
683. Cn. Aufidius Orestes ; P, Corn. Lentu- 706. C. Julius Caesar 2 ; P. Cervilius Isauri-
lus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacuscus. Ca3sar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia,
near Apulia. Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of
684. M. Licinius Crassus; Cn. Pompeius Caesar in Egypt.
Magnus. Successes of Lucullus againstMi- 707. Q. Fusius Calenus
thridates. ; P. Vatinius, Pow-
er
The census amounts to above and influence of Caesar at Rome. He re-
duces

900,000. Pontus.
685. Q. Hortcnsius 2; Q. C?eciliusMetellufl. 708. C. Julius Csesar 3 ; M. .aimilius Lepi- / |
 CO CO
ins. Caesar defeats Pompey's partisans in Af-
rica,Bithynia,torn in piecesby dogsfor her lasci-
vious
and takes Utica. deportment. Plin. 8, c. 40.
709. C. Julius Czesar 4 ; Consul alone. He CoNTAD"SDUs, a rivcr of Thrace, Herodot.
conqueredthe partisans of Pompey in Spain, 4, c. 90.
and was declared perpetual Dictator and Im- CoNTUBiA, a town in Spain. Flor. 2, c. 17.
perator, he. CooN, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by
710. C. Julius Caesar 5 ; M. Antonius. Caesar Agamemnon. Homer. II.
meditates a war against Parthia. Above sixty Coos, Cos, Cea, and Co, an bland of the
Romans conspireagainstCaesar, and murder iEgean sea. Vid. Co.
Lim ia the senate house. Antony raises him-
self Cop^, a place of Greece, near the Cephi-
to power. The rise of Octavius. sus. Plin. 4, c. 7.
711. C. Vibius Pansa ; A. Hirtius. Antony CoPAis LAcus, now Limne, a lake of Bceo-
judgeda publicenemy. He is opposedby the tia,into which the Cephisusand other rivers
consuls and Augustus. He joinsAugustus.empty themselves. It isfamous for itsexcel-
lent
Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepi- eels, Paus. 9, c. 24.
dus. CoPHAS, a son of Artabazus. Curt. 7, c.
712. L. Minucius Plancus ; M. iEmilius Le- 11. A river of India. Dionys.Perieg.
pidus2. Great honours paid to the memory CoPHONTis, a burningmountain of Bactrim
of J. Caesar. Brutus and Cassius join their ana. Plin. 2, c. 106.
forces against Augustus and Antony. CopiA, the goddess of plenty; among the
713. L. Antonius;P. Servilius Isauricus 2. Romans representedas bearing a horn filled
Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus with grapes, fruit, ".e.
and Cassius. CopiLLus, a generalof the Tectosagae, ken
ta-
714. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; C. Asinius Pol- by the Romans. Plut. in Syll.
lio. Antony joinsthe son of Pompey against C. CopoNius, a commander of the fleet of
Augustus. The alliance of short duration. Rhodes, at Dyracchium, in the interest of
715. L- Marcius Censorinus ; C. Calvisius Pompey. Cic. 1,de Div. c. 8. Paterc. 2, c. 83. "

Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia, the sister CopRATEs, a river of Asia,falling into the
of Augustus,to strengthentheir mutual alli- ance. Tigris.Diod. 19.
CoPREUs, asonofPelops,who
fled to My-
cenae
716. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; C. Norbanus at the death of
Iphitus.Apollod. 2, c, 6.
Flaccus ; to whom were substituted C. Octa- CoPTUs and CoPTos, now Kypt, a town of
vianus, and Q. Pedius. Sext. Pompey, the Egypt, about 100 leaguesfrom Alexandria, on

son of Pompey the Great,makes himself pow-

erful a canal which communicates with the Nile.
by sea, to oppose Augustus. Plin. 5, c. 9, 1, 6, c. 2S."Strab. 16." Juv. 15,
717. M. Agrippa; L. Caninius Gallus. A- V. 28.

grippa is appointedby Augustus to oppose Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines of

mous the Volsci,built by a colony of Dardanians
Sext. Pompey with a fleet. He builds the fa-
harbour of Misenum. before the foundation of Rome. Lucan. 7, v
718. L. Gellius Poplicola; M. Cocceius Ner- 392." Virg.JEn. 6, v. 775.
va. Agrippaobtains a naval victory over Pom-
pey, CoRACEsiuM and CoracensIum, a mari'-
who delivers himself to Antony,by whom time town of Pamphylia. Liv. 33, c. 20.
he is put to death. CoRACoNASDs, a town of Arcadia, where
719. L. Cornificus Nepos ; Sex. Pompeius the Ladon fallsinto the Alpheus.Paus. 8, c. 25.
Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by CoRALETJE, a people of Scythia. Flacc.
Augustus. 6, v. 81.
720. L. Scribonius Libo ; M. Antonius 2. CoRALLi, a savage peopleof Pontus. Chid.
Augustusand Antony beingsole masters of the ex Pont. 4, el. 2, v. 37.
Roman empire,make another division of the CoRANus, a miser. Vid. Nasica.
provinces. Caesar obtains the west, and An-
tony Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus,
the east. who foughtagainstJEneas. Virg.^n. 7, v
721. C. Caesar Octavianus 2 ; L. Volcatius 672.
TuUus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who CoRAX, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily,
marries Cleopatra. who firstdemanded salaryof his pupils. Cic.
722. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus ; C. Sosius. in Brut. 12,de oral. 1, c. 20." .dul. Gdl.
5,
Dissentions between Augustusand Antony, c. 10." Qum/i/.3, 1. c.A king of SicyoD.
723. C. Caesar Octavianus 3; M. Valer. " A mountain of -Stolia. Liv. 36, c, 30,
Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actiura, CoRASi a peopleof Colchis, Plin. 6, c. 5.
which, accordingto some authors,happened Cobeus, a Gaul, k,c. C"zs.Bell. G. 8, c. 6.
the year of Rome 721. " The end of the monwealth.
com- CoRBis and Orsua, two brothers,who
fought for the dominion of a city, in the pre-
sence
CoNsus, a deity at Rome, who presided of Scipio, in Spain. Liv. 28, c. 31
over councils. His templewas covered in the Val. Max.9tC.U.
Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought CoRBULo, Domitius, a prefectof Belgium,
to be secret and inviolable. Some suppose that who, when governor of Syria,routed the Par-
itis the same as NeptunusEquestris.Romu-
lus thians,destroyedArtaxata,and made Tigranes
instituted festiv^alsto his honour, called kingof Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues,
Consualin,duringthe celebration of which tiie ordered him to be murdered ; and Corbula
Romans carried away the Sabine women. hearingthis,fell upon his sword, exclaiming,
{Fid.Consuelcs ludi.)Plut. in Kom. Jiason. I have well deserved this ! A.D. 66. His name
"

W. and eleg. de far.R. 19. Dionys. Hal. 1,

"
was givento a place {Monu7ne7i(um)
" in Ger-
many,
UiK 1, c.9, which some suppose to be modern (V/-"-
CowsTGXA, IJiewife of Nicomedes king of nifigen.Tacit,.'inn. \], c. 18.
\
CO CO
Corc7ra, an island in the Ionian sea, about CoRjNTHUS, an ancient cityof Greece, noAsr
12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epi- called Corito, situated on the middle of the
rus ; famous for the shipwreckof Ulysses, and Isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about
the gardensof Alcinous. It has been succes-
sively 60 stadia on either side from the sea. It wa"
called Drepant, Schcria,and Phaacia, founded by Sisyphus son of jEoIus,A. M. 2616,
and now bears the name of Corfu. Some and received its name
rinthians,
Co- from Corinthus the
with Chersicrates at their head, son of Pelops,Its original name was Ephyrt;
came to settlethere,when banished from their and it is called Bimaris, because situate be-
tween
country,703 years before the christian ^era. A the Saronicus Sinus and Crisseus Sinus.
colony of Colchis had settled there 1349 years The inhabitants were once very powerful,
before Christ. The war which was carried on and had great influence among the Grecian
by the Athenians against the Corcyreans,and states. They colonized Syracuse in Sicily,
was called Corcyrean,became but a prepara-
tion and delivered it from the tyranny of its op- pressors,
for the Peloponnesianwar. The people by the means of Timoleon. rinth
Co-
of Corcyrawei'e once so hated by the Cretans, was totallydestroyedby L. Mummius,
that such as were found on the island of Crete the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground,
were always put to death. Ovid. lb. 512. 146 B. C.
" The riches which the Romans
Homer. Od. 5, "c. "
Lucan 9, v. 32. Mela, 2, found there were
" immense. During the con-flagration,

c, T."Plin. 4, c. \2."Strah. 6. all the metals which were in the

CoRDUB.\, now Cordova, a famous city of citymelted and mixed together, and formed
HispaniaBaetica,the native placeof both the that valuable compositionof metals, which
Senecas, and of Lucan. Martial. 1,ep. 62. has since been known
"

by the name of Corin^

Mela, 2, c. Q."Cces. Bell. Jlkx. 57." Plin. 3, thium JEs. This, however, appears impro- bable,
c. 1. especially when it is remembered that
CoRDYLA, a port of Pontus, supposed to the artistsof Corinth made a mixture of cop- per
giveitsname to a peculiar sort of fishes caught with small quantities of goldand silver,
there (Cordylce.) Plin. 9, c. 15. Martial. 13, and so brilliant was
" the composition, that the
appellationof Corinthian brass afterwards
Core, a daughterof Ceres, the same as stamped an extraordinaryvalue on piecesof
Proserpine.Festivals called Coreia, were inferior worth.
stituted
in- There was there a famous
to her honour iu Greece. temple of Venus,
where lascivious women sorted
re-

CoREssus, a hill near Ephesus. Herodot. and sold their pleasures so dear, that
5, c. 100. many of their lovers were reduced to po-
verty
CoRESus, a priestof Bacchus at Calydon ; whence the proverbof
in Boeotia,who was deeplyenamoured of the JVon cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum,
nymph Callirhoe,who treated him with dis- dain. to show that all voluptuous indulgences are tended
at-
He complainedto Bacchus, who visited with much expense. .1.Cajsar planted
the country with a pestilence. The Calydo- a colonyat Corinth,and endeavoured to raise
nians were directed by the oracle to appease itfrom its ruins,and restore it to its former
the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. grandeur. The government of Corinth was
The nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, monarchical, till779 years B. C. when officers
"who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resent-
ment, called Prytanes were instituted. The war
and stabbed himself. Callirhoe,con- scious which has received the name of Carinthian
of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, ivar, because the battles were foughtin the
killed herselfon the brink of a fountain, which neighbourhoodof Coz'inth, was begun B. C. 395,
afterwards bore her name. Pans. 7, c. 21. by the combination of the Athenians,Thebans,
CoRETAs, a man who firstgave oracles at Corinthians, andArgives, against Lacedaemon.
Delphi. Pint- de orac. def. Pisander and Agesilausdistinguished selves
them-
CoRFiNiUM, now San Ferino, the capital in that war; the former, on the firstyear
"f the Peligni, three miles from the Aturnus of hostilities,was defeated with the Lacedae-
monian
tirhich fallsinto the Adriatic. Cces. Civ. 1, c. fleet,by Conon, near Cnidus ; while a
IQ." Lucan. 2, v. 478." Si/. 5, v. 522. few days after Agesilaus
slauglitered10,000 of
CoRiA, a surname of Minerva among the the enemy. The most famous battles were
Arcadians. Cic. de. JVat. D. 3, c. 23. foughtat Coronea and
Leuctra; but Agesilaus
CoRiNNA, and celebrated woman of Tana- refused to besiegeCorinth, lamentingthat the
gra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her Greeks,instead of destroyingone another,did
lather's name was Archelodorus. It is said not turn their arms againstthe Persian power.
that she obtained five times a poetical prize,Martial 9, ep..5S. Siieton. Jlug."
70. Liv. 45, "

in which Pindar was her competitor ; but it c. 28." F/or. 2,,c. U."Qvid, Met. 2, v. 240."
must be acknowledged, that her beautygreatlyHorat. 1, ep. 17,v. m."Plin. 34, c. 2.~Slat.
contributed to defeat her rivals. She had Theb. 7, V. 106." Paus. 2, c. 1, kc."Strab. 8,
composed 50 books of epigramsand odes, of kc" Homer II. Id." Cic. Tusc. 4, c. 14. in
which only some few verses remain. Propert.Verr. 4, c. 44. de jY. D. 3. An actor at
2, el. 3. Paus. 9, c. 22.
" A woman of Rome. Juv. 8, v. 197.
Thespis, celebrated for her beauty. Ovid's CoRioLANas, the surname of C. Martins,
mistress was also called Corinna. Amor. 2, from his victory over Corioli,where, from a
el. 6. privatesoldier,
he gainedthe amplesthonours.
CoRiNNUs, an ancient poet in the time of When master of the place, he acceptedas the
the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. only reward, the surname of Coriolanus,a
Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from horse,and prisoners, and his ancient host,to
the poem of Corinnus. whom he immediately gave his liberty.After a
CoRiNTHiAcus SINUS, IS now callcd the gulfnumber of military exploits, and many services
of Lcpanto. to his country,he was refusedthe consulship by
 CO
when
the people, his scarshad for a whileinflu- lodged in the hands of the people.
1 ther,
Ano-
enced them in his favour. This raised hisresent- 1 de Municipiis, by the same ; which re- voked

ment ; and when the Romans had received a [ all the privileges which had been some
present of corn from Gelo kingof Sicily, Corio- 1time before grantedto the several towns that
lanus insisted that itshould be'sold for money, had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil
and not be givengratis. Upon this the tribunes wars. Another, de Magisiratibus, by the
raised the peopleagainst him for his impru- dent same ; which gave the power of bearinghon- ours
adyice,and evf n wished him to be put to and beingpromotedbefore the legal age,
death. This rigorous sentence was stopped to those who had followed the interest of Syl- la,
by the influence of the senators, and Corio- while the sons and partisans of his enemies,
lanus submitted to a trial. He was banished uho had been proscribed, were deprivedof the
by a majorityof three tribes,and he immedi- ately privilege of standing for any office of the state.
retired among the Volsci,to Tullus Another, de Magistratibiis, by the same,
Aufidius,his greatestenemy, from whom he A. U. C. 673. It ordained that no person
met a most friendlyreception.He advised should exercise the same officewithin ten.
him to make waragainst Rome, and he march- ed years distance, or be invested with tw'o ent
differ-
at the head of the Volsci as general. The magistracies in one year. Another, de
approachof Coriolanus greatlyalarmed the Magisiratibus, by the same, A. U. C. 672. It
Romans, wdio sent him several embassies to divested the tribunes of the privilege of ma-
king

reconcile him to his country,and to solicithis laws, interfering, holdingassemblies, and

return. He was deaf to allproposals, and bade receiving appeals. AH such as had been tri- bunes
them prepare for war. He jntchedhis camp were incapableof holding any other
only at the distance of five miles from the city;office in the state by that law. Another, d"
and his enmityagainst his countiy would have Majestate, by the same, A. U. C. 670. It
been fatal, had not his mother Volumnia, and made ittreason to send an araiy out of a pro- vince,
his wife Vergilia^ been prevailed upon by the or engage in a war without orders, to in-
fluence
Roman matrons, to go and appease his resent- ment. the soldiers to spare or ransom a cap-
tive
The meeting of Coriolanus with his general of the enemy, to pardon the lead-ers
familywas tender and atfecting. He remain-
ed of robbers or pirates, or for the absence of
longinexorable ; but at last the tears and a Roman citizen,to a foreigncourt, without
entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailedprevious leave. The punishment was, aqucR
over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an fyignis interdidio. Another by the same,
enemy, and Coriolanus marched the Volsci which gave the power to a man accused of
from the neig'ibourhoodof Rome. To show murder, either by poison,W'eapons, or false
their sense of Volumnia's merit andpatriotism, accusations, and the setting fireto buildings,
the Romans dedicated a temple to Female to choose whetherthe jurythat tried him should
Fortune. The behaviour of Coriolanus,how- ever, givetheir verdict dam or palam viva voce, or
displeased the Volsci. He was summon- ed by ballots. Another by the same, which
to appear before the people of Antium ; made it aquce ^ ig7iis interdidio to such as
but the clamours which his enemies raised,were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering
were so prevalent, that he w^as murdered at of wills, corruption, false accusations,and the
the place appointedfor his trial, B. C. 488. debasing or counterfeiting of the publiccoin ;
His body was honoured with a magnificent all such as were accessary to this offence, w^ere

funeral by the Volsci,and tlieRoman matrons deemed as guilty as the offender. Another,
put on mourning for his loss. Some historians de pecimiisrepetundis, by which a man con- victed

say that he died in exile,in an advanced old age. of peculation or extortion in tiieprovin-
ces,
Flat, in vitd"Flor. 2, c. 22. was condemned to suffer the aquce^ig- nis
CoRioLi,and Couiolla, a town of Latium interdidio. Another by the same,
on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the which gave the power to such as were sent
Romans under C. r"lartius, called from thence into the provinceswith any government, of
Coriolanus. PUn. 3, c. 5. Plut. " " Liv, 2,c, 33. retaining their command and appointment,
CoRissus,a town of Ionia. without a renewal of it by the senate, as was
CoRiTus. Fid. Corytus. before observed. Another by the same,
CoRMASSA, a town of Parapyhlla. Liv 38, which ordained that the lands of proscribed
c. 15. persons should be common, especially those
CoRMUs, a river near Assyria.Tacit. 12, about Volaterrae and Fesulffiin Etruria,which
,Qnn. c. 14. Sylladivided among his soldiers. Another
Cornelia lex, de Civitate,was enacted by C. Cornelius,tribune of the people,A. U.
A. U. C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. It con- firmed C. 686 ;which ordained that no person should
the Sulpician law, and requiredthat be exemptedfrom any law, accordingto the
the citizensof the eight newly elected general custom, unless 200 senators were sent
pre-
tribes,should be divided among the 35 an-
cient in the senate ; and no person thus ex-empted,

tribes. Another, de Judiciis,A. U. could hinder the billof his exemp-

tion
C. 673, by the same. It ordained that the from beingcarried to the peoplefor their
pra3torshould always observe the same riable concurrence.
inva- Another by INasica,A. U. C.
method in judicial proceedings, and 582, to make waragainstPerseus, son of Phi-
lip,
that the process should not depend upon his kingof Macedonia, if he did not givepro- per
will. Another, de Sumptifms, hy the same. satisfaction to the Roman people.
It limited the expenses which generallyat- tended Cornelia, a daughterof Cinna, who was

funerals. Another, de RcUgione, by the firstwife of J. Cssar. She became mother

the same, A. U. C. 677. It restored to the of Julia, Pompey's wife, and was so affection-
ately
college of priests,the privilegeof choosing the loved by her husband, Ihat at her death
which,by the Doraitian law,had
priests, been he a funeraloration over
pronounced her body.

^
 CO GO
Fhd. in Cczs. A daughter of Metellus Sci- CoRNicuLUM, a town of Latium. Dioms.
pio,who married Pompey, afterthe death of Hal.
her husband P. Crassus. She has been prais-
ed CoRNiFicius,a poet and generalin the agt
for her great virtues. When her husband of Augustus,employed to accuse Brutus, Sic.
lefther in the bay of Alexandria, to go on His sisterCornificia, was also blessed with a
shore in a small boat,she saw him stabbed by poetical genius. Plut. in Brut. A lieuten-
ant
Achillas,and heard his dyinggroans without of J. Caesar. Id. in Cces. A friend of
the possibilityof aiding him. She attributed Cicero and his colleague in the office of augur.
all his misfortunes to his connexion with her. CoRNiGER, a surname of Bacchus.
Plvi. in Pomp. A daughter of ScipioAfri- CoRNijTus,a stoic philosopher of Africa,
canus, who married Sempronius Gracchus, preceptorto Persius the satirist. He wrote
and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric.
Gracchus. She was courted by a king; but Pers. 5, v. 36. A praetor of Rome, in the age
she preferred beingthe wife of a Roman zen, of Cicero. Cic. 10, ep. 12.
citi- -A Roman, saved
to that of a monarch. Her virtues have from the proscription of Marius, by his ser- vants,

been deservedlycommended, as well as the who hung up a dead man in his room,
wholesome principles she inculcated in her and said it was their master. Plut. in Mario.
two sons. When a Campanian lady made CoRCEBDS, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon
once a show of her jewelsat Cornelia's house, and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the
and entreated her to favour her with a sightTrojan war, with the hopes of being re- warded

of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, with the hand of Cassandra for his
saying.These are the onlyjewelsof which I services. Cassandra advised him in vain to
can boast. In her lifetime, a statue was raised retire from the war. He was killed by Pe-
to her, with this inscription, Cornelia maler neleus. Paxis. 10, c. 27. Virg.^n. 2, v.
"

Gracchorum. Some of her epistles are served.

pre- 341, he. A courier of Elis, killed by
Plut. in Sracch. "
Juv. 6, v. 167. "

Neoptolemus. He obtained a prizeat Olyra-

Vol. Max. 4, c. 4."Cic. in Brut. 68, de FA. Or. pia,B. C. 779, in the 28th olympiad,from
S8. A vestal virgin, buried alive in Domi- the institution of Iphitus ; but this year has
tian's age, as guiltyof incontinence. Sutton, generally been called the firstolympiad. Pavj.
in Dom. 5, c. 8. A hero of Argolis,who killed
CoRNELii, an illusti'ious familyat Rome, a serpent called Pcene, sent by Apollo to
of whom the most distinguished were, Caius avenge Argos,and placedby some authors in
Cornelius,a soothsayerof Pauda, who fore- told the number of the furies. His country was
the beginningand issue of the battle of afflictedwith the plague, and he consulted the
Pharsalia. Dolobella, a friend and admirer oracle of Delphi,which commanded him to
of Cleopatra. He told her that Augustusin- tendedbuild a temple,where a tripod,which was
to remove her from the monument, givenhim, should fall from his hands. Paus.
where she had retired An officerof Sylla,1,V. 43.
whom J. CfEsar bribed to escape the pro- scriptionCorona, a town of Messenia. Plin. 4, c. 5.
which threatened his life. Ce- CoRONEA, a town of Boeotia,where, in the
thegus,a priestdegradedfrom his office for firstyear of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus de-
feated
want of attention. Cn. a man chosen by the allied forces of Athens, Thebes,
Marcellus to be his colleaguein the con- sulship. Corintli, and Argos,B. C. 394. C. A'qt. in Ages.
Balbus, a man who hindered J. -Pans. 9, c. 34. Diod. 12." A town of
Caesar from rising up at the arrival of the Peloponnesus of Corinth "
of Cyprus of
"
"

senators. Cossus, a militarytribune dur- ing Ambracia " of Phthiotis.

the time that there were no consuls in the CoRoNis, a daughterof Phelegias, loved by
republic.He offered to Jupiterthe spoilsApollo. She became pregnant by her lover,
called opima. Liv. 4, c. 19. Balbus,a man who killed heron account of her criminal pai-
of Gades, intimate with Cicero,by whom he tiality to Ischys the Thessalian. Accordingto
was ablydefended when accused. A freed- some, Diana killed her for her infidelity to
mau of Syllathe dictator. Scipio,a man her brother, and Mercury saved the child
appointedmaster of the horse,by Camillus, from her womb as she was on the burningpile.
when dictator Gallus, an elegiacpoet. Others say that she broughtforth her son,
Vid. Gallus. Merula, was made consul by and exposedhim, near Epidaurus,to avoid
Augustus,in the room of Cinna. lus,
Marcel- her father's resentment ; and they farther
a man killed in Spain,by Galba. C. mention, that Apollohad set a crow to watch
Nepos,an historian. Vid. Nepos. Merula,a her behaviour. The child was preserved, and
consul,sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed called iEsculapius ; and the mother, after
14(X) of them. His grandsonfollowed the in- terestdeath, received divine honours, and had a
of Sylla; and when Marius entered the statue at Sicyon,in her son's temple, which
city, he killed himself,by openinghis veins. was never exposedto publicview. Paus. 2,
Gallus,a man who died in the act of copu- lation. c. 26. The daughterof Coronaius,king of
Vat. Max. 9, c. 12. Severus, an Phocis,changedinto a crow by Minerva, when
epic poet in the age of Augustus,of great fiying before JNeptune. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 543.
genius. He wrote a poem on mount ^tna, One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione.
and on the death of Cicero. Qmntil.10,v. 1. CoRONiA, a town of Acarnania. Thucyd.
Thuscus, a mischievous person. Len- 2, c. 102.
tultis Cethegus, a consul. Aur. Celsus, CorOnus, a son of Apollo. Paus. 2, c.5.
wrote eightbooks on medicine, stillextant, A son of Phoroneus kingof the Lapithse.
and highly valued. Cn. and Publ. Scipio.Diod. 4.
Vid. Scipio. ^c.
Lentulus, a high priest, CouRHAGiuM, a town of Macedonia. Liv.
Liv." Plut." Val Max." Tudt."Sm. Polyb.31, c. 27.
"C.Nep.Ut.
 CO "0
CoRsi, a peopleof Sardinia,descended from V. 127,"c. as a contented old man, whose as- siduity

the Corsicans. and diligence are exemplary. Some

CoRsiA, a town of Boeotia. Pans. 9, c. 24. \suppose that the word Corycius, implies not a
Corsica, a mountainous island in the Medi- 1person of that name, but a native of Corycns,
terranean, on the coast of liaXj.Its tants inhabi- who had settled in Italy.
character of of
were savage, and bore the CoRYcus, now Curco, a lofty mountain
robbers,liai-s, and atheists,accordingto Sen- eca, Ciiicia, with a town of tiiesame name, and
who was exiled among them. They lived also a cave, with a grove which producedex- cellent

to a greatage, and fed on honey, which was saffron. Horat. 2, Sat. 4, v. 68. " Lu-
producedin greatabundance, though bitter in can. 9, V. 809." Plin. 5, c. 27." Cic. ad Fam.
taste, from the number of yew trees and liem- 12,ej).13. Slrab. 14. "
Another of Ionia,
lock which grew there. Corsica was in pos-
session longthe famous retreat of robbers. ther
Ano-
of the Carthaginians, and conquered at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the
by the Romans, B. C. 231. The Greeks call- ed muses. Siat. Thsb. 7." Strah. 9.
it Cyrnos. In the age of Plinyit was sidered
con- CoRYDON, a fictitiousname of a shepherd,
as in a flourishing state,as itcontained often occurring in the pastorals of Theocritus
no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding and Virgil.
its present population.Strah. Martial. 9, "
CoRYLA and Coryleum, a village of Faph-
ep. 27." Plin. 3, c. 6, 1. 7, c. 2." Ovid. 1, lagonia.
jimor. el. 12, v. 10." Virg. Ed. 9, v. 30. CoRYNA, a town of Ionia. Mela, 1, c. 17.
CoRsoTE, a town of Armenia. CoRYMBiFER, a sumame of Bacchus, from
CoRsOR.i, an island in the bayof Carthage.his wearing a crown of corymhi,certain ber- ries
CoRTOKA, an ancient town of Etruria, call- ed that grow on the ivy. Odd. 1. Fast. v. 393.
Coryiumby Virgil.It was at the month of CoRYNETA and CoRYNETEs, a famous rob- ber,
the Thrasymene lake. Dionys. H. 1,c. 20 and son of Vulcan, killedby Theseus. Plut.
26." Lu'. 9, c. 37, 1.22, c. 4. in Thes.
CoRYiNDs, a name given to M. Valerius CoRYPHASiuM, a promontory of Peloponne- sus.
from a crow^ which assisted him when he was Paus. 4, c. 36.
fighting against a Gaul. An orator. Paterc. CoRYPHE, a daughterof Oceanus. Cic. dt
2, c. 36. Messala,an eloquent orator, in the Aat.D.S, c.23.
Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and CoRYTHENSES, a placcof Tegea. Patis. 8,
patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent tationsc. 45.
quo-
of Greek in his orations. In his old CoRYTHus, a kingof Corinth. Diod. 4.
age, he became so forgetful as not even to re-
member CoRY'Tus,a king of Etruria,father to .lasius,
his own name. One of this family whom Dardanus is said to have put to deaths
became so poor, that he was obliged, to main-
tain to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and
himself, to be a raercenai-y shepherd. mountain of Etruria, now Cortomi,near which
Juv. 1, V. 101. Dardanus was born. Virs:.JEn. 3, v. 170,1. 7,
T. CoRUNCANus, the first plebeianwho V. 209." 5?:/.5, V. 123, 1.4^; v. 721.

was made high-priestat Rome. The family Cos, an island. Vid. Co.
of the Coruncani was famous for the number CosA and Cossa, orCoSiE, a town of Etru-
ria.
of greatmen which it supplied, for the service Virs. JEm,. 10, v. 168." Liv. 22, c. 11."
and honour of the Roman republic.Cic. pro Cic. 9, An. Q."Cas. U. C. 1, c. 34.
Donio. Coscomus, a Latin writer. Varro de L. L.
CoRus, a river of Arabia, falling into the A wretched epigram writer. Martial.
Red Herodot. 3, c. 9.
sea. 2, ep.77.
CoRvcANTKS, the priests of Cybele,called Cosingas, a Thracian priestof Juno, h".
also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, Polifmn. 7, c. 22.
theybeat their cymbals,and behaved as ifde- lirious.Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania?
They firstinhabited on mount Ida, killed by Pompey. Plut. in Pomp.
and from thencepassedinto Crete, and secretly CosMus, an effeminate Roman. Juv. S.
broughtup Jupiter.Some suppose that they CossEA, apaitof Persia. Diod. 17.
receive their name from Corybas son of Jasus Cossus, a surname given to the familyof
and Cybele,who firstintroduced the rights of the Cornelii. A Roman, who killed Vo-
his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival lumnius,king of Veii,and obtained the Spolia

at Cnossus in Crete, called Coi-ybantica, in Opima, A. U. C. 317. Virg.JEn. 6, r. 841.

commemoration of the Corybantes, vv^ho there CossuTii, a family at Rome, of which Co.^-
educated Jupiter.Pans- 8, c, 37. Diod. 5. "
sutia, Caesar's wife, was
" descended. Suet, in
Moral. 1,od. 16."Virg. ^n. 9, v. 617, 1. 10,v. C(Rs. 1. One of the family " was distinguished
250. as an architect about 200 B. C. He firstin-
troduced
CoRYBAS, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diod. into Italy the more perfect models
5. A painter,disciple
to Nicomachus. of Greece.
P/m.35, c. 11. CosTOB(Ei, robbers in Galatia. Patty. 10,
CoRYBASsA, a cityof Mysia. V. 34.

GoRYBUs, a promontory of Crete. CosYRA, a baiTen island in the African sea,

CoRYCiA, a nymph, mother of Lycorus,by near Melita. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 567.
Apollo. Paus. 10, c. 6. CoTES and Cottes, a promontory of Mau- ritania.
CuRYCiDES, the nymphs who inhabited the
foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied CoTiioN, a small island near the citadel ot
to the muses. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 320. Carthage,with a convenient bay,wiiich serv- ed

CouYcius, an old man of Tarentum, whose for a dock-yard.Serviui in Virg. JEn. 1,v
time was happilyemployed in takingcare of 431" Z)iW. 3.
hisbees. He 13 by f^rqil.
represented O. 4 I CoTHONEA, the mother of Tripfoleniu""'.
23 fab. 147.
Tfy^in.
 CR CR
CoTiso, a king of the Daci, whose
afmy in-
vaded Crambusa, a town of Lycia.
Pannonia, and was defeated by Corn. Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, from
Lentulus, tbe lieutenant of Augustus. It is their kingCranaus. Herodot. 8, c. 44.
said tliat Augustus solicited his daughter in Cranapes. a Persian, ".c. Herodot.
marriage. Suet, in dug. 63. Horat. 3, od. 8, "

Cranaus, the second king of Athens, who

V. 18. succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years,
CoToNis, an island near the Echinades. B. C. 1497: Pans. 1, c. 2. A cityof Caria.
Plin. 4, c. 12. Plin. 5, c. 29.
CoTTo M. AuRELius, a Roman, who posed Crane, a nymph. Vid. Caraa.
op- A town
Marius. He was consul with Lucullus: of Arcadia.
and when in Asia he was defeated by sea and CRAiiEUMj a gymnastic school at Corinth;
land,by Mithridales. He was surnamed Po7i- Diog.
ticus,because lie took Heraclea of Pontus by Cranii, a town of Cephallenia.Thucyd.
treachery. Plut. in Lucull. An orator, 2, c. 30.
greatlycommended by Cicero de Oral. A Cranon and Crannon, a town of Thes-
governor of Paphlagonia,very faithful to Sar- saly,on the borders of Macedonia, where An-
danapalus. Diod. 2. A spendthrift in the tipaterand Craterus defeated the Athenians
age of Nero, "c. Tacit. An officer of Cae-
sar, after Alexander's death. Liv. 26, c. 10,1. 42,
in Gaul. A poet mentioned by Ovid in c. 64.
Ep. dePonf. CranTor, a philosopher of Soli,among
CoTTi^ Alpes, part of the Alps, the pupilsof Plato, B. C. 310.
a certain Diog. An
by which from Gaul.
Italyis separated Suet. armour-bearer of Peleus,killed by Deraoleou.
Tib. 37, Mr. 18. Ovid. Met. 12,v. 361.
CoTTus,a giant,son of Ccelus and Terra, Crassipes, a surname of the familyof the
tvho had 100 hands, and 50 heads. Hesiod. Furii,one of whom married TuUia, Cicero's
Theog. V. 147. A man among the ^dui, daughter, whom he soon afterdivorced. Cic.
"c. C(Es.Bell. Att. 4, ep. 5." Liv. 38, c. 42.
CoTYiEUM, a town of Galatia. Plin. 3, c. L. Crassitius, a man who opened a school
32. of Phrygia. at Rome. Suet, de Gram. 18.
CoTYL."us, a surname of ^^sculapius, shipped
wor- Crassus, a grandfather of Crassus the Rich,
on the borders of the Eurotas. His who never laughed. Plin. 7, c. 19. Publ.
templew'as raised by Hercules. Pans. 3, c. 19. Licinius, a Roman high-priest, about 131 years
CoTYLius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pans. B. C. who went into Asiawith an army against
8, c. 41. Aristonicus,where he was killed, and buried
CoTYORA, a cityof Asia Minor, founded by at Smyrna. M. Licinius,a celebrated Ro- man,
a colony from Sinope. Diod. 14. surnamed Rich, on account of his opu-
lence.
CoTYs, the father of Asia. Herodot. 4, c. At firsthe was very circumscribed in
45. A son of Manes by Callirhoe, wIk) suc-
ceeded his circumstances ; but, by educating slaves,
his father on the throne of Maeoiiia. and selling them at a highprice,he soon riched
en-

A kingof Thrace. C. JS'ep.

in Iphic. himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged
Another, wiio favoured the interest of Pom- him to leave Rome ; and he retired to Spain,
pey. He of an irascible temper. Lucan.
was where he remained concealed for eight months.
5, V. 54. Another, kingof Thrace, who di- videdAfter Cinna's death he passedinto Africa,and
the kingdom with his uncle, by whom thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and in-
gratiated
he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid himself in his favour. When the gladia-
tors,
writes from his banishment. Tacit. 2, jinn. 64. with Spartacus at their head, had spread
" Ovid. 2; de Pont. ep. d." A king of the an universal alarm in Italy,
" and defeated some
Odrysce. Liv. 42, c. 29. A king of Arme- nia of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against
Minor, who foughtagainst Mithridates,in them. A battle was fought, in which Cras.sus
the age of Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 11 and 13. slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this
Another, who imaginedhe should marry decisive blow, he soon put an end to the war,
Minerva, and who murdered some of his ser-
vants and was honoured with an ovatio at his return.
who wished to dissuade him from expec- tations He was soon after made consul with Pompey ;
sofrivilousand inconsistent. Athen. 12. and in this highoffice he displayedhis opu- lence,
CoTYTTO, the goddess of ail debauchery, by entertaining the populaceat 10,000
whose festivals, called Cottjltia, were ted
celebra- tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed
by the Athenians,Coriothians,Thracians, the firsttriumvirate with Pompey and Caesar.
kc. duringthe night. Her priests were called As his love of riches was more predominant
Baptae, and nothingbut debaucheryand wan- tonness than that of glory,Crassus never imitated the
prevailed at the celebration. A festi-
val ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was
of the same name was observed in Sicily, satisfied with the province of Syria,which
Avhere the votaries of the goddess carried seemed to promisean inexhaustible source of
about boughshung with cakes and fruit, which wealth. With hopesof enlarginghis posses-
sions,
it was lawful for any person to pluckoff. It he set off from Rome, thoughthe omens
--Tvas a capital
punishment to reveal whatever proved unfavourable, and every thingseemed
was seen done at these sacred festivals,
or and to threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphra- tes,
it cost Eupolishis lifefor an unseasonable flection
re- and, forgetful of the rich cities of Baby-
lon
upon them. The goddessCotyltois and Seleucia, he hastened to make self
him-
supposedto be the same as Proserpine or res.
Ge- master of Parthia. He was betrayedin
Horat. epod. 17, v. 58. Juv. 2, v. 9J.
"
his march by the delayof Artavasdes,king of
Ckagus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part Armenia, and the perfidyof Ariamncs. He
of mount Taurus, sacrod to Apollo. Ovid. was met in a largeplainby Surena, the gene- ral
Met. 9, V. "i^.-~Horai. ],od. 21. of the forces of Orodes, kiiig of Parthia "
 CR CR
and a battlewas
fought, mans and by the singularity
in which 20,000 Ro- of his manners. He
killed,
were and 10,000 taken prisoners. clothed himself as warm as possiblein the
The darkness of the nightfavoured the escape summer; but in the winter, his garments
of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny were uncommonly thin,and incapableto re-sist

and turbulence of his soldiers,and the treach-

ery the inclemency of the season. Hippar-
of his guides,trusted himself to the gene-
ral chia, the sister of a philosopher, became amoured
en-

of the enemy, on pretence of proposing of him ; and as he could not cool

terms of accommodation, and he was put to her passionby representing himself as poor
death, B. C. 53. His head was cut oft^and and deformed, he married her. He had by
sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down her two daughters, whom he gave in mar-
riage

his throat,and insulted his misfortunes. The to his disciples,after he had permitted
firmness with which Crassus received the news them their company for 30 daysby way of
of his son's death, who perished in that expe-
dition, trial. Some of his letters are extant. Diog.
has been deservedlycommended ; and invito,. A stoic,son of Timocrates, who
the words that he uttered when he surrender-
ed opened a school at Rome, where he taught
himself into the hands of Surena, equallygrammar. Sueton. A native of Pergamus,
claim our admiration. He was wont often to who wrote an account of the most king
stri-
say, that no man oughtto events of every age, B. C. 165.
be accounted rich, JElian.
if he could not maintain deAnlm.
an 17,c.9.
army. Though
A philosopherof Athens,
he has been called avaricious, yet he showed who succeeded in the school of his mastei'
himself always ready to lend money to his Polemon. An Athenian comic poet.
friends without interest. He was fond of phi-
losophy,Cratesiclea, the mother of Cleomenes,
and his knowledge of historywas who went to Egypt, in hopes of serving her
great and extensive. Plutarch has written country,",o. Plut in Cleon^ .

his life. Flor. 3, c. 11. Fublius,the son Cratesipohs, a queen of Sicyon, who
of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with severely punishedsome of her subjects, who
his father. When he saw himself surrounded had revolted at the death of Alexander, her
by the enemy, and without any hope of es- cape, husband, "c. PolyoAh8, c. 58.
he ordered one of his men to run him Cratesipidas, a commander of the La-
through. His head was cut off,and sh"wn cedasmonian fleet,against the Athenians,"c.
with insolence to his father by the Parthians. Diod. 13.
Plut. in Crass. L.. Licinius, a celebrated Cratevas, a generalof Cassander. Diod. 19-
Roman orator, commended by Cicero,and in- Crateus, a son of Minos.
ftroducedinbis book de Oratore as the principal CRATHis, a river of Achaia falling into the
speaker. of Crassus the rich,killed bay of Corinth.
A son Sirab. 8." Another in Mag-
na "

in the civil wars, after Caesar's death. Graecia,whose waters were supposed to
Crastinus, a man in Caesar's army, killed givea yellow colour ta the hair and beard of
at the battle of Pharsalia. Cccs. Bell. G. 3, c. those that drank thera. Ovid. 14. Met. v. 315.
-^Paus.7, c. 25." Plin. 31, c. 2.
Cratais, the mother of Sylla,supposed Cratinus, a native of Athens, celebrated
to. be the same as Hecate. Horn. Od. 12, v. for his comic
his fondness for
writings,
and
124. died at the age of 97, B. C. 431
drinking.He
Cratjeus, conspiredagainst Archelaus,"c. years. Quintilian greatly commends his com-
edies,

" Bristol. which the littleremains of his poetry do

Crater, a bay of Campania near Misenus. not seem fullyto justify.Horat. 1. Sat. 4. "

Craterus, one of Alexander's generals.Quintil. A wrestler of uncommon ty.

beau-
He rendered himself conspicuous by his lite-
rary Pans.. 6,c. 3. A river of Asia. Plin.
fame,as well as by his valour in the field,37,,c.2.
and wrote the history of Alexander's life* He Cratippus, a philosopher of Mityleni,
was greatly re-^pected and loved by tiieMace-
donian who, amon^ others, taught Cicero's son at
soldiers, and Alexander always trusted Athens. Alter the battle of Pharsalia,Pom-
hira with unusual confidence. After Alexan-
der's pey visited the house of Cratippus, where their
death,he subdued Greece with Antipa- discourse was chieflyturned upon Providence,
ter, and passedwith
his colleague into Asia, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher
where killed in a battle against
he was Eume- defended. Plut. in Pomp. Cic. in 0"ic. 1.
"

nes, B. C. 321. He had received for his An historian contemporary with Thucy-
share of Alexanders kingdoms, Greece and dides. Dionys.Hal.
Epiruj. JVep. in Eumen. 2. Justin. 12 "
Cratylus, a philosopher,
a preceptor to
and 13. Curt. 3. Arrian.
" Plut. in Alex.
" " Plato after Socrates.
A physicianof Atticus, mentioned by CRAusia;, two islands on the coast of Pelo-
ponnesus.
Cic. 12. ad Attic, ep. Vi."Horat. 2, Sat. 3,
V. 161. A painter who.se piecesadorned Crausis, the father of Philopopmen.
the publicbuildings of Athens. Plin. 35, c. Crauxidas, a man who obtained an Olym-pic
11. An Athenian, who collected into one crown at a horse race. Pans. 5, c. 8.

body, all the decrees which had passedin the Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, fal- ling
public assemblies at Athens. A famous into the Tiber, famous for the death of
sculptor. the 300 Fabii,who were killed there in a bat-
tle
Crates, a philosopherof Boeotia,son of againstthe Veientes,A. U. C. 277. Ovid.
Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenesthe Cynic, Fast. 2, V. 205." Juv. 2, v. 155,
B. C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the Cremma, a town of Lycia.
money to his fellow citifiens. He was rally
natu- Cnr.MMYON, and Crommyon, a town neai

deformed, and he rendered himself more Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of un
hideous by sowing sheep's-skins to his mantle; common bigness. Ovid. Mel. 7, v. 435.
 CR CR
Cremni and Cremkos, a commercial placefirstannual archon at Athens, 684 B. C. Paier.
ou the Pains Meeotis. Herodot. 4, c. 2. 1,c. 8.
of Cisalpine
Cri;m(3na, a town Gaul, on the Creoktiades, a son of Hercules by Mega-
Po, Mantua.
near It was a Koman colony, ra, daughterof Creon, killed by his father, cause
be-
and suft'eredmuch w ben Annibal firstpassed he had slain Lycus.
into Italy. Liv. 21, c. 56. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 4
"
Creophilus, a Samian, who hospitably
and 19. entertained Homer, from whom he received
Cremonis JuGUM, a part of the Alps,over a poem in return. Some say that he was that
which, as some suppose, Annibal passedto en- ter poet'smaster, ";c. Slrab. 14. An histori-
an.
Italy,Liv. 2i, c. o8. Aihtn. 8.
Cremidjjs, a placeof Bithynia. Diod. 14. Creperius Pollio, a Roman, who spent
Crkmutius Cordus, an historian who his all in the most extravagant debauchery,
wrote anaccoujit of Augustus, and of the civil Jav. y, V. 6.
wars, and storied himself for fear of the re Cres, an inhabitant of Crete. The first
sentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended, kingof Crete, Paus. 8, c. 53.
by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. T"- Cresa and Cressa, a town of Caria.
cit.Jinn.55, c. 34,35. Suet, in Aug. 35. in Tib.
"
Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 44.
60. in Calig.16. Cresphontes, a son of Aristomachus, who,
Crenis, a nymph mentioned his brotliers Temenus
by Ovid. Met. withand Aristodemus,
12, V. 313. attemptedto recover the Peloponnesus.Paus.
phus.4, c. 3, "LC.
Creon, a kingof Corinth,w^as son of Sisy-
He promised his daughterGlance to Cre ssiirs,belonging to Crete. Virg.j^n. 4,
Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge v. 70, 1.8, 294.

the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a Creston, a town of Thrace, capitalof a
presenta go'vn covered with poison. Glaace part of the country called Crestonia. The in- habitants
put it on, and was seized with sudden pains. had each many wives ; and when the
Her body took fire,and she expiredin the husband died,she who had received the great- est
greatesttorments. The house also was sumed
con- share of his affection, was cheerfully
slain
by the fire,and Creon and his family on his grave. Herodot. 5, c. 5.
shared Glance's fate. Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. Cresus and Ephesus, two men who built
7. "

Eurip.inMed. Hygiti.fab. 25. Diod. 4. the templeof Diana at Ephesus. Paus. 7, c. 2.

"
"

A son of Mencelius, father to Jocasta,the Creta, one of the largest islands of the Me-
diterranean
wife and mother of (Edipus. At the death of sea, at the south of ail the Cycla-
Laius, who had married Jocasta, Creon as- des. It was once famous for its hundred ci-
ties,
scended the vacant tlirone of Thebes. As,the and for the Jaws which the wisdom of
ravages of the Sphinx {Vid.Sphinx)were Minos established there. The inhabitantshave
tolerable,
in-
Creon offered his crown, and daugh-
ter been detested for their unnatural loves,their
in marriage, to him who could explain the falsehood,their piracies, and robberies. Ju- piter,
enigmas whjch the monster proposed. (Edi-pus as some authors report,was educated ia
was happy in his explanations, cended that island by the Corybanles,
and he as- and the Cretans
the throne of Thebes,and married Jo- casta, boasted that theycould show his tomb. There
without knowing that she was his moth-
er, were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris,
and by her he had two sons, Polynices and Achaia, "ie. that established themselves there.
liteoclcs. These two sons mutuallyagreed,The island,after groaningunder the tyranny
after their father's death, to reignin the king-dom, of democraticai usurpation, and feeling the
each Eteocies
ailernateiy. firstascend-
ed scourge of frequentsedition, was made a Ro-
man
the of seniority
throne,by right ; but when i)rovince,B. C. 66, after a war of three
he was once at years, in which the
in power, he refused to resign inhabitants were so tressed,
dis-
the ai (pointedtime, and his brother led agginsi that they were even compelled to
him an army of Argivesto support his right. drink the water of tjieircattle. Chalk was
The war was decided by a singlecombat tweenproduced there,and thence called Creta,and
be-
thebrothers.
two They both killed with it the Romans marked their lucky days
one another, and Creon ascended the throne, in their calendar. Horat. 1,od. 36, v. 10, epod.
tillLeodamas the son of Eteocies should be of 9." Ovid. Fast."3, v. 444. Episi.10,v. 106.
a sufficient age to assume the reins of govern- Val. Max. 7, c. 6. Strab. 10. Lucan. 3,
"
" "

mej;t. In his regal capacity, Creon command-

ed v. 184." Ftrg.JEn. 3, v. 104." ."e/a,2, c. 7."
tiiat the Argives,and more particularly Plin. 4, c. 12.
Polynices, who was the cause of allthe blood-
shed, CRET^tus, a poet mentioned by Propertius.
should remain nnburied. If this was in 2, el. 34, v. 29.
any manner disobeyed, the olfenders were to Crete, the wife of Minos. Apollod. 3, c. 1.
be buried alive. Antigone, the sisterof Poly-
nices, A daughterof Deucalion. Id. 3, c. 3.
transgressed, and v/as accordingly pun-
ished, Cketea, a country of Arcadia, where Ju- piter
littimen, the son of Creoii, who was was educated, according to some tions.
tradi-
liassionaU'ly fond of Antigone,killed iiimself Pa.us. 8, c. 38.
on her grave, when his father refused to grant Cretes, inhabitants of Crete. Virg.M,n.
her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by 4, V. 146.
Theseus, who i^ad made war againsthim at Crete us, a Trojan, distinguished as a

the reqnei-tof Adrastus,because he refused poet and musician. He followed /Eneas,

burial to {.hv-Argives. Vid. Eteocies,Polyni-
ces, and was killed by Turnus. Virg.JEn. 9, v.
Admstua, (Edipus. Apollod.3, c. 56, "c. 774.
"
Another, killed by Turnus. /(/. 12,
" Faus. i, c. 39, I.9, c. 5, kc. Slat, in Theb. V. 538.
"

"

ScpiiucLin Antig. JEschyl. Sept.in Theb.

"
Cretheis, the wife of Acastns, king of
rHy^in. fab. 67 and 76. Diod. 1 and 4." The lolchos, who fellin love with Peleus, son of
 CR CR
and accused him of attemptsupon her
JEnctis, Crison,a man of Himera, who obtained a
virtue,because he refused to comply with her pri2:eat Olympia,"c. Paus. 5, c. 23.
wishes,kc. She is called by some Hippo- Crispina, a Roman matron, ",c. Tacit. 1.
lyte,or Astiadamia. Pindar. Nem. 4. Hist. 47.
CufiTHEUs, a son of ^olus, father of ]",- Crispinus, a preetorian, who, ginally
ori- though
son, by Tyro,his brother's daughter.Apollod. a slave in Egypt,was after the acqui-
sition
1, c. 7, "c. of riches,raised to the honours of Ro-
man
Crethon, a son of Diodes, engaged in the knighthoodby Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 26.
Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his
slain,with his brother Orsilochus,by ^neas. loquacity as for the foolish and
tedious'poem
Homer.II. 5, v. 540. he wrote, to explainthe tenets of his own
Cketicus, a certain orator. Jwv. 2, v. 67. sect, to which Horace alludes in the lastver^
A surname of M. Antony'sfather. ses of 1, Sat. 1.
Cressas, a famous boxer. Pans. 2. Crispus Sallustius. Vid. Sallustius.
Crjeusa,a daughterof Creon king of rinth.
Co- Virio,a famous orator. Qi.iintiL10, c. 1.
As she was goingto marry Jason, who The second husband of Agi'ippina.
had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned Flav. Jul. a son of the Great Constantine,
garment, which immediatelyset her body on made Caesar by his father, and distinguished
fire, and she expiredin the most excruciating for valour and extensive
knowledge. Fau-
torments. She had received this gown as a sta, his step-mother, wished to seduce him ;
giftfrom Medea, who wished to take that re- venge and when he refused, she accused him before
upon the infidelity of .Tason. Some call Constantine, who believed the crime, and
her Glance. Ovid, dt Art. Jim. 1,v- 335. caused his son to be poisoned, A. D. 326.
A daughterof Priam, king of Troy, by Hecu- ba. CmssiEus SINUS, a bay on the coasts of
She married iEneas, by whom she had Peloponnesus,near Corinth, now the bay of
some children, among which was Ascanius. Salona. It received its name from Crissa,B.
When Troy Avas taken, she fled in the night,town of Phosis,situate on the bay, and near
with her husband ; but they were in Delphi.
sepai'ated
the midst of theconfusion,and ^neas could Critai.a,a town of Cappadocia. Herodot.
not recover her, nor hear where she was. 7, c. 27.
Cybele saved her, and carried her to her tem-
ple, Critheis, a daughter of Melanippus,who
of which she became ; accordingbecame
priestess pregnant by an unknown person, and
to the relatioii of who
Virgil, makes Creusa afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and
appear to her husband in a while he
vision, was broughtforth the poet Homer, accordingto
seekingher in the tumult of war. dictedHerodot. in vitd.
She pre-
^neas tiie calamities that attended
to Crithote, a town of the Thracian Cher-
him, the fame he should acquire when he sonesus. C. JVep.
came to Italy,and his consequent marriage Critias, one of the thirtytyrants set over
with a princess of the country. Pans. 10, c Athens by the Spartans.He was eloquentand
1Q."Virg.JEn. 2, v. 562, ^c. A daughterof well-bred,but of dangerousprinciples, and he
Erechtheus king of Athens. She was ther
mo- cruellypersecuted his enemies,
and put them
of Janus by Apollo. A town of Bceo- to death.
He was killed in a battle against
tia. Strab. 9."Paus. 9, c. 32. those citizens whom his oppressionhad
Creusis, a naval station of the banished.
Thespigins. He had been among the disciples
Paus. 9, c. 32. of Socrates,and had written elegies and other
Criasus, ason ofArgos,king in Pelopon-
nesus. compositions, of which some fragmentsre-main.

Apollod. 2, c. 1. Cic. 2, de Oral. A philosopher.

Crinippus, a general of Dionysius the A man who wrote on republics. Another,
elder. who addressed an elegyto Alcibiades.
Crisis, a stoic philosopher. Laert. A Crito, one of the disciples of Socrates,
priestof Apollo. who attended his learned
preceptorin his last
Crinisus and Crijusus, now Caltabel- moments, and composed some dialogues now
lota,a river on the western parts of Sicilylost. Diog. A physicianin the age of Ar-
near Segesta,where Timoleon defeated the taxerxes Longimanus. An historian of Nax-
Carthaginian forces. C. JVtp.in Tim. Virg.us, who wrote an account of all that had hap-
"
pened
JEn. 5, V. 38. The word in the various edi-
tions duringeightparticular years of his life.
of Virgil,is speltCremissus, Crimissus, A Macedonian historian,who wrote an
Crimisus, Crimesus,Crinisus,Crimnisus. account of Pallene,of Persia,of the founda-
tion
The Crinisus was a Trojanprince, who expo-
sed of Syracuse,of the Getaj,".c.
his daughteron the sea; rather than suffer Critobulus, a generalof Phocis, at the
her to be devoured by the sea-monster which battle of Thermopylae, between Antiochus
Neptune sent to i)unishthe infidelity of Lao- and the Romans. Paus. 10, c. 20. A phy-
sician
medon. [yid. Laomedon.] The daughter in the age of Philipking of Macedo-
nia.
came safe to the siiores of S icily.Crinisus Plin. 7, c. 37. A son of Crito, dis-
some time after went in questof his daughter,cijjle to Socrates. Diog.in Crit.
and was so disconsolate for her loss,that the Critodemus, an ancient historian. Plin.
godsciiangedhim into a and 5, c. 76.
river in Sicily,
grantedhim the power of metamorphosing Critognatus, a celebrated warrior of
himself into whatever shape he pleased. He Alesia,when Caesar was in Gaul. Cas. Belt.
made use to seduce the neigh-
of this privilege bouringGall.
nymphs. CritolAus, a citizen of Tegea in dia,
Arca-
"
Crino, a daughter of Antenor. Paus. 10, who, with two brothers,foughtagaijist
c. 27. One of the Oanaides. JiyoUod. the two sous of Demostralus of Pheneus, to
 CR CR
put an end to a longwar between theirrespec-
tive made to the templeof Delphi, from which he
nations. The brothers of Critolaus were received an obscure and ambiguous oracle,
boti killed,and he alone remained to with-
stand which he interpreted in his favour,and which
his three bold antagonists. He conquer-
ed was fulfilledin the destruction of his empire.
them; and when, at his return, his sister Herodot. 1, c. 26, ",c. Plut. in Solon. 8, c. "

deplored the death of one of his antagonists, to "

24. Justin. 1,c. 7.
whom she was betrothed,he killed her in a fit Cromi, a peopleof Arcadia.
of resentment. The offence deserved capital Cromitis, a country of Arcadia.
punishment ; but he was pardoned,on account Crommyon and Cromvon, a place of At- tica,
of the*serviceshe had rendered his country. where Hercules killed a largesow that
He was afterwards generalof the Achseans, laid waste the neighbouring country. Ovid.
and itis said that he poisonedhimself, because Met. 7. Xen.
"
A town near Corinth. Paus.
he had been conqueredat Thermopylw by the 2, c. 1.
Romans. Cic de JVat. D. A peripatetic Cromna, a town of Bithynia.
philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to CromuSj a son of Neptune. Paus. 2, c.
Rome, "c. 140 B. C. Cic. 2, de Orai. An 1. A son of Lycaon. Id. 8, c. 3.
historian who wrote about Epirus. Cronia, a festivalat Athens,in honour of
Crius, a soothsayer,son of Theocles. Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same
Paus. 3, c. 13. A man of j^gina,Lc. "

festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a

Herodot. 6, c. 50. A river of Achaia, cal- led condemned malefactor.
after a giantof the same name. Fans. 7, Cronium, a town of Elis of Sicily.
"

c. 27. Crophi, a mountain of Egypt,near whicit

Crobialus, a town of Paphlagonia. were the sources of the Nile, according to
Crobyzi, a peopleof Thrace. some traditions, in the cityof Sais. Herodot.
CrocalE; one of Diana's attendants. Ovid. 2, c. 28.
Met. 3. Cross^ea, a country situate partly in
Crocks, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, v. 21. Thrace, and partlyin Macedonia. Herodot.
Crocodilopolis, a town of Egypt, near 7, c. 123.
the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles Crotalus, a navigable river of Italy. Plin.
were held there in the greatestveneration ; 3, c. 10.
and they were so tame, that they came to Croton, a man killed by Hercules, by
take food from the hand of their feeders. It whom he was afterwards greatlyhonoured.
was afterwards called Arsinoe. Herodot. 2, c. Diod. 4.
G9."Slrab. 17. Crotona, a town of Italy, stillknown by
Crocus, a beautiful youth,- enamoured of the same name, in the bay of Tarentum,
the r.ymphSmilax. He was changed into a founded 759 years before the Augustanage,
flower oi the same name, on account of the by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants
impatienceof his love, and Smilax was meta- were excellent warriors,and great wrestlers.
raorpliosed into a yew-tree. Ooid 4, Met. Democedes, Alcma;on, Milo, "tc. were tives
na-

V. 283. of this place. It was surrounded with a

Crcesus, the fifth and last of the Merm- wall twelve miles in circumference, before the
nadai, who reignedin Lydia,was son of Al- arrival of Pyi'rhus in Italy.Crotona struggled
yates,and passed for the richest of mankind. in vain againstthe attacks of Dionysiusof Si- cily,
He was the lirstwho made the Greeks of Asia Vi'ho took it. It suffered likewise in the
tributary to the Lydians. His court was the Viars of Pyrrhusand Annibal, but it received
asylum of learning;and .^sop, the famous ample glory,in being the placewhere Pytha- goras
fable-writer, among others,lived under his established his school. Herodot. 8, c. 3X
patronage. In a conversation with Solon, "Sirah. 6" Plin. 2, c. i)6."Liv. 1, c. 18, 1.
Crcesus wished to be thought the liappiest of 24, c. 3."Jitstin. 20, c. 2.
mankind ; but the philosopher apprizedhim of CROTONiATiE, the inhabitants of Crotona.
his mistake, and gave the preference to pover-
ty Cic. de inv. 2, c. 1.
and domestic virtue. Crcesus undertook a Crotoniatis, a part of Italy, of which
war against Cyrusthe kingofPersia,and ed
march- Crotona is the capital.Thucyd.7, c. 35.
to meet him with an army of 420,000 men, Crotopiades, a patronymicof Linus,grand- son
and 60,000 horse. After a reignof 14 years, of Crotopus.
he was defeated,B. C. 548 ; his capital was sieged, CnoTQPiAs, the patronymicof Linus,grand-
be- son
and fell into the conqueror's hands, of Crotopus. Orid.inlb. 480.
who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile Crotopus, a king ofArgos,son of Agenor,
Vv"as already on fire,when Cyrus heard the and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus
conquered monarch three times exclaim, lon
So- by Apollo. Ovid, in lb. 480.
1 with lamentable energy. He asked him Crotus, a son of Eumene, the nurse of the
the reason of his exclamation, and Crcesus re- pealed Muses. He devoted his life to the labours of
the conversation he had once with the chace, and after death Jupiter placedhim
J^olou on human happiness.Cyruswas moved among the constellations under the name of
at the recital, and at the recollection of the Sagittarius. Paus. 9, c. 29.
inconstancy of human affairs,he ordered Ckunos, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela^
Crcesus to be taken from the burningpile, and 2, c.2.
he became one of his most intimate friends Ckusis, a placenear Olynthos.
The kingdoiii of Lydia became extinct in his Crustumerium and Crustumeria, a* town

person, and the power was transferred to of the Sabines. Liv. 4, c. 9, 1. 42, c. 34.
Persia. Crcesus survived Cyrus. The raan-
"

Virg.JJ'ln. 7, V. 631.
rerof his death is unknown. He is celebrated CrustCminum, a town of Etruria, near
for the immensely rich presents which he Veil;famous for pears ; whence the adjective
Crastumia. Virg.G. 2, v. 88.
 CT cu
Crdstumium, Crustuwus, and Crostur- jand extravagances.Plut. in Phoe. A maa
Kenius, now Conca, a river flowingfrom Iwho wrote an historyof Scythia. One of
the Apennines,by Ariminum. Lucan. 2, v. Ithe descendants of Hercules.
406. j Ctimenz, the youngest daughterof Laertes
Crynis, a river of Bithynia. by Anticlea. Homer. Od. 15, v. 334.
Crypta, a passage throughmount Pausily- CuLARo, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul,
pus. Vid. Pausilypus, called afterwards Gratianopolis,
and now

Cteatcs, one of the Grecian chiefsbefore Grenoble. Cic. ep.

Troy. Paus. 5, c. 4. CuMA
and Cvmm, a town of MoVm, in Asia
Ctemene, a town of Thessaly. Minor.
The inhabitants have been accused of
Ctenos, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica. stupidity for not layinga tax upon all the good*
Ctesias, a Greek historian and physicianwhich entered their harbour during300
years.
of Cnidos,taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mne- They were called Ciimani. Strab. 13. "

mon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the Paierc. 1, c. 4. A city of Campania, near
king'swounds, and was his physicianfor 17 Puteoli,founded by a colonyfrom Chalcis and
years. He wrote an history of the AssyriansCumae, of iEolia, before the Trojan war. The
and Persians,which Justin and Diodorus have inhabitants were called Cumcei and Cumani.
partially preferredto that of Herodotus. There was one of the Sibyls, that fixed her re-
sidence
Some fi*agments of his compositions have been in a cave in tlie neighbourhood, and
preservedby Photius, and are to be found in was called the Cunman Sibyl.Vid. Sibyllae. "

Wesseling's edition of Herodotus. Strab. 1. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 712. Fast. 4, v. 158. Pont.
" Athen. 12. Plut. in Artax.
"

phant 2, el. 8, V. 41"

A syco- Cic. Rull. 2, c. 26."Paterc.
of Athens. An historian of Epbesus. 1, c. 4."Virg. JEn. Z, v. 441." Lit-.4."PioL
Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexandria, 3." Strab. 5.
who flourished 136 years B. C. He was the CuMANUM, a country house of Pompey near
inventor of the pump, and other hydraulic in- Cumas.
struments. Cic. ad Attic'. 4, ep. 10. -Another
He also invented a clepsydra, or of Varro. Id. Acad. 1, c. 1.
a water clock. This invention of measuring Cunaxa, a placeof Asspia,500 stadia from
time by water, was wonderful and ingenious. Babylon,famous for a battle foughtthere be- tween
Water was made to drop upon wheels, which Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the
it turned. The wheels communicated their younger B. C. 401. The latter entered the
regular motion to a small wooden image,which field of battle with 113,000 men, and the for- mer's
by a gradualrise,pointedwith a stick to the forces amounted to 900,000 men. The
proper hours and months, which were ed
engrav- valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks,
on a column near the machine. This artful who were among the troopsof Cyrus,are well
invention gave rise to many improv^ements ; known, and have been celebrated by the pen of
and the modern manner of measuring time Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and
with an hourglass is an imitation of the clepsy-
dra who had the principal care of the retreat-
of Ctesibius. Virtuv. de Archit. 9, c. 9. Plut. in Artax. Ctesias. "

A cynic philosopher. An historian, CuNEUs,

cape of Spain,now Algarve,ex-
a tending
who flourished 254 years B. C. and died in his into the sea in the form of a wedge.
104th year. Plut. m Dtm. Mela,3, c. l."Plin. 4, c. 22.
Ctesicles, a generalof Zacynthos,":c. CcPAVo, a son of Cycnus, who assisted
Ctesidemus, a painterwho had AntiphilusJEneas against Turnus. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 186.
for pupil. Plin. 35, c. 10. CcPENTus, a friend of Turnus, killed by
Ctesilochus, a noble painter, who sented ^neas.
repre- Virg.JEn. 12, v. 539.
Jupiteras bringing forth Bacchus. CupiDO, a celebrated deityamong the an-
cients,

Plin. 35, c. 11. god of love, and love itself. There are
Ctesiphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthe- different traditions concerning his parents.
nes, who advised his fellow-citizens publiclyCicero mentions three Cupids; one, son of
to present Demosthenes with a goldencrown Mercury and Diana ; another,son of Mercury
for his probityand virtue. This was ed
oppos- and Venus ; and the third,of Mai's and Venus.
by the iEschines, the rival of De-
orator Plato mentions two ; Hesiod, the most ancient
mosthenes,
who accused Ctesiphonof sedi-tious theogonist, speaksonlyof one, who, as he says,
views. Demosthenes undertook the de-
fencewas producedat the same time as Chaos and
of his friend,in a celebrated oration still the Earth. There aj'e, according to the more
extant, and ^^schines was banished. Demost. received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is
^ JEschin. de Corona. A Greek architect,a lively ingeniousyouth, son of Jupiter and Ve-
nus
who made the planof Diana's templeat Epbe- sus. ; whilst the other,son of Nox and Erebus,
An elegiacpoet, whom king Attains is distinguished by his debaucheryand riotous
set over his possessionsin yEolia. Allien. disposition. Cupid is represented
as a winged

13. A Greek historian,wiio wrote an infant,naked, armed with a bow and a quiver
historyof Bceotia, besides a treatise on trees full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces
and plants. Plut. in Thes. lage of antiquity,
A largevil- he is represented as amusinghim-
self
of Assyria, now Elmodain, on the banks with some childish diversion. Sometimes
where the kingsof Parthia
of the Tigris, erally he appears drivinga hoop, throwing a quoit,
gen-
resided in winter on account of the mild-
ness playingwitli a nymph, catchinga butterfly, ov

of the climate. Strab. 15. Plin. 6, c. tryingto burn with a torch ; at other times he
"

26. playsupon a horn before his mother,or closely

Ctesippds, a son of Chabrias. After his embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in
father'sdeath he was received into tJiehouse the air,he in a musing posture seems to med-
itate
of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion some trick ; somelimcs, like a conquer-
or,
attemptedin vain to correct bi" natural foibles he marches triumphantly wi'Jha helmet on
 cu CU
kis head,a spear on his shoulder, and a buck-
ler sacrificesand
religious ceremonies. Tlie other
OH his arm, intimating that even Mars him-
self was appointedfor the senate, where they as-
sembled

owns the superiority of love. His power for the dispatchof publicbusiness.
was generally known by his riding on the back The
Curia were solemnlyconsecrated by the
of a lion,or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces Augurs, before a lawful assemblycould be con- vened

the thunderbolts of Jupiter.Among the an- cients there. There were three at Rome
he was worshipped with the same lemnitywhich
so- more particularly claim our attention ;
as his mother Venus, and as his influ-
ence Curia Hostilia, built by king Tullus Hostilius ;
was extended over the heavens, the sea, Curia Pompeii,where Julius Ca3sar was dered
mur-
and the earth, and even the empire of the ; and Curia Augusti, the palace and
dead, his divinity was universally ed,
acknowledg- court of the emperor Augustus. A town
and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were of the Roeti, now Coire,the capitalof the
dailyoffered to him. Accordingto some counts, Grisons.
ac-

the union of Cupid with Chaos gave Curia lex, de Comitiis,was enacted by
birth to men, and allthe animals which inhabit M. Curius Dentalus the tribune. It forbade
the earth,and even the gods themselves were the convening of the Comitia,for the election
the offspring of love before the foundation of of magistrates, without a previouspermission
the world. Cupid,like the rest of the gods,as-sumed from the senate.
different shapes;and we find him in Curias. Vid. Curium.
the iEneid, puttingon, at the requestof his Curiatii, a family of Alba, which was ried
car-

mother, the form of Ascanius, and goingto to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered
Dido's court,where he inspired the queen with among the patricians.The three Curiatii,
love. Virg.JEn.1, v. 693, "^c. Cic. de J\'at. who cnjo^ged
" the Horatii,and lost the victory,
D. 3." Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 10." Hesiod.'Theog. were of this family. Flor. 1, c. 3. Dionys, "

T. 121,"x. Oppian.Hali. 4. Cyneg.2. Bion. Hal.,o. Liv. 1, c. 24.

" " "

idyll. 3. Moschus.
"
Eurip.in Hippol. Theo-
" " Q. Curio, an excellent orator, who called
erit.Idyll. 3, U, kc. Caesar in full senate. Omnium muUtrum virum,
CuPiENNius, a friend of Augiistus, who et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacit. 21.
made himself ridiculous for the nicetyand ef- feminacy
Anji. c. 7. ^Suet. in C"es. 49.
" Cic, in Brut."

of his dress. Horat. 1,Sat. 3, v. 36. His son, C. Scribonius,was tribune of

Cures, a town of the Sabines, of which the people,and an intimate friend of Caesar.
Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called Qni- He saved Cajsar's life as he returned from the
rites,
were carried to Rome, of which they senate-house, after the debates concerning
became citizens. Virg.JEn. 1,v. 292, 1. 8, v. the punishments w-hich ought to be inflicted
688." Liu. 1, c. \3."Macrob. 1, c. 9." OriU on Ihe adherents of Catiline. He killed him-
self
Fast. 2, V. 477 and 480, 1.3, v. 94. in Africa. Flor. 4, c. 2. Plul. in Pomp. "

CuRETES, a people of Crete, called also fy C(BS. 49. Vai. Max. 9, c. 1, Lucan. v.
" "

Corybanles, who, accordingto Ovid, were 268.

producedfrom rain. Their knowledge of all CuRiosoLiTiE,a peopleamong the Celtae,
the arts was extensive,and they communica-
ted who inhabited the country wl?icli now forms
itto many partsof ancient Greece. They Lower Britany. Ccbs.Bell. G. 2, c. 34, 1. 3;
were intrusted with the education of Jupiter,c. 11.
and to prevent his beingdiscovered by his fa- ther, Curium, a town of Cyprus, at a small dis-
tance
theyinvented a kind of dance,and drown-
ed from which, in the south of the island,
his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields there is a cape which bears the name of Curi-
as.
and cymbals. As a reward for their atten- tion Herodot. 5, c. 1 13.
they were made priestsand favourite CuRius Dentatus Marcus Annius, a
ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele,who had Roman, celebrated for his fortitudeand fru- gality.
intrusted them with the care of Jupiter.Dio- He was three times consul, and was
nys. Hall. 2." Virg.G.4, v. 151." S/r"6. 10." twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained
JPaus. 4, c. 33." Ovid. Met. 4, v. 282. Fast. 4, decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sa- bines,
V. 210. and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyr-
CuRETis, a name givento Crete, as being rhus near Tarentura. The ambassadors of
the residence of the Curetes. Ovid. Met. 8, the Samnites visited his cottage,while he was
V. 136. boiling some vegetables In an eaithen pot,and
Curia, a division of the Roman tribes. they attemptedto bribe him by the offer of
Romulus originally divided the people into largepresents. He refused their offers with
three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curia?, contempt, and said,I prefer my earthen pots
Ov-er each Curise was appointeda priest, w ho to allyour vessels of goldand silver, and itis my
officiatedat the sacrifices of his respective sembly.wish to command
as- those who are in possession
The sacrifices were called Curionia, of money, while I am deprivedof it,and live
and the priest Curio. He was to be above the in poverty. Plut. in Cat. Cens. Horat. 1,
"

age of fifty. His morals were to be pure and od. 12, V. 41. Flor. L c. 15.
" -A lieutenant
unexceptionable, and his body free from all of Caesar's cavalry,to whom sis cohorts of
defects. The Curiones were elected by their Pompey revolted, kc. Cms. 1. Bell. Civ.
respective Curia?,and above them was a su- perior 24.

priest called Curio maximus, chosen by CuRTiA, a patrician family,which migrated

all the Curia; in a publicassembly. The with Tatius to Rome.
word Curia was also applied to public edifices CuRTiLLus, a celebrated epicure,"c. Ho- rat.
among the Romans. These were generally 2, Sat. 8, v. 52.
of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former M. CuRTius, a Roman youth,who devo-ted
were held the ai;semblies of the priests, and himself to the gods Manes for the safety
n( every religious order, for the regulation of of his country about 360 years B. C. A wide
 CY CY
gap, called aftenvardsCurtius lacus,had sud-
denly sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces
opened in the forum, and the oracle when theypassed throughthe straits. This
had said that it never would close before tradition arose from their appearing, like all
Rome threw into it whatever it had most
cious.other objects,
pre- to draw nearer when tors
naviga-
Curtius immediatelyperceived that no approached them. They were sometimes
less than a human sacrifice was required.called Symplegadesand PlanetcB. Their true
He armed himself; mounted his horse, and situationand form was firstexploredand as- certained
solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which by the Argonauts. Plin. 6, c. 12."
instantly closed over his head. Liv. 7, c. 6. "
Herodot. 4, c. 85." Apolion.2, v. 317 and 600.
Val. Max. 5, c. 6. Q. Rufus. Fid. Quin- "Lycoph. \2Sb."SLrab. 1 and 3." Mela,
2,
tus. ]Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with c. 7." Ovid. Prist. I, el. 9, v. 34.
Pompey, "c. Suet, de Gr. Montanus, an Cyanee and Cyanea, a daughter of the
orator and poet under Vespasian. Tacit. 4.
Maeander,mother of Byblis and Canus, by
^nn. Atticus, a Roman knight, who accom-
panied Meletus,Apollo's Ovid. Met. 9, v. 451.
son.
Tiberius in his retreat into Campania.
Cyaneus, a largeriver of Colchis.
Tacit. An. 4. Lacus, the gulfinto which Cyanippe, a daughterof Adrastus.
Curtius leaped. Vid. M. Curtius. Fons, a Cyanippus, a Syracusan,who derided the
stream which conveyed water to Rome from orgies of Bacchus, for which impietythe
the distance of 40 miles, by an god
aqueduct so so inebriated him, that he offered violence to
elevated as to be distributed through all the his
daughterCyane, who sacrificed him on the
hills ofthe city. Plin. 36, c. 15. altar. Plut. in Parall. A Thessalian,
CcRULis Magistratus, a state officer at whose wife met with the same fate as Procris.
Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an Pint. i7iParall.
ivorychair in publicassemblies. The dicta- tor, Cyaraxes, or Cyaxares, son of Phraor-
the consuls,the censors, the praetors,and tes,was
kingof Media and Persia. He brave- ly
cdiles,claimed that privilege, and therefore defended his kingdom,which the Scythians
were called curults magistratus. The tors
sena- had invaded. He made wai- against
who had passedthroughthe above men-
Alyattes,
tioned king of Lydia,and subjected to his power all
offices were generally carried to the Asia beyondthe river Halys. He died after*
Benate-house in ivorychairs, as all generals in reignot 40 years, B. C. 585. Diod. 2." Hero-
their triumphantprocessionto the capitol. dot. 1, c. 73 and 103. Another prince,
When sup-
posed
names of distinction began to be known by some to be the same as Darius the
among the Romans, the descendants of curule Mede. He was the son of Astyages, king of
magistrates were called nobiles,the firstof a Media. He added seven provinces to his fa-
ther's
family w ho discharged office were known
that dominions,and made war pgainst the
by the name of noti,and those that had never
Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. Xenoph,
been in office were called ignobiles. Cyrop.1,
CussjEi,a nation of Asia,destroyedby Al- exander Cybeee, a name of Cybele, from i'u2"(3f*y,
to appease the manes of Hephaestion. because in the celebration of her festivals mea
Flut. in Mex. were driven to madness.
Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into the Cybele, a goddess,daughterof Ccelus and
Danube, now the Vag. Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed
CuTiLiuM, a town of the Sabines, near a to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta,
lake which contained a floating island ; and of Bona Mater, Magna Mater,
Berecynthia, Din-
which the water was of au unusuallycold dymene, "c. Accordingto Diodorus,she was
quality.Plin. 3, c. 12, 1.31, c. 2." Seneca. Q. the daughterof a Lydianprince, called Menos,
Ji. 3, c. 25." Liv. 26, c. 11.
by his wifeDindymene.and he addsjthat as soon
Cyamosorus, a river of Sicily. as she was born she was exposedon a mountain.
Cyane, a nymph of Syracuse,to whom her She was preservedand suckled
by some of the
father oftered violence in a fitof drunkenness. wild beasts of the and 'received
forest, the
She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where of Cybelefrom the mountain
name where her
she sacrificed him, and killed herself to
stopa lifehad been preserved. When she returned
pestilence, which, from that circumstance, to her father'scourt, she had an intrigue with
had already begun to affiict the country. Atys,a beautiful
youth,whom her father mu- tilated,
Plut. in Parall. A nymph of Sicily, who k.c. All the mythologists are mous
unani-
endeavoured to assist Proserpinewlien she in mentioning the amours of Atys and
was carried away by Pluto. The god changed
Cybele. The partiality of the goddessfor Atys
her into a fountain now called Pwme, a few to arise from his having firstintroduced
seems
miles from Syracuse. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 112. her
worshipin Phrygia.Sheenjoijied him per-
petual
A town of Lycia. Plin. 5, c. 27. An celibacy, and the violation of his
ise
prom-
innkeeper,Sic. Juv. 8, v. 162. was expiatedby voluntarymutilation. In
Cyan E a;, now the Povorane, two rugged Phrygiathe festivals of Cybele were observed
islands at the entrance of the Eusine sea, with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called
about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thra
Corybantes, Galli, iic. were not admitted in
cian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side the service of the
goddesswithout a previou*
of Asia,and the other on the
Europer.r coast, mutilation. In tiie celebration of the festi-
and accordingto Strabo,there is
onlyh space \als,thoy imitated the manners of madmen,
of 20 furlongs between them. The waves of and filledthe air with dreadful shriekr, and
the sea, which continually break agaii.sf bowlings,mixed with the confused noise of
them v,ith a violent noise, fillthe air with drums,
tabrets, bucklers,aiul spears. Thi5
a darkening foam, and render the j)as- was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cy-
bele
sage extremely dangerous. The ancients for the loss of her lavourite Atys. Cy-
upposedthat these islands floated, and evpn Ibeiewas
generallyrepresented a? a robust
29
 CY CY
woman, faradvanced in her pregnancy, to in- timatetic stature,supposed to be the sons of CoeiaC
the of
fecundity the earth. She held and Terra. They had but one eye in the
keys in her hand, and her head was crowned middle of the forehead;whence their name
with rising turrets, and sometimes with the (xuxx". circules, ""v oculus.)They were three
leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears ri-
dingin number, accordingto Hesiod, called Arges,
in a chariot drawn by two tame lions ;Atys Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was

follows by her side,carrying a ball in his hand, greater accordingto other mythologists, and
and supporting himself upon a fir-tree, which in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their
is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele king. [Vid.Polyphemus.] They inhabited
is represented with a sceptrein her hand, with the western pai'ts of the island of Sicily ; and
her head covered with a tower. She is also because they were uncivilized in their man- ners,

seen with many breasts,to show that the the poets speak of them as men-eaters.

earth gives aliments to all livingcreatures ; The tradition of their having only one eye,
and she generally carried two lions under her originates from their custom of wearing small
arras. From Phrygia the worshipof Cybele bucklers of steel which covered their faces,
passedinto Greece, and was solemnly estab- lished and had a small aperturein the middle, which
at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleu- correspondedexactly to the eye. From their
ainian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by vicinity to Mount ^tna, they have been sup- posed
order of the Sibylline books, broughtthe sta- tue to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to
of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter.
and when the shipwhich carried it had run The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses
on a shallow bank of the Tiber,the virtue and were said,among the ancients,to be the work
innocence of Claudia were vindicated in re-moving of the Cyclops, to render them more able,
respect-
it with her girdle. It is supposed and we find that Jupiter was armed with
that the mysteries of Cybeie were firstknown what theyhad fabricated,and that the shield
about 1580 years B. C. The Romans were of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were
particularly supei-stitiousin washing every the produce of their labour. The Cyclops
on the 6th of the calends of April,the were reckoned among the gods,and we find
year,
shrine of this goddessin the waters of the ri- ver a temple dedicated to their service at Co-
rinth,
Aim on. There prevailed
many obscenities where sacrifices were solemnlyoffered.
in the observations and
of the festivals, the Apollo destroyedthem all,because they had
prieststhemselves were the most eager to use made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which
indecent expressions, and to show their un-
bounded his son ^sculapiushad been killed. From the
licentiousness by the impurity of their different accounts givenof the Cyclopsby the
actions, Vid. Atys,Eleusis, Rhea, Coryban- ancients,it may be concluded that theywere
tes, Galli,he. Augustin.de Cicit, D. Uc.
" all the same
"
people,to whom various functions
Lactant. Lucian.
" in Dea Syr Diod. 3. "
have been attributed,
"
which cannot be recon-
ciled

Virg.JEn. 9, v. 617, 1. 10, v. 252." Lucan. 1, one to the other, without drawing the
V. 566." Onrf. Trigt. 4, v. 210 and 361." pencilof fiction or mythology.Apollod. 1,c.
Plut. de Loquac.-^Cic. ad Attic. Cod. Rliod. 1 and 2. Homer. Od. 1 and 9.
" "
Hesiod. Theog, "

8;C. 17,"c. V. 140." Theocrit. Id. 1,hc."Strab. 8." Virg.

CvBELE and Cybela, a town of Phrygia.G. 4, V. 170. JEn. 6, v. 639, 1. 8, v. 418, kc. 1.
Apollod. 3, c. 5. 11, v. 263." Ovid. Mel. 13, v. 780,1. 14,v.
Cybf.lus,a mountain of Phrygia, where 249. A peopleof Asia.

Cybelewas worshipped. Cycnus, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed

Cybira, a town of Phrygia,whence Cy- by Hercules. The manner of his death
biraticus. Uorcd. 1,ep. 6, v. 33. provoked Mars to such a degree,that he re- solved

CvBisTKiA, a town of Cappadocia. Cic. severely to punishhis murderer, but he

Div. 15. was preventedby the thunderbolts of Jupiter.
CycEsiuM, a town of Peloponnesus, near Hygin.fab. 31 and 261. Hesiod. in Scut. Here. "

Pisa. A son of JNeptune, invulnerable in every

CycHREUS, a son of Neptune and Sala- part of his body. Achilles fought againstlnm;
mis. After death he was honoured tis a god but when he saw that his darts were of no
in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children,effect, he threw him on the ground and smo- thered

lie made Telamon his successor, because he him. He stripped him of his armour,
had freed the country from a monstrous pent.
ser- and saw him suddenlychanged into a bird of
Pans. 1, c. 35. Plut. in Thes.
" the same name.
" Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 3. A

Apollod. S,c. 12. son of Hyrie,changed into a swan. A soa

Cyclades, a name given to certain islands of Sthenelus,king of Liguria.He was deeply
that
of the ^gean sea, those particularly round
sur- afflictedat the death of his friend and relation
Delos as with a circle;whence the Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations
name ("v7.k""
drculus.)They were about 53 he was metamorphosed into a swan. Oi'^id.
in number, the of Avhich
principal were Ceos, Met. 2, V. 367." Firg.Mn. 10, v. 189." Paws.
Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos,Gya- 1,c. 30. A horse's name. Stat. 6. Theb.
rus, Tenedos, he. The Cyclades were duced V. 524.
re-

under the power of Athens by Mil- Cydas, a profligateCretan, made judge at

tiades ; but during the invasion of Greece by Rome by Antony. Cic. in Phil. 5 and 8.
the Persians,theyrevolted from their ancient Cydias, an Athenian of great valour, ",c.
and natural allies. C JVep.in Mil. 2. Plin. Pans. 10, c. 21.
"
A painterwho made a

4, c. 12." ."e/a,2, c- 7. Ptol. 3, c. 16."Strab. paintingof the Argonauts. This celebrated

10. Dionys. Perieg. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 64.
"
"

j)icce was "

boughtby the orator Hortensius,

Virg.JEn. 3, v. 127,1. 8, v. 692." 5i7. 4, v. 247. Ifor 164 talents. Plin. 34.
GvcLUPEs, a certain race of mm of gigaii- I Cydippe,the wife of AuaxiJaus,"c. Me
 CY CY
r"dot.7, c. 165. The mother of Cleobis and Trojans with Triton after the storm with
Biton. Vid. Cleobis. A girlbeloved by which ^olus, at the request of Juno, had
Acontius. Vid. Acontius. -One of Cyrene's afflictedthe fleet.
attendants. Virg.G. 4, v. 329. 4 Orf.
CyxVara,one of Horace's favourites,
Cydnus, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, 1, V. 4.
where Alexander bathed when
covered with Cyn^giru?, an Athenian, celebrated for
sweat. The consequences })rovedalmost fatal his extraordinary courage. He was brother to
to the monarch. Cart. 3, c. 4.~Justin. 11, the poet ^schylus. After the battle of Mara-
thon,
c. 8. he pursued the flyingPersians to their
CvDON, a friend of Turnus againstiBneas. ships,and seized one of their vessels with his
Virg.Xn. 10,v. 335. righthand, which was immediately severed
CyooN and Cydonia, now Canea, atown of by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel
Crete,built by colonyfrom Samos.
a It was by his left hand, and when he had lost that
supposed that Minos generallyresided there. also, he stillkept his hold with his teeth.
Hence Cydoneus. Ovid. Met. 8, v, 22 Viro- Herodot. 6, c. 114. Justin. 2, c. 9.
JEn. 12, V. 858." S,7.2, v. 109." Lit-.37, c m Cyn^thium, a town of Arcadia, founded
" Lucan. 7,v. 229. by one of the companionsof vEneas. Dionys,
Cydonia,an island oppositeLesbos. Plin^ Hal.
3 and 4. Cynane, " daughter of Philip,king of
Cydrara, cityof Phrygia.Herodot. 7, Macedonia, who married Amyntas, son of
a

c. 30. Perdiccas,by whom she had Eurydice. Po-

Cydrolaus, a man who led a colonyto Sa-
mos. lycEn.
8.
Diod. 5. Cynapes, a river falling into the Euxin^
Cygnus, Vid. Cycnus. Ovid. 4, Pont. el. 10,v. 49.
Cylabus, a placenear Argos in Peloponne-
sus. Cynaxa. Vid. Cunasa.
Plut. in Pyrrh. Cyneas. Vid. Cineas.
Cylbiani,mountains of Phrygiawhere the Cynesii and Cynet^, a nation of the re-motest
Caystertakes itsrise. Plin. 5, c. 29. shores of Europe,towards the ocean.
Cylices, a people among the lUyrians.Herodot.2,c.33.
There was in their country a monument in Cynethussa, an island in the ^eean sea.
honour of Cadmus. Athen. Plin. 4, c. 12.
Cylindus,a son of Phryxus and Calliope. Cynia, a lake of Acarnania. Strab. 16.
Cyllabaris, a publicplace for exercises Cynici, a sect of philosophersfounded by
"t Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. Antisthenes the Athenian. They received
Paus. in Cor. this name a canina mordacitate,from their
Cyllabarus, a of
gallant the wife of Dio-
canine propensity to criticisethe lives and ac- tions

medes, fee. of men, or because,like dogs,they were

Cyllarus, the most beautiful of all the not ashamed to gratifytheir criminal desires
Centaurs,passionately fond of Hylonome. publicly.They Were famous for their con- tempt

They perishedboth at the same time. Ovid. of riches,for the negligence of their
12, Met. V. 408. A celebrated horse of dress, and the lengthof their beards. genes
Dio-
Pollux or of Castor, according to Seneca. was one of their sect. They generally
Virg.G. 3, V. 90. slepton the ground. Cic. 1. Off.35 and 41.
Cyllen, a son of Elatus. Paus. 8, c. 4. Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus king
Cyllene, the mother of Lycaon, bv Pe- of Sparta,who obtained the first prizein the
fesgus.Apollod. 3, c. 8. A naval station of chariot races at the Olympic games. Paus. 3,
Ehs in Peloponnesus. Prats. 4, c. 23. A C.8.
mountain of Arcadia,Avith a small town onfts Cyno, a woman who preservedthe lifeof
declivity, which received itsnamefrom Cyllen.Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 110.
Mercurywas born there; hence his surname Cynocephale, a town of Thessaly, where
of Cylleneiiis, which is indiscriminately ed
appli-the proconsulQuintius conquered Philipof
to any thing he invented, or over which he Macedon, and put an end to the fir.st nian
Macedo-
presided. Lucan. 1, v. 663." Hora^ ep. 13,v. war, B. C. 1^7. Lit-.33, c. 7.
i!i.~Paus. 8, c. 17."Virg. Mn. 8, v. 139." Cynocephali, a nation in India,who have
Ovid. Met. 13,V. 146. A A. 3, v. 147. the head of a dog,according to some tions.
tradi-
Cylleneius,a surname of
Mercury, from PHji. 7, c. 2.
his beingborn the mountain
on Cyllene. Cynopho.ntis, a festivalat Argos,observ-
ed
CYLr.YRii, certain slaves at
Syracuse. He-
rodot. duringthe dog-days. It received its name
7, c. 155. killing
xuvsei "^ovuv, dogs,because theyused
aTTo Tou

CytoN, an Athenian,who aspiredto tyran-

ny. to killall the dogsthey met.
Herodot. 5, c. "71. Cynortas, one of the ancient kings of
CYivfA or Cym;e, the largestand most Sparta,son of Amyclos and Diomede. Paus,
beautiful town of iEolia,called also Pkricmis 3, c. 1.
and PhncorUis, and Cunus. Vid. Cum", Cynortion, a mountain of Peloponnesus.
Ltv. 37, c. U."Cie. Place. 20." Herodot. 1, c. Paus. 2, c. 27.
149. Cynos, a town of Locris. Another in
Cymodoce, Cyme, and Cymo, one of the where Pyrrha,Deucalion's wife,
Thessaly, was

Nereides. Hesiod. Theog. v. 255 "

Virir
^'
G'
buried.
4,v. 388.. Cykosarges,
a surname of Hercufcs.
and Cimolus, an island of the
Cymulus, A small villageof Attica of the same name,,
Cretan sea. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 463. where the Cynic philosophers had established
Cymothoe, one of the Nereides, repre-
sented their school. Herodot. 5 and 6.
by Virs.A^.n. 1,v. 148, as assisting
the CiyosFtMA, (a dog'stomb),a promonlorv
 CY
of tlieThracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba descendants of Cypselus, who reigned at do-
was chatiged buried. Ovid. 13, rinth during73 years. Cypselus
into a dog,and was ed
succeed-
Met. 569. by his son Periander, who lefthis kingdom
Cynosijra, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She aftera reignof 40 years, to CypselusII.
nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star Cypselus, a king of Arcadia, who ried
mar-

which bears the same name. It is the same as the daughterof Ctesiphon,to strengthen
the Ursa r"iinor. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 107. himself against the Heraclidae. Paus. 4, c. 3.
Cynthia, a beautiful woman, who was A man of Corinth, son of Eetion, and
mistress to Propertius. A surname of Di-
ana, father of Periander. He destroyedthe Bac-
from mount Cynthus,where she
chiada3,and seized upon the sovereign
was born. power,
Cynthius, a surname of Apollo, from
about 659 years before Christ. He reigned
mount Cynthus. 30 years, and was succeeded by his son. riander
Pe-
Cynthus, a mountain of Delos,so highthat had two sons, Lycophron and selus,
Cyp-
it is said to overshadow the whole island. who was insane. Cypselusreceived his
Apollo was sui'named Ci/n!hius,and Diana name from the Greek word ":v;"x"" a coffer,
Ci/nthia, as they were born on the mountain, because when the Bacchiadai attemptedto kill
which was sacred to them. Virg.G. 3, v. 36. him, his mother saved his life by concealing
"^Ovid. 6. Met. v. 304. Fast. 3, v. 346. in a coffer. Paus. 5, c. 17.
him Cic. Tusc. "

Cyncrekses, a people of Arcadia. 37." Herodot. 1, c. 114,1.5, c. 92, "c."

Paus. 5, c.

8, C.27. Bristol. Polit. The father of Miltiades.

Cynus, a naval station of Opuns. Id. 10,c. 1. Herodot. 6, c. 3.
Cyparissi and Cyparissia, a town ponnesus, Cyraunis, an island of Libya. Id. 4, c, 195.
of Pelo-
near Messenia. Liv. 32, c. 31. Cyrbiana, a provinceof the Elymaeans.
"

Flin. 4, c. 5, Cyre, a fountain near Cyrene.

Cyparissus, a youth, son of Telephusof Cyrenaica, a country of Africa,of which
Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite Cyrene is the capital.Vid. Cyrene.
stag of Apollo's,
for which he was so
sorry Cyrenaici, a sect of who
philosophers lowed
fol-
that he pined away and was changed by the the doctrine of
Aristippus.They
god into a cypress tree. Virg.JE,n. 3, v. 680. placedtheir summuni bonum and
in pleasure,
"Ovid. Mel. 10,v. 121. A to\rn near Del-
phi. said that \irtue ought to be commended cause
be-
Mela, 2, c. 3. it gave pleasure.Laert. in Arist.
Cyphara, a fortifiedplaceofThessaly.
Liv. Cic. de Kat. D. 3.
82, c. 13. Cyrene, the daughter of the river Peneus,
Cypri.Inus, a native of Carthage, who, of whom Apollobecame enamoured. He car-
ried

thoughborn of heathen parents, became a her to that part of Africa which iscalled
convert to tlae bishopof his Cyrenaica,
Christianity,
and where she brought forth Aristaeus.
country. To be more devoted to purity and She is called by some daughterof Hypseus,
study,he abandoned his Avife ; and as a proof king of the Lapitha),and son of the Peneus.
of his chanty he distributed his goods to the Virg.G. 4, V. 321. "Justin. 13, c.l." Pindar.
poor. He besides several Pyih.
Avrote 81 letters, 9. A celebrated cityof Libya, to
treatises, de Dei gratia,de mrginum habitu, which who
Aristeeus, was the chief of the
",c.and rendered his compositions valuable by colonists settled there, gave his mother's
the information he conveys of the discipline name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and
of the ancient church, and by the soundness fertileplain, about eleven miles from the Me- diterranean
and purity of his theology.He died a mar-tyr, sea.and itbecame the capitalof the
A. D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian country,which was called Pentapolis, on count
ac-

are, that of Fell,fol.Oxon. 1682, and that re-printed of the five citieswhich it contained. It
Arast. 1700. gave birth to many great men, among whom
Cyprus,a daughterof Antony and patra, were
Cleo- Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades,
who married Agrippa. A largeisl-
and Aristippus, k,c. The town of Cyrene was
in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of built by Battus, B. C. 630, and the kingdom
Cilicia. and at the west of Syria,formerlywas bequeathedto the Romans, B. C. 97, by
joinedto the continent near Syria,according king Ptolemy Appion. Herodot. 3 and 4. "

to Fliny.It has been anciently called ^ca"mn- Paus. 10, c. 13." Strab. ll.-Mela, 1, c. 8.".
tis,Aviathusia,"spelia,Ceresiis,
Colonia,or Plin. 6, c. 5." Tacit. Jinn.3,c. 70.
Colinia. Macaria, and Spechia. It has been Cyuiades, one of the thirty tyrantswho
celebrated for givingbirth to Venus, surnamed harassed the Roman empire, in the reign of
who was
Ci/]}riSf the chief deityof the place,Gallienus. He died A. D. 259.
and to whoseservice many placesandtemples Cyrillus, a bishopof Jerusalem, who died
were consecrated. It was ancientlydivided A. D. 386. Of his Avritings, composed in
into nine kingdoms, and it was for some time Greek, there remain 23 catacheses,and a let-
ter
under the power of Egypt, and afterwards of to the emperor Constantine, the best edi-
tion
the Persian?. The Greeks made themselves of which is Milles,fol. Oxon. 1703.
masters of it,and it was taken from them by A bishopof Alexandria,who died A. D. 444.
the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, The best edition of his writings, which are

is 1400 stadia. There nere three celebrated mostly controversial in Greek, is that of Pa-ris,
teni|)les there, two sacred to V^enus,and the fol 7 vols. 1638.
other to Jupiter.The inhabitants were given Cyrne, a placeof Eubcea.
mucii to plt^asure and dissipation. Strab. 15. Cynnus, a driver in the games which
"Plot. 5, c. 14." JP/or. 3, c. 9."Jiislin. 18,c. Scipio exhibited in Africa,"c. Ital. 16, v.
5."Plin. 12, c. 24, 1.33, c. 5, 1.36,0.26." 342. A man of Argos,u ho founded a city
Mela, 2, c. 7. in Chersouesus. Diod. 6. A river that
the
Cyps"i.iDJBS, name of three princesas fallsinto the Caspiansea. Plut. in Pomp.
 CY CY
An island on the coast of Liguria, the same as ought to be. Diod. 1. Herodot. 1, c. 76, "

Corsica;and called after Cyrnus, the son of ";c. Justin. 1, c. 5 and 7. "
The younger
Hercules. Virg.Ed. 9, v. 30." Paw*. 10,c. 17 Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus,
.

Cyrr;ei, a peopleof iEthiopia, and the brother of Artaserxes. He was sent

Cyrrhad^, an Indian nation. by his father, at the age of sixteen,to assist
Cyrrhes, a people of Macedonia, near the Lacedaemonians againstAthens. Artax-
Pella. erxes succeeded to the throne at the death of
Cyrrhestica, a country of Syrianear Ci- Nothus ; and Cyrus, who
of an was aspiring
licia,of wliich the capital was called Cyrrhum. soul, attemptedto assassinate him.
He was
Plin. 5, c. 23." Cic. Att. 5, ep. 18. discovered,andwould have been punishedwith,
Cyrrhus and Cyrus, a river of Iberia,in death, had not his mother, Parysatis,saved
Asia. him from the hands
of the executioner by her
Cyrsilus, an Athenian,stoned to death by tears and entreaties. This circumstance did
his countrymen, because he advised them to not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus ;
receive the array of Xerxes, and to submit to he was appointed over Lydia and the sea-
the power of Persia. Damosth. de Corona.
"
coasts, where he secretlyfomented rebellion,
Cic. 3, de Offic.
c. 11. and levied troops under vanous pretences.
Cyrus, a king of Persia,son of Cambyses At last he took the field with an army of
and Mandane, daughterof Astyages king of 100,000 barbarians,and 13,000 Greeks under
Media. His father was of an ignoblefamily,the command of Cleai'chus. Artaxerxes met
whose marriagewith Mandane had been summated
con- him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle
on account of the longand bloody, and Cyrus might have
apprehensions
of was

Astyages. (FitZ. Astyages.)Cyrus W' as expo-

sed perhapsobtained the victory, had not his un-
common

as soon as born ; but he was preservedby rashness proved his ruin. It is said
a shepherdess, who educated him as her own that the two royalbrothers met in person, and
son. As he was playingwith his equalsin engaged with the most inveterate fury,and
years, he was elected king in a certain diver-
sion, their engagement ended in the death of Cy- rus,
and hs exercised his power with such an 401 years B. C. Artaxerxes was so ious
anx-

independentspirit, that he ordered one of his of its beinguniversal!;* reportedthat his

play companions to be severelywhipped for brother had fallenby his hand, that he put to
disobedience. The father of the youth,who death two of his subjects, for boasting that
was a nobleman, complainedto the kingof the they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were
ill treatment which his son had received from engaged in the expedition, obtained much
a shepherd's son. Astyagesordered Cyrusbe- fore gloryin the battle ; and afterthe death of Cy- rus,
him, and discovered that he was Man- they remained victorious in the fieldwith-out
dano's son, from whom he had so much to ap- prehend. a commander. They were not, however,
He treated him with greatcoldness ; discouraged, though at a greatdistance from
and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, esca- ped their country, and surrounded on every side
from his confinement, and began to levy by a powerfulenemy. They unanimously
troops to dethrone his grandfather.He was united in the election of commanders, and
assisted and encouraged by the ministers of traversed all Asia, in spiteof the continual
Astyages,who were displeased with the king'sattacks of the Persians ; and nothingis more
oppression.He marched againsthim, and trulycelebrated in ancient historythan the
Astyageswas defeated in a battle,and taken bold retreat of the ten thousand. The journey
prisoner,B. C. 559. From this victorythe that they made from the place of their first
empire of Media became tributary sians. embarkation
to the Per- tilltheir return, has been calcu-
lated
Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of at 1155 leagues, performedin the space
Asia, and made war againstCroesus,king of of 15 months, includingall the time which
Lydia, whom he conquered,B. C. 648. He was devoted to take rest and refreshment.
invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the This retreat has been celebrated by Xeno- phon,
cityof Babylon, by drying the channels of who was one of their leaders, and among
tiie Euphrates, and marching his troops the friends and supportersof Cyrus. It issaid,
throughthe bed of the river,while the people that in the letter he wrote to Lacedaemon, to
were celebrating a grand festival. He wards solicit auxiliaries,
after- Cyrus boasted his philoso-
phy,
marched against Tomyris,the queen of his royalblood, and his ability to drink
the Massagetae, a Scythian nation,and was de- featedmore wine than his brother without beingin- toxicated.
in a bloody bat'le, B. C. 530. The vic-
torious Plut. in Arlax. Diod. 14. Jus-tin. " "

had lost her son in a pre-

who 5, c. 11. A rival of Horace, in the af-
fections
queen, vious
encounter, was so incensed againstCy- rus, of one of his mistresses,1. od. 17,v.
that she cut off his head, and threw itinto 24. A poet of Panopolis,in the age of
a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming,Theodosius.
i^aiin te sanguine(/aeni sUisli. Xenophon has Cyrus and Cyropolis, a city of Syria,
written the lifo of Cyrus ; but his historyis built by the Jews in honour of Cyrus, whose
not perfectly authentic. In the character of humanity in relieving them from their captivi-
ty
Cyrus, he delineates a brave and viituous they wished thus to commemorate.
prince,and often puts in his mouth many of Cyrus, a river of Persia,now Kur.
thesayingsof Socrates. The chronology is Cyta, a town of Colchis,famous for the
has given poisonousherbs which
and Xenophon, in his narration,
false; it produces,and for
existence to persons whom no other historian the birth of Medea. Flacc. 6, v. 693." Pro-
ever mentioned. The Cyrop(edia, is pert.2, el. 1,v. 73.
Ihei-efore,
not to be looked upon as an authentic history CvTiEis, a surname of Medea, from her
of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as being;an inhabitant of Cyta. Properl. 2. el.
showing what every good and virtuous prince 4, v. 7.
 CY CY
Cythera, Cerigo,an island on the that time it was called a peninsula.It h^i
now

coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus.It was two harbours

ticularly
par- called Panormus and Chytus,
sacred to the goddessVenus, who was the first natural,and the other artificial.It
from thence surnamed Cylherma,and who became one of the most considerable cities of
rose, as some suppose, near from the sea,
its Asia. It was besiegedby Mithridates,and
coasts. It was time under the power
for some relieved by Lucuilus. Flor. 3, c. 5. Plin. 5^ "

of the Argives,and always considered of the c. 32." Diod. 18

highest importance to maritime powers. The Cyzicus, a son of (Eneus and Stilba,who
Phoenicians had built there a famous temple reignedin Cyzicus. He hospitably received
to Venus. Virg.iEn. 1, v. 262, 1. 10, v. 5." the Argonauts,in their expedition against Col-
chis.
Paus. 3, c. 33." Ovid. Met. 4, v. 288, 1. 16,v. After their departurefrom the court of
386. Fast. 4, v. \b."Herodot. 1,c. 29. Cyzicus,theywere driven back in the nighty
Cyther^a, a surname of Venus. by a storm, upon the coast;and the inhabitants
Cytheris, a certain courtezan, much jected seeing
re- such an unexpectednumber of men, fu-riously
by the poet Gallas, as well as by attacked them, supposingthem to be
Antony. the Pelasgi, their ancient enemies. In this
Cytheron, Firf.Cithaeron. nocturnal engagement, many were killed on
Cythbrun, a placeof Attica. both sides,and Cyzicusperished by the hand
Cytherus, a river of Elis. Paus. 6, c. 22. of Jason himself, who honoured him with a
Cythnos, now Thermia, an island near splendidfuneral,and raised a statelymonu- ment

Attica,famous for itscheese. It has been call-

ed over his grave. Jipollod. 1, c. 9. Place. "

Ophioasaand Dryopis. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 252. Apollon.Orpheus. The chief town of

" "

Cytineum, one of the four cities called the island of Cyzicum, built where the island
Tetrapolis^
in Doris. Strab. 9.-~Thucyd.1, is joinedby the bridgesto the continent. It
". 107. has two excellent harbours called Panormus
Cytissorus, a son of Phryxus, ".c. He- and Chytus.The former is naturally largeand
rodot. 7, c. 197. beautiful,and the other owes all itsconvenien-
ces
Cytorus,
now Kudros, a mountain and to the hand of art. The town is situate
town Galatia, built by Cytorus,son
of of partlyon a mountain, and partlyin a plain.
Phryxus,and aboundingin box wood. Catull. The Argonauts built a templeto Cybele,in the
4, V. \3."0vid Met. 4, v. 3\\." Strab. 11." neighbourhood. It derives itsname from Cy-
zicus,
Virg.G. 2, V. 437. who was killed there by Jason. The
Cyzicum, or Cyzicus, an island of the Athenians defeated,near this place,their ene-
mies

about
Propontis, 530 stadia in circumference, of Lacedasmon, assisted by Pharnabazus,
with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander join-
ed B. C. 410. Flor. 3, c. 5, he" Strab." Jlpol-
it to the continent by two bridges, andfrora Ion. 1. Propert.
3, el. 22." Place. 2, v. 636.

D^ DiE

Dxnm, Dai, the Dahistan, of these

obsei-ved at Alalcomenos by the
DAiE,
peopleof
a
or

who
Scythia,
now
dwelt the
a large grove,
on where
was

Plataeans,in
they ex-posed,

borders of the Caspiansea. Sil. 13,v. 764. in the open air, piecesof boiled flesh,
"

Lucan. 7, v. 429." Virg.JEn. 1,v. 728. and carefully observed whither the crows that
Daci and Dacje, a warlike nation of Ger- many, came to prey upon them directed their flight.
beyond the Danube, whose country, All the trees upon which any of these
called Dacia, was conqueredby the Romans birds alighted, were immediately cut down,
under Trajan,after a war of 15 years, A. D and with them statues were made, called Dce-
103. The emperor joinedthe country to Mce- dala,in honour of Daedalus. T!"e other festi-
val "

sia,by erecting a magnificent bridgeacross the was of a more solemn kind. It was lebrated
ce-

Danube, considered as the best of his works, every sixtyyears by all the cities of
which however the envy of his successor an
Adri- Bceotia,as a compensationfor the intermission
demolished. Dacia now forms the modern of the smaller festivals, for that number of
countries of JValachia, Transylvania, davia.years, duringthe exile of the Plataeans.
and Mol- teen
Four-
Lucan. 2, v. 53. of the statues, called Dasdala,were buted
distri-
Dacicus, a surname assumed by Domitian by lot among the
Plataeans,
Lebadaeans,
"n his pretendedvictoryover the Dacians. Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians,The-
.fuv. 6, v. 204. bans, Tanagraeans,and Chaei-oneans,
because
Dactyli, a name givento the aof Cy-
priests theyhad
bele,
reconciliation among the effected
which some derive from finger,
^^^ tu?.oj Plataeans,and
caused them to be recalled from
because they were ten, the same number as exile, about the time that Thebes was restored
the fingers of the hand. Paus. 1,c. 8. by Cassander, the son of Antipater.During
Daijics, a peopleof Asiatic Scythia. He- this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride-
rodot. 3, c. 91. maid accompanied a statue which was dressed
D^sdala, a mountain and city of Lycia, in female garments,on the banks of the Eurotas.
where Daidalus accordingto Pliny Tiiisprocession
was buried was attended tothetopofmount
5, c. 27. givento Circe,from her Cithaeron, by many of the Boeotians,who had
A name

and like Dajdalus

being cunning,(^ji^^xKo:), placesassignedthem by lot. Here an altar of
addicted to deceit and artifice. Virg.JEn square piecesof wood, cemented together like
7, V. 282. Two festivalsin Bceotia. One stones, was erected,and upon it were thrown
 DM DA
targe quantities Af- JIfe/.8, fab. 3, Ileroid. 4. De
of combustible materials. terwards Art. Am. 2,
a bull was and Trist.3, el. 4."Hygin. fab. 4G."
sacrificed to Jupiter, Virg.JEn. 6,
an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of the V. 14." Apollod. 3,c. l,kc.^Herodot. 7, c. 170.
cities of Bceotia, and by the most opulentthat There were two statuaries of the same
attended. The poorestcitizens offered small name, one of Sicyon,son of Patroclus, the oth-
er
cattle ; and all these oblations, togetherwith a native of Bithynia. Pans. 7, c. 14."Arnan.
the Daedala,were thrown in the common heap D^MON, a kind of spiritwhich,as the an- cients
and set on and totally
fi^re, reduced to ashes. supposed,presidedover the actions of
They originated in this : When Juno, aftera mankind, gave them their private counsels,
quarrelwith Jupiter,had retired to Eubcea, and carefully watched over their most secret'
and refused to return to his bed, the god,anx- ious intentions. Some of the ancient philosophers
for her return, went to consult Cithaeron maintained that every man had two of these
kingof Plataea, to find some effectual measure Daemons ; the one bad, and the other good.
to break her obstinacy. Cithaeron advised him These Daemons had the power of changing
lo dress a statue in woman's apparel, and carry themselves into whatever they pleased, and
itin a chariot,and publicly to reportit was of assumingwhatever shapeswere most servient
sub-
Plataja, the daughterof Asopus,whom he was to their intentions. At the moment
goingto marry. The advice was followed, and of death,the Daemon delivered up to judgment
Juno informed of her husband's future mar- riage, the person with whose care he had been in- trusted
repairedin haste to meet the chariot, ; and according to the evidence he de-
livered,
and was easily united to him, when she disco-
vered sentence was passedover the body.
the artful measnres he had made use of The Daemon of Socrates is famous in history.
to effect a reconciliation. Pausan. ^ Plui. That greatphilosopher asserted that the ge-nius
D^DALioir, a son of Lucifer,brother to informed him when any of his friends was
Ceyx, and father of Philonis. He was so afflict-
ed goingto engage in some unfortunate enterprise,
at the death of Philonis,whom Diana had and stoppedhim from the commission of all
put to death,that he threw himself down from crimes and impiety. The Genii or Daemons,
the top of mount Parnassus,and was changed though at firstreckoned only as the subordi-
nate
into a falcon by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 11,v. 295. ministers of the superior deities,received
DiEDALus, an Athenian,son of Eupalamus, divine honour in lengthof time, and we find
descended from Erechtheus, king of Athens. altars and statues erected to a Genio loci,Ge-
He was the most ingenious artistof his age, mo Augtisti, Junonibus, "c. Cic. Tusc. 1. "

and to him we are indebted for the invention Plut. de Gen. Socr.
of the wedge, the axe, the wimble, the level, Dah^. Vid. Daae.
and many other mechanical instruments, and Dai, a nation of Persia,allshepherds. He-
the sails of ships. He made statues which rodot. 1,c. 125.
moved of themselves,and seemed to be endow-
ed Daicles, a victor at Olympia, B. C. 753.
with life. Talus, his sister'sson, promised Daides, a solemnity observed by th"
to be as greatas himself, by the ingenuity of his Greeks. It lasted three days. The firstwas
inventions ; and therefore, from envy, he threw in commemoration of Latona's labour
; the
him down from a window ter second in memory
and killed him. Af- of Apollo's birth ; and the
the murderof this youth,Daedalus,with his third in honour of the marriageof Podalirius,
son Icarus,fled from Athens to Crete, where and the mother of Alexander. Torches were
Minos, kingof the country,gave him a cordial always cau-riedat the celebration ; whence the
reception.Dredalus made a famous labyrinth name.

for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae, the queen, to Daimachus, a master of horse at Syracuse
her unnatural passionfor a bull. For ".C. Polyan. 1.
gratify
this action,Daedalus incurred the displeasure Daimenes, a general of the Achaeans. Pans.
of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in 7, c, 6. An officer exposedon a
cross, bj
the labyrinth which he had constructed. Here Dionysiusof Syracuse. Diod. 14.
he made himself wings with feathers and wax, Daiphron, a son of ^Egyptus,killedby his
and carefully fitted them to his body, and to wife,",c. Apollod. 2, c. 1.
that of his son, who was the companion of his Daira, one of the Oceanides,mother of
confinement. They took their flight in the air Eleusis by Mei'cury. Pans. 1,c. 38.
from Crete ; but the heat of the sun melted Daldia, a town of Lydia.
the wax on the wings of Icarus,whose flight Dalmatius, one of the Caesars, in the
age of
was too iiigh, and he fellinto that part of the Constantine,who died A. D. 337.
ocean, which from him has been called the Ica- Dalmatia, a part of Illyricum, at the east
rian sea. The father, by a proper management of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on tlie west,
of his wings,alighted at Cumae, where he built whose inhabitants, called Dalmalcp,, were quered
con-

a temple to Apollo,and thence directed his by Metellus,B. C. 118. They chiefly

course to Sicily, where he was kindlyreceiv-
ed lived upon plunder,and from their rebellious
by Cocalus, who reignedover part of the spirit were troublesome to the Roman empire.
country. He left many monuments of his in- They wore a peculiar
genuity garment called Dalmali-
in Sicily, which stillexisted in the age ca, afterwards introduced at Rome. Moral. 2,
of Diodorus Siculus. He was dispatchedby od. 1, V. 16."Lamprid.in Commod. S."Sirab.
Cocalus,who was afraid of the power of Minos, I."Ptol. 2.
wlio had declared war against him, because he Dalmium, the chief town of Dalmatia.
had givenan asylum to Daedalus. The flightSlrab. 7.
of Daedalus from Crete, with wings,is explain-
ed, Damagetus, a man of Rhodes, who inquir-
ed
by observingthat he was the inventor of of the oracle what wife he ought to mar-
ry

sails,which in his age might pass at a distance ? and received for answer the daughter
for wings. Pans, l- 7,and 9 " Dioil.4,~ Ovid, of the bravest of the Greeks. He a]"plied
to
 DA da
Aristomenes,and obtained his daughterin mar-
riage, she refused to obtain money by the violationof
B. C. 670. Pans. 4, c. 24. her father'scommands. Laert. in Pythag.
Damalis, a courtezan at Rome, in the age Damocles, one of the flatterers of Diony-
ofHorace, lod.36, V. 13. sius the elder,of Sicily.He admired the ty-rant's
Damas, a Syracusan in the interest of Aga wealth,and pronounced him the happiest
thocles. Diod. 19. Dionysiusprevailed
man on earth.
upon him
Damascene, a part of Syrianear mount to undertake for a while the
chargeof royalty,
Libanus. and be convinced of the happinesswhich a
Damascius, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote sovereignenjoyed. Damocles ascended the
a philosophical history, the lifeof Isidorus, and throne,and while he gazed upon the wealth
four books on extraordinary events, in the age and splendourthat surrounded him, he per-
ceived
of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, a sword hanging over his head by a
Trere greatlyesteemed accordingto Photius. horsehair. This so terrified him, that all his
Damascus, a rich and ancient cityof Da- imaginary felicity
mascene vanished at once, and he
in Syria,where Demetrius Nicaiior begged Dionysiusto remove him from a situa-
tion
was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the which exposed his life to such fears and
modern Damas or Sham, inhabited by about dangers. Cic. in Tuscul. 6, c. 21.
80,000 souls. Lvcan. 3, v. 215. Justin. 36, Damocrates, a hero, ",c. Pint, in Arist.
"

c. 2."
Mela, 1, c. 11. Damocrita, a Spartan matron, wife of
Damasia, a town called also Augusta,now Alcippus,who severely
punishedher enemies
^^usburg,
in Swabia on the Leek. who had banished her husband,",c. Plut.in
Damasichthon, a king of Thebes. Pans. Parall.
9, c. 5. Damocritus, a timid generalof the Achae-
Damasippus, a captainin Philip'sarmy. ans, "c. Paus. 7,
A Greek writer,
c. 13.
A senator who who composed two treatises,
accompanied Juba when one upon the art
ke entered Utica in of drawing an
triumph. Cces. Bell. C. 2. army in battle array, and the
A great enemy other concerning the Jews.
of Sylla. Patera. 2, c. A man who
22. An orator. Jav. 3, v. 185. A mer-
chant wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine.
of old seals and vessels, who, afterlosing DA.M0N, a victor at Olympia. Olymp. 102.
his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce, Paus. 4, c. 27.
"
A poet and musician of
assumed the name and habit of a stoic philoso-
pher. Athens, intimate with Pericles,and guished
distin-
Horat. 2, Sat. 3. One of IMiobe's for his knowledge of government and
sons. fondness of discipline. He was banished for
Damasistratus, a kingof Plataea, who buri-
ed his intrigues about 430 years before Christ.
Laius. Apollod.
3, c. 5. C. Kep. 15, c. 2. Plut. in
Pericl. A Py-
"

thagorean
Damasithynus, a son of Candaules, gene-
ral philosopher,
intimate with Py-thias.
very
in the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 98. When he had been condemned to death
A king of Calyndee,sunk in his shipby by Dionysius,he obtained from the tyrant
Artemisia. Id. 8, c. 87. leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on

Damastes, a man of Sigaeum, disciple of promiseof returning at a stated hour to the

Hellanicus,about the age of Herodotus, ",c. placeof execution. Pythiaspledged himself
Dionys. A famous robber. Vid. Procrastes. to undergothe punishmentwhich was to be
Damastor, a Trojan chief,killed by Pa- inflicted on Damon, should he not return in
troclus at the siegeof Troy, Homer. II. 16,v. time, and he consequently delivered himself
416. into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned
Damia, a surname of Cybele. A woman at the appointedmoment, and Dionysiuswas
to whom the Epidaurians
raised rodot.so struck with the fidelityof
statue. He- a those two friends,
6, c. 82. that he remitted the punishment,and entreat-
ed
Damias, a statuaryof Clitor,in Arcadia, them to permit him to share their friend-
ship,
in the age of Lysander. Pans. 10, c. 9. and enjoy their confidence. Vol. Max.
Damippus, a Spartan taken by Marcellus 4, c. 7. A man of Cheroujea, who killed a
as he sailed out of the port of Syracuse.He Roman officer, and was murdered by his fe 1-
discovered to the enemy that a certain part of low- citizens. Plui, in Cim. A Cyrenean,
the citywas negligently
guarded,and in con- sequence who wrote an historyof philosophy. Laert.
of thisdiscovery Syracuse was taken. Damophantus, a generalof Elis, in the
Polycen. age of Philopcemen. Plut. in Phil.
Damis, a man who disputedwith Aristode- Damophila, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of
Hius the right of reigning
over tlie Messenians. Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sappho,
Paus. 4, c. 10. and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana
Damnh, a peopleat the north of Britain. and of the gods, but opened a school, where
Damnonii, a people of Britain,now posed the younger persons of her sex were
sup- taughtthe
Devonshire. various powers of music and poetry. Philostr.
Damnorix, a celebrated Gaul, in the inte-
rest Damophilus, an historian. Diod. A
of Julius Caesar, k.c. Rhodian generalagainst the fleet of Deme-
trius.
Damo, a daughterof Pythagoras,who, by Diod. 20.
order of her father,devoted her life to perpe-
tual Damopuon, a sculptor of Messina. Paus.
celibacy, and induced others to follow her 7, c. 23.
example. Pythagorasat his death intrusted Damostratus, a philosopher who wrote
her with all the secrets of his philosophy, and a treatise concerning fishes. JEliun. r. H. 13,
gaveherthe unlimited care of his compositions, c, 2L
under the promisethat she never would part DAMoxi^:Nus, a comic writer of Athens.
with them. She faithfully obeyed his injunc-
tions Jllhen. 3. A boxer of Syracuse,banished
and thoughin the citremest
y poverty, for killing his adversary. Paus. 8, c. 40,
 DA DA
Pint, in Tir.wl received opinion,they were
Damvrias, a river of Sicily. condemned to
Dana, a largetown of Cappadocia. severe punishmentin hell,and were compel-
Dasace, tiie name of the pieceof money led to fillwith water a vessel full of holes, so
which Charon requiredto convey the dead that the water ran out as soon as poured into

over the Styx. Suidas. it,and therefore their labour was infinite, and
Dasak, the daagliter of Acrisius king of their punishment eternal. The names of the
Argos;by Eurydice. She was confined in a Danaides,and their husbands, were as foUo^vs,
brazen tower by her father, who had been told according to Apollodorus : Amymone married
by an oracle,that his daughtersson would put Enceladus ; Automate, Biisiris; Agave,Lycus;
him to death. His endeavours to preventDanae Scea, Dayphron ; Hippodamia,Ister ; Rhodia^
from becominga mother provedfruitless; and Chalcedon ; Calyce,another Lynceus ; Gor-
Jupiter, who was enamoured of her,introdu- gophone,Proteus ; Cleopatra, Agenor ; Aste*
eed himself to her bed, by changing himself ria,Chaetus;Glance, Aleis ; Hippodamia, Di-
into a golden shower. From his embraces acoiytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge,
Danae had a son, witli whom she was exposed Hippothous;Iphimedusa,Echenor; Rhode,
on the sea by her father. The wind drove the Hippolitus ; Pirea. Agoptolemus; Cercestis,
bark which carried her to the coasts of the isl- and Dorion ; Pharte, Eurydamas ; Mnestra, -"Egi-
of Seriphus, where she was saved by some us ; Evippe,Arigius; Anaxibia, Archelaus ; Ne-
fishermen,and carried to Polydectes kingof lo, Melachus ; Clite,Clitus ; Stenele,Sene-
the place, whose brother, called Dictys, edu- iu9 ; Chrysippe,
cated Chrysippus; Autonoe, Eury-
the child,called Perseus, and tenderlylochus;Theano, Phantes;Electra, Peristhe-
treated the mother. Polydectes fell in love nes ; Eurydice, Dryas ; Glaucippe, Potamon ;
with her ; but as he was afraid of her son, he Autholea, Cisseus ; Cleodora,Lixus ; Evippe^
sent him to conquer the Gorgons,pretendingImbrus ; Erata, Bromius ; Stygue,Polyctor ;
that he wished Medusa's head to adorn the Bryce,Chtonius ; Actea, Periphas ; Podarce,
nuptials which he was goin^; to celebrate with (Eneus ; Dioxippe,^-Egyptus ; Adyte,Menal-
Hippodamia;the daughierot (Enomaus. When ces; Ocipete, Lampus; Pilarge,Idmon; Hip-
Perseus had victoriously tion, podice,Idas ; Adiante, Daiphron; Callidia,
finished his expedi-
he retired to Argos with Danae, to the Pandion; (Erne, Arbelus;Celeno, Hixbiusj
house of Acrisius,whom he inadvertently ed.
kill- Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the
Some suppose that it was Proetus the sons of iEgyptus were buried at Argos: but
brother of Acrisius,who introduced himself to their bodies were left at Lerna, where the
Danae in the brazen tower: and instead of a murder had been committed. Apollod.2, c.
1." Herat. 3, od. U."Strab.
golden shower, it was maintained, that the 8.- -Paus.2,c.1".

keepersof Danae were bribed by the goldof "

Hygin.fab. 168, he.

lier seducer. Virgil mentions that Danae came Daxala, castle of Galatia.
a

to Italy with some fugitives of Argos,and that Da^apris,

now the Ji'ieper, a name given
she founded a citycalled Ardea. Ovid. Met.in tliemiddle ages to the Borysthenes, as Da-

4, V. 611. ^rt. Am. 3, v. 415. Amor. 2, el. 19.naster the A''eister, was appliedto the Tyras.
V. 21."Horai. 3, od. l^"Hoiner. II. 14,v. 319. Danacs, a son of BelusandAnchinoe, who,
"
Apollod. 2, c. 2 and 4." Stat. Theh. 1,v. 255. afterhis father'sdeath,reigned conjointly witk
"
V^irg.JEn. 7, v. 410. A daughter of Leon- his brother .^gyptuson the throne of Egypt.
tium, mistress to Sophron,governor of Ephe- Some time after,a difference arose between
sus. A daughterof Danaus, to whom tune the brothers,and Danaus set sail with his fifty
Nep-
offered violence. daughtei*s in questof a settlement. He visited
Danai, a name givento the peopleof Ar- gos, Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Mi-

ajid promiscuously to allthe Greeks,from nerva,and arrived safe on the coast of Pelopon-
nesus,
i)anaus their king. Virg. and Ovid, passim. where he was hospitably received by
Danaides, the fifty daughtersof Danaus Gelanor, kingof Argos. Gelanor had laiely*
king of Ai'gos. When their uncle iEgyptus ascended the throne,and the firstyeai-s of his
came from Egypt with his fifty sons, theywere reignwere marked with dissentions with hi^
promisedin marriageto their cousins;but be- fore subjects. Danaus took advantageof Gelanor's
the celebration of their nuptials, Danaus, unpopularity, and obliged him to abdicate the
who had been informed by an oracle that he crown. In Gelanor,the race of the Jnachida
was to be killed by the hands of one of his was extinguished, and the Belidcs began to
sons-in-law, made his daughters mise reignat Argosin Danaus.
solemnlypro- Some authors say,
that theywould destroytheir husbands. that Gelanor voluntai'ily resigned the crown t"

They were providedwith daggersby their fa- ther,Danaus, on account of the wi-ath of IN'eptunp,
and all,except Hypermnestra,stained who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to
their hands with the blood of their cousins,the punishthe impietyof Inachus. The success
iirstnightof their nuptials ; and as a pledgeof of Danaus, invited the fifty sons of .Eeyptns
their obedience to their father's injunctions, to embEU"k for Greece. They were kindly re-
ceived

they presented him each with the head of the by their uncle,who, either apprehen-
sive
murdered sons of iEgyptus. Hypermnestra of their number, or terrifiedby an oracle
was summoned to appear before her father,which threatened his ruin by one of his sons-
and answer for her disobedience in sutfering in-law,caused his daughters, to whom they
iier husband, Lynceus, to escape : but the were promised in marriage,to murder them
unanimous voice of the peopledeclared her the firstnightof their nuptials His fatal or- ders

innocent, and in consequence of her honour-

able were executed, but Hy]"ermnestra alone
acquittal, she dedicated a temple to the Isparedthe lifeof Lynceus. (Firf. Danaides.)
goddessof Persuasion. The sisterswere rified
pu- j
Danaus, at first, persecutedLynceus with un-
of this mui-der by Mercury and Minerva, (remitted fury, but he was afterwards reconciled
to tliemore
: but according
Hy order of Jnpiter Ito htro,and he hirafprhis so"-
acknowledged
30
 DA DA
and
Si-law, successor, aftera reignof 50 years. Diana. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 452, kc. Parthefh
"

He died about 1425 years before the Ctiristian Erotic, c. 15. Pans. 8, c. 20.
"
A daughter
era, and afterdeath,he was honoured with a of Tiresias, priestess in the temple of Delphi,
splendid monument in the town of Argos, supposedby some to be the same as Manto.
which stillexisted in the age of Pausanias. Ac- She Avas consecrated to the service of
cording Apollo
to yEschylus, Danaus left Egypt, not by the Epigoni, or, according tO others,by the
to be presentat the marriageof his daughters, goddessTellus. She was called Sibyl^on count
ac-
with the sons of his brother,a connexion which of the wildness of her looks and ex- pressions,
he deemed unlawful and impious. The sliip when she delivered oracles. Her
in. which Danaus came to Greece was called oracles Avere generally in verse, and Homer,
Mrmais, and was the first that had ever accordingto some
peared
ap- accounts, has introduced
there. It is said that the use of pumps laach of her poetry in his compositions. Diod.
was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. 4.
"
Paus. 10, c. 5. A famous grove near
Apollod. 2, c. l."Pav.s. 2, c. 19." Hi/gin. fab. Antioch, consecrated to volui)tuousness and
168, kc."Herodof. 2, c. 91, fce. 7.,c. 94. luxury.
Dandari and DandaribjE, certain inhabi- Davhnephoria, a festi^valin honour of
fants near mount Caucasus. Tacit. 12, Ann. Apollo,celebrated CA^ery ninth year by the
c. 18. Bceotians. It Avas then usual to adorn an olive
Dandon, a man of Illyricum,who, as bough Avith garlands of laurel and other flow-
Fliny7, c. 48, reports,lived 500 years. eis, and placeon the top a brazCn globe,on
Danubius, a celebrated river,the greatestwhich Avere suspendedsmaller ones. In the
in Europe,which rises, accordingto Herodo-
tus, middle Avas placed a number of croAvns, and a
near the town of Pyrene, in the country globeof inferior size, and the bottom Avas
of the Celtae,and after flowingthrough the adorned Avith a sanron coloured garment. The
greatestpart of Europe, fallsinto the Euxine globeon the top representedthe sun, or Apol-
lo
sea. The Greeks called itIster ; but the Ro-
mans ; that in the middle was an emblem of the
distinguished
it by the appellation of the moon, and the others of the stars. ThecroAvns,
Danube ; from its source tillthe middle of its which were 65 in number, represented the
course, and from thence to its mouths, they sun's annual revolutions. This boughAAas car- ried
called it hUr, like the Greek's. It fallsinto in solemn processionby a beautiful
youth
the Euxine throughseven cording of an
mouths, or sis, ac- illustrious family, and Avhose parents
to others. Herodotus mentions five,Avere both living. The youth was dressed in
and modern travellers discover onlytwo. The rich garments Avhich reached to the ground
;
Danube was generallysupposed to be the his hair hung loose and dishevelled, his head
northern boundary of the Roman empii*e in Avas covered Avith a golden croAvn, and he
Europe ; and therefore,several castles were Avore on his feet shoes called fyicraiidce, from
erected on its banks, to check the incursions Ipbicrates, an Athenian,Avho first invented
of the barbarians. It Avas Avorshippedas a theuA. He was called "^=".zv^"?D-jpo:, laurel-bearer ^
deityby the Scythians.Accordingto modern and at that time he executed the office of
priest
geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and oi Apollo. He Avas preceded by one of his
afterreceiving about 40 navigable fin- nearest relations,
ishes
rivers, bearinga rod adorned Avith
a course of 1600 miles, by emptying it- selfgarlands, and behind him followed a train of
into the Black sea. Dionys.Perieg. Hc- virginsAvith branches in their hands. In this
"

rodot.2;C.33,1.4,c. 48, kc."Slrab. 4. Plin. order the processionadvanced as far as the

"

4, c. 12. Ammian. 23.

"
templeof Apollo,surnamed Ismenius,Avhere
Daochus, an officer of "c.
Philip, Pint, in sujjplicatory hymns were sung to the god. "

Demosth. This festivalowed its originto the foliowin """

Daphn.*, a town of Egyj^t,on one of the circumstance : Avhen an oracle advised the
mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Pelusium. ^tolians,Avho inhabited Arne and the adja- cent
Herodot. 2, c. 30. country,to abandon their ancient pos-sessions,
Dapiin.":us, a general of Syracuse, against and go in quest of a settlement,
they
Carthage. PoIyoBn. 5. itivaded the Theban territcu'ies,Avhich at that
Daphne, a daughterof the river Peneus, time Avere pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. Af
or of the Ladon, by the goddess Terra, of the celebration of Apollo's festivalswas near,
whom Apollo became enamoured. sion both nations,who religiously
This pas- observed it, laid
had been raised by Cupid, with whom aside all hostilities,and, according to custom^
Apollo,proud of his late conquest over the cut down laurel boughsfrom mount Helicon^
serpentPython,had disputed the power of his and in the neighbourhood of the river Melas,
darts. Daphne heard Avith horror the ad- and Avalked in processionin honour of the di-
dresses vinity.
of the god,and endeavoured to remove The day that this
solemnity was served,
ob-
herselffrom his importunities by flight.Apol-
lo Poiemates,the generalof the Bceotiaw
pursuedher; and Daphne, fearfulof being army, saw a youth in a dream that presented
caught,entreated the assistance of the gods, him with a completesuit of armour, and com- manded
who changed her into a laurel. Apollo ed
crown- the Bojotians to otter solemn
prayer?
his head Avith the leaA^es of the laurel, and to Apollo,and Avalk in procession Avith laurel
for ever ordered that that tree .should be sa- cred boughsin their hands every ninth year. Three
to his divinity.Some say that Dai)hne days after this dream, the Bu:otian general
Avas admired by Leucippus,son of (Enomaus made a sally, and cut otf the greatest partof
kingof Pisa,who, to bu in her company, dis- guisedthe besiegers, Avho Avere compelled by tin?
his sex, and attended her in the Avoods, blow to relinquish their enterprise.Pole-
in the habit of a hmitrcss. Leucippusgained niates immediately instituted a novennial fes-tival
Dapline's esteem and love ; but A[)ollo, who to the god Avho seemed to be the patvoti
was his poAverful rival,discovered his sex, and of the Bo?otians. Paus. Boiotic."c.
LeucippusAvas kille4 by the companionsof
 DA DA
Daphnis, a shepherd of Sicily,son of Dardarii, a nation near the Palus Mseotis..
Mercury by a Siciliannymph. He was edu- cated Pint, in LuciiU.
by the nymphs. Pan taughthim to sing Dares, a Phiygiau,who lived duringthe
and playupon the pipe,and the rausjes inspir-
ed Trojan war, in which he was engaged,and of
him with the love of poetry. It is supposed which he wrote the historyin Greek. This
he was the firstwho wrote pastoral poetry,in history was extant in the age of iElian ; the
which his successor Theocritus so happilyex-
celled. Latin translation, now extant, is universally
He was extremelyfond of hunting; believed to be spurious, though it is attributed
and at his death,five of his dogs,from their by some to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition
attachment to him, refused all aliments,and isthat of Smids cum not. var. 4to. and 8vo.
pinedaway. From the
celebrity of this shep-
herd, Arast. 1702. Homer. II. 5, v. 10 and 27.
"

the name of Daphnis has been appro-

priated One of the companions of iEneas,descended
by the poets, ancient and modern, to from Amycus, and celebrated as a pugilist at
express a person fond of rural employments, the funeral games in honour of Hector, where
and of the peaceful innocence which accom-
panies he killed Butes. He was killed by Turnus in
the tending of flocks. JElian. V. H. 10, Italy. Virg.JEn. 5, v. 369, 1. 12,y. 363.
c. 18. "Diod. 4. There was another shep-
herd Daretis, a country of JMacedonia.
on mount Ida of the same name changed Daria, a town of Mesopotamia,
into a rock, accordingto Ovid. Met. 4, v. Dariaves, the name of Darius in Persian.
275. A servant of Nicocrates,tyrant of Strab. 16.
Cyrene, "c. Polyoen.8. A grammarian. Dariobrigum, a town of Gaul, now Ven-
Suet, de Gr. A son of Paris and (Enone, nes in
Britany.
Daphnus, a river of Locris,into which the Persia.
DARiTiE, a people of Herodot. Of
body of Hesiod was thrown afterhis murder. c. 92.

PLut. de Symp. A physicianwho prefer-

red Darius, a noble satrapof Persia,son of
a supper to a dinner, because he suppos- ed Hystaspes, who conspired with sixother noble-
men
that the moon assisted digestion.Aiken. 7. to destroySmerdis, who usurped the
Daraba, a town of Arabia. crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses.
Darantasia, a town of BelgicGaul, called On th^ murder of the usurper, the seven spirators
con-
also Forum Claudii,and now Moiier. universally agreed, that he whose
Daraps, a king of the Gangaridae, he. horse neighed firstshould be appointedking.
Flacc. 6, V. 67. In consequence of tliisresolution, the groom
Dardani, the inhabitants of Dardania. of Darius previously led his master's horse to
Also a peopleof Mcesia very inimical to a mare at a placenear which the seven men
noble-
the neighbouring power of Macedonia. Liv. were to pass. On the morrow, before
26, c. 25, 1. 27, c. 33, 1.31,c. 28, 1. 40, c. 57." sun-rise,when they proceeded all together,
Plin. 4, c. 1. the horse recollecting the mare, suddenly
Dardania, a town or country of Troas, neighed; and at the same time a clapof thun-
der
fc-om which the Trojanswere called Dardani was heard, as if in api)robation of the
and DardanidcE. is also a country of choice. The noblemen
There dismounted from their
the same name near lationhorses,and saluted Darius king; and a resolu-
lUyricum. This appel- tion
is also appliedto Samothrace, Virg. was made among them, that the king's
4^Ovid, passim. Strab. 7.
"
wives and concubines should be taken from no
Daroanides, a name given to ^neas, as other familybut that of the conspirators, and
descended from Dardanus. The word, in the that they should for ever enjoy the unlimited
pluralnumber, is appliedto the Trojan wo- men. privilege of beingadmitted into the king's pre-
sence
Virg.JEn. without previous introduction. Darius
Dardanium, a promontory of Troas, call-
ed was 29 years old when he ascended the throncr-i
from the small town of Dardanus, about and he soon distinguished himself by his ac-
tivity

seven miles from Abydos. The two castles and military accomplishments. He be- sieged
built on each side of the straitby the emperor Babylon ; which he took after a siege
Mahomet IV. A. D. 1659, gave the name of of 20 months, by the artifice of Zopyrus,
Dardanelles to the place. Strab. 13. From thence lie marched againstthe Scythi-
ans,
Dardanus, a son of and
.Jupiter Electra, and in his way conqueredThrace. This
who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the expedition was unsuccessful ; and, afterseveral
kingdom of Etruria after the death of his re- puted losses and disasters in the wilds of Scythia,
father Corytus,and fled to Samothrace, the king retired with shame, and soon after
and thence to Asia Minor, where he married turned his arms against the Indians,whom he
Batia, the daughter of Teucer, king of Teu- subdued. The burning of Sardis,which was

cria.' After the death of his father-in-law he a Grecian colonyr incensed the Athenians,and
ascended the throne, and reigned 62 years. a war was kindled between Greece and Persia.
He built tiiecityof Dardania, and was ed
reckon- Darius exasperated
was so against the Greeks,
the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He that a servant every evening,by his order,
was succeeded by Ei-ichtnonius. According repeated these words : '* Remember, 0 king,
to some, Corybas,his nephew, accompanied to punish the Athenians." Mardonius, the
him to Teucria, where he introduced the king'sson-in-law,was intrusted with the care
worshipof Cybele. Dardanus taughthis sub- jects of the war, but his army was destroyedby
to worship Minerva; and he gave them the Thracians: and Daiius, more animated
two statues of the goddess, Que of which is well by his loss,sent a more considerable force,
known by the name of Palladium. Virg.JEn. under the commaifd of Datis and Artapherncs.
3, V. 167." Pans. 7, c. 4."Hygln. fab. 155 and They were conquered at the celebrated bat-
tle
a." Homer. Jl. 20. A Tro-
jan of Marathon, by 10,000 Atlienians; and
275."J3pollod.
killedby Achilles. Homer. II.20, v. 460. the Persians lost in that expedition
no less
 DA DA
206,000men
tjifln .
Darius was not dishearten- 381. He asked for water, and exclaimedy
ed by this severe blow, but he resolved to car-
ry when he received it from the hand of a Mace-
donian,
the wai- in person, and immediatelyor-
on dered " It is the
greatestof my misfortunes
stilllargerarmy to be levied. He that I cannot reward thyhumanity.
a Beg Alex-
ander
died in the midst of his preparations, B. C. to accept my warmest thanks for the
485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th tenderness with which he has treated my
he. Diod. wretched family,
year of his age. Herodot. 1, 2, whilst I am doomed to perish
"

1. Justin. 1, c. 9.
"
Plut inArist.
" C. JVep.by the hand of a man, whom
"

Ihave loaded with

in Miltiad. The second king of Persia of kindness." These words of the dyingmonarch
that name, also called Ochus or A''othiis,
was were reportedto Alexander, who covered the
because he the illegitimate
was son of Artax- dead body with his own mantle, and honoured
erxes by a concubine. Soon afterthe murder it with a most magnificent funeral. The trai-
tor
of Xerxes he ascended the throne of Persia, Bessus met with a due punishmentfrom
and married Parj'satis his sister,a cruel and the conqueror, who continued his kindness to
ambitious woman, by whom he had Artaxerxes the unfortunate family of Darius. Darius has
Memnon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. been accused of imprudence,for the impe- rious
He earned on many wars with success, under and arrogantmanner in which he wrote
the conductof his generals and of his son Cyrus his letters to Alexander, in the midst of his
He died B. C. 404, after a reignof 19 years misfortunes. In him the empire of Persia was
and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who extinguished 228 years after it had been first
asked him on his dealh-bed, what had been founded by Cyrus the Great. Diod. 17. "

the guide of his conduct in the management Plut. in Mex. Justin. 10, 11,",c. Curtius.
" "

of the empire,that he might imitate him ? A son of Xerxes, who married Artaynta,
The dictates of justice and of religion, repliedand was killed by Artabanus. Herodot. 9, c.
the expii^ing monarch. Justin. 5, c. 11. 108. Diod. 1 1. "
A son of Artaxerxes decla-
"
red
jyiod. 12. The third of that name was the successor to the throne,as beingthe eld-
est
last kingof Persia,surnamed Codomanus. He prince. He conspiredagainst his father's
was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and scended
de- life,and was capitally
punished.Plut.inArtax.
from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Dascon, a man who founded Camarlna.
Bagoas raised him to the throne, though not Thucyd.6, c. 5.
in hopes that
nearlyallied to the royalfamily, Dascylitis, a provinceof Persia. Id. 1,
he would be subservient to his will;but he c. 129.
preparedto poisonhim, when he saw^ him des-
pise Dascylus, the father of Gyges. Herodot.
his advice, and aim at independence.Da-
rius l,c.8.
discovered his perfidy,and made him Dasea, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 27.
drink the poisonwhich he had prepared against Dasius, a chief of Salapia,who favoured
his life. The peace of Darius was earlydistur-
bed, Annibal. Liv. 26, c. 38.
and Alexander invaded Persia to avenge DassaretjE, Dassarit.", Dassareni, or

the injuries which the Greeks had suffered Dassarith, a peopleof lUyricum,or Mace- donia.
from the predecessors of Darius. The king Plut. in Flam.
of Persia met his adversaryin person, at the Datames, a son of Camissares, governor of
head of 600,000 men. This army was able,
remark- Caria,and generalof the armies of Artax-erxes.
more for its opulenceand luxury, than The influence of his enemies at court
for the militaiy courage of its soldiers ; and obligedhim to flyfor safety, after he had
Athenajus mentions, that the camp of Darius greatly signalized himself by his military ex-
ploits.

was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 He took up arms in his own defence,
cup-bearers, 40 servants to perfumethe king, and the king made war againsthim. He was
and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers to deck treacherously killed by Milhridates,who had
the dishes and meats which appearedon the invited him under pretence of enteringinto
royal table. With these forces Darius met the most inviolableconnexion and friendship,
Alexander. A battle was fought near the Gran- 362 B. C. C. Nep. in Datam.
icus,in which the Persians were easily ed.
defeat- DatapHernes, one of the friends of Bes-
sus.
Another was soon after foughtnear Issus; After the murder of Darius,he betrayed
and Alexander left 110,000 of the enemy dead Bessus into Alexander's hands. He also re-
volted

on the fieldof battle, and took among the pri-

soners from the conqueror, and was delivered
of war, the motlier,wife,and children up by the Dahae. Curt. 7, c. 5 and 8.
of Darius. The darkness of the nightfavour-
ed Datis, a generalof Darius 1st,sent with
the retreat of Darius, and he saved him- self an army of 200,000 foot,and 10,000 horse,
by flyingin disguise, on the horse of his against the Greeks, in conjunction with Arta-
armour-beai"er. These
losses weakened, but phernes. He was defeated at the celebrated
discouragednot Darius;he assembled another battle of Marathon,by Miltiades,and some
more powerful army, and the lastdecisive bai-
lie time after put to death by the Spartans. C.
was foughtat Arbela. The victorywas Ktp. in Milt.
longdoubtful; but the intrejiidityof Alexan-
der, Datos, or Daton, a town of Thrace, on a
and the superior valour of the Macedo-
nians, small eminence near the Strymon. There is
prevailedover the effeminate Persians ; in the neighbourhooda fruitful plain,from
and Darius, seiisibleof his disgrace and ruin, which Proserpine, according to some, was

fled towards Media. His misfortunes were carried away by Pluto. That citywas so rich

now completed. Bessus, the governor of that the ancients generallymade use of the
Bactriana. took away his life, in hopes of suc-
ceeding word Datos, to express abundance. When
him on the throne; and Darius was the kingof Macedonia conqueredithe called
found by the Macedonians in hi? chariot,co- it Philippifafter his own name. Appian.dt
vfse'd willi wounds, and almost B. C. Civ.
expiriiig,
 DE DE
Davara, a hill near mount Taurus, in to Athens,and to all the other Grecian states,
Asia Minor. to collect the laws of Solon, and of the other
Daulis, a nymph fromwhom the cityof Dau- celebrated legislators
Upon the of Greece.
ILsin called "4nacm, received
Phocis,anciently return of the commissioners,it was
universal-
ly
its name. It was there that Philomela and agreed that ten new magistrates called De-
cemviri,
Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, should be elected from the senate, to
and hence the nightingale, into which mela
Philo- put the projectinto execution. Their power
was changed,isoften called Daulias avis. was absolute ; all other offices ceased after
Ovid. ep. 15, v. 154. Strab. 9. Pans. 10,c. their election,
" "
and theypresided over the city
4."Ptol 3, c. 15." Lit'.32, c. 18." "Ptin. 4, c. 3. with regal authority.They were invested
Dauni, a peopleon the eastern part of Italy,with the badges of the consul,in the ment
enjoy-
conquered by Daunus, from whom they re-
ceived of which they succeeded by turns, and
their name. onlyone was precededby the fasces,and had
Daunia, a name the northern
given the power
to of assemblingthe senate and con-
firming

partsof Apulia,on the coast of the Adriatic. decrees. The first decemvirs were
It receives its name from Daunus, who settled Appius Claudius, T. Genutius, P. Se.xtus,
there,and isnow called Capitanata. Virg.JEn. Sp. Veturius, C. Julius, A. Manlius, Ser.
8, v. 146." Si/.9, V. 500, 1. 12, v. 429." Horat. Sulpitius Pluriatius, T. Romulus, Sp. Posthu-
4, od. 6, v. 27. Juturna, the sister of Tur- mius, A. U. C. 303. Under them the laws
nus, was called Daimia, after she had been which had been exposedto publicview, that
made a goddessby Jupiter. Virg.^n. 12, v. eveiy citizen mightspeakhis sentiments, were
139 and 785. publicly approvedof as constitutional, and rati-
fied
Daunus, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. by the priests and augurs in the most so- lemn

He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where and religious manner. These laws were
he reignedover part of the country, which ten in number, and were engravedon tables of
from him was called Daunia, and he was still brass ; two were afterwards added, and they
on the throne Diomedes
when came to Italy.were called the laws of the twelve tables, leges
Ptol. 3, c. I." c. 4." Strab. 5.
Mela, 2, A duodecim tabularum, and legesdecemvirales.
river of Apulia,now Carapelle. Horat. 3, The decemviral power, which was beheld by
od.30. allranks of peoplewith the greatest satisfaction,
Daurifer and Daurises, a brave general was continued ; but in the third year after their
of Darius,treacherously killed by the Carians. creation, the decemvirs became odious,on ac-
count

Herodot. 5, c. 116, he. of their tyranny, and the attempt of

Davus, a comic character in the Andria of Ap. Claudius to ravish Virginia, was followed
Terence. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 40. by the total abolition of the office. The peo-ple
Deb^, a nation of Arabia. Diod. 3. were so exasperatedagainstthem, that
Decapolis, a district of Judea from its 10 they demanded them from the senate, to burn
cities. Plin. 5, c. 18. them alive. Consuls were again appointed,
Decebalus, a warlike king of the Daci, and tranquillity re-established in the state.
who made a successful war againstDomitian. There were other officers in Rome, called de- cemvirs,
He was conqueredby Trajan,Domitian 's suc- cessor, who were originally appointed, in the
and he obtained peace. rit absence of the praetor,to administer justice.
His active spi-
again kindled rebellion,and the Roman Their appointmentbecame afterwards neces-
sary,

emperor marched againsthim, and defeated and theygenerally assisted at sales call-
ed
him. He destroyedhimself,and his head was subfiastationes,because a spear, hasla,
broughtto Rome, and Dacia became a Roman was fixed at the door of the placewhere the
province,A. D. 103. Dio. 68. goods were exposedto sale. They were called
Drceleum, or ea, now Biala Castro, a decemviri litihiis judicandis. The officers
small village of Attica,north of Athens ; which, whom Tarquin appointedto guardthe Sibyl- line
when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a books, were alsocalled decemviri. They
very gallinggarrison to the Athenians. The were originally two in number, called duumvi-
ri,
Peloponnesianwar has occasionally been call-
ed till the year of Rome 388, when their
Decelean,because for some time hostilitiesnumber was increased to ten, five of which
were carried on in its neighbourhood.C. were chosen from the plebeians,and five from
JVep.7, c. 4, the patricians.Syllaincreased their number
Decelus, a man who informed Castor and to culled quindeccmvirs.
fifteen,
Pollux, that their sister,whom Theseus had Decetia, a town of Gaul. Cats.
carried away, was concealed at Aphidnse. Decia
LEX, was enacted by M. Decius the
Herodot. 9, c. 73. tribune,A. U. C. 442, to empower the people
Decemviri, ten magistratesof absolute to appointtwo proper persons to fitand repair
authority
among the Romans. The privi-the fleets.
leges
of the patriciansraised dissatisfaction L. Decidius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Cjesar's
among the plebeians
; who, tiiough freed from camp. Cais. Bell. Civ 1.
the power of the Tarquins,still saw that the Decineus, a celebrated soothsayer. Strab.
administration of justicedepended upon the 16.
will and capriceof their superiors, without Decius Mus, a celebrated Roman consul,
any ritten statute to direct them, and con-
m vince who, after many gloriousexploits, devoted
them that theywere governedwith equi-
ty himself to the gods Manes for the safelyof
and impartiality. The tribunes complained his country,in a battle against the Latins,338
to the senate, and demanded that a code of yeai's B. C. His son Decius imitated his ex-ample,

laws might be framed for the use and benefit and devoted himself in like manner
of the Roman people.This petition was plied
com- in his fourth consulship, when fighting against
with, and three ambassadors were sent the Gauts and B. C. 296. His grand-
Samnites,.
 DE DE
son also did the same in the war againstPyi-1safe to the opposite
shore. The hero coasent-
rhus and the Tarentines, B. C. 28C. This ac ed ; but no sooner had Nessus gainedthe bank,
tion of devotingonesf If.was of infiniteservice than he attemptedto offer violence to Dejani-
ra,
to the state. The soldierswere animated by and to carry her away in the sight of her
the example,and induced to follow whh intre-pidity, husband. Hercules,upon this, aimed,from the
a commander whoj arrayedin an unu- sual other shore,a poisonedarrow at the seducer,
dress,and addressing himself to the gods and mortally wounded hira. Nessus,as he ex-
pired,

with solemn invocation,rushed into the thick-

est wished avenge his death upon his
to

partof the enemy to meet his fate. Liv. 8, murderer; and he gave Dejanira his tunic,
9, kc." Val. Max. 5, c. Q."PoJyb.2."Virg. which was covered with blood, poisonedand
JEn. 6, V. 824. :Brutus,conducted Caesar to infected by the arrow, observing, that it had
the senate-house the day that he was murder the power of reclaiming a husband from un-
lawful

ed. (Cn. Metius,Q. Trajanus)a native of loves. Dejaniraacceptedthe presentj

Pannonia, the emperor
sent by to a[^-
Philip, and when Hercules provedfaithless to her bed,
pease a sedition in Moesia. Instead of obey-
ing she sent him the centaur's tunic, which stantly
in-
his master's command, he assumed the caused his death. (Vid.Hercules.) janira
De-
imperialpurple, and soon after marched was so disconsolate at the death of her
against him, and at his death became the only husband, which she hadignorantly occasioned,
emperor. He signalized himself againstthe that she destroyedherself. Ovid. Met. 8 and
Persians ; and when he marched againstthe 9. Diod. 4."
Se nee. in Her nil. Hygin^.
"
fab. 34.
"

Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, Deicoon, a Trojan pi'ince, son of Perga-
fVora which he could not extricate himself, sus, intimate with .tineas.He was killed by
and he perished with all his army by the darts Agamemnon. Homer/ II. 5, v. 534. A son
of the barbarians, A. D. 251, after a reignof of Hercules and Megara. Apollod. 2, c. 7.
two years. This monarch enjoyedthe cliarac- Deidamia, a daughterof Lycomedes, king
ter of a brave man, and of a great disciplina-
rian of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus,
; and by his justice and exemplary life,or iVeoptolemus, to Achilles,who was ed
disguis-
merited the titleof Optimus,which a servile at her father's court in women's clothes,
senate lavished upon him. under the name of Pyrrha. Propert. 2, el. 9.
Decurio, a subaltern officer in tlieRoman Apollod.
"

3, c. 13. A daughterof Pyrrhus,

armies. He commanded a decuria, which killed by the Epirots.Polycen. A ter
daugh-
consisted often men, and was the third partof of Adrastus,kingofArgos,called also Hip-
a iunna, or the 30th part of a legioof horse, podamia.
which was composed of 300 men. The badge Deileon, a companion of Hercules in his
of the centurions was a vine rod or sapling, expeditionagainstthe Amazons. Place. 5,\.115.
and each had a deputy called optio. There Deilochus, a son of Hercules,
were certain magistrates in the provinces, Deimachus, a son of JNeleus and Chloris,
called deainones municipales, who formed a was killed,with all his brothers, except Nes-
tor,
body to represent the Roman senate in free by Hercules. Apollod.1, c. 9. The fa-
ther
and corporate towns. They consisted often, of Enarette. Id. 1,c. 7.
whence the name; and their duty extended Deioces, a son of Phraortes,by whose
to watch over the interest of their fellow-citi-
zens, means the Medes delivered themselves from
and to hicrease the revenues of the com- the yoke of the Assyrians.He
monwealth. presideda?
Their court was called curia judgeamong his countrymen, and his great
decurionum, and minor senatus ; and their dc- popularity and lov^e of equity,raised him to
ci-ee?, called decreta decurionum, were marked the throne,and he made himself absolute,B.
with two D. D. at the top. They genertilly C. 700, He was succeeded by his son Phraor-
tes,
styledthemselves civitainvi'fiab-escuriales,and after a reignof 53 yeai-s. He built Ecba-
honorali munidpiorwn senator es. They \\ere tana accordingto Herodotus, and surrounded
elected with the same ceremonies as the Ro-
man it with seven different waKs, in the middle of
senators ; theywere to be at least25 years which was the royalpalace, Herodot. 1, c.
of age, and to be possessed of a certain sura of 96, "ic. Polycen.
"

money. The election happenedon the ca-

lends Deiochus, a Greek captain, killed by Paris
of March. in tlie Trojanwar. Homer. II. 15, v. 341.
Decumates agri,lands in Germany, which Deione, the mother of Miletus by Apollo.
paid the 10th partof theirvalue to the Romans. Miletus is often called Deionides,on accounL
Tacit, a. 29. of his mother. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 442.
Deditame.vf.s,a friend of Alexander, made Deioneus, a king of Phocis,who married
governor of Cur!. 8, c. 3.
Babylonia. Diomede, daughterof Xuthus, by whom he
Degis, a brother of Decebalus kingof the had Dia. He gave his daughterDia in mar- riage
Daci. He came as ambassador to the court of to Ixion,who promisedto make a present
Domitian. Martial. 5, ep. 3. to his father-in-law,Deioneus accordingly sited
vi-
De.tanira, a daughter of (Eneus, king of the house of Ixion,and was thrown into a
.^tolio. Her beauty procuredher many ad- largehole filledwith burning
mirers, coals,by his son-
and her father promisedto giveher in in-law, Hygin.fab. 48 and 241. Apollod.1, "

marriageto hira only who proved to be the c. 7 and 9, 1,2, c. 4.

Strongestof all his competitors.Hercules ob-tained Deiopeia, a nymph, the fairestof all the
the prize,and married Dejanira,by fourteen nymphs that attended upon Juno.
whom he had three children, the most known The goddesspromisedher in marriageto Mo-
of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanirawas once lus,the god of the winds, ifhe would destroy
velling
tra-
with her husband,theywere stoppedby the fleet of^Eneas,which was sailing for Italy.
the swollen streams of the Evenus, and the Vh's. JEn. 1,V. 75. One of the attendant
centaur JNessus offeredHercules to Gonvey her Inymphsof Cyrene.,FzV^.G.4,v.343.
 BE ")E
Deiotarcs, a governor of Galatia,made [ a choir of music, and exhibited horse-races.
king of that provinceby the Roman people.They afterwards led a dance, in which they
In the civil wars of Fompey and Caesar,Deio- imitated, by their motions, the various wind-
ings
tarus followed the interest of the former. ter
Af- of the Cretan labyrinth,from which The-
seus
the battle of Pharsalia,Caesar severely re-
primanded had extricated himself
by Ariadne's as-
sistance.
Deiotarus for his attachment to There was also another festivalof
Porapey,deprivedhim of partof his kingdom, the same name yearlycelebrated by
the Athe-
nians
and left him only the bare title of royalty.
in Delos. It was also institutedby The-
seus,
When he was accused by his grandson,of at-
who, when he was goingto Crete,made
tempts

upon Caesar's life, Cicero ablydefended a vow that ifhe returned victorious, he would
him in the Roman senate. He joinedBrutus yearlyvisit, in a solemn the temple
manner,
with a largearmy, and faithfully supportedof Delos. The persons employed in this an- nual
the republican cause. His wife was barren ; procession were called Ddiastce and The-
but fearing that her husband might die without ori. The ship, the same which carried The-
seus,
issue,she presented him with a beautifulslave, and had been carefully preserved by the
and tenderly educated,asher own, the children Athenians, was called Theoria and Delias.
of this union. Deiotarus died in an advanced When the shipwas ready for the voyage, the
old age. Strab. 12. Luean. 5, v. 55.
"

priestof Apollo solemnly adorned "thestern

Deiphila. Vid. Deipyle. with garlands, and an universal lustrationwas
DiiPHoBE, a sibylof Cumae, daughter of made all' over the city. The Theori were
Glaucus. It is supposed that she led ^Eneas crowned with laurel,and before them
ceeded
pro-
to the infernalregions. (Firf.Sibyllas.)Virg. men armed with axes, in commemora-
tion
JEn. 6, V. 36. of Theseus,who had cleared the
way
Deiphobus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, from Truezene to Athens, and delivered the
who after the death of his brother Paris, country from robbe When the ship ar- rived
,

married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed at Delos, they offered solemn sacrifices
him, and introduced into his chamber her old to the god of the island,and celebrated a fes- tival
husband Menelaus, to whom she wished to re-
concile in his honour. After this, retired they
herself.
He was shamefully mutilated to their ship, and sailed back to Athens,where
and killed by Menelaus. He had highlydis-
tinguished
all the people of the cityran in crowds to
himself duringthe war, especially meet them. Every appearance of festivity
in his two combats with Merion, and in that prevailedat their approach, and the citizens
in which he slew Ascalaphusson of Mars. opened their doors, and prostrated them-
selves
Virg.JEn. 6, v. 4Qb." Homer. R. 13. A son before the Deliastae, as they walked in
of Hippolytus, who purified Hercules afterthe procession. During this festival, it was lawful
un-
murder of Iphitus.Jlpollod.
2, c. 6. to put to death any malefactor,
and on
Deiphon, brother of Triptolemus,son that account the lifeof Socrates
a was prolonged
of Celeus and Metanira. When velledfor thirty
Ceres tra- days. Xenophon.Memor. in Conv. ^
the world, she stoppedat his fa-
over ther's Plut. in PhcEd.
"
Senec. ep. 70. "

court, and undertook to nurse him and Delia, a surname of Diana, because she
bringhim up. To reward the hospitality of was born in Delos. Virg.Ed. S, v. 67.
Celeus,the goddessbegan to make his son im-mortal, Deliades, a son of Glaucus, killed by his
and every eveningshe placedhim on brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, c. 3.
])urningcoals to purifyhim from whatever The priestesses in Apollo's temple. Homer.
mortal particles he stillpossessed The un-common Hymn, ad Ap.

growth of Deiphon astonished Me- tanira, Delium, a temple of Apollo. A town

who wished to see what Ceres did to of Bceotia oppositeCalchis, famous for a battle
make him so vigorous. She was frightened to foughtthere, B. C. 424, kc. Liv. 31, c. 45"
see her son on burning coals,and the shrieks 1.35, c.51.
that she uttered disturbed the mysterious ope-
rations Delius, a surname of Apollo,because he
of the goddess,and Deiphon perished in was born in Delos. Quint, an otiacer of
the flames. Apollod 1, c. 5. The husband Antony, who when he wa" sent to cite Cleo- patra
of Hyrnetho,daughterof Temenus, king of before his master, advised her to make
Argos. Id. 2, c. 7. her appearance in the- most captivating attire.
Deiphontes, a generalof Temenus, who The plan succeeded. He afterwards aban-
doned
took Epidauria, "c. Paus. 2, c. 12. A ge-
neral his friend, and fled to Augustus, who
of the Dorians, he.
Polytzn. received him with great kindness. Horace
Deipvle, daughter of Adrastus, who
a has addressed,2od. 3. to him. Plut. in Anion
married Tydeus,by whom she had Dioratdes. Delmatius; F1, Jul. a nephew of Constan-
Apollod.1, c. 8. tine the Great,honoured with the titleof Cse-
Deipylus, a son of Sthenelus,in the Tro-
jan sar, and put in possession of Thrace, Mace-
donia,
war. Homer. II. 5. and Achaia. His great virtues wern
Deipvrus, a Grecian chief, duringthe unable to save him from a violent death, and
Trojan war. Horner. II. 8. he was assassinated by his own kc.
soldiers,
Deldon, a king of Mysia, defeated by Delminium, a town of Dalraatia. Fhr
Crassus. 4, c. 12.
Di:,lia, a festival celebrated every
fifth Delos, one of the Cyclades at the north of
year in the island of Delos, in honour of Naxos, was severally called Lagia,Ortygia,
Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, Asteria,Clamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle,Cyn-
who his return
at from Crete, placeda sta-
tue thus, and Cynaithus, and now bears the name
there,which he had received from Ari- adne. of Sailles. It was called Delos' from S-\"., cause
be-
At the celebration, they crowned the it suddenlymade itsappearance on the
statute oftheeoddp?s with %arlaad". appointed sirrfart. of tJies"'a. by the. porer of iV'ppfnne,
 DE DE
who, according permlttecl
to the mythologists, who gave oracles there ; but Terra,iNTeptunc!,
Xatona to bring forth there, when she was Themis, and Phoebe, were in possessionof
persecutedall over the earth,and could find the placebefore the son of Latona. The ora-
cles

no safe asylum.(Vid.ApolloJ The island is were generally

givenin verse ; but when
celebrated for tlienativityof Apollo and Di-
ana; ithad been sarcasticallyobserved,that the god
and the solemnity with which the festi-and patron of poetiy was the most imperfect
Tals of these deities were celebrated there,by poet in the world, the priestess delivered her
the inhabitantsof the neighbouring islands, and answers in prose. The oracles were always
of the continent, is well known. One of the delivered by a priestess called Pylhia.(Vid.
altars of Apolloin the island, was reckoned Pythia.)The temple was built and destroy- ed
among the seven wonders of the world. It had several times. It was customary for those
been erected by Apollo, when only four years who consulted the oracle to make rich presents
old, and made with the horns of goats,killed to the god Delphi;and no monarch guished
distin-
fcyDiana on mount Cynthus. It was unlawful himself more by his donations than
to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar,Croesus. This sacred repository of opulence
which was religiously kept pure from blood was often the objectof plunder; and the peo- ple
and every pollution. The whole island of De- of Phocis seized 10,000 talents from it,
los was held in such veneration,that the Per- sians and Nero carried away no lessthan 500 statues
who had pillaged and profanedall the of brass, partlyof the gods,and partlyof the
of Greece, offered violence to most illustriousheroes. In another age, Con-
temples never

the templeof Apollo,but respectedit with stantine the Great removed its most splendid
the most awful reverence. Apollo,whose ornaments to his new capital.It was univer- sally
image was in the shapeof a dragon,deliv- ered believed,and supported, by the ancients^
there oracles duringthe summer, in a that Delphiwas in the middle of the earth ;
plainmanner withoutanyambiguity orobscure and on that account itwas called Terra umbil-
icus.
jueaning. INo dogs,as Thucydides mentions, This,accordingto mythology,was first
were permitted to enter the island. It was found out by two doves,which Jupiter had let
unlawful for a man to die, or for a child to loose from the two extremities of the earth,
be born there ; and when the Athenians were and which met at the placewhere the temple
ordered to purify the place,theydug up all of Delphiwas built. Apollon. 2, v. 706. Diod.
"

the dead bodies that had been interred there, 16. Plut. de Defect.Orac. he.
"
Pans. 10, c.
"

and transported them to the neighbouring 6, he" Ovid. Met. 10, v. l6S.~Strab. 9.
islands. An edict was also issued, which com-
manded Delphicps, a surname of Apollo, from the
all persons labouring under any mor-
tal worshippaidto his divinity at Delphi.
or dangerousdisease, to be instantly moved
re- Delphinia, festivalsat iEgina,in honour
to the adjacentisland called Rliane. of Apolloof Delphi.
Some mythologists suppose that Asteria, who Delphinium, a placein Boeotia,opposite
changedherself into a quailto avoid the im- Eubcea.
portuning
addresses of Jupiter, was mctamor- Delphis, the priestess of Delphi.Mar-
tial.
phosedinto thisisland,originally called Ortygia 9, ep. 43.
ab ouTvc, a quail.The peopleof Delos are descri-
bed Delphus, a son of Apollo who built Del- phi,
by Cicero Arcad. 2, c. 16 and 18,1.4, c. 18, and consecrated it to his father. The
as famous for rearinghens. Strab. 8 and 10. " name of his mother is differently mentioned.
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 329, 1.6, v. 333."Mela,2, c. 7.-- She iscalled by some Celeeno,by others Me-
Plin. 4, c. V2."Plut. de Solert.Anim. hc.-Thu- laene daughter of Cephis,and by others Thyas
eyd.3, 4, he. "

Virg.JEn. 3, v. 73. Piol. 3, c. daughter

"
of Castalius,the firstwho was priest-
ess
15." Callim ad Del.- Claudian. de A.--Com. Hon. to Bacchus. Hygin.161. Paus. 10,c. 6,
"

Delphi, now Caslri,a town of Phocis, Delphyne, a serpent which watched over
situate in a valleyat the south-west side of Jupiter.Apollod.1, c. 6.
mount Parnassus. It was also called Pylho, Delta, a part of Egypt, which received
because the serpentPython was killed there;that name from itsresemblance to the form of
and it received the name of Delphi,from the fourth letterof the Greek alphabet.It lie!!
Delphus,the son of Apollo. Some have also between the CanopianandPelusian mouths of
called it Parnassia JS'ape, the valley of Par- the Nile,and beginsto be formed where
nassus. the
It was famous for a templeof Apollo,river divides itself into several streams. It has
and for an oracle celebrated in every age and been formed totally by the mud and sand,
country. The origin of the oracle, thoughfabu- lous, which are \vashed doM n from the upper parts
is described as somethingwonderful. A of Egyptby the Nile,according to ancient ti-a-
number of goatsthat were feeding on mount dition. Cois. Alex. c. 21 .
"
Strab 15 and 17. "

Parnassus,came near a place which had a deep Herodot. 2, c. 13,he" Pliri.3, c. 16.
and longj)erforation. The steam which issued Demades, an Athenian,who, from a sailor,
from the hole,seemed to inspire the goats,and became an eloquent orator, and obtained much
theyplayedand frisked about in such an uncom- mon influence in the state. He was taken prisoner
manner, thatthe goat herd was temptedto at the battle of Cherontea, by Philip, and in-
gratiated
lean on the hole,and see what mysteriesthe himself into the favour of that prince,
placecontained. He was immediately seized by whom he was greatlyesteemed. He was
with a fitof enthusiasm,his expressions were put to death,with his son, on suspicion of trea-
son,
wild and extravagant,and passedfor prophe- cies. B. C. 322. One of his orations is extant.^
This circumstance was soon known Diod. 16 and 17." Plut. in Dem.
about the country,and many experienced the Demjenetus, a rhetorician of Syracuse,
same enthusiastic insjnration. TJie placewas enemy to Timoleon. C. Nep.in Tim. 5.
revered,and a temple was soon aftererected Demagoras, one of Alexander's flatterers,
in honour of Apollo, and a citybuilt. Accord-
ing An historian wlio wrote concerningthe
to some a"eount?..Apollowas not "kc firstfoundationof Rome. D'aomis.Mat. 1.
 DE DE
Djomarata, a daughter of Hiero,fcc. Liv. himself on the throne of Macedonia,by the
24, c. 22. mui'der of Alexander the son of Cassander.
Demaratus, the son and successor of Aris- Here he was
continually at war with the neigh-
bouring
ton on the throne of Sparta, B. C. 526. He states; and the superior power of his
was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes; adversariesobliged him to leave Macedonia,
his royalcolleague, as being illegitimate. He afterhe had sat on the throne for seven
years.
retired ii"toAsia,and was kindly received by He passedinto Asia,and attacked some of the
Darius son of Hystaspes king of Fersia. When provincesof Lysimachuswith various success;
the Persian monarch made preparations vade but famine and jiestilence
to in-
deslroyed the great-
est
Greece, Demaratus, thoughpersecuted part of his army, and he retiredto the court
by theLacedsemonians, informed them of the of Seleucus for supportand assistance. He met
hostilities which hung over their head. Hero- with a kind reception, buL ..ostilities were soon
dot. 6, c. 75, Lc. 1.6, c. 50, k-c. A rich citi-
zen begun; and after he had gained some ges
advanta-
of Corinth, of the family of the Bacchiadce. over his son-in-law, Demetrius was totally
When Cypselushad usurpedthe sovereignforsaken by his troopsin the fieldof battle, and
power of Corinth,Demaratus,with allhisfa- mily, became an easy
prey to the enemy. Though
migrated lo Italy, aud settled at Tarqui-he WHS kept in confinement by his son-in-
nii,658 years before Christ. His son, Lucu- law, yet he maintained himself like a prince,
mon, was kingof Rome, under the name of and passed his time in hunting and in every
TarquiniusPriscus. Dionys.Hal. A Co-rinthian
laborious exercise. His son Antigonus offer-
ed
exile at the court of Philip kingof Seleucus all his possessions, and even
Macedonia. PLui.inJilex. his person, to
procure his father's liberty;
Demarchus, a Syracusan, put to death by but ail proved unavailing, and Demetrius
Dionysius. died in the 54th year of his
age, after a con- finement
Demareta, the wife of Gelon. Diod. 15. of three years, 286 B. C. His re- mains

Demariste, the mother of Timoleon. were givento Antigonus, and honour- '

Dematria, a Spartanmother, who killed ed with a splendidfuneral pomp at Corinth,

her son because he returned from a battle and thence conveyedto Demetrias. His pos-
terity
without glory. Pial. Lac. Inst. remained in possession of the Macedo-
nian
Demetria, a festival in honour of Ceres, throne tillthe of Perseus,who was
age
called by the Greeks Demtltr. It was then conqueredby the Romans. Demetrius has
customary for the votaries of the goddessto rendered himself famous for his fondness of
lash themselves with whips made with the dissipation when among the dissolute, and his
bark of trees. The Athenians had a solemni- ty love of virtue and military gloryin the fieldof
of the same name, in honour of Demetrius battle. He has been commended as a great
Poliorcetes. warrior,and his ingenious inventions, his war-
like

Demetrias, a town of Thessaly.The name "

engines, and stupendous machines in his

was common to other places. war with the Rhodians,justify his claims to
Demetrius, a son of Antigonusand Stra- that perfect character. He has been blamed
tonice, surnamed Poliorcetes,destroyer of for his voluptuousindulgences ; and his bio- grapher
toivns. At the age of 22, he was sent by his observes, that no Grecian prince had
father* against Ptolemy,who invaded Syria.more wives and concubines than Poliorcetes.
He was defeated near Gaza; but he soon re- paired His obedience and reverence to his fatherhav^e
his loss by a victory over one of the been justly admired ; and ithas been observed,
generals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed that Antigonusordered the ambassadors of a
with a fleetof 250 ships to Athens,and restor-ed foreign princeparticularly to remark the cor- diality
the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them and friendship which subsistedbetween
from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and him and his son. Plut. in vita. Diod 17.
" "

expelling the garrison, which was stationed Justin. 1, c. 17, "c. A princewho ceeded
suc-
there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this his father Antigonus on the throne of
successfulexpedition, he besieged and took Macedonia. He reigned11 years, and was
Munychia,and defeated Cassander at Ther- mopylae. succeeded byAntigonus Doson. Justin.26,c. 2.
His reception at Athens,after these "

Polyb.2. A son of Philip kingof Mace- donia,

victories, was attended with the greatest ser-
vility delivered as an hostage to the Romans.
; and the Athenians were not ashamed to His modestydelivered hisfatherfrom a heavy-
raise altarsto him as to a, god, and to qonsultaccusation laid before the Roman senate.
his oracles. This uncommon Success raised the When he returned to Macedonia, he was
jealousy of the successors of Alexander; and falsely accused by his brother Perseus,who
Seleucus,Cassander,and Lysimachus, united was jealous of his popularity, and his father too
to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hos-
tile credulously consented to his death,B. C. ISO-
armies met at Ipsus, B. C. 301. Antigo-
nus Liv. 40, c. 20. "
Justin. 32, c. 2. A Magne-
was killed in the battle; and Demetrius, sian. A servant of Cassius. A son of
aftera severe loss, retired to Ephesus.His ill Demetrius of Cyrene. A freedman of Pom-
success raised him many enemies;and the A- pey. A son of Demetrius, surnamed der.
Slen-
thenians, who had lately adored him as a god, A prince surnamed Sottr,was son of
refused to admit him into their city. He soon Seleucus Pliilopater, the son of Antiochus the
afterravagedthe territoriesof Lysimachus,Great, kiiig of Syria. His father gave him us
and reconciled himselfto Seleucus,to whom a hostageto the Romans. After the death of
he gave liisdaughter Stratonice in marriage. Seleucus,Antiochus Epiphanes, the deceased
Athens now laboured under tyranny; and De- metrius monm'ch's brother,usurpedthe kingdom of
relieved it,and pardonedthe inhabit- ants. Syria, iuid was succeeded by his son .\rUiochus
The loss of his possessions in Asia,rc- Eupator. This usurpation displeased trius,
Deme-
"nlled him from Greece, and he established who was detained at Rome ; he procu-
31
 DE DE
ied his liberty on pretence of goingto Iiuot,strictconfinement. Demetrius,tiredwith hia
and fled to Syria, where the troops received situation,put an end to his lifeby the bite of
him as their lawful sovereign, B. C. 162. He an asp, 284 B. C. Accordingto some, De- metrius

put to death Eupator and Lysias,and lished

estab- enjoyedthe confidence ofPhiladelphus,
himself on his throne by crueltyand and enriched his library at Alexandria with
oppression.Alexander Bala,the son of An- 200,000 volumes. All the works of Demetrius,
tiochus Epiphanes, laid claim to the crown of on rhetoric,history, and eloquence, are lost ;
Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle,in and the treatiseon rhetoric, falsely attributed
the 12th year of his reign. Strab. 16. .^p-to him, is by some
"

supposedto be the cTimpo-^

jyian.Jiistin.34, c. 3.
" Tlie 2d, surnamed sition of Halicarnassus. The last edition of
JVica7ior,or Conqueror, w"s son of Soter,to this treatise is that of Glasgow, 8vo. 1743.
whom he succeededbytheassistanceof Ptolemy Diog. in vita. Cic. in Brut. SfdeOffic.
" 1. "

Philometer,after he had driven out the usurp-

er Pint, in Exil. A Cynic philosopher, ple
disci-
Alexander Bala, B. C 146. He married of Ai)ollonius Thyaneus,in the age of Cali-
gula.
Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy; who was, be- fore, The emperor wished to gain the philo-
sopher
the wife of the expelled monarch. metrius
De- to his interest by a largepresent;but
gave himself up to luxuryand volup- tuousness,Demetrius refused itwith indignation.and said,
and suffered his kingdom to be gov- erned If Caligula wishes to bribe me, lethim send me
by his favourites. At that time a pre- tendedhis crown. Vespasian was displeased with his
son of Bala,called Diodorus Tryphon, insolence,and banished him to an island. 1 he
seized a partof Syria;and Demetrius,to op- pose Cynic derided the punishment, and bitterly
his antagonist, made an alliance with the inveighed against the emperor. He died in a
Jews, and marched into the east, where he greatold age ; and Seneca observes, that na- ture

was taken by the Parthiaiis. Phraates, king had broughthim forth, to show mankind,
Rhodogyne that an exalted geniuscan live securely out
with-
of Parthia, gave him his daughter
in marriage and Cleopatra was so incensed at beingcorrupted b y the vices of (he sur-
rounding
;
thisnew connexion,that she gave herself up ivorld, Senec. Philoslr. in Jipoll.
"

to Antiochus Sidetes, her brother-in-law,and One of Alexander's flatterers. A na-

tive

married him. Sidetes was killed in a battle of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek
against the Parthians,and Demetrius regainedpoets. An Athenian killed at Mantinea,
the possession of his kingdom. His prideand when fighting against the Thebans. Polycen.
rendered him odious, and his sub- jects A writer who published history of the
oppression an

asked a kingof the house of Seleucus, irruptions of the Gauls into Asia. A philo-
logical
from Ptolemy Physcon,king of Egypt ; and writer, in the age of Cicero. Cic. ad
Demetrius, unable to resist the power of his Attic.8, ep. 11. A stage player.Juv. 3,
enemies, fled to Ptolemais,which was then V. 99. Syrus, a rhetorician at Athens. Cic.
in the hands of his wife Cleopatra.Tiie gates in Brut. c. 174. A geographer, surnamed
were shut up against his approach, by Cleopa-
tra; the Calatian. Strab. 1.
and he was killed by order of the gover- nor Demo, a Sibylof Cumag.
of Tyre,wiiither he had fled for protec- tion. Dp;moanassa, the mother of JCgialeus.
He was succeeded by Alexander Zebi- Democ"Des, a celebrated physician of Cro-
na, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne, tona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with Po-
B. C. 127. Justin. 36, hc."Ap-piande Bell. lycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from
Syr. Joseph. The 3d, surnamed
"
Euce- Samos to Darius kingof Persia, where he ac- quired

rus, was son of Antiochus Gryphus. After the great I'iches and much reputation by
exampleof his brother Philip, who had seized curing the king's foot,and the breast of Atossa.
Syria,he made himself master of Damascus, He was sent to Greece as a spy, by the king,
B. C. 93, and soon after obtained a victoryand fled away to Crotona, where he married
over his brother. He was taken in a battle the daughter of the wrestler Milo. JElian. V.
against the Parthians, and died in captivity. H. 8, c. 18." Herodot. 3, c. 124, "c.
Joseph. 1. Phalereus,a disciple of Theo- Demochares, an Athenian, sent witk
phx'astus, who gainedsuch an influence over some of his countrymen with an embassyto
the Athenians,by his eloquence, and the puri-
ty Philipking of Macedonia. The monarch
of his manners, that he was elected de- gave them audience ; and Vv hen he asked them
eennial archon,B. C. 317. He so embellished what he could do to pleasethe people of
the city, and rejidered himself so popular by Athens .''Demochares replied, "
Hang your-
self."
Lis munificence, that the Athenians raised 360 This impudenceraised the indignation
brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the[ of allthe hearers; but Philipmildlydismissed
midst of allthis popularity, his enemies raised them, and bade them ask their countrymen^
a sedition against him, and he was condemned which deserved most the appellation oi wise
to death,and all his statues thrown down, and moderate, either theywho gave such ill
afterobtaining the sovereign power for 10 language, or he who received it without any
yeai-s. He fled without concern or cation
mortifi- signsof resentment .'' Senec. de Ira, 3. "

to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, w here JElian. V. II. 3, 7, 8, 12" C"c. in Brut. 3, de
Le met with kindnes.s and cordiality. The Oral. 2. A poet of Soli, who composed a
Egyptianmonarch consulted him concerningcomedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plut. in
the succession of his children ; and Deme- trius Dem. A statuary, who wished to make a
advised him to raise to the throne the statue of mount Athos. Vitruv. A general
children of Eurydice,in preference to the of Pompey the younger, who died B. C. 36.
ott'spring of Berenice. This counsel so irri- tated Democles, a man accused of disaftection
Philadeiphus, the son of Berenice,that towards Dionysius,he. Polycen. 6. A
afterhis father'sdeath he sent the philosopher beautiful youth,passionately loved by Deme-
trius
into UpperEgypt, and there detained him in Poliorcetes. He threw himself into ^
 DE DE
caldron of boiling
water, rather than sub-
mit 14,c. 27. Diog.in vita." Mian. V. U. 4,
to the unnatural lustsof the tyrant. Pint, 20." Cic. de Finib." Val. Max.
c. 8, c, 7."
in Dem. Sirab. 1 and 15. An Ephesian,who wrote
Democoon, a natural son of Priam, who a book on Diana's temple,k,c. D^og. A
came from his residence at Abydos to protect powerful man of "*axos. Htrodot. 1,%.
46.
his country againstthe Gi'eeks. He was, DiMODiCE, the wife of Cretheus, king of
after a gloriousdefence,killed by Ulysses. lolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro.
Homer, ll.4. Hi/gin. P. A. 2, o. 20.
DiiMucRATES, an architect of Alexandria. DiMoDocHus, a musician at the court of
A wrestler. JFMan. V. H. 4, c. 15. Alcinous;who sang, in the presence of Ulj^s-
An Athenian who foughton the side of Da-
rius, ses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus,fcc
against the Macedonians. Curt. 6, c. 5. Honitr. Od. 8, v. 44." Plat, de Mus. A
D".MocRiTus, a celebrated philosopher of Trojanchief, who came with iEneas into Italy,
Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He ti'avelled where he uas killed. Virg.Mu. 10,v. 413,
over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and An historian. Plut. de Flum.
Africa,in quest of knowledge,and r-eturned Demoleus, a Greek, killed bv iEneas in the
home in the greatestpoverty. There was a Trojanwar. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 260.
law at Abdera, which deprivedof the honour Djemoleon, a centaur, killed by Theseu.s
of a funeral the man who had reduced him-self at the nuptialsof Pirithous. Orid. Met. 12, v.
to indigence ; and Democritus,to avoid 356. A son of Antenor, killed by Achilles.

ignominy, repeatedbefore his countrymen one Homer. II. 20, v. 395.

of his compositionscalled Diacosmus. It was Demon, an Athenian,nephew to Demos- thenes.
received with such uncommon applause, that He was at the head of the govern^
he was presented with 500 talents ; statues ment duringthe absence of his uncle,and ob- tained
were erected in his honour ; and a decree pas-
sed a decree that Demosthenes should be
that the expenses of his funeral should recalled,and that a shipshould be sent to
be paidfrom the public treasury. He retired bringhim back.
to a garden near the city,where he dedicated Demonassa, a daughter of Amphiaraus,
his time to studyand solitude ; and according who married Thersander. Pans. 9, c. 5.
to some authors he put out his eyes, to apply Demonax, a celebrated philosopherof
himself more closely to philosophical inquiries.Crete,in the reignof Adrian. He showed no
He was accused of insanity, and Hippocratesconcern about the necessaries of life; but
\vas ordered to inquireinto the nature of his when hungry, he entered the firsthouse he
disorder. The physicianhad a conference met, and there satisfiedhis appetite. He died
with the philosopher, and declared that not in his 100th year. A man of Mantinea,
Democritus,but his enemies were insane. He sent to settle the government of Cyrene. ife-
continually laughedat the folliesand vanityof rodot. 4, c. 161.
mankind, who distractthemselves with care, Demonica, a woman who betrayed Ephe-
and are at once a prey to hope and to anxiety. sus to Brennus. Plut. in Parall.
He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the Demophantus, a general,killed by Anti-
loss of his wife, that he would raise her from gonus, he. Pans. 8, c. 49.
the dead, if he could find three persons who Demophile, a name given to the sibylof
had gone throughlifewithout adversity, whose Cumffi,who, as it is supposed by some, sold
names he might engrave on tlie queen's mon-ument. the books
sibylline ta Taiquin. Farro apiid
The king's inquiries to find such per-
sons Lad. 1, c. 6.
proved unavailing, and the philosopher in Demophilus, an Athenian archon.-" -Ao
some manner soothed the sorrov/ of his sove-
reign. oflScer of Agathocles.Diod. 19.
He taughthis disciples that the soul Demophon, an Athenian, who assisted
died with the body ; and therefore, as he gave the Thebans in recovering Cadmea, kc
no credit to the existence of ghosts,some Diod. 15.
youths,to tryhis fortitude, dressed themselves Demophoon, son of Theseus and Phsedra,
in a hideous and deformed habit, and approach-
ed was king of Athens, B.C. 1182, and reigned
his cave in the dead of night, with whatever 33 years. At his return from the Trojan war,
could create terror and astonishment. The he visited Thraoe, where he was tenderlyre-
ceived

philosopherreceived them unmoved; and and treated by Phyllis.He retired to

without even lookingat them, he desired them Athens, and forgotthe kindness and love of
to cease making themselves such objects of ri- Phyllis,
dicule who hanged herselfin despair.Ovid.
and folly.He died in the 109th year Heroid. 2."Paus. 10, c. 55. A friend of
of his age, B. C. 361. His father was so rich, yEneas,killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn. 11,v. 675.
that he entertained Xerxes, with all his army, Dejiopolis,a son of Themistocles, Plut
as he was marchingagainstGreece. AH the in Them.
works of Democritus are lost. He was the Demos, a placeof Ithaca.
author of the doctrine of atoms, and first Demosthekes, a celebrated Athenian,son
taughtthat the milky way was occasioned by of a rich blacksmith,called Demosthenes, and
a confused light from a multitude of stars. He of Cleobule. He was but seven years of as,c
may be considered as mental when his father died. His guardiansnegli-
the parent of experi- gently
philosophy, in the prosecutionof which managed his affairs, and embe;5zled the
he showed himself so ardent that he declared greatestpart of his possessions. His educa-
tion
he would prefer tlie discovery of one of the was neglected
totally ; and for whatever
causes of the works of Jiature,to the diadem advances he made in learning,he was indebt-
ed
of Persia. He made artificialemeralds, and to his industryand application. He became
tingedthem with various colours ; he likewise the pupilof Isa^usand Plato, and applied self
him-
dissolved stone?, and softened ivorv Euseb. to 5tudyt!ie orations of Isocrates. At the
 DE DE
age of 17 he gave an earlyproof of his elo- quence Si tibipar menti robur,Vir inagne, fuisstf,
and abilitiesagainst his guardians, from GrcEcia non Macedcs succubuisset hero.
whom he obtained the retribution of the Demosthenes has been deservedly called the
greatestpailof his estate. His rising talents princeof orators ; and Cicero, his successful
were however impeded by weak lungs,and a rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect
diificulty of pronunciation, especially of the model; and such as he wished to be. These
letter p, but these obstacles were soon quered
con- two greatprinces of eloquencehave often been
by unwearied application. To correct compared together;but the judgment hesi- tates
the stammeringof his voice, he spoke with to which to givethe preference. They
pebbles in his mouth; and removed the dis-
tortion
both arrived at perfection ; but the measure
of his features,which accompanied his by which theyobtained it,were diametrically
utterance, by watching the motions of his opposite.Demosthenes has been compared,
countenance in a looking-glass. That his pro- and with propriety,by his rival j^ilschines,
to
imnciation mightbe loud and fullof emphasis,a Siren, from the melody of his expressions.
he frequently ran up the steepestand most No orator can be said to have expressed the
uneven walks, where his voice acquiredforce various passionsof hatred, resentment, or in-
dignation,
and energy ; and on the sea-shore,when
the with more energy than he ; and as a

waves were violently he

agitated, declaimed proof of his uncommon application, it need
aloud,to accustom himself to the noise and tu- only be mentioned, that he transcribed eight,
mylts of a public assembly. He also confined or even ten times,the historyof Thucydides,
himself in a subterraneous cave, to devote that he mightnot only imitate,but possess the
himself more closely to studious pursuits force and energy of the greathistorian. The
: and,

to eradicate all curiosity best editions of his works are tliatof Wolfius,
of appearingin pub-
lic,
he shaved one half of his head. fol. Frankof.
In this 1604, that left unfinished by
solitaryretirement, by the help of a glira-Taylor,Cantab. 4to. and that publishedin 12
roeringlamp, he composed the greatestpart vols. 8vo. 1720, ";c. Lips,by Reiske and his
of his orations, which have ever been the widow. Many of the orations of Demosthe-
nes
admiration of every age, thoughhis contem-
poraries have been publishedseparately.Plut.
and rivals severelyinveighedagainstin vita. Diod. 16. " Cic. in Oral. "c.
" Paus."

them, and observed that they smelt of oil. 1, c. 8, 1. 2, c. 33. An Atlienian general
His abilities, as an orator, raised him to con-
sequence sent to succeed Alcibiades in Sicily.He at- tacked
at Athens, and he was soon ced
pla- Syracuse with Nicias, but his ef- forts
at the head of the government. In this were ineft'ectual. After many calamities
publiccapacity he roused his countrymen he fellinto the enemy's hands, and his army
from their indolence, and animated them was confined to hard labour. The accounts
against the encroachments of Philip donia. about the death of Demosthenes
of Mace- ai-e vaiious ;

In the battle of Cheronaea, however, some believe that he stabbed himself, whilst
Demosthenes betrayedhis pusillanimity, and others suppose that he w as put to death by the
saved his life by flight. After the death of Syracusans, B. C. 413. Pint, in A^ic. Thucyd."

Philip he declared himself warmly against4, ",c. Diod. 12. " The father of the orator
his son and successor, Alexander, whom he Demosthenes. He was very rich, and em- ployed

branded with the appellation of boy; and an immense number of slaves in the
when the Macedonians demanded of the Athe-
nians business of a sword cutler. Plut. in Bern. "

their orators, Demosthenes reminded A governor of Caesarea, under the Roman perors.
em-
his countrymen of the fable of the sheep
which delivered their dogs to the wolves. Demostratus, an Athenian orator.
Though he had boasted that all the goldof Demuchus, a Trojan,son of Philetor,killed
Macedonia could not tempt him ; yet he suf-
fered by Achilles. Homer. It. 20, v. 457.
himself to be bribed by a small golden Demylus, a tyrant who tortured the philo- sopher
cup from Harpalus. The tumults which this Zeno. Plut. de Stoic. Rep.
occasioned, forced him to retire from Athens ; DzNSELETiE, a pcoplcof Thracc. Cic. Pis.
end in his banishment, which he passed at 34.
Troezene and iEgiua,he lived w ith more feminacy
ef- Deobriga, a town on the Iberus in Spain,
than true heroism. When Antipa- now Miranda de Ebro.
ter made war againstGreece, after the death Deodatus, an Athenian who opposed the
of Alexander, Demosthenes wa" publicly re- cruel resolutions of Cleon against the captive
ealled from his exile,and a galleywas sent to prisoners of Mitylene.
fetch him from iEgina. His return was ded
atten- Deois, a name givento Proseri^ine from her
with much splendour, and all the citizens mother Ceres, who was called Deo. This
crowded at the Pirajus to see him land. His name Ceres received, because w hen she sought
triumphand popularity, however, were short. hei- daughterall over the world,all wished her
AnlipaterandCraterus were near Athens, and success in her pursuits, with the word -")"",",
demanded all the orators to be delivered up invenies; a "^"fc", invenio. Ovid. Met.6,y. 114.
into their hands. Denio-ithenes with all his DERiE, a place of Messenia.
adherents fled to the temple of TSeptune ui Derbe, a town of Lycaoniaat the north of
Calauria, and when he saw that all hopes of mount Taurus in Asia Alinor,now Alab-Dag.
safetywere banished,he look a dose of poison,Cic. Fain. 13, ep. 73.
which he always carried in a quill, and expi-
red Derbice."*,a people near Caucasus, who
on tlic day that the Thesniophoriawere killed all those that had reached their 70th
celebi-ated, in the 60th year of his age B. C. year. They buried such as died a natural
322. The Athenians raised a biazen statue death. Slrab.
to his honour with an inscription translated Deuce, a fountain in Spain,whose waters
into Ihii distich: were said to be uncommonly cold.
 DE DT
Dercennus, an ancient king is Latium. cd. The stones thrown by Deucalion became
lirg.^n. 11,V. 850. men, and those of Pyrrha,women. ing
Accord-
Derceto and Dercetis, a goddessof Syria, to Justin,Deucalion was not the only one
called also Ater^atis, whom some suppose to who escaped from tlie universal calamity.
be the same as Astarte. She was representedAlanysaved their lives by ascendingthe high- est
as a beautiful woman above the waist, and mountains, or trusting themselves in small
tlie lower part terminated in a fish'stail. Ac- vessels to the mercy of the waters.
cording This de-
luge,
to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had which chiefly happened in Thessaly, ac-
cording

offended; made her passionately fond of a to the relation of some writers, was
young priest, remarkable for the beautyof his producedby the inundation of the waters of
leatares. She had a daughterby him, and be- came the river Peneus, whose regularcourse was
so ashamed of her incontinence,that stopped by an earthquakenear mount Ossa and
she removed her lover, exposed the fruit of Olympus. According to Xenophon, there
her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her were no less than five deluges. The firsthap-
pened
body was transformed into a fish,and her under Ogyges,and lastedthree months.
child was preserved,and called Semiramis. The second, which w as in the age of Hercules
As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria,and and Prometheus, continued but one month.
representedlike a fish,
the SyriansancientlyDuring the third,which happened in the reign
abstained from fishes. Lucian. de Dea Ser. of another Ogyges, all Attica was
"
laid waste
Plin. 5, c. 13." Ovid. Met. 4, v. 44." Diod. 2. by the waters. Thessalywas totally covered
Dercyllidas, a generalof Sparta, cele-brated by the waters duringthe fourth,which hap- pened
for his militaiy exploits.He took in the age of Deucalion. The last was
nine different cities in eightdays, and freed duringthe Trojan war, and its effects were
Chersonesus from the inroads ot the Thracians sev^erely felt by the inhabitants of Egypt.
bv buildinga wall across the country. He There
prevailed a report in Attica,that the
lived B. C. 399. Diod. 14." Xenoph. Hist. of Deucalion's delugehad disappeared
waters
GrtEc. 1, kc. througha small aperture about a cubit wide,
Dercyllus, a man appointedover Attica near Jupiter Olympus'stemple; emd Pausani-
by Antipater.C. JVep.in Phoc. 2. ^ as, who saw it,further adds,that a yearlyof- fering
Dercynus, a son of Neptune kille^by of flour and honey was thrown into it
Hercules. Apollod 2, c. 5. with religious ceremony. The delugeof De-ucalion,
Ders^i, a peopleof Thrace. so much celebrated in ancient history,
Dertuona. now Tortona,a town of Ligu- is supposedto have happened 1503 years B. C.
ria, between Genoa and Placentia, where a Deucalion had two sons by Pyrrha,Hellen,
Roman colonywas settled. Cic. Div. 11. called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphicty-
Dertose, now Tortosa,a town of Spain on, kingof Attica,and also a daughter, Pro-
near the Iberus. togenea, who became mother of ^Ethlius by
Dercsi/Ei, a peopleof Persia. Jupiter.Find. 9, Oli/mp. Ovid. Met. 1, tab. "

Desudaba, a town of Media. Liv. 44, c. 8. Heroid. 45, v. 167

"

Apollod. 1,c. 7. Faus.

"

"

26. I, c. 10, 1.5,c. 8. Juv. 1, V. 81."

Hygin.lab. "

Deva, a town of Britain,now Chester,on 153. " Justin. 2, c. 6. "

Diod. 5. " Lucian. de
the Dee. Ded
Syria. Virg.G. I, v. 62. One of the
"

Deucalion, a son of Prometheus, who Argonauts. A son of Minos. Apollod.3, c.

married Pyrrha, the daughterof Epiraetheus.1. A son of Abas,
He reignedover part of Thessaly,and in his Deucetius, a Sicilian general. Diod. II,
age the whole earth was overwhelmed w-ith a Deudorix, one of the Cherusci, led in tri- umph
deluge.The impietyof mankind had irritated by Germanicus.
Jupiter,who res j; red to destroymankind, Dexamene, one of the Nereides. Homer
and immediatelythe earth exhibited a bound- less II. 18.
scene of waters. The highest mountains Dexamenus, a man delivered by Hercules
were climbed up by the frightened inhabitants fromthe hands of his daughter's suitors, .ipol-
of the country ; but this seemingplaceof se- curity lod. 2, c. 5. A khig of Olenus in Achaia,
was soon over-toppedby the rising wa-
ters, whose two daughters married the sons of Ac-
tor.
and no hope was leftof escapingthe uni- Paus. 5, c. 3.
v^ersal calamity. Prometheus advised his son Dexippus, a Spartanwho assistedthe peo- ple
to make himself a ship,and by this means he of Agrigentum,kc. Diod. 13.
saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The ves- sel Dexxthea, the w ife of Minos. Apollod. 3,
wsis tossed about successive c. 1.
during nine
days,and the top of mount
at last stoppedon Dexius, a Greek, fatlierof Iphiuous, killed
Parnassus,where Deucalion remained tillthe by Glaucus in the Trojan war, ",c. Homer.
waters had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make 11.7.
no mention of a vessel built by tlie advice of Dia, a daughterof Dclon, mother of Piri-
Prometheus ; but,according to their relation, thous by Ixion. An island in the -^gean
Deucalion saved his life by takingrefugeon sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same as
the top of Parnassus, or according to llyginus, Naxos. l^id. Naxos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 157.
of JEtnn, in Sicily.As soon as the waters had Another on the coast of Crete,now Stan
retired from the surface of the earth, Deuca-
lion Dia. A city of Thrace. Eub(jea. .

and his wife went to consult the oracle of Peloponnesus. Lusitania. Italy, near
Themis, and were directed to re])airthe loss the Alps. Scythia,neai- the Phasis.
of mankind by throvviug behind them thebor^s Caria. Bithynia, and Thessaly.
of their grandmother. This was nothingbut DiACTORiDEs, one of Agarista's suitors.
the stones of the earth ; and aftersome tion
hesita- Herodot. 6, c. 127. The father of Eury-
about the meaning of the orncle.they obey- dunie; the wile of Leutyrhidcs. /rf.6, c. 71.
 Dl
Dimvs of Megalopolis,a genera!of the statue of Diana Taurica into Greece*. I'her"
Achasans, who killed himself when his affairs is another tradition which mentions, that Pau-
became desperate.Pans. 7, c. 16. sanias,as he was offeringprayers and sacri-
fices
DiADUMENiANUs, a SOD of Macrlnus, who to the gods,before he engaged with Mar-
enjoyed the titleof Caesar duringhis father's donius,was suddenly attacked by a number
life-time,
az-c. of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice,and
DiAGON and Diagum, a river of Pelopon-
nesus, were at last repelledwith staves and stones,
flowinginto the Alpheus,and separa-
ting the only weapons with which the Lacedsemo'
Pisa from Arcadia. Pans. 6, c. 21. nians were providedat that moment. In com-
memoration

DiAGONDAS, a Theban who abolished all of this,therefore, that whipping

nocturnal sacrifices. Cic. de Leg.2, c. 15. of boys was instituted at Spaita,and afterthat
DiAGORAS; an Athenian philosopher.His the Lydian procession.
father's name was Teleclytus. From the Diana was the goddess of hunting.Ac- cording
greatestsuperstition, he became a most conquerable
un- to Cicero, there were three of this
atheist ; because he saw a
; a daughterof Jupiter
man name and Proserpine^
who laid a false claim to one of his poems, becameand mother of Cupid ; a daughterof
who
who perjuredhimself,go unpunished. His Jupiterand Latona, and a daughterof tJpis
great impiety and blasphemiesprovoked his and Glauce. The second is the most brated,
cele-
countiymen, and the Areopagitespromised and to her all the ancients allude.
one talent to him who broughthis head before She was born at the same birth as Apollo; and
their tribunal,and two if he were produced the painswhich she saw her motiier suffer^
alive. He lived about 416 years before Christ. duringher labour, gave her such an aversioa
Cic. de JVal. D. I, c. 23, 1. 3, c. 37, i^c." Val. to marriage, tliatshe obtained from her fatlier
Max. 1,c. 1 An athlete of Rhodes, 460 the permissionto live in perpetual celibacy,
years before the Christian era. Pindar cele-
brated and to presideover the travails of women.
his merit in a beautiful ode stillextant, To shun the society of men, she devoted her-self
which was written in goldenlettersin a temple to hunting,and obtained the permission
"f Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned of
Jupiter to have for her attendants 60 of the
the same day at Olyrapia,and died through Oc^iides, and 20 other nymphs, all of whom,
excess of joy. Cic. Tusc. 5. Plut. in Pel."
likeTW^SN^bjured
" the use of marriage. She
Pans. 6, c. 7. is represented w"th a bent bow and quiver, and
DiALis, a priest of Jupiterat Rome, first attended with dogs,and sometimes drawn ia
instituted by Numa. He was never permitteda chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she
to swear, even upon publictrials. Varro. L. appears with wings,holding a lion in one hand,
L, 4, c. 15. Dionys.2. Liv. 1, c. 20.
" "
and a panther in the other, wdth a chariot
DiALLUs, an Athenian, who vvi'ote an his- tory drawn by two heifers, or two horses of difler-
of all the memorable occurrences of his ent colours. She is represented taller by the
age. head than her attendant nymphs, her face has
DiAMASTiGosis, a festivalat Sparta in hon-
our something manly, her legs are bare, well
of Diana Orthia, which received that shaped,and strong, and her feet are covered
name """ tw from whipping,because with a buskin, worn
fi^";i-,aw, by huntresses among the
boys w ere whipped before the altar of the ancients. Diana received many surnaines"
goddess.These boys,called Bomonicae, were particularly from the placeswhere her W'or-
originally free born Spartans; but, in the shipwas established,and from the functions
more delicate ages, they were of mean birth, over which she presided. She was called
and generally oi a slavish origin.This ope- Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba, when voked
in-
"ration was performedby an officer in a se- vere by women in childbed,and Trivia whea
and unfeeling manner ; and that no com-passion worshipped in the cross-ways, where her sta;
should be raised, the priest stood near tues were generally erected. She was posed
sup-
the altar with a small lightstatue of the to be the same as the moon, and Pro-
serpine
goddess,which suddenly became heavy and or Hecate, and from that circum- stance
insupportable ifthe lash of the whip was more she was called Triformis ; and some of
lenient or less rigorous.The parentsof the her statues representedher Avith three heads,
children attended the solemnity, and exhorted that of a horse, a dog,and a boar. Herj)Ower
them not to commit any thingeither by and functions under these three characters,
fear or groans, that might be unworthy of have been beautifully expressedin these two
Laconian education. These flagellations were verses :

so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse Ternt, lustrat,agit, Proserpina,LunOf

torrents, and many expired under the lash Diaria,
of the whip without utteringa groan, or Jma, suprema, fcras, sceptro,fulgore, sagitld.
betrayingany mzu-k.s of fear. Such a death She was also called Agrotera, Orthia,Tau- rica,
was reckoned very honourable, and the corpse Delia, Cynthia,Aricia, "c. She was
was buried with much soleniiiity, land supposedto be the same
with a gar- as the Isis of tlie
of flowers on itshead. The origin of this Egyptians, w hose worship was introduced into
festivalis unknown. Some suppose that Ly- Greece with that of Osiris under the name of
curgus firstinstituted it to inure the youthsof Apolfo.When Typhon Avaged war against
Lacedajmon to bear labour and fatigue, and the gods, Diana is said to have metamorpho-
sed
j'ender them insensible to pain and wounds. herself into a cat, to avoid his fury. The
Others maintain, that it was a mitigation of goddessis generally known in the figures that
an oracle,which ordered that human blood repvesenther, by the crescent on her head, by
should be shed on Diana's altar; and accordingthe dogs which attend her,and by her hunting
1o their opinion,Orestes firstintroduced that habit. The most famous of her templeswas
"arbarnuf: custom, afl^r he had broughttlie that of Kpbc'u?, which was one of the sevea
 DI DI
wonders of the world.
[Vid Epiieiim."] She DicTiE, and Dict^.us mons, a mountaiii
was there
represented with a greatnumber of of Crete. The island is often known
by the
breasts, and other symbols'which signified the name of Dictcea area. Virg.JEcl. 6. JEn. 3,
earth or Cybele. Though she was the pa- V.
troness 171. Jupiter was called Dictaius, be-
of chastitji^ij'et she forgot her dignitycause Avorshipped there, and the same thet
epi-
io enjoythe conipSny of Endymion, and the was appliedto Minos. Virg. G. 2, v.
very familiarfavours which, accordingto my- bm."Ovid.
thology, Met. 8, v. 43." PtoL 3, c. 17 "
" " -

she granted to Pan and Orion are Sirab. 10.

well known. [Vid.Endymion, Pan, Orion.] DicTAaiNUM and Dictynna, a town of
The inhabitants of Taurica were particularly Ci'ete, where the herb called dictamnus chieQy
attached to the worship of this goddess,and grows. Virg.JEn. 12, v. 412." Cic. de JVat.
theycruelly offered on her altar all the stran-
gers D. 2, c. 50.
that were shipwrecked on their coasts. Djctator,a magistrateat Rome invested
Her temple in Aricia was served by a priestwith regalauthority.This
officer; whose ma-
gistracy
who had always murdered his predecessor; seems to have been borrowed from
and the Lacedasmonians yearly offered her the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first
human victims tillthe age of Lycurgus,who chosen duringthe Roman wars againstthe
changed this barbarous custom for the sacri- fice Latins. The consuls being unable to raise
of flagellation. The Athenians generallyforces for the defence of the
state,because the
offered her goats,and others a white kid,and plebeians refused to enlist, if they were not
sometimes a boar pig, or an ox. Among discharged from all the debts they had con- tracted
plantsthe poppy and the ditamy were sacred with the patricians, the senate found
to her. She, as well as her brother ApollO;it necessary to elect a new magistratewith
had some oracles, among which those of Egypt, absolute and incontrolable power to take care
Cilicia, and Ephesus, are the most knowii. of the state. The dictator remained in office
Ovid, Fast. 2, v. loo." Met. 3, v. 156, 1. 7, v. for six months, afterwhich he was
againelect-
ed,
94 and 194,hc."Cic.
de Mtt. D. 3."Horat. iftheaffaii-sof the state seemed to be des-perate
3, od. 22." Virg.G. 3, v.
302. ^n. 1, v. 505. ; but if tranquillity was re-established,
" Homer. Od. 5. Paus. 8, c. 31 and ,3%
" he generally "

laid down his power before the

Cntull."Stal. 8. Silv. I, v. Sl."Apollod. 1, c. time was expired. He knew no superiorin
4, "c. 1.3, c. 5, he. the republic,and even the laws were subjected
DiANASA, the mother of Lycurgus. Plut. to him. He was called dictator, because die-
in Lye. tus, named by the consul,or quoniam dictis
DiANiuM, a town and promontory of Spain,ejusparebatpopulm, because the peopleim-
BOW Cape Martin, where Diana was shipped. plicity
wor- obeyed his command. He was named
by
the consul in the night,viva voce, and his
DiAsiA, festivalsin honour of Jupiterat
election was confirmed by the auguries, though
Athens. They received their name =wroTou J"@3 sometimes he was nominated or recommend-
ed
"Mt Ttj,- "-))j, from Jupiterand misfortune, be-' by the people. As his power was absolute^
cause, by making applications to Jupiter, men he could proclaimwar, levy forces,conduct
obtained relief from their misfortunes,and them against an
enemy, and disband them at
were delivered from dangers.During this fes- tival pleasure He punishedas he pleased;and
thingsof all kinds were exposedto sale. from his decision there was no at leastappeal,
DiBio, a town of France, now Dijon in tilllater times. He precededby 24 lie"
was

Burgundy. tors, with the fasces;

duringhis administra-
tion,
Dic^A and Dic^earchea, a town of Italy. all other officers, except the tribunes
Jtal. 13, V. 385. of the people,were suspended,and he was
Drc^ps, an Athenian who was supernatu- the master of the republic.But amidst all
rallyapprizedof the defeat of the Persians in this independence,he was not permittedto
Greece. Herodot.8,c.65. go beyond the borders of Italy, and he was ways
al-
Dice, one of the Horae,daughters of Jupiter. obligedto march on foot in his expedi- tions
Jlpollod. 1,c. 3. ; and he never could ride, in difficult
DicEARCHus, a Messenian, famous for bis and laborious marches, without previously
knowledgeof philosophy, history, and mathe-
matics. obtaininga formal leave from the people.
He was one of Aristotle's disciples. He \yascliosen only when the state was ia
Nothingremainsof his numerous compositions. imminent dangersfrom foreignenemies or
He had composed an history of the Spartan inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence
republic, which was publicly read over eveiy a dictator was sometimes elected,as also to
year, by order of the magistrates, for the im-
provement
hold the comilia,or to celebrate the public
and instruction of youth. festivals, to hold tibials,to choose senators, or
DicENEus, an Egyptianphilosopher in the drive a nail in the capitol, by which super-
stitious
age of Augustus,who travelled into Scythia, ceremony the Romans believed that
w^here he ingratiated himself with the king of a plaguecould be averted or the progress of
the country, and by his instructions softened an enemy stopped.This office, so respectable
the wildiiess and rusticity of his manners. He and illustriousin the firstages of the republic,
also gainedsuch an influence over the multi-
tude, became odious by the perpetual usurpations oi
that they destroyed all the vines which Syllaand J. Caisar ; and after the death of the
grew in their country, to prevent the riot and latter, the Roman senate, on tliemotion of the
dissipation which the wine occa.'- ioned among consul Antony,passeda decree,which for ever
them. He wrote all his maxims and his laws i afterforbade a dictator to e.\istin Rome. The
in a book, that they mightnot lose the benefit]dictator, as soon as elected,cho.se u subordi-
nate
of them afterhis death. i officer, called his master of horse,inagis-
DicoMAS, a king of thr ""''"?;. P/rrf.?" jtfv equilim. This officer was respectable,
but
Anton.
 DI m
jSewas totally subservient to the will of the der Claudius." "Julianug, a rich Roman,
dictator, and could do nothing without his who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought
he enjoyedthe privi-
lege the empire which the Praetorians had exposed
"xpress order, though
of usinga horse, and had the same nia to sale, A. D. 192. His great luxury and
insig-
how-
ever, extravagancerendered him odious ; and when
as the praetors.This subordination,
was time after removed ; and he refused to pay the money
some which he had
second Punic war the master of promised for the imperial purple,the soldiers
during the
the horse was invested with a power equalto revolted againsthim, and put him to death,
that of the dictator. A second dictator was aftera short reign. Severus was made peror
em-

also chosen for the election of magistrates at after him.

Rome, after the battle of Cannae. The dic-
tatorship Dido, called also Elissa, a daughter of
was originally confined to the patri-
cians,Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichaeus,
but the afterwards ad-
plebeians
were mittedor Sicharbas,her uncle, who was priestof
share it. Titus Latius Flavus
to was Hercules. Pygmalion,who succeeded to the
the first dictator, A. U. C. 353. Diomjs. throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered chaeus,
Si-
Hat."Cic. de Leg. 3."Dio."PluL in Fab." to get possession of the immense riches
2, c. 28." which he possessed ; and Dido, disconsolate
J3ppian.3."Polyb S."Paterc.
Liv. 1, c. 23, 1. 2, c. 18, 1.4, c. 57, I.9, c. 38. for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly
DiCTiDiENSES, certain inhabitantsof mount loved, and by whom she was equallyesteem-
ed,

Athos. Thucyd.5, c. 82. set sail in quest of a settlement, with a

DiCTYNNA, a nymph of Crete, who first number of Tyrians,to whom the crueltyof
invented huntingnets. She was one of Diana's the tyrantbecame odious. Accordingto some
attendants, and for that reason the goddessis accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of
often called Didynnia. Some have supposed her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly de-
sired

pursuedher, and that to avoid his

that Minos ; and by that artifice compelledthe ships
she
importunities, threw herselfinto the sea, to flywith her,that had come by order of the
and was caught in fishermen's nets, ^'"t^,tyrantto obtain the riches of Sichaeus. Dur-
ing
"whence her name. There was a festivalat her voyage. Dido visited the coast of Cy-
prus,
where she carried away 50 women, who
Spartain honour of Diana, called Dictynnia.
"

Pans. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 12 A cityof Crete. prostituted themselves on the sea shore, and
DiCTYs, a went with Idome-
Cretan, who gave them as wives to her Tyrianfollowers.
to the It is supposedthat he
Trojanwar. A storm drove her fleet on the African coast,
neus
wrote an historyof this celebrated war, and and she bought of the inhabitants as much
that at his death he ordered it to be laid in his land as could be covered by a bull's hide, cut
where it remained, tilla violent earth-
quake into thongs. Upon this piece of land she
tomb,
in the reignof Nero opened the monu- ment built a citadel called Byrsa, [Vid.Byrsa.}
where he had been buried. This con-
vulsion and the increase of population, and the rising
of the earth threw out his history of the commerce among her subjects, soon obliged
Trojan war, which was found by some herds,her to enlargeher city,and the boundaries of
shep-
and afterwards carried to Rome. This her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the
tradition is deservedly deemed bulous
fa- fame of her enterprise, gained)ier many mirers;
ad-
mysterious
of the Trojan war, and her subjectswished to compel
; and the history
w'hich is now extant, as the compositionof her to marry larbas, kingof Mauritania, who
composed in the loth threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido
Dictysof Crete, was
according to others,in the age of begged three months to give her decisive an- swer;
centuiy,or,
Constantine, and attributedto one of
falsely and during that time, she erected a fu-
neral
the followers The edition of
of Idomeneus. pile,as if wishing,by a solemn sacrifice,
MasellusVenia,4to. xVlediol.1477. to appease the manes of Sichaeus, to whom she
Dictys by
is
A king of the island of Seriphus, son of had promisedeternal fidelity. When all was

Magnes an"dNays. He married tlie nymph prepared, she stabbed herself on the pilein
and made king of Seriphus by of her people, and by this mon
uncom-
Clymene, w^as presence
because he action,obtained the name of Dido, va- liant
Perseus, who deposedPolydectes,
behaved with wantonness to Danae. VuJ..Po-
lydectes. woman, instead of Elissa. Accordingto
9, 1.2, c. 4. A cen- Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused
Jipollod.
1,c. taur,

killed at the nuptialsof Pirithous, Ovid. by the sudden departure of iEneas, of whom
she was deeply enamoured, and whom she
Mel. 12, V. 334.
employed could not obtain as a husband. This poetical
DiDAS, a Macedonian who was
in the age
by Perseus to render Demetrius suspectedto fiction represents^iieas as living
Liv. 40. of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of
his father Philip.
DiDiA LEX, de Sumptibiis, by Didius, A. near 3"X) years. Dido leftPhcenicia 247 years
U. C. 606, to restrain the expenses that attend-
ed after the'Trojan war, or the age of ^neas,
gical
chronolo-
publicfestivals and entertainments, and that is,about 953 years B. C. This
limit the number of guestswhich generally at-
tended error proceedsnot from the ignoranceof
them, not only at Rome, but in all the the poets,but it is supported by the authority
provincesof Italy.By it,not only those who of Horace,
received in these festive meetings, but " ^ut famam sequere, aut sibi convenieniia
guests
the gueststhemselves, were liable to be fined. finge."
It was an extension of the Oppianand Fanniau While Virgildescribes, in a beautifulepisode,
laws. the desperatelove of Dido, and the submission
he at the
DiDius, a governor of Spain, conquered of iEneas to the will of the gods ;
Sertorius. Plut. in Sert. A man who lime givesan explanation of the hatred
by same
of Rome
Ca;sar the head of Pompey's eldest which existed between the republics
brought
Pluf. A of Britain,un- ajid Cartilage,and informs his readers thst
!*on. governor
 Dl DI
their mutual enmity originated in their very devout veneration of their votaries. This im-
mense
firstfoundation,and was apparentlykindled number of deities have been divided
by a more remote cause than the jealousy and into differentclasses,
according to the will and
rJvalship of two flourishing empires. Dido; pleasure of the raytliologists." The Romans,
afterher death, was honoured as a deityby generallyspeaking,reckoned two classesof
her subjects.Jitslrn. 18, c. 4, ^c. Palerc. 1, the gods,ihe dii
"

niajorumgentium,or dii con-

c. 6." Firg.JEn."Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 2." suhnlcs,and the dii miuorum gentium. The
Heroid. 6. .9ppian.
" Alex. Oros. 4. Hcro-" "
former were twelve iu number, six males and
dian. Dionys.Hal. SIX females. [F/rf.
Consentes.]
"

\n the class
DiDYMA, a place of Miletus. Pmis. 2, c. of the latter,
wereranked all the gods who
9. An island in the Sicilian sea. Pans. 10. were worshipped in different parts of the
c.ll. earth. Besides these,there were
some called
DiDVM^us, a surname of Apollo. dii selecti, sometimes classed with the twelve
DiDVMAON, an excellent artist, famous for greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the
makingsuits of armour. Virg.Mn. 5, v. 359. Genius,the Moon, Pluto,and Bacchus. There
DjDYME, one of the Cyclades. Ovid. Met. were also some called denii-gods, that is,who
"],
V. 469. A cityof Sicily.Id. Fast. 4, v. deserved immortality by the gi-eatnessof their
475. One of the Lipariisles,
now Saline. exploits, and for their uncommon semces to
A placenear Miletus, where the Bran- mankind. Among these were Priapus,Ver-
chidae had their famous oracle. tumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents
DinvMUM, a mountain of Asia Minor. were some of the immortal
gods. Besides
DiDiMus, a freed man of Tiberius, k,c. these, there were some called topici, whose
Tac. Ann. 6, c. 24. scholiast on
A mer, worship was
Ho- established at particular places,
surnamed x*A.xarrjf@,, flourished B. C. such as Isisin Egypt, Astarte in
Syria,Ura- nus
40. He wrote a number of books, which are at Carthage, "". In process of time,also,
now^ lost. The editions of his commenta- ries all the passions,and the moral virtues,
were
are, that in 2 vols. 8vo. Venet. apud Aid. reckoned as powerfuldeities, and tem])Jes
1528, and that of Paris,8vo. L330. were raised to a goddessof concord,
peace,
DiKNECEs, a Spartan,who, upon hearing,6I.C. According to the authority of Hesiod,
before the battle of Thermopylae,that the there were no less than 30,000 gods that in- habited
Persians were so numerous that their arrows the earth, and were guardiansof
"^vould darken the lightof the sun, observed, men, all subservient to the
power of Jupiter.
tliatit would be a great convenience, for they To these succeeding
ages have added an most
al-
then should fight in the shade. Herodot. 7, equal number ; and indeed they were
c. 226. so numerous, and their functionsso various,
DiESPiTER, a surname of Jupiter, as ing that w^e find templeserected, and sacrifices
be-
the father of light. offered to unknown gods. It is observable^
DiGENTiA, a small river M'hich watered that all the gods of the ancients have lived
Horace's farm, in the country of the Sabines. i!pon earth as mere mortals : and even ter,
Jupi-
Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 104. who was the ruler of heaven, is
sented
repre-
DiGMA, a part of the Piraeus at Athens. by the raythologisls as a helpless
Dii, the divinities of the ancient inhab- itants child ; and we are acquaintedwith all the
of the earth were very numerous. particulars that attended the birth and edu- cation
Every objectwhich caused terror, inspired of Juno. In process of time, not
gratitude, or bestowed aflluence, received the onlygood and virtuous men, who had beew
tribute of veneration. Man saw a superior the patrons of learning, and the supporters
agent in the stars, the elements,or the trees, of liberty, but also thieves and pirates, were
and supposedthat the watei-s which nicated
commu- admitted among the gods ; and the Romaa
fertility to his fieldsand possessions. senate courteouslygranted immortality to
Avere under the influence and direction of the most cruel and abandoned of their em- perors.

some invisible power, inclined to favour and

to benefit mankind. Thus arose a train of Dii, a peopleof Thrace,on mount Rho-
divinities, which imaginationarrayedin uif- dope.
i'erent forms, and armed with different pow- ers. DiMASSus, an island near Rhodes. Plin.
They were endowed with understand-
ing, 6, c. 31.
and were actuated by the same passions DiNARCHus, a Greek orator, son of Sos-
which daily^^ictthe human race, and those tratus,and disciple to Theophrastus, at Athens.
children of superstition were appeased or He acquired much money by his compositions,
provokedas the imperfectbeingwhich gave and suffered himself to be bribed by the ene- mies

them birth. Their wrath was mitigatedby of the Athenians,307 B. C. Of 64 of hir

sacrifices and incense, and sometimes human orations,onlythree remain. Cie. dt Orat.2f
victims bled to expiate a crime which stition c. 53.
super- A Corinthian ambassador, put to
alone supposedto exist. The sun, from death by Polyperchon. Plut. in Plioc. A
its powerful influence and animatingnature, native of Delos, who collected some fables \u
first attracted the notice,and claimed the Crete, he. Dionys. Hal.
adoration of the uncivilized inhabitants of the DiNDvMus or A {oruvis) a mountain of
eailh. The moon also was honoured with Phrygia, near a town of the same name in the
sacrifices, and addressed in prayers ; and neighbourhoodof Cyzicus. It was from thi"
afterimmortality had been liberally bestowed [)lace that Cybele was callea Dindymcne,as
on all the heavenlybodies, mankind classed her worshipwas established there by Jason.
among their deities the brute creatio; , and iilrab. 12." Slat. I. Sylc.1, v. V.^tlorat. h
the cat and the sow shared equallywith Ja[i\- od. 16, V, 6." I irg, A-M, 9, v. 617.
*orhim?^e)t', the fatherof gods and men^ the 1 Di^iA. -a town of rhryg;!*.Liv 88; c.
3.?
 BI DI
6. AioWn of Gaul, now Digne in Tro- rewarded the virtuesand
fidelity
of Maximkui^
vence. who had shared with him all the subordinate
DiNiAS, a o;eneral of Cassander. Diod. 19. offices in the army, by making him his col- league
"A man of Pheraj, who seized the supreme on the throne. He created two subor-
dinate
power at Cranon. Polyczn. % A man who emperors, Constantius and Galerius,
wrote an historyof Argos. Plut. in Aral. whom he called Cwsars,whilst he claimed for
DiNJCHE, the wife of Archidamus. Pans. himself and his colleague the superior titleof
3, c. 10. Augustus. Diocletian has been celebrated for
Di"6cHARES, an architect,Avho finished his mihtaryvirtues;and thoughhe was rally
natu-
the templeof Diana at Ephesus,after it had unpolishedby education and study,yet
been burnt by Erostratus. he was the friend and patron of learning and
DiNocRATES, an architect of Macedonia, true genius. He was bold and resolute, ac- tive
who proposed to Alexander to cut mount and diligent, and well acquainted with the
Athos in the form of a statue, holdinga cityin arts which endear a sovereign to his people,
one hand, and in the other a basin, into which and make him respectable even in the eyes of
all the waters of the mountain should empty his enemies. His cruelty, hoAvever, against
themselves. This project Alexander rejectedthe followers of Christianity has been deser-
vedly
as too chimerical, but he employed the talents branded with the appellation of unboun-
ded
of the artist in building and beautifying Alex- tyranny, and insolent wantonness. After
a.idria. He beganto build a templein honom- he had reigned21 years in the greatestpros- perity,
of Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, he publicly abdicated the crown at iS'i-
in which he intended to suspend a statue pf comedia, on the first of May, A. D. 304,
the queen, by means of loadstones. His death, and retired to a private station at Salona. Max-
and that of his royalpatron,preventedthe ex- ecution imian,his colleague, followed his example,but
of a work which would have been the not from voluntary choice ; and when he some
admiration of future ages. Plin. 7, c. 37. time after endeavoured
"
to rouse the ambition
Marcell. 22, c. 40." Plut. in Alex. A ge-neralof Diocletian,and persuadehim to reassume
of Agathocles. A Messenian, who be- havedthe imperial purple,he received for answer,
with greateffeminacy and wantonness. that Diocletian took now more delight in culti-
vating
He defeated Philopoemen,and put him to his little
gai'den.than he formerly ed
enjoy-
death,B. C. 183. Plut. in Flam. in a palace, when his power was extended
DiNODocHus, a swift runner. Pans. 6, c. 1. over all the earth. Heliv"idnine years after
DiNOLocHus, a Syracusan,who composed his abdication in the greatestsecurity and en-
joyment

14 comedies. JElian. de Anim. 6, c. 52. at Salona, and died in the 68th year
DiNoMENES, a tyrant of Syracuse. Paus. of his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign
3, c. 42. who voluntarily resignedhis power ; a philo-
sophical
DiNON, a governor of Damascus, under Pto- lemy, resolution, "which,in a later age, was
"c, Polyain. 4. The father of Cli- imitated by the emperor Charles the fifth ot
tarchus, who wrote an history of Persia in Germany.
Alexander's age. He is esteemed a very thentic
au- DioDoRus, an historian,surnamed Sicuhts,
historian by C.JVep.in Conon. Pint, because he was
"
born at ArgyrainSicily.He
illAlex. "
Diog. wrote an history of Egypt,Persia,Syiia,Me- dia,
DjiS'osTHENEs, a man who made himself a Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was
statue of an Olympian victor. Paus. 6, c. 16. divided into 40 books, of which only 15 are ex- tant,

DiNosTRATus, a Celebrated geometrician in with some few fragments. This valuable

the age of Plato. compositionwas the work of an accurate in- quirer,
DiocLEA, festivals in the springat Megara, and it is said that he visited all the pla-
ces
in honour of Diodes, who died in the defence of which he has made mention in his his- tory.
of a certain youth, to whom he was tenderly It was the labour of 30 years, though the
attached. There was a contention on his greater part may be considered as nothing
tomb, and the youth who gave the sweetest more than a judicious compilation from Bero-
kiss, was publicly rewarded with a garland. sus, Timaius, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and
Theocritus has described them in his 12 Idyll.others. The author,however, is too credu- lous
V. 27. A town on the coast of Dalmatia. in some of his narrations, and often wan-
ders

Plin. 3, c. 23. far from the truth. His style is neither

DiocLKs, a generalof Athens, Sic. Polycvn.elegant, nor too laboured ; but it containsgreat
5. A comic poet of Athens. rian, simplicity,
An histo- and unaffected correctness. He
the firstGrecian who ever wrote cerning often dwells
con- loo long upon fauulous reports
the origin of the Romans, and the fa- bulous
and triffing incidents, while events of the great-
est
historyof Romulus. Pint, in Rom. importancelo history are treated with bre-
vity,
" One of the four brothers placed over the and sometimes passed over in silence.
citadel of Corinth, by Archelaus, ^c. Po- His manner of reckoning,by the Olympiads,
ly(pn.6. A rich man of Messenia. Paus. and the Roman consuls,will be found very er- roneous.

4, c. 2. A generalof Syracuse. Died. 13. The historian flourished about 44

DiocLETiANOPoLis, a town of Thessaly,years B. C. He spent much time at Rome to
Called so in honour of Diocletian. procure information, and authenticate his his-
torical
Dioci.ETiANUS, (Cains Valerius Jovius)a narrations. The best edition of his
celebrated Roman scureworks, is that of Wesseling,2 vols. fol. Amst.
em|)cror. born of an ob-
familyin Dalmatia. He was firsta com-
mon 174t). A the age of
of Euclid, in
disci])le
soldier,and by merit and success duallyPlato.
he gra- I)iog.
in vita.
A comic poet.
rose to the office of a general, and at A son of Echeajiax,who, with his brothers
the death of Nuraerian, he was invested with Codius and Anaxagoras,murdered Hegesia*
the imperial pun.)le% In his high station lie the tyiantof Ephesus,
kc- Polycm.Q. Ae
 DI DI
Ephesian,who wrote an account of the lifeof year of his age, aftera lifeof the most exem-plary
Anaximander. Diog. An orator of Sar- virtue. Some suppose that he was gled
stran-
des, in the time of the Mithridatic war, A by order of Antiochus king of Syria,foF
stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero. He speakingdisrespectfully of his familyin one of
lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom his treatises. Quiniil. 1, c. 1. Athen. 5, c.
he instructed in the various branches of Greek 11 "Cic. de Offic. 3, c. 51. A native of A-
literature. Cic. in Brat. A generalof De-
metrius.
pollonia, celebrated for his knowledge of phi-
A writer, surnamed Periegelus,losojjhy and physic. He was pupilto Anaxa-
who wrote a descrii)tion of the earth. Pint. goras. '
Diog. in vita. Laertius,an epicu-
rean
in Them. An African,he. ".c. Pint. philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote
DioETAS, a generalof Achaia, he. the lives of the philosophers
Po- in ten books, still
2.
tyccn. extant. This work contains an accurate account
Diogenes, a celebrated Cynic philosopherof the ancient philosophers, and is repletewith
of Sinope, banished from his country for alltheir anecdotes and particular opinions.It
coiningfalse money. From Sinope,he re-
tired is compiled, however, without any plan,m,e-
to Athens, where he became the disciplethod, or precision,though much neatness
of Antisthenes, who at the hea"l of the and conciseness
was are observable through the
Cyuics.Antisthenes,at first, refused to admit whole. In this multifarious biographythe au"
him into his house, and even struck him with thor does not seem particularly partialto any
astick. Diogenes calmlybore the rebuke,and sect, except perhapsit be that of Potaraon of
said, Strike me, Antisthenes, but never shall Alexandria. Diogenesdied A. D. 222. The
hard to remove
you find a stick sufficiently me best editions of his works are that of Meibomi-
from your presence, whilst there is any thing us, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1692, and that of Lips.
to be learnt,any information to be gainedfrom 8vo. 1759. A Macedonian, who betrayed
your conversation and acquaintance.Such Salamis to Aratus. Pans. 2, c, 8. There
firmness recommended him to Antisthenes,was a philosopher of that name who attended
and he became his most devoted pupil. He Alexander in his Asiatic expedition for the
dressed himself in the garment which distin- guished purpose of making out and delineating his
the Cynics, and walked about the march, he.
streets with a tub on his head, which served DiocENiA, a daughterof Celeus. Paus:
him as a house and a placeof repose. Such 1, c. 38. A daughter of the Cephisus,who
singularity, joinedto the greatestcontempt for married Erechtheus. Apollod.
riches,soon gainedhim reputation, and Alex-
ander DioGENUs, a man who conspired with Dym-
the Great condescended to visitthe phi-
losopher
nus against Alexander. Cwt. 6, c. 7.
m his tub. He asked Diogenesifthere DioGNETUs, a philosopherwho instructed
was any thing in which he could gratify or Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in writing
"bligehim. Get out of my sun-shine,was the dialogues.
only answer which the philosopher gave. Such DioMEDA, a daughter of Phorbas, whom
an independenceof mind so pleasedthe mo- narch, Achilles broughtfrom Lemnos, to be his mis"
that he turned to his courtiers, and said, tress, aiXef the loss of Briseis. Homer. 11.9,
Were I not Alexander,I would wish to he Dio- genes. V. 661. The wife of Deion of Amyclas.
He w^as once sold as a slave, but his DioMEDEs, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle,
magnanimity so pleasedhis master, that he was king of .^tolia, and one of the bravest
made him the preceptor of his children,and of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. Ho
the guardianof his estates. After a lifespent engaged Hector and ^neas, and by repeated
in thegreatest miseryand indigence, he died B. acts of valour obtained much military glory.
C. 324,in the 96th year of his age. He order-
ed He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium
his body to be carelesslythrown into a ditch, fi'om the temple of Minerva at Troy ; and
and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His or-
ders assistedin murderingRhesus, kingof Thrace,
were, however, disobeyedin this particu-
lar, and carrying away his horses. At his return
and his friendshonoured his remains with a from the siege of Troy, he lost his way in the
magnificentfuneral at Corinth. 'Ihe inhabi-tants darkness of the night,and landed in Attica,
of Sinoperaised statues to his memory ; where his companionsplunderedthe country,
and the marble figure of a dog was placedon a and lost the Trojan Palladium. During his
highcolumn erected on his tomb. His biogra-
pher longabsence, his wife ^gialeforgother mar- riage

has transmitted to posterity a number of vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes,

sayings,remarkable for their simplicity and one of her servants. This lasciviousnessoftlie
moral tendency. The lifeof Diogenes,how- ever, queen was attributed by some to the resent-
ment
.shrinks from the eye of a strictexamina-
tion of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely
; he boasted of his poverty,and was rogant wounded
so ar- in the arm in a battle before Troy.
that many tues The infidelity
have observed that the vir- of /Egialewas highlydisplea-
sing
of Diogenesarose from prideand vanity, to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon
not from wisdom and sound philosophy.His his native country,which was the seat of his
morals were corrupted, and he gave way to the disgrace, and the attemptsof his wife to take
most viciousindulgences, and his unbounded away his life, accordingto some accounts, did
wantonness has givenoccasion to some to ob- not a littlecontribute to hasten his departure.
serve,
that the bottom of his tub would not bear He came to that part of Italywhich has been
too close an examination, Diog. in vilu. "
called Magna Gra^cia, where he built a city
Pint. inJpoph.'^Cic. de J\'ut.D.'S, c. 36, he. called Argyrij)pii, and married the daughterof
A stoic of Babylon,disciple of Chrysii)pus. Daunus, the king of the country. He died
He went to Athens, and was sent as ambassa-
dor there in extreme old age, or, according to a
to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus,certain tradition, he perishedby the hand ot'
155 before Christ. He died in the 88th his fttlliei'-in-h\w Hi? death wiu; greatly l"v
years
 or m
mentedbyhiscompanions,who in the excess! posed to hhnself Thueydidesfor a model ;
grief
of their w ere changed into birds re- but he is not perfectly
happy m his imita-
tion.
semblingswans. These birds took flight into His styleis pure and elegant, and his '

a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and be-

came narrations are judiciously managed, and his
remarkable for the tameness with wiiicli reflections learned ; but upon the whole he is

they approached the Greeks, and for the hor-

ror credulous,and the bigotted slave of partial-
with which tJiey shunned allother nations. ity, satire,and flattery. He inveighsagainst
They are called the birds of Dioraedes. tars the republican
Al- principles of Brutus and Ci- cero,
were raised to Diomedes, as to a god,one and extols the cause of Cajsar. Seneca
of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. Virg.is the objectof his satire,and he represents
JEn. 1. V. 756, 1. 11, v. 243, he" Ovid. Met. him as debauched and licentious in his mo-rals.

14, fab. \0."Apollocl. 1,c.8,].3, c.T."Hy- Dion flourished about the 230th year
Pans. 2, c. 30. of the christian era. The best edition of his
gin.fab. 97, 112 and US"
A king of Thrace, son of xMars and Cyrene, works is that of Reimarus, 2 vols. fol. Hamb.
who fed his horses with human flesh. It was 1750. A famous christianwriter,sumamed
one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him ; C/irysostom, "c.
and accordingly the hero, attended with some DioN^A, a surname of Venus, supposedto
of his friends,attacked the inhuman tyrant,be the daughter of Jupiter and Dione.
and gave him to be devoured by his own horses DioNE, a nymph, daughterof Nereus and
which he had fed so barbarously.Diod. 4. "
Doris. She was mother of Venus, by Jupiter,
Pans. 3, c. 18." Jlpollod. 2, c. 5. A friend according to Homer and others, Hesiod,
of Alcibiades. Plut. in Alcib. A gramma-
rian. however, givesVenus a ditterent origin.[Vid.
Venus.] Venus is herself sometimes called
DioMEDON, an Athenian general, put to Dione. Virg:3, ^7i. v. 19. Homer. 11. 5,V.
"

death for his negligence at Arginusae. Thucyd. 381. Stat, i,Sylv.1, v. 86.
"

8, c. 19. A man of Cyzicus, in the interest DioNYSiA, festivals in honour of Bacchus

of Artaxerses. C. Nep. in Ep. among the Greeks. Their form and solemni-
ty
Dion, a Syracusan,son of Hipparinus, were firstintroduced into Greece from
famous for his power and abilities. He was Egypt by a certain Melampus, and if we
related to Dionysius,'and often advised him, admit that Bacchus is the same as Isus,the
togetherwith the philosopher Plato, who at Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as tlie
liisrequesthad come to reside at the tyrant's festivals celebrated by the Egyptiansin hon- our
court, to lay aside the supreme power. His of Isis. They were observed at Athens

great popularity rendered him odious in the with more splendourand ceremonious super^
eyes of the tyrant,who banished him to stition than in any other part of Greece.
Greece. There he collected a numerous force, The years were numbered by their celebra-
tion,
and encouragedby the influence of his name, the archon assisted at the solemnity,
and the hatred of his enemy, he resolved to and the priests that officiated were honoured
free his country from tyranny. He entered with the most dignified seats at the public
the port of Syracuseonly with two ships, and games. At first they were celebrated with,
in three days reduced under his power an greatsimplicity, and the time was consecrated
empire which had already subsisted for 50 to mirth. It was then usual to bringa vessel
vears, and which was guarded by 500 shipsof wine adorned with a vine branch, after
of war, and 100,000 foot,and 10,000horse. which followed a goat, a basket of figs, and
The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the "?"AAM. The worshippers imitated in
the power in his own hands, fearful of the their dress and actions the poetical fictions
aspiringambition of some of the friends of concerning Bacchus. They clothed them- selves
Dionysius. He was however shamefullybe-trayed in fawn skins,fine linen,and mitres,
and murdered by one of his familiar they carried thyrsi,tJrums,pipes,and flutes,
friends,called Callicrates,
or Callipus, 354 and crowned themselves with garlands of ivy,
years before the christian era, in the 55th vine,fir, ":c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, and
year of his age, and four years after his re- turn the Satyrsby the uncouth manner of their
from Peloponnesus. His death was dress, and their fantasticalmotions.
versally
uni- Some
lamented by the Syracusans,and a rode upon asses, and others drove tliegoatsto
monument was raised to iiismemory. Diod. slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both
16."
C. JVcp.in vild. A town of Mace-
donia. sexes joinedin the solemnity, and ran aboutthe
Panx. 9, c. 36. Cassius,a native hillsand country,noddingtheir heads,dancing
of iXiccCa in Bithynia. His father's name was in ridiculous postures,and filling the air witli
Apronianus. He was raised to the greatesthideous shrieks and shouts,and ciyingaloud,
offices of ^-tate in the Roman empii'e by Per- Evoe Bacche ! lo ! lo ! Evoe i lacche ! lobac-
tinax and his three successors. Naturally fond che ! Evohe ! With such solemnities were the
of study,he improved himself by unwearied festivalsof Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks,
application, and was ten years in collecting particularly tlie Atlienians. In one of these
materials for an historyof Rome, which he there followed a number of persons carrying
made fiublic in 80 books, after a laborious sacred vessels, one of which contained water.
employment of 12 years in composing it. After these came a select number of noble vir-
gins
This valuable historybegan with the arrival carrying littlebaskets of gold filledwith
of yEneas in Italy, and was continued down all sorts of fruits.This was the most mysterious
lo the reignof the emperor Alexander Se- part of the solemnity. Serpents w^eresome-
vcrus. The 34 firstbooks are totally times put in the baskets,and by their wreath-
lo.st, ing
the 2i) following are mutilated, and fragments and craw ling outtheyamused andastonish-
are all that ^\ e j)ossess of the lai^t20. In the ed the beholdei-s. After the virgins, followed
compilation of his extensive hi.story, Dion pro- a comjjan)- of men carrying poles,at the end
 DI DI
"f which were fastened ?xwi. The heads of for tlieinteiferenceof the senate, and the cohs^
these men, who were called ?a\x.j*aesy,were suls Sp. Posthumius Albinus, and Q. Martius
crowned with ivyand violets, and their faces Philippus, made a strictexamination concern-
ing
covered with other herbs. They marched ing
sing- the proprietyand superstitious forms of
the occasion of the festivals, the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution
songs upon
called "pyj.j^u" xa-fMrct. lowedwhich was practised
fol-
Next to the "?"".A.u:?ofo" with impunity
by no less
the "J?"^xo" in women's apparel,with than 7000 votaries of either beheld
sex, was
w^hite striped garments reaching to the with horror and astonishment by the
consuls,
ground ; their heads were decked with gar-
lands,and the Bacchanalia w ere for ever banished
and on their hands they wore gloves from Rome by a decree of the senate. They
composedof flowers Their gesturesand ac- tions w^ere againreinstitutedthere in length of time,
were like those of a drunken man. sides but not with such licentiousness as before.
Be-
these, there were a number of persons Eurip.in Bacc "Virg. JEn. 11, v. 737." Diod.
who carried the ".""qv or musical 4."0v4d.
called x"/.vj(f".:" Met. 3, V. 533, I. 4, V. 391, 1,6, vi
van of Bacchus;without their attendance none 687.
of the festivalsof Bacchus were celebrated with DlONVSIDES, two small islands near Crete,
due solemnity, and on that account the god is Festivals in honour of Bacchus. FauSi
often called x"mT";. The festivals of Bacchus 3, c. 13.
were almost innumerable. The name of the DioNv siAs, a fountain. Pans. 4,c. 36.
most celebrated were the Dionysta-f^ai/^Ts -, at DioNvsiDES, a tragic poet of Tarsus.
Limuffi in Attica. The chief persons that offi-
ciated DioNvsioDoRus, a famous geometer. P/iti,
were fourteen women called yie^^eM vene-
rable. 2, c. 109. A Boeotian historian. Diod. 15.

They were appointedby one of the A Tarentine, Avho obtained a at prize

archons, and before their appointmentthey Olympia in the lOOtli Olympiad.
solemnlytook an oath, before the archon or his DioNvsioN, a temple of Bacchus in Attica,
wife, that their body w^as free from all pollu- tion. Puus. 1, c. 43.
The greater Dionysia, sometimes ed
call- DioNvsiPoLis,a town of Thrace. Mela, 2,
"f":s or Tx ^xT "i-j,as beingcelebrated within c. 2.

the.city, were the most famous. They were DioNYSius, 1st, or the elder,was son of
supposedto be the same as the preceding. Hermocrates. He signalized
himself in the
The less Dionysia, sometimes CB.WeArxy.:*.-''
xy^.j;. wars which tlie Syracusanscarried on against
because celebrated in tkecountry, m"' '^from M's; the Carthaginians, and taking advantageof the
a wine press, were all appearance
to a paration
pre- power lodgedin his hands,he made himself
for the greater festivals. They absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself
were celebrated in autumn. The sia
Diony- in his usurpation,and acquire he
popularity,
observed
:-e'u?ov"*, at Brauron in Attica,increased the pay of the soldiers, and recalled
were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and those that had been banished. He vowed
debauchery. The Dionysiav-zr^ixiitwere served
ob- eternal enmity against Carthage,and experi-
enced
by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus various success in his wars againstthat
It was
ISyctelius. unlawful to reveal whatever republic.He was ambitious of beingthought
was seen done duringthe celebration.
or a poet,and his brother Theodorus was missioned
com-

The Dionysiacalled M/^op^yt-^, because human to go to Olympia, and repeat there

victims were oftered to the god,or because the some verses in his name, with other competi-
tors,
priests imitated the eatingof raw fiesk,were for the poeticalprizes.His
expectations
celebrated with much solemnity. The priests were frustrated, and his poetry was received
put serpentsin their hair,and by the wild- with groans and hisses. He was not, however,
ness of their looks, and the oddity of their tions, so
ac- unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical
theyfeignedinsanity. Tiie Dionysia prizewas publiclyadjudgedto one of his com-
positions.

y^x" oc! v.ere yearlyobserved in Arcadia, and This victory gave him more sure
plea-
the children who had been instructed in the th.an all the victories he had ever ed
obtain-
music of Philoxenus and Timotheus, were troducedin the field of battle. His tyranny and
in-
in a theatre,where they celebrated crueltyat home rendered him odious in the
the festivalsof Bacchus by entertaining the eyes of his subjects, and he became so suspi-
cions
spectatorswith songs, dances, and different that he never admitted hiswifeor children
exhibitions. There were besides these,others to his privateapartments without a previous
of inferior note. There was also one ed
observ- examination of their garments. He never

every three years called DionysiaTe4STHe"/.a, trusted his head to a barber,but alwaysburnt
and it is said that Bacchus self his beard.
instituted Jt him- He made a subterraneous cave in
in commemoration tion, a rock, said to be stillextant, in the form of a
of his Indian expedi-
in which lie spent three jears. There human ear, which measured 80 feet in height
is also another,cclebi-ated every fifthyear, as and 250 in length. It was called the eai* of
mentioned by the sciioliast of Aristoplianes. Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous
All these festivals
in honour of the god of cave were all necessarily directed to one mon
com-

witie, were celebrated by the Creeks with tympanum, which had a communication
great licentiousness, and they contributed with an adjoining room where Dionysius spent
much to the corruption of morals arnpng all the greatestpart of his time to hear whatever
ranks of people. They were also introduced was said by those whom his suspicionand
into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. crueltyhad confined in the apartments above.
Among the Romans both sexes promiscuouslyThe artiststhat had been employed in making
joinedin the celebration duringthe darkness thiscave were all put to death by order of the
of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery,tyrant,for fear of tiieirrevealing to what pur-
poses
and impure actions and indulgences, which a work of such uncommon construction
^oon prevailed called aluud was
at the soleintiity; to be ajipropriateU. His impiety and
 DI
conspicuous as his suspicious gave to the world his Roman aq^tiquities in
Sacrilege
were as

credulily. He took a goldenmantle from the 20 books, of which only the 11 firstare now
statue of Jupiter, observingthat the son of extant, nearlycontainingthe account of 312
Saturn had too warm a coveringfor the sum- mer, years. His compositionhas been greatly
and too cold for the winter, and he pla- ced valued by the ancients as well as the moderns
one of wool instead. He also robbed JEs- for the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his
of his re-
culapiusof his goldenbeard, and plunder- ed chronolog)^, and the judiciousness marks

the temple of Proserpine.He died of an and criticism. Like a faithful histo-

rian,
indigestion in the 63d yeai* of his age, B. C. 368, he never mentioned any thingbut what
after a reignof 38 years. Authors,however, was authenticated, and he totally disregarded
are divided about the manner of his death,and the fabulous traditions which filland disgrace
some are of opinion that he died a violent the pages of both his predecessors and follow-
ers.
death. Some suppose that the tyi*antinvent-
ed To the merits of the elegant historian,Dio-
nysius,
the catapulta, an engine which proved of as may be seen in his treatises,has also
infiniteservice for the discharging of showers added the equallyrespected character of the
of darts and stones in tlie time of a siege.eloquentorator,the critic, and the politician.
Diod. 13, 14, ".C. Justin. 20, c. 1, "c.
"
Xe- He lived during the Augustanage, and came
"

noph. Hid. GrcEC. C. JVej). " Timol. PLut. in to Rome

" about 30 years before the Christian
Diod. The second of that name, surnamed era. The best editions of his works are that
the younger, was son of Dionysiusthe 1st,by of Oxford, 2 vols. fol. 1704,and that of Reiske,
Doris. He succeeded his father as tyrantof 6 vols. 8vo. Lips.1774. " "A tyrant of Hera-
Sicily, and by the advice of Dion, his brother- clea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the
in-law,he invited the philosopher Plato to his Great. After the death of the conqueror and
court, under whom he studied for a while. of Perdiccas,he married Amestris,the niece
The philosopher advised him to lay aside the of king Darius, and assumed the titleof king.
supreme power, and in his admonitions he was He was of such an uncommon corpulence that
warmly seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused he never exposed his person in public,and
to consent, and soon after Plato was seized when he gave audience to foreign
ambassadors
and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise,he alwaysplacedhimself in a chair which was
on account of his great popularity,was severe- conveniently made to hide his face and person
Jy abused and insulted in his family, and his from the eyes of the sj)ectators. When he
wife given in marriageto another. Such a was asleepit was impossibleto awake him
violent behaviour was highlyresented ; Dion, without boringhis flesh with pins. He died in
who was banished, collected some forces in the 55th year of his age. As his reignwas markable
re-

Greece, and in three days rendered himself for mildness and popularity, his
master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrantB. death was severelylamented by his subjects*
C. 557. [Vid.Dion.] Dionysiusretired to Lo- He lefttwo sons and a daughter, and appoint-
ed
cri,where he behaved with the greatestop- his widow
pression, queen regent. A surname of
ejectedby the citizens. He Bacchus.
and was A discipleof Charemon. A
recovered Syracuseten years after his espul- native of Chalcis,who Avrote a book entitled
siion,but his triumph was short,and the Co-
rinthians, of cities.
xT"(r:ts or the origin A commander
under the conduct of Timoleus,obli-
ged of the Ionian fleet againstthe Persians, who
him to abandon the city. He fled to Co- went to plunderPhoenicia. Herodol. 6, c. 17.
rinthjwhereto supporthimself he kepta school, A generalof Antiochus Hierax. A
as Cicero observes, that he mightstillcontinue philosopherof Heraclea, discipleto Zeno.
to be tyrant; and as he couldHe starved himself to death, B. C. 279, in the
not command
over men, that he mightstillexercise
Slst year of his age.
his power Diog. An epicpoet
over boys. It is said that he died from an ex-
cess of Mitylene. A sophist of Pei'gamus. Strab.
of joy when he heard that a tragedy of 13. A writer in the Augustan age called
his own compositionhad been rewarded with Fcriegetcs. He wrote a very valuable geo-
graphical
a poetical prize. Dionysiuswas as cruel as treatise in Greek hexameters, still
his father,but he did not, like him, possess the extant. The best edition of his treatise is that
art of retaining his power. This was seen and of Henry Stephens, 4to. 1577, with the scho-
lia,
remarked by the old man, who, when he saw and that of Hill, 8vo. Loud. 1(588. A
his son attempting to debauch the wives of Christian writer, A. D. 492, called /Ircopagita,
The best edition of his vvoiks is that of Ant-
'

some of his subjects, asked him, with the great-

est
indignation, whether he had ever heard of werp, 2 vols. fol. 1634. The music master
his havingacted so brutal a partin his younger of Epaminondas. C. Atp. A celebrated
days.^rs'o,answered the son, because you critic. [Vid.Longinus.] A rhetorician of
were not the son of a king. Well, my son, Magnesia. A Messenian madman, ",c.
repliedthe old man, never shall thou be the Pint, in Alex. A native of Thrace, gene-rally
father of a king. Justin. 21, c. 1, 2, "cc. called the Rhodian, because
" he lived
Diod. \^f,hc."JFIian.V. //.J), c. S."Qui7itil. there. He wrote some grammaticaltreatises
8, c. 6. C. A'ep.in Dion.
" Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 2. and commentaries, B. C. 64. Strab. 14.
"
A
An historian of Halicornassus, who left painter of Colophon.
his country and came to reside at Home, DiuPHANEs, a man who nesus
joinedPelopon-
that he might carefully study all the Greek to the Achaean league. Pans. 8, c. 30..
and Liilin writers, whose compositions treat-
ed A rhetoricianintimate with Tib. Gracchus,
of the Roman history.He formed an ac- Plut. in Gracch.
quaintance
with all the learned of the age, DiopiiANTus, an Athenian generalof the
and derived much information from their Greek mercenary troops in the service of iNec-
company and conversation. Afler an un- tanebuskingofEgypt. Diod. 16. A Greek
application,
ij^ipilted during24 years, he orator of Mitylene,
preceptorto Tib. Grat"
 f)I m
chu'*;. Cic. in Srut.- A native of Alexan-
dria interest of Antigonus. Id. 19. An hisfo-
in the fourth century. He wrote 13 books rian.
of arithmetical questions, of which six are still DiPHiLus,an Athenian general,A. U. C.
extant, the best edition of which is that in fo-
lio, 311. An architectso slow in hii
He died in his 84th year, works, that
finishing
Tolosse,1670. iardiorDiphilo became a proverb.
but the in which he lived is uncertain. Cic adfratr.3.
age A tragic
writer.
Some place him in the reignof Augustus, DiPHORTDAs,one of the Ephori at Sparta
'^
others under Xero and the Antonines. Pint, in ,9gts.
DiopcENus,a noble sculptor of Crete, Plin. DipoLNiE,a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 31
.

36, c. 4. DiPoLis,
a name givento Lemnos, as having
DiopuLis,a name given to Cabira,a town two cities,
Hepliaestia
and Myrina.
of Paphlagooia, by Pompey. Strab. 12. DipsAS, {antis) a river of Cilicia,flowing
DiuKF.s, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by Tur- from mount Taurus. Lucan. 8, v. 255.
nus. He had engaged in the games exhibited {adis), and incontinent
a
profligate woman,
by iEneas on his father's tomb in Sicily. Virg. mentioned by Ovid. Am. 1,v. 8. A kind of
.E/uS, V. 297,1.12,V. 509. serpent. Lucan. 9.
DioRYCTUSja placeof Acarnania, where a DiPYLox,one of the gates of Athens.
canal was cut ('n fe"7o-"*')
to makeLeucadia an DiRa:,thedaughters of Acheron and Nox,who
fsland. Plin. 4, c. 1. persecutedthe souls of the guilty.They are
DioscoRiDEs, a native of Cilicia,who was the same as the Furies,and some
suppose that
physicianto Antony and Cleopatra,or lived they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on
as some suppose in the age of Nero. He was earth,and Dirs in heaven. They were resented
rep-
originallya soldier, but afterwards he applied as standingnear the throne of ter,
Jupi-
himself to study,and
wrote a book upon med-
icinal in attitude which expressed
an theireager-
ness
herbs,of which the best edition is that to receive his orders,and the
of Saracenus, fol. Francof. power of
1598. A man
tormenting the guiltyon earth with the most
who wrote account of the republicof La-
an
excruciating
punishments. Virti. ^T.n 4, v.
cediemon. A nephew of Antigonus. Diod. 473, 1. 8, V. 701.
19. A Cyprian,blind of one eye, in the Dirge, a woman
whom Lycus, king of
age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. A disciple Thebes, married after he had divorced An-
of Isocrates. An astrologer,sent dor
ambassa- tiope.When Antiope became pregnant by
by J. Cajsar to Achillas,";c. Cces. Btll. Jupiter,
Dirce suspected her husband of infi-
delity
Civ. 3, c. 109. to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope,
DioscoRiDis INSULA, island situate at whom
an she tormented with the greatest
filesouth of the entrance
cruelty.
of the Arabic Gulf, Antiope escapedfrom her
confinement,and
and now called Socotara. brought forth Amphion and Zethus on mount
Dioscuri, or sons of Jupiter, a name given Cithaeron. When these children were inform-
ed
to Castor and Pollux. There were festivalsin of the cruelties to which their mother had
their honour, called Dioscuria,celebrated by been
exposed,theybesiegedThebes, put Ly-
the peopleof Corcyra,and chiefly by the La- cus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the
cedcemonians. They were observed with tailof a wild bull,who
draggedher over rocks
much jovialfestivity. The people made a and precipices, and exposedher to the most
free use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted poignantpains, tillthe gods,pityingher fate^
themselves with sports,of which wrestlingchanged her into a fountain,in the neighbour-
hood
matches always made a part. of Thebes. Accordingto some accounts,
DioscuRiAS, a town of Colchis. Flin. 6. Antiopewas mother of and Amphion Zethus,
6. 28. she was before
confined and exposedto the
DiosPAGE, a town of Mesopotamia, riin. tyranny of Dirce. {Vid.Amphion, Antio|)e.)
6, c. 26. Propert.3, el. 15, t. 37." Paus. 9, c. 26."
DiospuLis, or TuEBJF., a famous cityof JElian. V. H, 12,e. ^l."Lu-can. 3, v. 175,1.4,
Egypt, formerlycalled Hecatompylos. Ftrf. v. ooO.
Tlieba?. DiRCEjJNA, a cold fountain of Spain,near
DioTiJiE,a woman who gave lectures upon
Bilbilis. Martial. 1, cp. 50, v. 17.
philosophy, which Socrates attended. Plut. DiRPiiyA, a surname of Jano, from Dij--
hi Symp. phya.a mountain of Bceotia, where the goddess
Dio'n.Aius, an Athenian skilled in maritime ha"l a temple.
aftKJrs,".C. Polymi.5. A stoic who ished
nour- Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto
85 B. C. the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul
posed
sup-
DioTREPHES, an Athenian olficer, "tc. Thu- themselves descended from that deity.
qjd.3, c. 75. Cces.Bell. G. 6."TacU. 4, Hist. c. 84.
DioxippE, one of the Danaides, ^pollod. D/scoRDiA, a malevolent deity,daughter
2, c. 1. of iVox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcai and
Dioxippus, a soldier of Alexander, who kil- Death. She was driven from heaven by Ju- piter,
ied one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury,"ic. because she sowed dissentions
among
JElian. Au Athenian boxer, kc. Diod. 17. the gods,and was the cause of continual quar- rels.
A Trojan killed by Turnus. Vir^.JEii. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetht
1),V. 574. were celebrated,the goddess of discord wa"?
Dipjk*, a place of Peloponnesus, where a not invited, and this seemingneglect so ted
irrita-
battle was foughtbetween the Arcadians and her, tliatshe threw an appleinto the miti-'
Sj)artans.Herodxjt. 9, c. 35. of the assembly of the gods with the inscrip
DiPinr.AS,a man sent to Rhodes by the tion of detur pulcJiriori. This appleU'as th^
Spartansto destroythe Atlieuinn faction there. cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinitemis
J)iotf.14. A govemor of Babylon hi t^e ffMtnnes to the C"frpek". (VirfFsvU^ Sh** i"
 DO DO
wlUi a look, her gar-
paleghastly ment near R hrazen sftatue,which
held a lash in its
fepresentetl with fire,an(J uand. When the wind blew strong,
is torn, her eyes sparkle the statue
in her bosom she holds a dagger concealed. was agitated, and struck against one of the ket-
Her head is generally entwined with serpents,tlesjwhichcommunicated the motion to allthe
attended by Bellona. She is posed
sup- rest, and raised that clatteringand discordant
and she is
to be the cause of all the dissentions, din which continued for a while, and from
which arise upon which tlie artifice of the priests drew their
murders, wai-s, andquarrels,
earth, pubHc as well as private. Virg.JEn.predictions. Some suppose that the noise was
'i02."Hesiod.
Theogn. 225." Petronius. occasioned by the shakingof the leaves and
g^ y^

D1THYR.VMBUS, a surname of Bacchus, boughsof an old oak, which the superstition of

the people frequently
consulted, and from
whence the hymns sung in his honour were

Horat. 4, od. 2. which theyi)retended

to receive oracles. It
called Dithyrambics.
DiTTANi, apeopleof Spain. may be observed with more probability
that the
Divi, a name chieflyappropriated"to those oracles were delivered by the priests,who by
who were made godsafter death, such as he- artfullyconcealing themselves behind the oaks,,
warriors,or the Lares, and Penates, gave occasion to the superstitious multitude
poes, and
to believe that the trees were endowed with
and other domestic gods.
of the .^dui, Intimate the power of prophecy. As the shipArgo was
DiviTiACUs, one
with Ccesar. Cic. 1, de Div. built with some of the oaks of the forestof
DiuM, a town of Eubcea, where there were Dodona, there were some beams Avhich gave
hot baths. Plin. 31, c. 2. A promontory oracles to the Argonauts, and wai'ned Ihera
of Crete. A town of Macedonia. Liv. 44, the approachof calamity. "Within
against the
c. 7. forestsof Dodona there
stream and a were a

DivoDURUM, a town of Gaul, now Mets, in fountain of cool water, which had the power of
Lorrain. lightinga torch as soon as ittouched it. This %
Divus FiDius, a god of the Sabines, wor-
shipped fountain was totally dry at noon day,and was *?*.
also at Rome. Dionys. restored to its full course at midnight, from
DiYLLus, an Athenian historian. Diod. 16. which time tillthe following noon itbegan to ""

A statuary. Fans. 10, c. 13. decrease,and at the usual hour was againde- ' *

DoBERES, people
a of Paeonia. HerodoL privedof its waters. The oracles of Dodona
6, c. 16. were originally delivered by men, but after-
wards
at Rome,
DociLis, a gladiator mentioned by women. {Vid.Dodonides.)Plin. 2,
Horat. 1, ep. 18, 19. \03."Htrodot. c. 2, c. 51." Mela, 2, c. 3."
by v.
Homer. Od. 14. II." Pans. 7, c. 21." Strab. 17.
of Tarentum, deprivedof
DocJMus, a man

his military by Philip, of Amyntas, Pint. inPyrrh. Jlpollod. 1, c. 9. Lucan.Q^

dignity son " "
"

for indulginghimself with hot baths. PolycBii.V. Trist.4,.el.8, v. 33.

42j."Ovid.
19.
Z"iorf. An DoDoNiEus,a surname of Jupiterfrom Do-
dona.
4. An officerofAntigonus.
officerof Perdiccas, taken Id. 18.
by Antigonus.
DoDONA, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, DoDoKE, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa.
A fountain in the forestof Dodona.
or accordingto others, in Thessaly. There Vid.
hill Dodona.
was in its neighbourhood, upon a small ,

called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. Dodonides, the priestesses who gave ora-
cles

The town and temple of the god were first in the templeof Jupiter in Dodona. cording
Ac-
built by Deucalion, afterthe universal deluge. to some traditions the temple was ginally
ori-
It was supposedto be the most ancient oracle inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas^
of all Greece, and accordingto the traditionswho n"rsed Bacchus. Their names were brosia,
Am-
of the mentioned by Herodotus, it
Egyptians, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure,
was a dove.
founded by Two black doves, as Coronis,Tytlie or Tyche. In the latter ages
he relates,took their flight from the cityof the oracles were alwaysdelivered by three old
Thebes, in Egypt, one of which flew to the women, which custom was first established
templeof Jupiter Amraon,and the other to Do- when Jupiter enjoyedthe company of Dione,
dona,where with a human voice theyacquaint-
ed whom he permitted to receive divine honours
the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter in his templeat Dodona. The Boeotians were
had consecrated the ground, which in future the onlypeopleof Greece who received their
would give oracles. The extensive grove oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons whick
which surrounded Jupiters terajile was dowed
en- Strabo 1.9, fully explains.
with the gift of prophecy,and oracles Don, a peopleof Arabia Felix.
were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, DoLABEM.A P. Conx. a Roman who mar
and the doves whieh inhabited the place.This ried the daughterof Cicero. Duringthecivil
fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the warshewarmlv espo'isedthe interest of J.
doves, is explainedby Herodotus, who ob- serves Caisar, whom he accompanied at the famou*
that some Plicenicians carried away battles at Pharsalia, Africa,and Munda. He
two priestesses from Egypt,one of which went was made consul by his patron, thoughM.
to fix her residence at Dodona, where the ora- cle Antony his colleagueoppo.sed it. After the
was established. It may further be obser-
ved, death of J. Caesar,he received the government
tiiatthe fable might have been founded of Syria, a? his province. Cassius opposedhis

upon the double meaning of the word rrt?.uxi, views,and Dolabella, for violence, and for the
which signifies doves in most partsof Greece, assassination of Trebonius one of Cajsar'.s
while in the dialect of the Epirots, it impliesmurderers, was declared an enemy to the re-
old ivomcn. In ancient times the oracles were
jpublicof Home. He was besiegedby Cassiug
delivered by the minmiiring of a neighbouring in Laodicea,and when he saw that all was lost,
fountain,but the cortoni was afterwards chaji- he killed himself,in the 27th year of his age
ged. Lorge kettleswere suspendedin the "ir He wa? of a ?mall statwre;
which gave occasion
 DO DO
Yo bis father-in-law to ask him once when he where he usually walked,he builta wall with
entered his house, who had tied him so clever-
ly shining stone, that from them he might per- ceive
to his sword." "A proconsulof Africa. as in a lookingglasswhether
any body
Another who conqueredthe Gauls,Etrurians,followed him. All these precautions were availing;
un-
and Boii at the lake Vadimonis, B. C. 283. he perished by the hand of an assas-
sin
" The familyof the Dolabellae distinguished the 8lh of September,A. D. 96, in the 45th
themselves at Rome, and one of them, L. Corn, year of his age, and the I5th of his He reign.
conquered Lusitania,B. C. 99. wasthe lastof the 12 Caesars. He
distinguished
DoricHAON, the father of the Hebrusj"lc. himself for his love of learning,and in a little
Virg.JEn. 10, v. 696. treatise,which he wrote
upon the great care
DoLicHE, an island in the ^Egean sea. which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent
2, c. 6.
Jlpollod. A town of Syria-^ of baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance,
Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 53. accordingto the observations of his biogra-phers.
DoLius, a faithfulservant of Ulysses.Horn. After his death he was publiclyprived
de-
Od. 4, V. 675. by the senate of all the honours which
DoLOMENA, a country of Assyria. Strab. had been profusely heapedupon him, and even
16. his body was leftin the open air without the
DoLON, a Trojan,son of Eumedes, famous honours of a funeral. This disgracemight
for his swiftness. Beingsent by Hector to spy proceedfrom the resentment of the
senators,
the Grecian camp by night,he was seized by whom he had exposed to terror as well as to
Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed ridicule. He once assembled that august body
the situation, schemes, and resolutioas of his to know in what vessel a turbot might be most
countrymen, with the hopes of escapingwith conveniently dressed. At another time they
his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, received a formal invitation to a feast,and
as a traitor. Homer. II. 10, v. 314. Virg.^n. when they arrived at the palace,theywere in-
"

troduced
12,v. 349, "c. A poet. Vid. Susai-ion. into a largegloomy hall hung with
DoLONci, a people of Thrace. Herodoi. 6, black, and lightedwith a {ew
glimmering
C.34. tapers. In the middle were placeda number
Dur.oPEs,a peopleof Thessaly, near mount of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the
Pindus. Peleus reignedthere,and sent them name of some one of tlie invited senators.
to the Trojan war under Phoenix. They be-
came On a sudden a number of men burst into the
also masters of Scyros,and, like the rest room, clothed in black, with drawn swords
of the ancient Greeks, were fond of migration. and flamingtorches,and after they had for
Virg.JEn. 2, v. 1." Place. 2, v. 10." Liy. 36, c. some time terrified the guests,they permitted
33. " Strab. 9. "
Plut. in Cimon. them to retire. Such were the amusements
DoLopiA, the country of the Dolopes, near and cruelties of a man who, in the firstpart
Pindus,throughwhich the Achelous flowed. of his reign,was looked upon as the father of
DoLOPs, a Trojan,son of Lampus, killed by his people, and the restorer of learningand
Menelau"" Homer. II. 15, v. 525. liberty.Sud. in vild.~-Eutrop.
7.
DoMiDiJcus,a god who presidedover riage.
mar- DoMiTiLLA, Flavia,a woman who married
Juno also was called Domiduca, from Vespasian,by whom she had Titus a year
the power she was supposed
to have in mar- after her marriage,and 11 years after Domi-
tian.
tiages. A niece of the emperor Domitian, by
DominYca, a daughter of Petronius, who whom she was banished.
married the emperor Valens. DoMiTius DoMiTiAJfus, a generalof Dio-
cletian
DoMiTiA LEX de Religione,
was enacted by in Egypt. He assumed the imperial
Domitius Ahenobatbus, the tribune,A. U. C. purple at Alexandria, A. D. 288, and sup- ported
650 It transferredthe rightof electingpriests the dignityof emperor for about two
from the college to the people. years. He died a violent death. Lucius.
DomitiaLongina, a Roman ladywho boast-
ed Vid. MtvobdiVhns. Cn. iEnobarbus, a Ro-man
of her debaucheries. She was the wife of consul, who conquered Bituitus the
the emperor Domitian. Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on tJie
DoMiTiANus, Titus Flavins, son of Vespa-
sian field of battle,and took 3000
prisoners.
and Flavia Domatilla, made himself em-
peror A grammarian in the reign oi Adrian. He
of Rome, at the deatli of his brother was remarkable for his virtues,and his me-
lancholy

Titus, whom accordingto some accounts he disposition. A Roman who re--

destroyedby poison The beginning of his volted from Antony to Augustus. He was
reignpromisedtranquillityto the people, but at the battle of Pharsalia,and forced Pompey
their expectations
were soon frustrated. Do-mitianto fight by the mere force of his ridicule.
became cruel, and gave way to inces- tuous The father of Nero, famous for his cruelties
and unnatural indulgences.He com- manded and debaucheries. Suet, in JVer. A bune
tri-
himself to be called God and Lord, in of the people,who conqueredthe Allo-
all the papers which were presentedto him. broges,Plut. A consul,duringwhose sulate
con-

He passed the greatestpart of the day in peace was concluded with Alexander
watchingfliesand killing them with a bodkin. king of Epirus. Liv. 8, c. 17. A consul
.so that it was wittily answered by Vibius to a under Caligula.He wrote some few thing*
lost. A Latin poet called also Mar-
person who asked him who was with the em-
peror, now

no body, not even a fly.In the lalter sus in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams,
part of his reignDomitian became suspicious, remarkable for littlebesides their indelicacy,
and his anxieties were increased by the pre- Ovid dc. Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 5,
dictions Afer, an
of astrologers, but stillmore poignantlyorator, who was precej)tor to Quintilian. He

by the stings of remorse. He was so ful

distrust- disgracedhis taltMitsby his adulation,and by
evftn when alone, that round the terrace, practising the arh of arn tT^f"^rn*pr under Ti-
 DO DO
l)erms and his successors. He was made a self. 1,el. 17,v.
Proper!. 25." Eel !".,
FtVg-.
consul by Nero, and died A D. 59. " Hesiod. Theog.240. A woman of Locri,
^Lius DoNATVs, a grammarian who flour-
ished daughterof Xenetus, whom Dionysius the
A. D. 353. A bishop of Numidia, a elder,of Sicily,
married the same day witti
promoter of the Donatists,A. D. 311.- A Aristomache. Cic. Tusc. 5. One of the
bishopof Africa,banished from Carthage,A. 50 Nereides. Hesiod. Th. 250." Homer. 11. 18,
D. 356. V. 45.
DoNiLAUs, a prince of Gailograecia, "vvho DoRiscus, a placeof Thrace near the sea,,
assistedPompey with 300 horsemen against J. where Xerxes numbered his forces. Herodot.
Csesar. 7, c. 59.
DonOca, a mountain of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. DoRiuji, a town of Peloponnesus. Paus.
57. 4, c. 33. One of the Danaides. Jlpollod.
DoNYSA, one of the the ^gean,
Cyclades,in DoRius, a mountain of Asia Minor. Paus.
where green marble is found. Virg.JEn. 3, 6, c. 3
*
V. 125. DoRSENNus, a comic poet of great merit
DoRACTE, an island in the Persian gulf. in the Augustan age. Plin. 14,c. 13. " Horat.
DoRES, the inhabitants of Doris. Vid. Doris. 2, ep. 10,V. 173.
DoRi and Dorica, a part of Achaia near who whenDouso^ C. Fabiijts,
a Roman,
Athens. wasin the possessionof the Gauls,issued
Rome
Doric us, an epithet appliednot only to from the capitol, which was then besieged,
Doris, but to all the Greeks in general.P^irg.to go and offer a sacrifice, which was to be
Mn. 2, V. 27. offered on mount Quirinalig. He dressed
DoRiENSEs, a peopleof Crete of Cy- himself in sacerdotal
robes, and carryingon
rene. the statues of his country gods"
his shoulders
DoRiEUS, a son of Anaxandridas, who went passedthroughthe guardsof the enemy, with- out
with a colonyinto Sicily because he could not betrayingthe least signsof fear. When
bear to be under his brother at home. He- he had finished his sacrifice,he returned to
Todot. 5, c. 42, he. Pans. 3, c. 3 and 16, k.c. the capitol
" unmolested by the enemy, who
""A son of Diagorasof Rhodes. Pans. 6, c. 7. were astonished at his boldness, and did not
DoRiLAS, a rich Libyan prince,killed in obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice.
the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Md. 5, fab. 4. LiiK 5, c. 46.
DoRiLAUS, a 'general of the great Mithri- Dorus, a son of Hellen and Orseis,or, ac- cording

dates. to others,of Deucalion, who left

DoRiON, a town of Thessaly,where Tha- Phthiotis,where his father reigned, and went
myras the musician challengedthe Muses to to make a settlement with some of his panions
com-

a trialof skill. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 182." Pro -

near Ossa. The
mount country was
pert.2, el. 22, v. 19." Lumn. 6, v. 352. called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians.
Doris, a country of Greece, between Pho- Herodot. 1, c. 56, ",c. A cityof Phojnicia,
cis, Thessaly,and Acarnania. It received whose inhabitants are called Dorienses. Paus.
its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, 10, c. 24.
who made a settlement there. It was called DoRYASus, a father to Agesilaus.
Spartan,
from
Tetrapolis, the four cities of Pindus or DoRYCLUs, an illegitimate
son of Priam,
Dryopis,Erineum, Cytinium,Borium, which killed by Ajax in the Ti'ojanwar. Homer.
it contained. To these four some add Lilffi- 11. 11. A brother of Phineus king of
um and Carphia,and
therefore call it Hexa- Thrace, who married Beroe. Virg.J"n. 5, v..
polis.The of Doris has been common
name 620.
to many parts of Greece. The Dorians, in DuRYLiEUM and Doryl^us, a cityof Phry-

tlie age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis,gia.now Eski Skehr. Plin. 5, " c. 29. Cic. "

which they exchanged for Histiajotis,in the Flacc. 17.

age of Dorus. From thence theywere driven Dorylas, one of the centaurs kUled by
by the Cadmeans, and came to settle near the Theseus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 18"J.
town of Pindus From thence they passed DoRYLAUS, a warlike person, intimate with
nesus. Mithridates Evergetes,and general of the
into Dryopis,and afterwards into Pelopon-
Hercules having re-established Mg\- Gnossians, B. C. 125. Strab. lO.
mius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had DoRYssus, a king of Lacedcemon, killed i"
been driven from his country by theLapitha;. atr.mult. Paus. 3, c. 2.
the grateful kingappointedllyilus, the son of Dosci, a peoj)le in the Euxine.
his patron, to be his successor, and the llcra- DosiAovs, a poet who wrote a piece ot
clidte marched from that part of the country poetry in tlie form of an altar which
(^"""i"",)
to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians Theocritus has imitated.
sent many which
colonies into different places, DosiADKS, a Greek, who wrote an history
bore the same their native country. of Crete.
name as Diod. 5.
The most famous of these is Doris in Jisia DosoK, a surname of Antigonus,because
Minor, of which Halicarnassus was once the he promisedand never performed.
capital.This part of Asia Minor was called DcssENus. Vid. Dorsennus.
Hexapolis,and afterwards Pentapolis, after DoTAUAS, a kingof Messenia,Lc. Paus. 4,
the exclusion of Halicarnassus. Strab. 9, iic. c. 3.
-^Virg.Mil. 2, V. 21."Plin. 5, c. 29." Apol- DoTo, one of the Nereides, Virg.JEn. 9,
lod. 2."Herodol, 1, c. 144, 1. 8, c 31. A V. 102.

goddessof the sea, daughter of Oceanus and DoTus, a generalof the Paphlagonians, ia
Tethys She married her brother Nereus, the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 72.
by whom she had 50 daughterscallcd Nereides. DoxANDiiR;a man mentioned by Arid. 5^
Her name is often used to expreinsthe gea it. Polif.
 DR DR
T!)racaku5, a mountain where Jupiter Drios, a mountain of Arcadia.
took Bacchus from his thigh, lluocrit. Droi, a people of Thrace. Tfiucyd. 2,
Draco, a celebrated lawgiverof Athens. c. 101.
When he exercised the office of archon, he Drom^cs, a surname of Apolloin Crete.
made a code of laws, JS. C. 623, for the use of Dkopici, a people of Persia. Herodot. 1,
the citizens, which, on account of their severi- ty, c. 124.

were said to be written in letters of blood. Dropion, a king of Pasonia. Paus. 10,
By them, idleness was punishedwith as much c. 13.

seventy as murder, and death was denounced DKaENTics and Druentia, now Durancej
againstthe one as well as the other. Such a a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the
code of rigorouslaws gave occasion to a cer- tain Rlione between Aries and Avignon. SiU
Athenian to ask of the legislator, why he Hal. 3, V. 468. " Strab. 4.
was so severe in his punishments, and Draco Drugeri, a people of Thrace. Plin. 4,
gave for answer, that as the smallest transgres- sion c. 11. ."
had appearedto him deserving death,he DRuiD.5:Vthe ministers of religion among
could not lindany punishmentmore rigorousthe ancient Gauls and Britons. They were
for more atrocious crimes. These laws were divided into different classes, called the Bardi,
at iirstenforced, but they were often neglect-
ed Eubages,the V^ates,the Semnothei, the Sar-
on account of their extreme severity, and roiiides, and the Saraothei. They were held
Solon totally abolished them, except that one in the greatest veneration by the people.Their
which punisheda murderer with death. The lifewas austere and recluse from the world ;
popularity of Draco was uncommon, but the their dress was peculiar to themselves, and they
gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him. generally appearedw ith a tunic which reached
When he once appeared on the theatre,he a littlebelow the knee. As the chief power
was received with repeated applause, and the was lodged in their hands, theypunished as
people,accordingto the custom of the Athe- nians, theypleased, and could declare war and make
showed their respect to their lawgiver,peace at their option. Their power was tended
ex-

by throwinggarments upon him. This was not onlyover private families, but they
done in such profusion, that Draco was soon could depose magistrates, and even kings,if
hid under them, and smothered by the too their actions in any manner deviated from the
i;reat veneration of his citizens. Plat, in Sol. laws of the state. They had the privilege of
A man who instructed Plato in music. naming the magistrates which annuallypre- sided
Id (itMusic. ovej" their cities, and the kings were
Dracontides, a wicked citizen of Athens. created only with their approbation.They
Plut. in Soph. were intrusted with the education of youth,
DracuS; a general of the Achajans,conquer-ed and all religious ceremonies, festivals, and sa-crifices,

by Mummius. were under their peculiar care. They

Drances, a friend of Latinus, remarkable taughtthe doctrine of the metempsychosis,
for his weakness and eloquence. He showed and believed the immortality of the soul. They
himself an obstinate opponent to the violent were professionally acquaintedwith the art of
measures which Turnus pursued againstthe magic,and from their knowledge of astrology,,
Trojans. Some have imagined that the poet they drew omens, and saw futurity revealed
wished to delineate the character and the elo- quencebefore their eyes. In their sacrificestheyoften
of Cicero under this name. Virg.JEn. immolated human victims to their gods,a bar- barous
11, V. 122. custom which continued long among
Drangina, a provinceof Persia. Diod. 17. them, and which the Roman emperors tempted
at-
Drapes, a seditious Gaul, "c. Cas. Bell. to abolish to littlepurpose. The pow- er
Gail. 8, c. 30. and privileges u^hichtliey enjoyed were be- held
-Dravus, a river of Noricum, wliich falls with admiration by their countrymen, and
as their office was
into the Danube at Mursa. open to every rank and every
Drepana and Drepanum, now Trapa- station, there were many who dailyproposed
m, a town of Sicilynear mount Eryx, in the themselves as candidates to enter upon this im- portant
form of a scythe, whence its name, {^'ft-Miov, function. The rigour, however, and
falx.) Anchises died there, in his voyage to severity of a longnoviciate deterred many, and
Italywith his son i"neas. The Romans under few were willing to attempt a labour,which
CI. Pulcher were defeated near the coast, enjoinedfhem during15 or 20 years to load
B. C 249, by the CarthaginiangeneralAd- their memory with the longand tedious max- ims

herbal. Virg.JEn. 3, v. 707." C/f. VeA-. 2, of druidical religion. Their name is de-
rived
c. 57. "
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 474. A promon-
tory from the Greek word "^-a-, an oaky be- cause
of Peloponnesus. the woods and solitary retreats were the
Drilo, a river of Macedonia, which falls placesof their residence. Cess.Bell. G. 6, c
into the Adriatic at Lissus. IS." Plin. 16, c. 44." Diod. 5.
Drimachus, a famous robber of Chios. Druna, the Drome, a river of Gaul, falling
When a pricewas set upon his head, he or- dered into the Rhone.

a young man to cut it off and go and re- ceive Drusilla Livia, a daughterof Germa-
the money. Such an uncommon stance
in- nicus and Agrippina, famous for her debauch-
eries
of generosity so pleasedthe Chians, and licentiousness. She committed cest
in-
that they raised a templeto his memory, and with her l"rother Caligula, who was so

honoured him as a god. .Allien.13. tenderlyattached to her,that in a dangerous

Drinus, a small river falling into the Save illness he made her heiress of h11 his [)osses-
and Danube. sions,and commanded that she should succeed,
Driupides, an Athenian ambassador sent him in the Roman empire. She died A. D-
to Darius when the peace with Alexander had di} in the 23d yeacofhf*r age, and wq" deified.
beenviolated. Curt. 3, c. 13,
 DR DU
who survived her for king of Thrace, son of Dryas, He cut his
by her brother Caligula, leg^
some time. A daughter of Agrippakingof as he attemptedto destroythe vines,that no
Judffia, fcc. libations mightbe made to Bacchus. Ovid, in
Druso, an unskilful historian and mean lb. V. 345.
usurer, who obligedhis debtors, when they Drvas, a son of Hippolocus, who was father
could not pay him, to hear him read his com-
positions, to Lycurgus. He went with Eteocles to the
to draw from them praises and flat-
tery. Theban Avar, where he perished. Stat. Theb.
Horat. 1, Sat.
3, v. 86. 8, v. 355. A son of Mars, who went to the
Drusus, a of Tiberius and Vipsania,chase of the Calydonianboar, dpollod.
son 1,c.8.
who made himself famous by his intrepidity A centaur at the nuptials of Pirithous,
and courage iiithe provinceof lUyricura and who killed Rhcetus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 296.
Pannonia. He was raised to the greatesthon-
ours A daughterof Faunus, who so hated th*
of the state by his father,but a blow which sightof men, tliatshe never appearedin pub-
lic.
he gave to Sejanus, an audacious libertine,pro-
ved A son of Lycurgus,killed by his own
his ruin. Sejanuscorrupted Livia the wife father in a fury. Apollod. 3, c. 5. A son of
of Drusus, and in conjunction with her he cau-
sed iEgyptus,murdered by his wife Eurydice.
him to be poisonedby an eunuch, A. D. 23. Id. 2, c. 1.
A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who Drym^sa, a town of Phocis. Paus. 10,c. 33^
enjoyed offices of the greatesttrust under Ti-
berius. Drvmo, a sea nymph, one of the attendants
His enemy Sejanus, however, ef-
fected
of Cyrene. Virg.G. 4, v. 536.
his ruin by his insinuations;Drusus Drymus, a town between Attica and Bceo-
Mas confined by Tiberius,and deprived of tia.
all aliment. He was found dead nine days Dryope, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape
after his confinement, A. D. 33. A son Venus assumed, to persuadeall the females of
of the emperor Claudijis,who died by the island to murder the men. Flacc. 2, v.,
swallowinga pear thrown in the air. An 174. A virginof CEchalia, whom Andrae-
ambitious Roman, grandfatherto Cato. He mon married after she had been ravished by
was killed for his seditious conduct. Paterc. Apollo. She became mother of Amphisus,
1, c. 13. Livius, father of Julia Augusta, who, when scarce a year old, was with his
was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself mother changed into a lotus. Ovid. Met. 10,
with him afterthe battle of Philippi.Paterc, V. 331. A nymph J mother of Tarquitus by
2, c. 71. M. Livius,a celebrated Roman, Faunus. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 551." "A nymph
who renewed the proposals of the Agrarianof Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mercury, ac-cording

laws, which had proved fatalto the Gracchi. to Homer, hymn, in Pari.
He was murdered as he entered his house, Dry6p"ia, an anniversary day observed at
though he was attended with a number of cli-
ents Asine in Argolis,in honour of Dryops the son
and Latins,to whom he had the
proposed of Apollo.
of Roman
privileges citizens,B. C. 190. Cic. Dryopes, a people of Greece near mount
ad Her. 4, c. 12. Nero Claudius, a son of (Eta. They afterwards passedinto the Pelo- ponnesus,
Tiberius JNero and Livia, adoptedby Augus- tus. where theyinhabited the towns of
He was brother to Tiberius,who was terwards
af- Asine and Hermione in Argolis.When they
made emperor. He greatly zed
signali-were driven from Asine, by the peopleof Ar-
himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul, gos, theysettled among the Messenians, and
against the Rhceti and Viudelici, and was oured called a town
hon- by the name oftheir ancient ha-
bitation
with a triumph. He died of a fallfiom Asine. Some of their descendants
his horse in the 30th year of his age, B. C. 9. went to make a settlement in Asia Minor gether
to-
He leftthree children, Germanicus, Livia,and with the lonians. Herodot, 1,c. 146, L
Claudius, by his wife Antonia. Dion. M. 8, c. 31." Paus 4, c. M."Strab. 7, 8, 13."

Livius Salinator, a consul who conqueredAs- Plin. 4, c. 1. Virg.^n. 4, v. 146. Lucan,

" "

drubal with his colleague Claudius JNero, Ho-

rat. 3, V. 179.
4, od. 4.-^Virg.JEn. 6, v. 824.- Caius, Dryopis and Dryopida, a small country
an historian, who beingone day missed from at the footof mount (Eta in Thessaly. Its true
his cradle,was found the next on the highestsituation is not well ascertained. Accordingto
part of the house, with his face turned towai-ds Pliny,itbordered on Epirus. It was for some
the sun. Marcus, a praetor,".c. Cic. ad time in the possession of the Hellenes, after
Her. 2, c. 13. The plebeianfamily of the theywere driven from Histiajotis by the Cad-
Drusi produced eightcojisuls,two censors, and means. Herodot. 1,c. 56.
one dictator. The surname of Drusus was en
giv- DuYOPS,a son of Priam. A son of Apol-
lo.
to the familyof the Livii,as some suppose, Paus. 4, c. 34. A friend of iEneas, kil-
led
because one of them killed a Gaulish leader of by Clausus in Italy. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 345.
that name. Virg.in 6 JEn. v. 824, mentions Drypetis, the younger daughter of Da-
rius,
the Drusi among the illusti-iousRomans, and given in marriage to Hephajstion by
that perhaps more particularly because the Alexander. Diod. 18.
wife of Augustuswas of that family. DuBis, or Alduadubis, the Daux, a river
Dhyades, nymphs that presided over the of Gaul, fallinginto the Saone.
woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey, DuBRis, a town of Britain,supposedto be
were ofl'eredlothem, and sometimesthe vota-
ries Doi'er.
sacrificed a goat. They were not general-
ly DucETius,a Siciliangeneral, who died By
considered immortal, but as genii,whose C. 440.
lives were terminated with the tree over DoiLLiA Lex, was enacted by M. Duillius,
which they were supposedto preside.Virg. a tjibune,A. U. C. 304. It made it a capital
"

". 1, V. 11. crime to leave the Roman peoplewithout its

PKVi^ATJADES, of Lycurgus,Itribunes,
a patronymic or to create any new with
magistrate
 DU DY
ont a sufficientcause. Liv. 3, c. 66. ther, abolished as unnecessary, but Cicero complains
Ano-
A. U. C.392, to regulatewhat interest of their revival by Labienus the tribune. Grot,
oughtto be paidfor money lent. pro Rabir. Some of the commanders of the
C. DuiLLius Nepos, a Roman consul, Roman vessels were also called Duumviri, es-
pecially

the firstwho obtained a victoryover the na-

val when there were two together. They
B. C. 260. He took 50 were firstcreated,A. U. C. 542. There were
power of Carthage,
ofthe enemy'sships, and was honoured with a also in the municipaltowns in the provinces
naval triumph,the ijrst that ever appeared at two magistrates called Duumviri munitipales.
Rome. The senate rewarded his valour by They were chosen from the Centurions, and
permittinghim to have music playingand their office was much the same as that of the

torches lighted, at the publicexpense, every two consuls at Rome. They were sometimes
day while he w^as at supper. There were I precededby tw o lictors with the fasces. Their
some medals struck in commemoration of this !magistracy continued for five years, on which
and
victory, there stillexists a column at Rome, jaccountthey have been called Quinquennales
which was erected on the occasion. Cic. de magisiratus
Senec. " Tacit. Ann.
1, c. 12. Dyagondas, a Theban legislator
who
DuLicHiuM, island of the Ionian sea, abolished all nocturnal sacrifices.Cic. de Les:
an
^*
oppositethe Achelous. It was part of the 2, c. 15.
kingdom of Ulysses. Ovid Trist. 1,el. 4, c. Dyardenses, a river in the extremities of
"7. JWe^ 14,v. 226. R. A. 212." Martial. U, India. Curt 8, c. 9.
ep.-70, v. 3. Virg.Eel. 6, v. 76.
" DymjE, a town of Achaia. Liv. 27, c 31, 1
Ddmnorix, a powerful chief among the 32, c. 22." Paws. 7, c. 17.
_^dui. CcES. Bell. G. 1, c. 9. DYMiEi, a peopleof ^tolia. Diod. 19.
DtJNAX,a mountain of Thrace. Dymas, a Trojan, who joined himself to
DuRATios PicTo, a Gaul, who remained in ^neas when Troy was taken, and was at last
perpetual friendship with the Roman people. killed by his countiymen, who took hi;nto be
C(Bs. Bell. G. 8, c. 26. an enemy because he had dressed himself ia
DuRis, an historian of Samos, who flourish-
ed the armour of one of the Greeks he had slain.
B. C. 257. He wrote Agathocles Virg.JEn. 2, v. 340 and 428.
the lifeof The father
of Syracuse,a treatise on tragedy,
an of Hecuba.
history Ovid. Met. 11,v. 761.
of Macedonia, kc. Strab. 1. Dymnus, one of Alexander's officers. He
DuRius, a largeriver of ancient Spain,now conspiredwith many of his fellow soldiers
called the Duero, which fails into the ocean againsthis master's life. The conspiracywas

near modern Oporto in Portugal, aftera course discovered,andDymnus stabbedhimself before

of nearly300 miles. Sit. 1,v. 234. he was broughtbefore the king. Curt. 6, c. 7.
DuRocAssEs, the chief residence of the DvNAMENE, one of the Tsereides. Homer. II
Druids in Gaul, now Brev.x. Cces.Bell. G. 18, V. 43.
6, c. 13. Dynaste, a daughter of Thespius.Apollod.
D[TR"NiA,a town of the Samnites. DvRAS, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the
Dusii, some deities among the Gauls. foot of mount CEta, and fallsinto the bay of
August, de C. D. 15, c. 23. Malia. Herodot. 7, c. 198.
Duumviri, two noble patricians at Rome, Dyraspes, a river of Scythia. Ovid. Pont
firstappointedby Tarquinto keep the Sybil 4, el. 10,V. 53. -

line books, which were supposedto contain the Dyris, the name of mount Atlas among the
fate of the Roman empire. These sacred inhabitants of that neighbourhood.
books were placedin the capitol, and secured Dyrrachium, now Durasso, a large city
in a chest under the ground. They were sulted
con- of Macedonia, borderingon the Adriatic sea,
but seldom, and onlyby an order of the founded by a colonyfrom Corcyra,B. C. 623.
senate, when the armies had been defeated in It was ancientlycalled Epidamnus,which the
war, or when Rome seemed to be threatened Romans, considering it of ominous meaning,
by an invasion,or by secret seditions These changed into Dyrrachium. Cicero met with
continued in their original institution a favourable reception there duringhis exile
priests
tillthe year U. C. 388, when a law was posed
pro- Mela, 2, c. 'd."Paus. 6, c. lO."Plut.~Cic 3*
by the tribunes to increase the number Mt. 22.
to ten, to be chosen promiscuously from patri-
cian Dysaules, a brotlier of Celeus, who in- stituted
and plebeianfamilies. They were from of Ceres at Celea?. Pans
the mysteries
their number called Decemviri, and sometime 2, c. 14.
after Syllaincreased them to fifteen,
known by Dyscinetus, an Athenian arcbon. Pavt
the name of Quindecemviri. There were 4, c. 27.
also certain magistrates umviri Dysorum, a mountain
at Rome, called Du- of Thrace. Herodot
perduellionessive capitales. They were 5, c. 22.
firstcreated by Tullus Hostilius,for tryingsuch Dyspontiij a peopleof Elis. Pans. 6, c. 22..
as were accused of treason. This office was

EA m EA

supposedto have killedPa- Eanus, the of Janus among the

EANES,
troclus,and
a man

to have fled to Peleus in Latins.

name cient
an-

,Sirab.9.
Tliessaly. Earinus, a beautiful
boy,eunuch to Domi*
tian,Slat. 3;Sylv.4.
 EC ED
Easium,atown of Acheiia in Peloponnesus. KCHESXRATUS, a son of Agis 1st,kuigor
Paus. 7, c. 6. Sparta,who succeeded his father, B. C. 105a
Ebi)03ie, a festivalin honour of Apollo at Herodot. 7, c. 204.
Athens on the seventh day of every lunar EcHEVETHENSES, a pcopleof Tegeain Ar- cadia.
month, ft \\ as usual to singhymns in honour Pans. 8, c. 45.
of the god,and to carry about boughs of laurel. EcniDNA, a celebrated monster, sprung
' There wasalso another of the same naine, from the union of Chrysaorwith Callirhoe,
celebrated by private familiesthe seventh day the daughterof Oceanus. She is represented
after the birth of every child. as a beautiful woman in tho upper partsof the
Ebon, a name givento Bacchus by the peo-
ple body,but as a serpentbelow the waist. She
of Neapolis. Macrob. 1, c. 18. was mother, by Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon,
Eboua, a town of Portugal, now Evora. Cerberus,the Hydra, Lc. According to He-
rodotus,
Eboracum, York in England. Hercules had three children
by her,
Ebudjc, the western isles of Britaia"now Agathyrsus, Gelonus,and Scytha.Herodot. 3,
Hebrides. c. h"8."Hedod. Theog."jipollod. 2.~~Pam.S,
Eburoices, a peopleof Belgium,now the c. \8."0vid. Met. 9, v 158.
county of Liege. Cces.B. G. 2, c. 4, 1.6, c, 5. EcHiDORus, a river of Thrace. Ptol 3.
' ^The Eburovices Aulerci,were the people EcHiNADEs or EcHiN.?i, five small islands
of Evereux in Normandy. Coes.ib. 3, c. 17. near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river
Ebusus, one of the Baleares,100 miles in Achelous. They have been formed by the
circumference, which produces no hurtful inundations of that river,and by the sand and
animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the mud which its waters carry down, and now
Mediterranean, and now bears the name of bear the name of Curzolari. Plin. 2, c. 85. "

Herodot. 2,
Yvica, and is famous for pasturageand for figs. c 10." Ovid. Met. 8, v. 588. "

Plin. 3, c. 5. A man engaged in the Rutu- Strab. 2.

lian war. Virg.JEn. 12,v. 299. EcHiNON, a cityof Thrace.
Mela, 2, c. 3.
(orum) now
Ecbatana, Hamedan, the Echinus, island in the iEgean.
an A
capitalof Media, and the palaceof Deioces town of Acarnania of Phthiotis. Liv. 32*
kingof Media. It w^as surrounded with seven c.33.
walls, which rose in gradualascent; and were EcHiicusA, an island near Eubcea,called
painted in seven diiferent colours. The most afterwards Cimolus. Plin. 4, c. 12.
distant was the lowest, and the innermost, EcHioN, one of those menwho sprung from
which was the most celebrated, contained the the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. He was
royalpalace.Parmenio Avas put to death there one of the five who survived the fate of his bro- thers,
by Alexander's orders, and Hephaestion died and assisted Cadmus in building the city
there also, and received a most magnificentof Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his services by-
burial. Herodof. 1, c.98."Strab. U.~Curl givinghim his daughterAgave in marriage.
4, c. 5, 1. 5, c. 8, L 7, c. 10." Diod. 17. A He was father of Pentheus by Agave. He
town of Syria,where Cambyses gave himself succeeded his father-in-law on the throne of
a mortal wound when niountingon horseback. Thebes, as some have imagined,and from
ficrodot.3."FtoL 6, c. 2." Curl. 5, c. 8. that circumstance Thebes has been called
EcECHiaiA, tlie wife of Iphitus.Paus. 5, EchimiicR, and the inhabitantsjBc/ttomt/o;.Ovid.
c. 10. Met. 3, v. 311. Prist. 5, el 5, v. 53. A
EcETUA, a town of the Volsci. Lit. 2, c. son of Mercury and Antianira,who was the
25, 1.3,c. 4. herald of the Argonauts. Place. 1,v. 400. "

EciiFXRATES, a Thessalian,who offered A man who often obtained a prizein running.

violence to Phoebas, tliepriestess of Apollo'sOvid. Met. 8, v. 292. A musician at Rome
temple of Delphi. From this circumstance in Domitian's. age. Jav. 6, v. 76. A statu-
ary.
a decree was made, by which no woman was A painter.
adiniited to the office of priestessbefore the EcHioxiDEs, a patronymicgivento Pentheus
age of fifty. Diod. 4. as descended from Echion. Ovid. Met. 3.
EcuEDAMiA, atown of Phocis. Pans. 10, EcHioNius, an epithetappliedto a person
born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of
EciiELATus, a man who led a colonyto Echion. Virg.JEn. 12,v. 515.
Africa. Slrab. 8. Echo, a daughterof the Air and Tellus,
EcHp:i.rA5 a fortified
town in Sicily. who chieflyresided in the vicinity
of the Ce-
EcHELus, a Trojanchief,killed by Patro- phisus.She was one of Juno's attendants,and
dus. Another, son of Agenor, killed by became the confidant of .lupiters amours.
Achilles. Homer. Jl. I(5aiid20. Her loquacityhowever displeased .lupiter;
EcMEMBRoTus, an Arcadian,who obtained and she was deprivedof the power of speech
the prize at the Pythiangames. Pans. 10,c. 7. by JunO; and onlypermitted to answer to the
EciiEMON, a son of Priam, killed by Dio- questions v, hich were put to her. Pan had
medes. Horner. II. 5, v. 160. formerlybeen one of her admirers,but be
EcHEMUs, an Arcadian,who conquered the never enjoyed her favours. Echo, after she
Dorians when they endeavoured to recover had been punishedby Juno, fell in love with
Peloponnesus under Ilillus. Pans. 8, c. 5. iNarcissus, and on beingdespised by him, she
A king of Arcadia, who joinet^Lrislo- pinedaway, and was changedinto a stone,
menes against the Spartans. ^w which stillretained the pou erof voice. Ovid.
EcHENEus, a Pheacian. Homer. Od. 7. Met. 3, v. 358.
EcHErHRo.v, one of JNestor'ssons. Jipollod.EcNoMos, a mountain of Sicily,now Licata,.
1,c. 9. A son of Priam. Id. A sou of I Ej)es3a and Edesa, a town of Syria.
Hercules. Paus. 8, c. 24. I EnKss.t I'ORTus, a harbour of Sicily near
EcHEPoEis, a Trojan,son of ThasiuS; |
killed Pachynr. Cic. Vcrr. 5, c. 34-
^"yAntilochus. Homer. If. 4,.v. 4"8, i,
 EI EL

Sdeta, or Leria, a town of Spain aiougjEioSEtS, a Greek killed by Hector in the

the river Sucro. Plm. 3, c.3. Liv. 28, c. Trojan Avar. Homer. JL ^" A Thracian, *"

.24." 5*7. 3, V. 371. 1father to Rhesus. Id. 10.

.

Edissa and iEoESSA, a town of Macedonia Elabontas, a river near Antioch. Strab.
taken by Caranus, and called ^gae, or ^eas. ELiEA, a tov*rn ofiEolia. Liv. 36, c. 43. "

Vid. iEdessa. Paus. 9, c. 5. An island in the Propontis.

" "

Edon, a mountain of Thrace, called also EljEus, a part of Epirus. A surname of

Edonus. From this mountain that part of Jupiter. A town of the Tbracian Cher-
Thrace is often called Edonia which lies be-
tweensonesus. Liv. 31, c. 16,1. 32, c. 9.
the Strymon and the Nessus, and the Elagabalds, the surname of the sun at
applied not only to Thrace, Emessa.
epithet generally
i3
but to a cold northern climate. Virg.JF.n. 12, Er.AiTEs,a grove near Canopus in Egypt.
Vi 235." P/m. 4, c. 11. Lii/ian. 1, v. 674,
"
Elaids, a mountain of Arcadia. Paus. 8.
Edosi or Edones, a peopleof Thrace, near c. 41.

the Strymon. "pollod. 3, c. 5. ELAPHiiEA, a surname of Diana in Elis.

EooNiDES, a name given to the priestesses Id. 6, c.22.
of Bacchus, because they celebrated the festi-
vals river of Arcadia.
Elaphus, Id. 8, c. 36,
a

of the god on mount Edon. Ovid. Met. a festival in honour of Di-

Elaphebolia, ana
11, V. 69. the Huntress. In the Celebration a cake
Edylius, a mountain which Sylla seized was made in the form of a deer, *""**"",and
to attack the peopleof Cheroneea. Flat in Syll.offered to the goddess. It owed itsinstitution
Eetion, the father of Andromache, and to the following circumstance ; when the Pho-
of seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. cians had been severely beaten by the Thessa-
He was killed by Achilles. From him the lians,they resolved,by the persuasionof a
word Eetioneus is applied to his relations or certain Deiphantus, to raise a pileof combus-
tible
descendants. Homer. 11. 12. The comman-
der materials,and burn their v/ives,children,
of the Athenian fleet conquered by the and ett'ects,, rather than submit to the enemy.
Macedonians under Clytus,near the Echi- This resolution was unanimouslyapprovedby
tiades. Diod. 18. the women, who decreed Deiphantusa crowQ
Egklidus, a river of Etruria. Virg.Mn. 8, for his magnanimity. When every thingwas
V. 610. prepared,before they fired the pile, they en-
gaged

Egjeria, a nymph in Italy,

of Aricia where their enemies, and foughtwith such des-
perate
Diana was particularly worshipped, Egeria fury,ih at theytotally routed them, and
was courted by JNuma, and accordingto Ovid obtained a completevictory.In commemora- tion

she became his wife. This princefrequently of this unexpected success, this festival
visited her, and that he might more fully
success- was instituted to Diana, and observed with the
introduce his laws and new regulations greatestsolemnity, so that even one of the
into the state, he solemnly declared before months of the year, March, was called Ela-
the Roman people,that they were previouslyphebolionfrom this circumstance.
sanctifiedand approvedby the nymph Egeria. Elaptonius, a youth who conspired against
Ovid says that Egeriawas so disconsolate at Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 6.
the death of Numa, that she melted into tears, Eeara, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter.^
and was changed into a fountain by Diana. Apollod.1, c. 4. A daughterof Orchome-
She is reckoned by many as a goddesswho nus king of Arcadia. Strab. 9.
the of and Elatea, the largest town of Phocis,nealP
pi'esided over pregnancy women,
6ome maintain that she is the same as Lucina, the Cephisus. Paus. 10, c. 34.
or Diana. lir. 1, c. \9."0vid. Met. 15, v. Elatia, a town of Phocis. Liv. 28, c. 7-
JEn. 7, v.
ft47._KiV^. '71b." Martial. 2, ep. 6, OfThessaly./J. 42, c. 64.
V. 16. Elatus, one of the firstEphori of Sparta^
Egesaretus, a Thessalian of Larissa,who B. C. 760. Plut. in Lye. The father of
fevoured the interest of Ponipey duringthe Cencus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 497. A moun-
tain

civilwars. Cks. 3. Civ. c. 35. of Asia of Zacynthus. The father

Egesinus, a philosopher, pupilto Evander. of Polyphemus the Argonaut, by Hipseia*
Cic. Acad. 6.
4, c. Apollod. 3, c. 9. The son of Areas king of
Egesta, daughterof Hippotes the Tro-
a jan. Arcadia,by Erato, who retired to Phocis. Id.-
Her father exposed her on the sea, for ih. Pans. 8, c. 4. A king in the army
" of
fear of being devoured by a marine monster Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 6.
which laid waste the country. She was ried
car- One of Penelope'ssuitors,killed by
safe to Sicily, where she was ravished Eumeus. Homer Od. 22, v. 267. .

by the river Crinisus. A town of Sicily. Elaver, a river in Gaul falling into the
Vid. TEgesta. Loire, now the Allier.
Eon ATI A MAxiMii.i,A,a woman who accom-
panied Elba, a town of Campania, whence the-
her hiisband into banishment under followers of Zeno were called the Eleaiic sect
JSerO; ".C. Tacit. Jinn. 16,c. 71. A town. Cic. Acad. 4, c. 42. Tusc. 2, c. 21 and 22.
Vid. Gnatia, JV. D. 3, c. 33. of (Eolia.
y. EoNATius, a crafty and perfidiousRo-
man Electra, one of the Oceanides, wife of
in the reignof Nero, who committed the Atlas,and mother of Dai-danus, by Jupiter
greatestcrimes for the sake of money. Tacit. Ovid. Fad 4, v. 31. A daughterof Atlas
Jlist.4, c. 10. ^ and Pleione. She was changed into a con- stellation.

EioN, a commercial placeat the mouth of Apollod.3, c. 10 and 12. One

the Strymon. Paus. H, c 8. of the Danaides. Id. 2, c. 1. "A daughter "

EiOiNEs, a village of JPeloponnestr?

on the of Agamemnon king of Argos. She firstin- cited
sea coast her hrothT Orj^^tn." fr" iftrrnirr. hfsfa-
 EL EL
his mother Cly- Euraolpus,
B. C. 1356. It was the most cele-
brated
tier'sdeath by assassinating
Orestes gave her in marriage to of all the religiousceremonies of
temnestra.
and she became mother of Greece, whence it is often called by way of
his friendPylades,
and Medon. Her ventures
ad- eminence /^ r^ t* the mysterks. It was
sons, Strophius
so su-
two
and misfortunes form one of the perstitiously observ^ed, that if any one ever vealed
re-

of the. poet Sophocles. it was supposedthat he had called di-

it, vine
interestingtragedies
Hygin. fab. 122." Paus. 2, c.
l6.".HClian. vengeance upon his head, and it was safe
un-

A sister of Cadmus. to live in the same house with him. Such

V. H. 4 c. 26, "c.
Facts' 9, c. 8. A city and river of Mes- a wretch was publicly put to an ignominious
senia in Peloponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 33. death. This festivalwas sacred to Ceres uni
"ne of Helen's female attendants. Id. 10, Proserpine ; every thingcontained a mystery,
25. and Ceres herself was known onlyby the name
c.
of Thebes. Paus. 9, c. 8. of "/""":" from the sorrow and grkf {x.e"')
Electro, a gate
Electrides, islands in the Adi-iatic sea., which she suffered for the loss of her daughter.
which received their name from the quantityThis mysterious secrecy was solemnlyobser-
ved,
which they produced. and enjoined to all the votaries of the
"f amber, (ekctrum)
They were at the mouth of the Po, accord-
ing goddess; and if any one ever appearedat the
to of Rhodes,
Apollonius but some ans
histori- celebration,either intentionally
or through
doubt of their existence. Plin. 2, c. 26, ignorance,without proper introduction,he
1. 37, c. 2." Mela, 2, c. 7. was immediatelypunishedwith death. Per- sons
of both sexes
Electrvon, a king of Argos,son of Per- and all ages were initiated
He was brother to Al- at this solemnity, and itwas looked upon as so
,seus and Andromeda.
whose daughterAnaxo he married, and heinous a crime to neglectthis sacred part of
cffius,
and one daughter,religion, that it was of the heaviest accu-
ty her he had several sons one sations

He sent his sons against the Tele- which contributed to the condemna-
tion
Alcmene.
his country,and they of Socrates. The initiated were under
"boans,who had ravaged
allkilled except Lycimnius.Upon this the more particular care of the deities, and
were
his and daughtertherefore their life was supposed to be atten-
ded
Electryonpromised crown
could undertake to with more happinessand real security
in marriageto him who
the Teleboans for the death of his sons. than that of other men. This benefit was not
punish
Amphitryonoffered himself,and succeeded. only granted during life,butit extended be-
yond
perished by the hand the grave, and theywere honoured with
Electryoninadvertently
of his son-in-law. [Vid. Amphitiyon and the first placesin the Elysian fields, while
2, c. A." Paus. others were leftto wallow in perpetualfilth
Alcmena.] Apollod.
Elei, of Elis in Peloponnesus.and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation
a people
They were
their were
formerly called Epei. In so extensive,particular care was taken
also in examining the character of such as were
where
the templeof Jupiter,
country was

celebrated the Olympicgames of which presented for initiation. Such as were guilty
were
Their horses of murder, thoughagainst their will, and sucii
they had the superintendence.
and Eka convicted of witchcraft, any hein-
ous
were in greatrepute,hence Elei equi as were or

crime, were not admitted, and the Athe-nians

palma. Propert.3, el. 9, v. IS." Paus. 5."
suffered none to be initiated but such ae
Luca7i. 4, V. 293.
of Bacchus, from the were members of their city. This regulation,
Eleleus, surname a
the Bacchanals peated which
loudly re- compelled Hercules, Castor, and Pol-
lux,
word si^t^'f,which
during his festivals. His priestesses to become citizens of Athens, was stiictly
in consequence called Eleleis-ides.Ovid. in the first ages of the institution-
observed
were
but afterwards all persons, barbarians except-
ed,
Met 4, V. 15. .

Eleon, a village of Boeotia. Another m were freelyinitiated. The festivals were

divided into greaterand less mysteries.The
Phocis.
, r^v .

less were instituted from the followingcir-

cumstance.
Eleontum, a town of the Thracian Cher-
Hercules passed near Eleusis
sonesus. . .

ous
lascivi- while the Athenians celebratingthe
Elephantis, a poetesswho wrote were

verses. Martial. 12, ep. 43. cess mysteries,

A prin- and desired to be initiated. As thif

by Danaus
whom had two daughters.could not be done, because he was a stranger,
2.
Apollod. An island in the river Nile, in and as Eumolpus was unwillingto displease
him on account of his great power, and the
Upper Egypt,with a town of the same name,
by some thors. services which he had dc^ne to the Athenians,
which is often called Ekphanlina au-

Strah. n."Herodot. 2, c. 9, "c. another festivalwas instituted without viola-

ting
the laws. It was called i""zp", and Hercu-
les
Elephaktophagi, a people of Ethi- opia.
was solemnlyadmitted to the celebration
of Chalcedon, was one ol and initiated. The?e less mysterieswere ob-
Elephenor, son

suitors. Homer. II. 2, v. 47. sei-ved at Agros near the Ilissus. The greater
Helen's
celebrated at Eleusis,from which place
Eleporus, a river of Magna Grfficia.
were

Eleuchia, a daughterof Thespius. j?po/-Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In later time.'?
the smaller festivals were preparatory to
Eleus, a cityof Thrace. A nver of Me- the greater,and no person could be initiated
aia. A king of Elis. Paus. 5, c. 3. at Eleusis without a previouspurification at

Eleusinia, a great festival observed every Agrai. This purification they performed b y
fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also keepingthemselves pure, chaste, and unpol- luted
by the Pheneataj, Lacedaemonians, Parrha- duringnine days,after which they came
sians,and Cretans ; but more particulai-iyby and offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing
of flowers,called t"TfM-",or "'^^-^-, and
the peo[)le of Athens, every fifth year, at garlands
i!,lfMtc""
ir, Attica, whore it was introduced by having under their foot A**,- Jupiter's
"u,-:r,v,
 EL EL
skin,which was the skin of a victim offered to the sacred family of the Eumolpidae, the other
that god. The person who assistedwas called was one of the Ceryces,and the rest were
vifxvo; from i^tup, ivater,which was used at the from among the citizens. There were also ten
purification, and they themselves were called persons who assistedat this and every other
/""T**,the iniliated. A yeai* afterthis initiation festival, called iiei^cm, because theyoffered crifices.
sa-
at the less mysteries they sacriliced a sow to This festivalwas observed in the
Ceres, and were admitted in the greater, and month of Boedromion or September, and con-
tinued
the secrets of the festivals were solemnly re- vealed nine days,from the 15th tillthe 23d.
to them, from which they were called During that time itwas unlawful to arrest any
*?o,'o"and inspectors.The institution man, or present any petition,
vTtTTTcti, on painof for- feiting
was performedin the following manner. The a thousand drachmas,or, accordingto
candidate?, crowned with myrtle, were ted
admit- others,on pain of death. It was also unlaw- ful
by nightinto a place called mu?'/."" stixs,- (he for those who were initiated to sit upon
mystical temple, a vast and stupendousbuild- ing. the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets,or
As theyentered the templetheypurified ueazels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a
themselves by washing their hands in holy chariot,she was obligedby an edict of Ly-
water, and received for admonition that they curgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The designof
were to come with a mind pure and undefiled,tbis law was to destroy alldistinction between
without which the cleanness of the body would the richer and poorer sort of citizens. The
be unacceptable.After this the holy myste- ries firstday of the celebration was called "yeef^s,
were read to thena, from a largebook assembly, as it might be said that the worship-pers
called TTiTcwftx,because made of tuo stones, firstmet together.The second day was
TTiTixi,fitly cemented together.After this the called "'-x oe fj.-jT"',to the sea, you that are
priest, called isqi(^oe"-y,i,
proposed to them cer- tain initiated, because they were commanded to
questions, to which theyreadily answer-
ed. purifythemselves by bathingin the sea. On
After this,strange and amazing objectsthe third day sacrifices, and chiefly a mullet,
presentedthemselves to their sight, the place were offered ; as also barleyfrom the field of
often seemed to quake, and to appear sud- denly Eleusis. These oblations were called "vs*,
resplendent with fire,and immediatelyand held so sacred,that the priests themselves
covered with gloomy darkness and horror. were not, as in other sacrifices, permittedto
Sometimes thundei*s were heard,or flashes of partakeof them. On the fourth day they
lightning appeared on every side. At other made a solemn procession, in which the
times hideous noises and bowlingswere heard, xa^arjcv, holy basket of Ceres, was carried
and the trembling spectatorswere alarmed about in a consecrated cart,while on every
by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This side the peopleshouted %"""" ^/^ims.Hail Ce- res
was called icvtov"x,intuition. After this the ! After these followed women, called
initiated were dismissed with the barbarous ",-ciajOiwho carried baskets,in which were

words of """?,e,";7""?.The garments in which sesamum, carded wool, grainsof salt,a ser- pent,

theywere initiated, were held sacred, and pomegranates,reeds,ivy,boughs, certain

of no less efficacy to avert evils than charms cakes,"c. The fifthwas called H tmv }m,u^x^mv
and incantations. From this circumstance, y,!*ifa, the torch day, because on the following
therefore, they were never leftoft'before they nightthe peopleran about with torches in their
were totally unfit for wear, after which they hands. It was usual to dedicate torches to
were appropriated for children or dedicated Ceres,and contend which should offer the big- gest
ta the goddess. The chief person that at-
tended in commemoration of the travels of the
at the initiation was the goddess,and of her lighting
called lepc^xi-rs;;, a torch in the
revtaler of sacred things.He was a citizen flames of mount ^tna. The sixth day was
of Athens, and held his office during life,called i!^'/?',, from lacchus, the son of Jupiter
though among the Celeans and Philiasians it and Ceres, who accompanied his mother in
was limited to the periodof four years. He was her search of Proserpine, with a torch in his
obliged to devote himself totally to the service hand. From that circumstance his statue had
of the deities ; his lifewas chaste and single, a torch in its hand, and was carried in solemn
and he usuallyanointed his body with the processionfrom the Ceramicus to Eleusis.
juiceof hemlock, which is said,by itsextreme The statue,with those that accompanied it,
coldness,to extinguish, in a great degree, the called ijf.^ayj^*, were crowned with myrtle.
natural heat. The Hierophanteshad three In the way nothing was heard but singing and
attendants ; the first was called W^^r-s,torch the noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries dan-
ced
bearer, and was permittedto marry. The along.The way throughwhich theyissued
second was called """?"?, a cryer. The third from the city,was called i^pao-oj, the sacred
administeredat the altar, and was called csu way; the resting placelip^cruxi), from a_^g-/r"e
^^/Au,. Tho Hierophantes is said to have been which grew in the neighbourhood. They also
a type of the powerfulcreator of all things,stoppedon a bridgeover the Cephisus, where
A ^^=uzo5of the sun, K.fu; of Mercury, and theyderided those that passedby. After they
itTTi ^io.wto of the moon. There were, besides had passedthis bridgetheyentered Eleusis by
these, other inferior officers, who took par- ticulara placecalled A"y"r?wi im^ix, the mystical entrance.
care that every thing was performed On the seventh day were sports,in which the
accordingto custom. The firstof these, called victors were rewarded with a measure of bar-
ley,
^xTiKtv;,was one of the archons ; he offered as that grainhad been firstsown in Eleu-
sis.
prayers and sacrifices,and took care that The eighthday was called E:7"J";,f"iit 'yfu^j
there was no indecencyor irregularity during because once ^sculapius, at his return from
the celebration. Besiaes him there were four Epidaiu'us to Athens, was initiatedby the re-
otliei*s,
called of the less mysteries.It became
curators, elected by {petition
tmut^^rou, cus-

the people. One of them was chosen from [tomary, therefore, to celebrate them asecondk
34
 EL EL
time upon this, that such as had not hitherto spring, and washed and anointed the naoiia-
been initiated,might be lawfullyadmitted. ments ; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a
The ninth and last day of the festival was ed
call- pileof wood, invokingJupiterand infernal
n?."i /uo;/o:"",earthen vessels, because it was Mercury,and inviting to the entertainment the
usual to filltwo such vessels with wine, one of souls of those happyheroes who had perished
which beingplacedtowards the east,and the in the defence of their country. After this he
other towards the west, which, after the re- filleda bowl with wine, saying,
petition I drink to those
of some mystical words, were both who lost their lives in the defence of the liber-ties
thrown down, and the wine beingspilt on the of Greece. There was also a festival of
ground, was ottered as a libation. Such was the same name observed by the Samians in
the manner of celebrating teries,honour of the god of Love. Slaves also,when
the Eleusian mys-
which have been deemed the most cred
sa- they obtained their liberty, k^^pta holiday,
and solemn of allthe festivalsobserved by Avhich they called Elewtheria.
the Greeks. Some have supposedthem to be Eleutho, a surname of Juno Lucina, froos
obscene and abominable, and that from thence her presidingover the delivery of pregnant
proceeded all the mysterioussecrecy. They women. Pindar. Olymp. 6.
were carried from Eleusis to Rome in the reign Eleutherocilices, a people of Ciliciay
of Adrian, where they were observed with never subjectto kings. Cic. 15, ad Fam. ep.
the same ceremonies as before,thoughperhaps 4, 1. 5, ad Alt. 20.
with more freedom and licentiousness. They Eleutheros, a river of Syria,fallinginto
lasted about 1800 years, and were ished the Mediterranean.
at lastabol- Plin. 9, c. 10.
by Theodosius the Great. JEUan. V. H. Eticius, a surname Of Jupiter, worshipped
12, C.24. Cic. de Leg. 2, c. 14. Pans. 10, c. on mount
" " Aventine. Onid. Fast. 3, v. 328.
31, ^c."Plut. Eliensis and EnACA,asect of philosophers
Ei.Eusis, or Eleusin, a town of Attica, founded by Phaedon of Elis,who w^as ally
origin-
equallydistant from Megara and the Piraeus, a slave,but restored to liberty by AI-
celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. [Vid. cibiades, Diog. Strab. "

Eleusinia.]It was founded by Triptolemus. Elimea, or Elimiotis, a district of Ma- cedonia,

Ovid. 4. Fast. 5, v. 501." Pans. 9, c. 24. or of lllyricum according to others.
Eleuther, a son of Apollo. One of Liv. 42, c. 53, 1. 45, c. 30.
the Curetes, from whom a town of Bceotia, and Elis, a country of Peloponnesus at the
another in Crete, received their name. Pans. west of Arcadia,and north of Messenia, ex- tending

9, c. 2 and 19. alongthe coast, and watered by the

Eleuthek^, a village of Bceotia,between river Alpheus. The capitalof the country,
Megara and Thebes, w"here Mardonius was called Elis,now Belvidere,became large and
defeated with 300,000 men. Plin. 4, c. 7, 1. populousin the age of Demosthenes, though
34, c. 8. in the age of Homer it did not exist. It was
Eleutheria, a festival celebrated at Pla- originally governedby kings, and received its
taea in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius,or the name from Eleus,one of its monarchs. Elis
assertor of liberty, by delegates from almost was famous for the horses it produced,whose
all the cities of Greece. Its institution origina-
ted celerity was so often known and tried at the
in this : afterthe victory obtained by the Olympic games. Strab. 8. " Plin. 4, c. 5."
Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius, Pans. 5.~0vid. Met. 5, v. 494." Cic. Fam.
the Persian general, in the country of Plataea,13, ep. 26. ae I"iv. 2, c. 12." Liv. 27, c. 32.
an altar and statue were erected to Jupiter Virg.G. 1, V. 59, 1. 3, v. 202.
"

Eleutherius,who had freed the Greeks from Eliphasii, a people of Peloponnesus.

the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further Polyb.n.
agreedupon in a generalassembly,by the ad- vice Elissa,a queen of Tyre, more commonly
of Aristides, the Athenian, that deputiesknown by the name of Dido. Vid. Dido.
should be sent every fiftii year from the differ-
ent Elissus, a river of Elis.
citiesof Greece to celebrate Eleutheria/es- Ellopia, a town of Euboea. An an-cient

tivals ofliberty. The Platseans celebrated also name of that island.

an anniversaryfestivalin memory of those who Elorus, a river of Sicily on the eastern
had lost their lives in that famous battle. The coasts, called after a kingof the same name.
celebration was thus : at break of day a Herodot. 7, c. 145.
procession was made, with a trumpeter at the Elos, a cityof Achaia, called after a ser- vant
head, soundinga signal for battle. After him maid of Atharaas of the same name.

followed chariots loaded with myrrh,garlands, ELOTiE. Vid. Helotaj.

and a black bull,and certain free young men, Elpenor, one of the companions of Ulys- ses,
as no signsof servility were to appear during changed into a hog by Circe's potions, and
the solemnity, because they in whose honour afterwards restored to his former shape. He
the festival was instituted had died in the de- fellfrom the top of ahouse where he was sleep- ing,
"

fence of their country. They carried liba- tions and was killed. Ovid. Met. 14,v. 252. "

of wine and milk in large eared vessels,Homer. Od. 10, v. 552, 1. 11, v. 51.
with jarsof oil and preciousointments. Last Elpinice, a daughterof Miltiades,wlio
of all appeared the chief magistrate, who married a man that promisedto release from
thoughnot permittedat other times touch
confinement
to her brother and husband, whom
iron, or wear garments of any the laws of Athens
colour but had made for
responsible
white, yet appearedclad the fine imposed on
in purple; and ing
tak- his father. C. JVep.in
a water pot out of the citychamber, ceeded
pro- Cim.
throiigii the middle of the town with a Ei.uiNA,a surname of Ceres.
eword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. Elyces, a man killed by Perseus. Oviii.
Tiierc he drew water from a neighbouringMet. 5, fnb.3.
 EM EN
Elymais, a country of Persia,between the muchcommended, in which he spoke of the
Persian gulfand
Media. The capital of the various bodies which nature had given him.
country was called Elymais,and was famous He was firsta girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub,
for a rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus a bird, a .fish, and lastly Empedocles. His
Epiphanes attemptedto plunder. The Ely- poetry Avas bold and animated, and his verses
means assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars were so universally esteemed, that they were
against the Romans. None of their kingsare publiclyrecited at the Olympic games with
named in history.Siraho. those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was
Elymi, a nation descended from the Tro-
jans, no less remarkable for his humanity and social
in alliance with the peopleof Carthage.virtues than for his learning.He showed him- self
Fans. 10, c. 8. an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and re- fused

Elymus, a man at the court of Acestes in to become the sovereign of his country.
Sicily. Virg.JEn. 5, v. 73. He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often alle-
viated
Elyrus, a town of Crete. Id. 10, c. 16. the anxieties of his mind as well as the
Elysium, and Elysii Campi, :i place or isl- and pains of his body with music. It is reported
in the infernal regions, where, according that his curiosity to visitthe flames of the cra-ter

to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of of lEXnSi,provedfatal to him. Some main-
tain
the virtuous were placed aft^r death. There that he wished it to be believed that he
happinesswas complete,the pleasures were was a god, and that his death might be un- known,

innocent and refined. Bovvers, for ever green , he threw himself in the crater and
delightful meadows with pleasantstreams,were perishedin the flames. His expectations,
the most striking objects.The air was whole-
some, however, were frustrated, and the volcano,by
serene, and temperate ; the birds con-
tinually throwingup one of his sandals,discovered to
warbled in the groves, and the inhabi-
tants the world that Empedocles had perished by
were blessed with another sun and other fire. Others report that he lived to an ex- treme

stars. The employment of the heroes who old age, and that he was drowned in the
dwelt in these regions of bliss were various ; sea. Horat. 1, ep. 12, v. 20. Cic. de Orat. 1,
"

the manes of Achilles are represented as wag-

ing c. 50, ".C. Diog.in vita.
"

war with wild beasts,while the Trojan Emperamus, a Lacedaemonian generalin

chiefs are innocently exercisingthemselves in the second Messenian Mar.

managing horses, or in handlingarms. To Empoclus, an historian.

these innocent amusements some poets have Emporia Punica, certain places near the.
added continual feasting and revelry,and they Syrtes.
suppose that the Elysianfields were filledwith Empori;e, a town of Spain in Catalonia,
all the incontinence and voluptuousness which now jimpurias.Liv. 34, c. 9 and 16,1. 26,
could gratify the low desires of the debauchee. c. 19.
The Elysianfields were, according to some, in Enceladus, a son of Titan and Terra, the
the Fortunate Islands on the coast of Africa, most powerfulof allthe giants who conspired
in the Atlantic. Others place them in the against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter's
island of Leuce ; and, accordingto the author-
ity thunders,and overwhelmed under mount JEt-
of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. Ac- cording
na. Some suppose that he is the same as Ty-

to Lucian, they were near the moon ; phon. According to the poets,the flames of
or in the centre of the earth if we tarch.JEtna. proceeded from the breath of Encela-
believe Plu- dus
Virg.Mn. 6, v. G38." Homer. Od. 4." ; and as often as he turned his weary side,
Findar. Tibull. 1, el. 3, v. 57. Lucian.
" "
" the whole island of Sicily feltthe motion, and
Flut. de Consul. shook from its very foundations. Virg.JEn.
Emathia, a name given anciently,and 3, V. 578, k.c. A son of ^S^gyptus.
particularly by the poets, to the countries Encheleje, a town of Illyricum, where
^vhich formed the empiresof Macedonia and Cadmus was changed into a serpent. Lucan.
Thessaly. Virg.G. 1, v. 492, 1. 4, v. 390." 3, V. 189." S/rc". 7.
Lucan. 1,v. 1, 1. 10,v. 50, 1.6, v. 620, 1. 7, v. Endeis, a nymph, daughterof Chiron.
427." Orirf.Met. 5, v. 314. She married ^acus kingof Egina,by whom
Emathion, a son of Titan and Aurora, who she had Peleus and Telamon. Pans. 2, c. 29,
reignedin Macedonia. The country was led "ApoUod. 3, c. 12.
cal-
Emathia from his name. Some suppose Endera, a placeof -Ethiopia.
that he was a famous robber, destroyedby Endymion, a shepherd,son of .(Ethliusand
Hercules. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 313. Justin. 7, c. Calyce. It is said that he required
" of Jupiter
1. A killed at the nuptials
man of Perseus grant to him to be always young, and to
to
and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 100. sleepas much as he would ; whence came the
Emathion, a man killed in the wars proverb of Endymionis so7nmim
of Tur- dor7)iire,to
Rus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 571. express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked
Embatum, a placeof Asia,opposite Chios.
as he slepton mount Latmos, and was so

Estbolima, a town of India. Curt. 8, c. 12. struck with his beauty that she came dowu
Emerita, a town of Spain,famous for dy- from heaven every nightto enjoyhis company.
ing
wool. Plin. 9, c. 41. Endyraionmarried Chromia, daughterof Ito-
Emessa and Emissa, a town of Phoenicia.nus, oraccording to some, Hyperipna, daughter
EMODA,a mountain of Iidia. of Areas, by vvhom he had three sons. Pa^on,
Empedocles, a philosnrher, torianEpeus,and iEolus, and a daughtercalled Eu-
noet, and his-
of Agrigentumin Sicily,who ilourished rydice; and so little ambitious did he show
444 B. C. He was ihe discipleof Telau- liimselfof sovereignly, that he made his crown
ges the Pythajjcrean, and warmly adopted he prizeof the best racer
1 among his sons, nn
the doctrine of transmigration. He wrote a honourable distinction which was gainedby
f ""em upon the opinionsof Pythagoras, with
very Epeus. The fable of Endymion'? amours
 EN EP
Diana, or the moon ,
arises from his knowledge collected from the quotations of ancient a""
of astronomy, and as he passedthe nighton thors. The best edition of these is by Hesse-
some high mountain, to observe the heavenly lius, 4to. Arast. 1707. Ovid. 2, Trist. v. 424.
bodies,ithas been reportedthat he was court-
ed "Cic. de Finib I, c. 4, de Offic.2, c. 18."
by the moon. Some suppose that there Quintit. 10, c. 1. Lucret. 1, v. 117, "c. C.
" "

were of that name,

two the son of a king of A''ep. in Catone.
EHs, and the shepherdor astronomer of Caria. Ennomus, a Trojanprince,killed by Achil- les.
The peopleof Heraclea maintained that En- Homer. II.2, v. 365, 1. 1 1, v. 422.
dymion died on mount Latmbs, and the Eleans EnnosigjEus, terrce concussoTy a surname of
pretended to show his tomb at Olympia in Pe-loponnesus.
Neptune. Juv. 10, v. 182.
Propert.2, el. 15. Cic. Tusc.
"

Enope, a town of Peloponnesus,near Py-

1. Juv. 10.
" " Theocrit. 3. " Pans. 5, c. 1,1. 6, los. Paus. 3, c. 26.
C.20. Enops, a shepherd loved by the nymph
Eneti, or Heneti, a peoplenear Paphlago- Neis, by whom he had Satnius. Homer. II. 14.
nia. The father of Thestos. A Trojan kill-
ed
Engyum, uowGangi, a town of Sicily
freed by Patroclus. //. 16.
from tyranny by Timoleon. 3, c. 43, Cic. Ver. Ends, a maritime town of Thrace.
1.4, c. 44." Ital. 14,v. 230. Enosichthon, a surname of Neptune.
Enienses, a peopleof Greece. EnotoccetjE, a nation whose ears are scribed
de-
Eniopeus, a charioteer of Hector, killed by as hanging down to their heels. Strab.
Diomedes. Homer. II. 8, v. 120. Entella, a town of Sicilyinhabited by
Enipeus, a river of Thessalyflowingnear Campanians. Ital. 14, v. 205. Cic. Ver. 3, "

Pharsalia. Lucan. 6, v. 373. A river of V.43.

Elis in Peloponnesus,of which Tyro the Entellus, a famous athlete among the
daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. friends of ^neas. He was intimate with Eryx,
Neptune assumed the shape of the river god and entered the listsagainst Dares, whom he
to enjoy the company of Tyro. Ovid. Am. 3, conquered in the funeral games of Anchises,
el.5. Strab.
" in Sicily.Virg.JFn. 5, v. 387, ".c.
Enispe, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 25. Enyalius, a surname of Mars.
Enna, now Castro Jannifa town in the mid-
dle Envo, a sister of Mars, called by the Latin.*;
of Sicily,with a beautifulplain, where Pro-
serpine
Bellona, supposedby some to be daughterof
was carried away by Pluto. Mela, 2, Phorcys and Ceto. Ital. 10,v. 203.
c. I."Cic. Ver. 3, c. 49, 1. 4, c. 104." Ovid. EoNE, a daughterof Thespius. Apollod.
Fast. 4, V. 522." Liv. 24, c. 37. EoRDiEA, a district at the west of Macedo-
nia.
EjjNiA, wasthe wife of Macro, and after-
wards Liv. 31, c. 39, 1. 33, c. 8, 1.42, c. 63.
of the emperor Caligula. Tacit. Ann. Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks,
6, 0. 45. whence the epithet Eous is appliedto all the
Q. Ennius, an ancient poet, born at Ru- eastern parts of the world. Ovid. Fast. 3, v.
diiin Calabria, He obtained the name and 406. A. A. 3, V. 537, 1. 6, v. 418." Virg.G. 1,
privileges of a Roman citizen by his genius V.288, 1. 2, V. 115.
and the brilliancy of his learning.His style is Eous, one of the horses of the sun. Ovid.
rough and unpolished, but his defects,which Met. 2, V. 153,"c.
are more attributed
particularly to the age in Epagris, one of the Cyclades,called by
which he
lived,have been fully compensated Aristotle Hydrussa. Plin. 4, c. 12.
by the energy of his expressions and the fireof EpAminondas, a famous Theban descend- ed
his poetry. Quintilian warmly commends from the ancient kingsof Bcpotia. His fa-
ther's
him, and Virgil has shown his merit, by intro-
ducing name was Polymnus. He has been ce- lebrated

many whole lines from his poetry into for his privatevirtues and military complishments.
ac-

his own compositions, which he calls pearls His love of truth was so great

from
gathered the dunghill.Enn 'US Avrote in that he never disgraced himself by falsehood.
heroic 18 books of the annals of the Ro-
verse man He formed a most sacred and ipviolable ship
friend-
republic, and displayed much knowledge with Pelopidas, whose life he saved in a
of the world, in some dramatical and satirical battle. By his advice Pelopidasdelivered
compositions. He died of the gout,contracted Thebes from the power of Laced"emon. This
by frequent intoxication, about 169 years be-
fore was the signal of war. Eparainondaswas set
the christian era, in the 70th year of his at the head of the Theban armies,and defeat-
ed
age. Ennius was intimate with the greatmen the Spartansat the celebrated battle of
of his age ; he accompanied Cato in his ques- Leuctra, about 371 years B. C Epaminondas
torship in Sardania,and was esteemed by him made a proper use of this victorious campaign,
of greater value than the honours of a tri- umph and entered the territoriesofLacedajmon with
; and Scipio, on his death bed, ordered 50,0(X) men. Here he gained many friend*
his body to be buried by the side of his poeti-
cal and partisans ; but at his return to Thebes he
friend. This epitaphwas said to be writ-
ten was seized as a traitor for violating the laws of
upon him : his country. While he was making the The-ban
Aspicite, senis Ennii imaginis
o cives, formam ! arms victorious on every side,he neglect-
ed
Hie vestrum pinxitmaxima factaputrum. the law which forbade any citizen to retain
Nemo me lacrymisdecoret, neque funerajletit in his hands the supreme power more than one
Faxit : cur ? volilo virus per era virum. month, and all his eminent services seemed
Conscious of his merit as the firstepicpoet of unable to redeem him from death. He paid
Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appel-lation implicit obedience to the laws of his country,
of the Homer of Latium. 01 the tra- and only begged of his judgesthat it might be
gedies,
comedies,annals,and satires which he inscribed on his tomb that he had sufi'ered
wrote, nothingremains but fragments hap];)ily death for savinghis country from ruin. This
 EP EP
animated reproachwas felt; he was pardoned,awful solemnity. This celebrated templewas
and invested againwith the sovereign power. burnt on the nightthat Alexander was born,
He was successful in a war in Thessaly,and [Vid.Erostratus] and soon after it rose from
assisted the Eleans against the Lacedaemoni-
ans. its ruins with more splendour and magni-
ficence.
The hostile armies met near Mautinea, Alexander offered to rebuild itat bis
and while Epaminondas was bravelyfightingown expense, if the Ephesians would place
in the thickest of the enemy, he received a upon it an inscription which denoted the name
fatal wound in the breast, and expired ex- of the benefactor.
claiming, This generous offer was
that he died unconquered,when he refused by tlie Ephesians,who observed, iu
heard that the Bojotians obtained the victory,the languageof adulation,that it was per
impro-
in tlie48th year of his age, 363 years before that one deityshould raise templesto the
tlhrist. The Thebans severelylamented his other. Lysimachusordered the town of Ephe- sus
deatb ; in him their power was extinguished, to be called Arsinoe,in honour of his wife ;
for only duringhis lifethey had enjoyedfree- dom but after his death the new appellation was

independence among
and the Grecian lost,and the town was again known by its
states. Epaminondas was frugalas well as ancient name. Though modern authors are
virtuous,and he refused with indignation the not agreed about the ancient ruins of this
rich presents which were oflfered to him by once famed city, some have giventhe barbar-
ous
Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is repre-
sented name of Ajasaloucto Avhat they con- jecture

by his biographeras an elegantdancer to be the remains of Ephesus. The

and a skilfulmusician, accomplishments high- words literoe.Epfvesicp
ly are appliedto letters
esteemed among his countrymen. Plut. in containing magicalpowers. Pliii.36, c. 14."-
Parall. C. J^ep. in vita. Xenoph. Qucesl.
"
" Strab. 12 and 14. Mela, 1,c. 17. Pans. 7, c.
"
"

GrcBC. Diod. 15.

"
Polyb 1. " 2. Plut in Mex.
"
Justin. 2, c. 4.
"
Callim. in "

EpANTELii, a peopleof Italy. Dian."Ptol. b."Cic. de JYat. D. 2.

Epaphroditus, a freedman punishedwith EphetjE, a number of magistrates at Athens
death for assisting Nero to destroy himself. firstinstituted by Demophoon, the son of The- seus.
Suet, in JVer. A freedman of Augustussent They were reduced to the number of
to spy Cleopatra. Plut. A name assumed 51 by Draco, who, accordingto'some, first
by Sylla. established them. They were superior to the
Epaphus, a son of Jupiter and lo,who found-
ed Areopagites, and their privileges were great
a cityin Egypt, which he called Memphis, andnumerous. Solon, however,lessened their
in honour of his wife, who was the daughter power, and intrusted them only with the trial
of the Nile. He had a daughtercalled Libya, of manslaughterand conspiracyagainstthe
who became mother of iEgyptus and Danaus lifeof a citizen. They were all more than
by Neptune. He was worshippedas a god at fifty years old, and it was requiredthat their
Memphis. Herodot. 2, c. 153. Ovid. Met. 1, manners " should be pure and innocent, and
T. 699, kc. their behaviour austere and fullof gravity.
Epasnactus, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, Ephialtes or Ephialtus, a giant, son of
kc. Cces.Bell G. 8, c. 44. Neptune,who grew nine inches every month.
Epebolus, a soothsayer of Messenia, who [Vid. Aloeas.] An Athenian, famous for
prevented Aristodemus from obtainingthe his courage and strength.He foughtwith the
sovereignty.Pans. 4, c. 9, "c. Persians against Alexander, and was killedat
Epei and Elei, a peopleof Peloponnesus.Halicamassus. Diod. 17. A Trachinian
Plin. 4, c. 5. who led a detachment of the army of Xerxes
Epetium, now oflllyricum. by a secret path to attack the Spartansat
Viscio,
a town

Epecs, a son of Endymion, brother to Thermopylae. Pans. 1, c. 4. Herodot. 7, c. "

Paeon, who reignedin a partof Peloponnesus.213.

His subjects were called from him Epi. Pans. EpHoRi, powerful magistrates at Sparta,
5, c. 1. A son of Panopeus, who was the who were first created by Lycurgus or, ac-
; cording
fabricator of the famous wooden horse which to some, by Theopompus,B. C. 760.
proved the injinof Troy. Virg.JEn. 2, v. 264. They were five in number. Like censors in
"Justin. 20, c. 2." Pans. 10, c. 26. the state, they could check and restrain the
Ephesus, a city of Ionia,built,as Justin authority of the kings,and even imprison
mentions, by the Amazons, or by Androchus, them, it guilty of irreguleu-ities.They fined
son of Codrus, accordingto Strabo ; or by Archidamus for marrying a wife of small sta-
ture,
Ephesus, a son of the river Cayster. It is and imprisonedAgis for his unconsti-tutional
famous for a temple of Diana, which was behaviour. They were much the
reckoned one of the seven wonders of the same as the tribunes of the peopleat Rome,
world. This templewas 425feet longand200 created to watch with a jealouseye over the
feet broad. The roof was supportedby 127 liberties and rightsof the populace. They
columns, sixtyfeet high,which had been pla- ced had the management of the publicmoney, and
there by so many kings.Of these columns, were the arbiters of peace and war. Their
36 were carved in the most beautiful manner, office was annual, and they had the privilege
one of which was tiiework of the famous Sco- of convening,proroguing, and dissolving the
pas. This celebrated building was not totally greaterand less assemblies of the people.The
.completed till 220 years after itsfoundation. former was composed of 9000 Spartans, all in-
habitants
Ctesi[)hon was the chief architect. There was of the city; the latter of 30,000 La-
above the entrance a huge stone, which, cording cedajmonians,inhabitants of the inferiortowni
ac-

to Pliny,had been placedthere by and villages.C. JS'ep. in Pau-s. 3. .iristot. "

Dianaherself. /The riches which in the

were Pol 2, c. 7.
temple were immense, and the goddesswho Ephorus, an orator and historian of Cumar
presidedover itwas with the must
wor."l"ipped in J^oiia,abonl 3.32 years before Christ. He
 EP EP
was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he of Epictetus, with those of Cebes and othersf^
wrote an history which gave an account of all the most valuable of which, perhaps, will he
the actions and battles that had happened be- tweenfound to be that of Reland, Traject. 4to. 1711 ;
the Greeks and barbarians for 750 and Arrian's by Upton,2 vols. 4to. Lond. 1739.

years. It was greatlyesteemed by the an- cients. EpicuRUS, a celebrated philosopher, son of
It is now lost. QuintiL10,c. 1. Neocles and Cherestrata,born at Gargettus
Ephyra, the ancient name of Corinth, in Attica. Though his parentswere poor, and
which it received from a nymph of the same of an obscure origin, yet he was earlysent to
name, and thence Ephyreus is appliedto school, where he distinguished himself by the
Dyrrhachium,founded by a Grecian colony.brilliancy of his genius,and at the age of 12,
Virg. G. 2, V. 264." Otic/. Met. 2, v. 239." when his preceptorrepeatedto him this verse
Lucan. 6, Stat. Theb. 4, v. 59."Jlal. from Hesiod, ^
v. 17.
"

14,V. 181. A cityof Threspotia in Epirus.

Another in Elis. ^tolia. One of In the beginning of thingsthe Chaos was
Cyrene's attendants. Virg.G. 4, v. 343. created.
Epicaste, a name of Jocasta the mother Epicurusearnestly asked him who created it ?
and wife of CEdipus. Pans. 9, c. 5. A To this the teacher answered, that he knew
of ^geus, mother of Thestaius by not, but only philosophers.'" Then," say*
daughter
Hercules. the youth, " philosophers henceforth shall in-
struct
Epicerides, a man of Cyrene,greatlyes-
teemedme." After having improved himself,
by the Athenians for his beneficence.
and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited
Demost. Athens,which was then crowded by the fol-
lowers
Epicharis, a woman accused of conspira-
cy of Plato,the Cynics,the Peripatetics,
against Nero. She refused to confess the and the Stoics. Here he established himself,
associates of her guilt, though exposedto the and soon attracted a number of followers by
torments, ".c. Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 51. the sweetness and gravity of his manners, and
greatest
Epicharmus, a poet and Pythagoreanphi- losopherby his social virtues. He taughtthem that the
of ^icily,who introduced comedy happinessof mankind consisted in pleasure,
at Syi-acuse, in the reignof Hiero. His com-
positions not such as arises from sensual gratification, or

were imitated by Plautus. He wrote from vice, but from the enjoyments of the
some treatises upon philosophy and medicine, mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine
and observed that the gods sold all their kind-nesses was warmly attacked by the philosophers of
for toil and labour. Accordingto Aris-
totle the different sects, and particularly by the
and Pliny,he added the two letters j^and Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the
a to the Greek alphabet. He flourished about godsby representing them as inactive, given
440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the af-fairs
year of his age. Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 58. Diog. of mankind.
"
He refuted all the accusa-
tions

Sand S."Cic. ad Mic. 1, ep. 19. of his adversaries by the purityof his
Epicles, Trojanprince killed by Ajax. morals, and by his frequentattendance
a on

Homer. II. 12, v. 378. placesof publicworship. When Leontium,

Epiclides, a Lacedaemonian of the fami-
ly one of his female pupils,
was accused of prosti-
tuting
of the He
Eurysthenidae. raised to the
was herself to her master and to all his dis-
ciples,
throne by his brother Cleomcnes 3d. in the the philosopherproved the falsity of
placeof Agis,againstthe laws and constitu-
tion the accusation by silence and an exemplary
of Sparta. Paus. 2, c. 9. life. His health was at last impairedby con- tinual

Epicrates, a Melesian, servant to J. Cae- sar. labour, and he died of a retention of

A poet of Ambracia. JElian. The urine, which long subjected him to the most
name to Pompey, as expressive
is applied of excruciating torments, and whicli he bore with
supreme authority.Cic. Att. 2, ep. 3. unparalleled fortitude. His death happened
Epictetus, a stoic philosopherof Hiero- 270 years before Christ,in the 72d year of
polisin Phrygia,originally the slave of Epa- his age. His disciples showed their respect
phrodKus,the freedman of Nero. Though for the memory of their learned preceptor,by
tJriven from Rome by Domitian, he returned the unanimitywhich prevailed among them.
after the emperor'sdeath, and gainedthe es- teem While philosophers in every sect were at war
of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Like with mankind and among themselves,the fol- lowers
the stoics, he supportedthe doctrine of the of Epicurusenjoyedperfect peace, and
immortalityof the soul,but he declared him- self lived in the most solid friendship. The day of
stronglyagainstsuicide,which was so his birth was observed with universal festivity,
warmly adoptedby his sect. He died in a and during a month all his admirers gave
very advanced age. The earthen lamp of themselves up to mirth and innocent amuse- ment.

which he made use, was sold some time after Of all the philosophers of antiquity,
his death at 3000 drachmas. His Enchiridion Epicurusis the only one whose writingsde- serve
is a faithfulpicture of the stoic philosophy, attention for their number. He wrote
and his dissertations,which were delivered to no less than 300 volumes, accordingto Dio-
his pupils, were collected by Arrian. His genes Laertius;and Chrysippus was so jealous

styleis concise and devoid of all ornament, of the fecundity of his genius,that no sooner
full of energy and useful maxims. The value had Epicuruspublishedone of his volumes,
of his compositionsis well known from the than he immediately composed one, that he
sayingof the emperor Antoninus,who thanked might not be overcome in the number of his
the gods he could collect from the writings of productions.Epicurus,however, advanced
Epictetus wherewith to conduct lifewith hon-
our truths and arguments unknown before ; but
to himself and advantageto his country. Chrysippus said,what others longago had said,
There are several good editions of the works without showing any thingwhich mightbe
 EP EP
calledoriginality.The followers of Epicurus bloody, hot victory declared for the Epigoni,
were numerous in every age and country,his and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum
with
doctrines were rapidlydisseminated over the Leodamas their general,while others retired
world, and when the gratification of the sense into Thebes,where they were soon besieged,
was substituted to the practiceof virtue,the and forced to surrender. In this war iEgialeuB
morals of mankind were undermined and de-
stroyed.
alone was killed,and his father Adrastus was
Even Rome, whose austere simpli-
city the only person who escaped alive in the
had happilynurtured virtue,felt the at-
tack,firstwar. This whole war, as Pausanifeis ob-

and was corrupted.When Cyneas spoke serves, was written in verse ; and Callinus,
of the tenets of the Epicureansin the Roman who quotes some of the verses, ascribes them
senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods to Homer, which opinionhas been adopted
that all the enemies of the republic might be-
come by many writers. For my part, continues
his followers. But those were the feeble the geographer, I own that next to the Iliad
"flFortsof expiring virtue ; and when Lucretius and Odysseyof Homer, I have never seen a
introduced the populardoctrine in his poetical finer poem. Paus. 9, c. 9 and 25." Jlpollod.
composition, the smoothness and beautyof the 1 and 3. Diod. 4. This name"
has been appli-
ed
numbers contributed,with the effeminacyof to the sons of those Macedonian veterans
the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of who in the age of Alexander formed connex- ions
the world. Diog. in vita. JElian. V. H. 4,
"
with the women of Asia.
c. IS."Clc. de .Yai. D. 1, c. 24 and25." ru5c. EpiGoNus, a mathematician of Ambracia.
2, c. 22.
3, 49. definib. Epigranea, a fountain of Bceotia. Plin
Epicydes, a tyrant of Syracuse,B. C. 213. 4,c. 7.
Epidamnus, a town of Macedonia on the Epiiand Epei, a peopleof Ells,
Adriatic,nearlyoppositeBrundusium. The Epilaris,a daughter of Thespius..^pol-
led,
Romans plantedthere a colony which they n

called considering
Di/rrachiu77i, the ancient Epimelides,the founder of Corone. Paus.
name {addamnum) ominous. Paus. 6, c. 10. 4, c. 34.
" Plin. 3, c. 23. Plautus,Mtn. 2, ax:t. I,
"

Epimenes, a man who conspiredagainst

V. 42. Alexander's life. Curt. 8, c. 6.
EpidaphiVe, a town of Syria,called
Epimenides, an epic poet of Crete, con-
also temporary
Antioch. Germanicus, son of Drusus, died
with Solon. His father's name
there. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 83. was Agiasarchus, and his mother's Blasta. He
Epidauria, a festival at Athens in honour is reckoned one of the seven wise men, by
of .^sculapius. A country of Peloponnei-u=. those who exclude Periander from the num-ber.

Epidaurus, a town at the north of Argolis While he was tending his flocks one
in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to the wor-
ship day,he entered into a cave, where he fell
of iEsculapius, who had there a famous asleep. His sleepcontinued for 40, or 47, or
temple. It received its name from Epidaurus,accordingto Pliny 57 years, and when he
a son of Argos and Evadne. It is now called awoke he found every objectso considerably
Pidaura. Strab. 8."Virg. G. 3, v. 44." Paus. altered,that he scarce knew where he was.
3, c. 2\."Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Dalraa- His brother apprized him of the lengthof his
tia,now Ragusi Vecchio. of Laconia. sleepto his great astonishment. It is supposed
EpiDiuM, one of the western that he lived 289 years.
isles of Scot-
land, After death he was
or the Mull revered as a god, and greatly
of Cantyre accordingto honoured by the
^ome. Ptoltm. Athenians, whom he had delivered from a
Epidius, a man who wrote concerningun- usual plague, and to whom he had givenmany good
prodigies.Plin. 16, c. 25. and useful counsels. He is said to be the first
Epidot.", certain deities who presidedwho built templesin the Grecian communities.
over the birth and grouch of children,and Cic. de Div. 1, c. 34." Dfog.in vita" Paus. 1,
were known the Romans by the name c. \4."Plut in Solon." Val. Max. 8, c. 13."
among
of Dii aveminci. They were worshippedby Strab. 10." Plin. 7, c. 12.
1 heLacedaemonians, and chiefly invoked by EpiMETHEus, a son of Japetus and Cly-
iJjose who were persecuted by the ghostsof mene, one of the Oceanides,who inconside-
rately
the dead, he. Paus. 2, c. 17, Lc. married Pandora, by w^hom he had
Epigenes, a Babylonianastrologer and his- Pyrrha,the wife of Deucalion. He had the cu-
torian. riosity

Pli^.
7, c. 56. to open the box which Pandora had
Epigeus, a Greek killed by Hector. brought with her. [Vid.Pandora,] and from
Epigoni, the and descendants
sons of the thence issued a train of evils, which from that
Grecian who
heroes Avere killed in the first mom.ent have never ceased to afflictthe human
Theban war. The war of the Epigoniis fa-mous race. Hope was the onlyone which remained
in ancient history.It was undertaken at the bottom of the box, not havingsuflicient
fen years after the first. The sons of those time to escape, and itisshe alone which com- forts

who had perished in the firstwar, resolved to men under misfortunes. Epimetheus
uvenge the death of their fathers, and march-
ed was changed into a monkey by the gods,and
against Thebes, under the command of sent into the island of Pithacusa. Apollod. |1,
Thersander :accordingto others, of Alc- c. 2 and l."Hygin. fab. Hesiod. Theog.[Vid.
or, "

ma3on, the son Amphiaraus. The Argives Prometheus.]

of
were assisted by the Corinthians,the peopleof EpiMETHis, a patronymic of Pyrrha, the
Messenia, Arcadia, and Megara. The The- daughterof Epimetheus. Oiid. Met. 1,v. 390.
bans had engaged all their neighbours in their Epiuchus, a son of Lycurgus,who receiv-
ed
quarrel, as in one common cause, and the two divine honours in Arcadia.
hostile armies met and engaged on the banks EpiuxE, the wife of ili^sculapius.
Paus. 2
of the Glissas. The fightwas obstinate and c. 29.
 EQ ER
Epiphanea, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, EQUOTUxicb'M, now Castel Franco, a tle
lit-
now
PUn.
Surpendkar. 5, c. 27."Cic. adFam. town of Apulia,to which, as some sup-
pose,
Another of Syriaon the Eupra- Horace alludes in this verse, 1 Sat. 5,
15, ep. 4.
tes. PUn. 6, c. 24. V. 87.
Epiphanes, (illustrious,)
a surname givento "Mansuri appidulo,versu quod dicere non
the Antiochus's,kingsof Syria. A surname est."
of one of the Ptolemies,the fifthof the house Eracon, an oflScer of Alexander, impri-
soned
of the Lagidae.Slrab. 17. for his craelty. Curt. 10.
Epiphanius, a bishop of Salamis, who ERiEA, a cityof Greece, destroyedin the
was active in refuting the writingsof Origen; age of Strabo, 3.
but his compositions are more vahiable for the Erana, a small villageof Cilicia on mount
fragmentsv.hich they preserve than for their Amanus. Cic. Fam. 15, ep. 4.
own intrinsic merit. The only edition is by Erasenus, a river of Pehaponnesus,flow-
ing
Dionys.Petavkis,2 vols. Paris, 1622. The for a littlespace under the ground in Ar-
bishopdied A. D. 403. golis. Ovid. Met. 15,v. 275." Plin. 2, c. 13.
EpiPOL^ffi,a district of Syracuse,on the Erasippus, a son of Hercules and Lysippe.
north side, surrounded by a wall,by Diony- Erasistratus, a celebrated physician,
sius,who, to completethe work expeditiously, grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. He
employed60;000 men upon it,so that in 30 discovered by the motion of the pulsethe love
days he finished a wall 4 1-4 miles long,and which Antiochus had conceived for his mo- ther-in-law

of great heightand thickness. Stratonice, and was rewarded

Epirus, a country situate between donia, with 100 talents for the cure
Mace- by the father of
Achaia, and the Ionian It was merly Antiochus.
for- sea. He was a great enemy to bleed-
ing
governedby kings,of whom Neopto- and violent physic. He died B. C. 267.
lemus, son of Achilles,was on*' of the first. Val. Max. 5, c. 7. Plut. in Demetr. "

It was afterwards joinedto the empire of Ma- cedonia, Erato, one of the Muses, who presided
and at last became a part of the Ro-
man over tender,and amorous
lyiic, poetry. She
dominions. It is now called Laria. Strab. is representedas crowned with ro^es and
'7." Mela, 2, c. 3."PtoL 3, c. 14." Plin. 4, c. myrtle,holdingin her righthand a lyre,and
l."rirg.G. 3, V. 121. a lute in her left,musical instruments of
Epistrophus, a son of Iphitusking of which she is considered by
the in- some as

Phoci3,who went to the Trojanwar. Homer. II ventress. her

Love is sometimes placed by
Epitades, a man who firstviolated a law side holding a lightedflambeau, while she
"f Lycurgus,which forbade laws to be made, herself appears with a thoughtful, but oftener
Plut. hi Agid. with a gay and animated look. She was voked
in-
Epitus. Vid. Epytus. by lovers, especially in the month of
EpiuM, a town of Pelopohnesuson the bor- ders April, which, among the Romans, v/as more
of Arcadia. particularly devoted to love. Apollod.10. "

Epuna, a beautifulgirl, itis said,of Virg.JEn. 7, v. SI." Ovid, de Art. Am.

the fruit, 2, v.
a man's union with a mare. 425. One of the Nereides. Apollod.1, c.
Epopeus, a son of Neptime and Canace, 2. One of the Dryades,wife of Areas,king
who came from Thessalyto Sicyon,and carri-ed of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 4. One of the Da-
away Antiope,daughter of Nycteusking naides who married Bromius. A queen of
of Thebes. This rape was follov/ed by a war, the Armenians, after the death of Ariobar-
in which Nycteus and Epoj)euswere both kil-
led. zancs, "-C. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4.
Pans. 2, c. "."Apcllod.1, c. 7, he. Eratosthenes, son of Agalus,was a na-
tive

A son of Aloeus, grandsonto Phcebus. of Cyrene,and the second intro' "d with
He reigned at Corinth. Paus. 2, c. 1 and 3. the care of the Alexandrian librijy.H"
One of the Tyrrhene sailors,who dedicated his time to grammatical criticism
tempted
at-
to abuse Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, v.
more and but
philosophy,
particularly to poe-
try
619. mathematics. He and
has been called
Eporedorix, a powerfulperson among a second
Plato, the cosmographer,and the
the iEdui, who commanded his couutryraen geometer of the world. He is supposedto be
in their war againstthe Sequani. C(zs.Bell. the inventor of the armillarysphere. With
G.7,c. 67. the instruments with which the muiyficence of
Epulo, a Rutulian killedby Achates. Virg.the Ptolemies suppliedthe library of Alexan-
dria,
JEn. 12, V. 459. -
he was enabled to measure the obliquity
Epvtides, a patronymic givento Periphasof the ecliptic, which he called 20 1-2 degrees.
the son of Epytus,and the companion of As- He also measured a degreeof the meridian,

canius. Virg.JEn. 5, v. "47. and determined the extent and circumference

Eprius, a king of Alba. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. of the earth with great exactness, by means
44. A king of Arcadia. A kingof Mes- adoptedby the moderns. He starved him-
self
of the family of the Heraclidae. The after he had lived to his 82d B. C.
senia, year,
father of a herald in the Trojan 194. Some few fragmentsremain of his
Periphus, war.

Homer. II. 17. compositions.He collectedthe annals of the

Equajusta, a town of Thessaly. Egyptiankingsby order of one of the Ptole-
mies.
Equicolus,Rutulian engaged in the wars
a
'Cic. ad Attic. 2, ep. 6. Varro de
of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 684. R. R. 1, c. 2.

Equiria, festivals established at Rome by Eratostratus, an Ephesian, who burnt

the famous temple of Diana, the same night
Romulus, in honour of Mars, when horse ra- ces

and games were exhibited in the Campus that Alexander the Great was born. This
Martius. Varro de L. L. 5, c, 3.~ Ovid. Fast. burning, as some writers have observed,was
2, V. 859. not prevented
or seen oifthe
by the goddess
 ER ER
place, who was then presentat the labours of Jcules attacked his servants,who came to raise

Olympiag,and the birth of the con(iueror of Ithe tribute,and mutilated them, and he af-
Persia. Eratostratus did this villany merelyIterwards killed Erginus,who attemptedto
to eternize his name by so uncommon an tion. Iavenge
ac- their death by invadingBceotia with
Plat, in .^lex." ral. Max. 8, c. 14. an army. Paus. 9, c. 17. A river of
Eratus, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. Thrace. Mela, 2, c. 2. A son of Neptune.
Apollod. A king of Sicyon,who died B. C. One of the four brothers who kept the
1671. Acrocorinth,by order of Antigonus. Pa- li/ten.
Erbessus, a town of Sicily north of Agri- 6.

gentum, now Monit Bibiiio. Liv. 24, c. 30. Ekgin.vus, a man made master of the
Erchia, a small village of Attica,the birth shipArgo by the Argonauts,after the death
placeof Xenoplion. Laert. 2, c. 48. of Typhis.
Erebus, a deityof hell,son of Chaos and Eribcea, a surname of Juno. Homer. 11.
Darkness. He by whom he 5.
married INlght, The mother of Ajax Telamon. So-
had the lightand the day. The poets often pJiocl.
hell itself,
used tlieword Erebus to signify and Eribotes, a man skilled in medicine, "c.
particularly that part where dwelt the souls Orpheus.
of those who had lived a virtuous life, from Ericetes, a man of Lycaonia,killed by
whence they passed into the Elysiaufields. Messapus, iu Italy. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 749.
Cic. de Kat. D. 3, c. n." Virg. JEn. 4, v. 26. Erichtho, a Thessalian woman famous
Erechtheds, a son of Pandion 1st, was for her knowledge of poisonous
herbs and me-
dicine.

the sixth kingof Athens. He was father of Lncan. 6, v. 507. One of the
Cecrops 2d, Metion, PandoruS; and four Furies. Ovid. Hesiod. 21, v. 151. "

daughters,Creusa, Orithya, Pocris, and Ekichthonius,the fourth king of Athens,

Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war againstsprang from the seed of Vulcan, which fellup- on
Eleusis he sacriticed Othonia, called also the ground when that god attemptedto of- fer
Chthonia, to obtain a victorywhich the ora- cle violence to Minerva. He was very deform-
ed,
promisedfor such a sacriiice. In that war and had the tails of serpents instead of
he killed Euraolpus, Neptune'sson, who was legs. Minerva placedhim in a basket,which
the generalof the enemy, for which he w^as she gave to the daughtersof Cecrops,with
struck with thunder by Jupiterat Neptune'sstrictinjunctions not to examine its contents.
request.Some say that he was drowned in the Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the curiosity
sea. After death he received divine honours to open the basket,for which the goddess ished
pun-
at Athens. He reigned50 years, and died her indiscretion by making her jealous of
B. C. 1347. Accordingto some accounts, he her sister Herse. [Vid.Herse.] Erichthoii
first introduced the mysteriesof Ceres at was young when he ascended the throne of
Eleusis. Ovid. 6, v. 877." Ptfus. 2, c. 2o.~ Athens. He reigned50 years, and died B. C.
Apollod.^,c. 15. Cic. pro Sext. 21. Tusc. 1437. The invention of chariots is attributed
" "

1,c. 48." j\at. D. 3, c. 15. to him, and the manner of harnessing horses
Erechthides, a name given to the Athe-
nians, to draw them. He was made a constellation

from their king Erechtheus. Ovid. afterdeath under the neune of Bootes. Ovid,
Met. 7, v. 430. Met. 2, v. b^."Hygin. fab. 166." Apollod.
Erembi, a peopleof Arabia. 3,c. 14." Paus. 4, c. 2." Virg.G. 3, v. 113.
Eremus, a country of ^Ethiopia. A son of Dardanus who reignedin Troy,
Erenea, a villageof Megara. Pam. 1, and died 1374 B. C. after a long reign oi
c. 44. about 75 years. Apollod. 3, c. 10.
Eressa, a town of -^Eolia. Ericinium, a town of Macedonia.
Eresus, a town of Lesbos, where Theo- Ericusa, one of the Lipariisles,
now

phrastuswas born. Alicudi.

Eretria, a the Euripus, Eridands, one of the largest
cityof Euboea on rivers of Italy,
ancientlycalled Melantis aud .irotria. It rising in the Alj)s
and falling into the Adriatic
WEis destroyed by the Persians,and the ruins by several mouths ; now called the Po. It
were hardlyvisible in the age of Strabo. It was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades,
received its name from Eretrius,a son of the sisters of Phaeton, were changed into
Phaeton. Pans. 7, c. 8, kc."Mela, 2, c. 7." poplars, accordingto Ovid. Virgil callsit the
Plin.4,c. 12." C. JVep.in Mill. 4. kingof all rivers,and Lucan compares it to
Eretum, a town of the Sabines near the the Rhino and Danube. An Eridanus is men-
tioned

Tiber, whence came the adjectiveEretinus. in heaven. Cic. in Aral. 145. " Clau-
Virg.JE"-. 7, V. lU."TibulL 4, el.S, v. 4. dian de Cons. Hon. 6, v. 175. " Ovid. Met.
Ereuthalion, a man killed by Nestor 2, fab. 3. Paus. 1, c. 3. SlraJ).5. Lucan.
"
" "

in a war between the Pyliansand Arcadians. 2, V. 409." Virg.G. 1,v. 482." JEn. 6, v. 659.
Homer. II. Erigone, a daughterof Icarius,who hung
Ergane, a river whose waters intoxicate herselfwlien she heard tliat her father had
as wine. A surname of Minerva. Paus. 5, been killed by some shepherdswhom he had
c. 14. intoxicated. She was made a constellation,
Ergenxa, a celebrated soothsayer of Etru- now known under the name of Virgo. Bac-
chus
ria. Pers. 2. v. 26. deceived her by changing himself into
EuciAS, a Rhodian, who wrote an history of a beautiful grape. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4." "

his country. Stat. 11. Theh.v. 644." Virg.G. 1, v. 33."

Erginus, a king of Orchomenos, son of Apollod. 3, c. 14" Hygin.fab. 1 and 24. A
Clymeims. He obligedthe Thebans to pay daughterof J^gistiius and Clytemnestra, wh"
him a yearlytribute of 100 oxen, because his had by her brother Orestes,Penthilus,who
father had been killed by a Theban. Her- shared thr regalpower with TimasemiS) lUe
35
 ER ER
son of Orestes and Hermione. Paus. ErocHus, a townof Phocis. Paus. 10,c. 8.
legitimate
2,c. \S."Paterc. 1,c. 1. Eropcs, or^'EROPAS,a king of Macedonia,
Erigoneius, a name appliedto the Dog- who when in the cradle succeeded his fa-
ther
star, because lookingtowards Erigone,he. Philip1st,B. C. 602. He made war
Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 723. againstthe Illyrians, whom he conquered.
Erigunus, a river of Thrace. A pain-
ter. Justin. 7, c. 2.
Plin. 35, c. 11. Eros, a servant of whom Antony demand-
ed
Erigvus, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander's a sword to kill himself Eros produced
officers. Curt. 6, c. 4. the instrument, but instead of givingit to his
Erillus, a philosopher of Carthage, con-
temporary master, he killed himself in his presence.
with Zeno. Diog. Plut. in Anton. A comedian. Cic. pro
Erindes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Rose. 2. A son of Chronos or Saturn,god
Tacit.Ann. ll,c. 16. of love. Vid. Cupido.
Erinna, a poetessof Lesbos, intimate with Erostratus. Vid. Eratostratus.
Sappho. Plin. 34 c. 8. Erotia, a festivalin honour of Eros the
Erinnys, the Greek name of the Eurae- god of love. It was celebrated by the Thes-
pians
nides. The word signifies the fury of the every fifthyear with sportsand games,
mind, "e"; vou?. [Vid.Eumenides,] Virg.JEn. when musicians and others contended. If any
2, V. 337." " A surname of Ceres,on account quarrelsor seditions had arisen among the
of her amour with Neptune under the form of people,it was then usual to oflfersacrifices
ahorse. Paus. 8, c. 25 and 42. and prayers to the god,that he would totally
Eriopis, a daughterof Medea. Paus. remove them.
2, c. 3. Errvca, a town of the Volsci in Italy.
Eriphanis, a Greek woman famous for Erse, a daughterof Cecrops. Vid. Herse.
her poetical compositions.She was extreme- ly Erxias, a man who wrote an historyof
fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy Colophon. He is perhapsthe same as the per-
son
his company she accustomed herself to live in who wrote an history of Rhodes.
the woods. Aihen. H. Eryalus, a Trojanchief,killed by Patro-
Eriphidas, a Lacedaemonian, who beingclus. Hoin.IL 16, v.41h
sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assem- bled Erymas, a Trojankilled by Turnus. Virg.
the people,and beheaded 500 of the ring-
leaders.JEn. 9, V. 702.
Diod. 14. Erybium, a town at the foot of mount Par- nassus.
Eriphyle, a sister of Adrastus king of
Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was Erycina, a surname of Venus from mount
daughterof Talaus and Lysimache. When Erj^x, where she \\"\Aa temple. She was also
her husband concealed himself that he might worshipped at Rome under this appTellation.
not accompany the Argives in their expeditionOvid. Fast. 4, v. 814." Horat. 1. Od. 2, v. 33.
againstThebes, where he knew he was to per- ish, Erymanthis, a surname of Callisto,as an
Eriphylesuffered herself to be bribed by inhabitant of Erymanthus. Arcadia is also
Polyniceswith a goldennecklace which had known by that name.
been formerly givento Hei-mione by the god- dess Erymanthus, a mountain, river,and town
Venus, and she discovered where of Arcadia, where
phiaraus
Am- Hercules killed a pro- digious
was. This treacheryof Eriphyle boar, which he carried on his shoul- ders
compelledhim to go to the war ; but before he to Eurystheus,who was so terrified
departed, he charged his son Alcmaeon to mur-
der at the sight, that he hid himself In a brazen ves- sel.

his mother as soon as he was informed of Paus. 8, c. 24.----Virg. ACn. 6, v. 802."

his death. Amphiaraus- perishedin the expe-dition, Plin. 4, c. 6." Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 8, 1.4, c. 22."
and his death was no sooner known than Ovid. Met. 2, v. 499.
his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle Erymn^, a town of Thessaly. Paus. 8, c.
was murdered by the hands of her son. Virg.24. "
rOf Magnesia.
JEn. 6, V. 445. " Homer. Od. 11. Cic.in Verr.
"

Erymneus, a Peripatetic philosopher who

4, c. 18." Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1.3, c.6 and T."Hy- flourished B. C. 126.
gin.faX). 73. Paus. 5, c. 17.
"
EuYMUs, a huntsman of Cyzicus.
Eris, the goddess of discord among the Ervthea, an island between Gades and
Greeks. She is the same as the Discocdia of Spain, where Gerjon reigned. Plin. 4, c.
the Latins. Vid. Discordia. 22." Mela, 3, c. 6."Propert. 4, el. 10, v. 1."
Erisicthon, a Thessalian,son of Triops,Sil. 16,V. 195." Olid. Fast. 5, v. 649. A
who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. dangiiter of Geryon. Paus. 10, c. 37.
This impietyirritated the goddess,who flictedErythini, a town
af- of Paphlagonia.
him with continual hunger. He squan- dered Ervtur^, a town of Ionia,opposite Chios,
allhis possessions to gratify the cravingsonce the residence of a Sibyl. It was built by
of his appetite, and at lasthe devoured his own Neleus,the son of Codrus. Paiis. 10, c. 12.
limbs for want of food. His daughterMetra "Liv. 4^, c. 28, 1. 38, c. 39 A town of
had the power of transforming herself into Bceotia. Id.6,c. 21. One hi Libya,
whatever animal she pleased, and she made another in Locris.
use of that artificeto maintain her father, who Ervthr^el'm mare, a part of the ocean
sold her, after which she assumed another on the coast of Arabia. As it has a commu-nication

ghapeand became againhis property. Oind. withthe Persian gulf, and that of Ara- bia
Met. fab. 18. or the Red Sea, it has often been mistaken
EuiTHiJs,a eon of Actor, killed by Per- seus. by ancient writers,who by the word Ery-
Ovid. Met. 5. threan, understood indiscriminately either the
Ekixo, a Roman knight condemned by the Red Sea or the Persian gulf It received this
peoplefor having whippedhis son to death. name either from Erythras,or from \\\ered-
ii:encc,1,da Clem. 14.
 ET ET
ness{"e"3^e!"?,
ruber)of itssand or waters. Curt. giveup the crown to his brother accordingto
S, c. 9."Plin. 6, c. 23." Herodot. 1,c. 180 andtheir mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving
189,L 3, c. 93, 1.4,c. 37." Mela, 3, c. 8. to punish such an open violation of a solemn
Erythras, a son of Hercules. Apollod.engagement, went to implorethe assistance of
A sonof Perseus and Andromeda, drown-
ed Adrastus,king of Argos. He received that
in the Red Sea, which from him was called king's daughterin marriage,and was soon af- ter
Erylhrczum. Arrian. Ind. 6, c. 19. Mela, 3. assisted with a strongarmy, headed by sev-
"
en
c. 7. famous generals.These hostile prepara-
tions
Erythrion, a son of Athamas and The- were watched by Eteocles,who on his
mistone. Apollod. part did not remain inactive. He chose seven
Erythros, a placeof Latium. brave chiefs to oppose tiie seven leaders of the
Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, who rely-
ing Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates
upon his strength, challengedall strangers of the city. He placed himself againsthis
to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. brother Polynices, and he opposedMenalippus
Hercules acceptedhis challengeaftermany to Tydeus,Polyphontesto Capaneus,Mega-
had yielded to his superior and reus to Eteoclus,Hyperbiusto Parthenopaeus,
dexterity,
Eryx was killedin the combat, and buried on and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood
the mountain, where he had built a
templeto was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes,
Venus. Virg.JEn. 5, v. 402. led and it was at lastagreedbetween the two broth-
An Indian kil- ers
by his subjects for opposingAlexander,kc. that the war should be decided by single
Curt. 8, c. 11. A mountain of Sicily, now combat. They both fellin an engagement con- ducted
Giuliano near Drepanum, which received its with the most inveterate furyon either
name from Eryx,who was buried there. This side,and it is even said that the ashes of these
mountain was so steepthat the houses which two brothers, who had been so inimical one to
were builtupon itseemed every moment dy
rea- the other,separated themselves on the burn-
ing
to fall. Dasdalus had enlarged
the top,and pile,as if even afterdeath,sensible of re-sentment,
enclosed it with a strongwall. He also conse-
crated and hostile to reconciliation. Stat.
there to Venus Erycinaa goldenheifer,Theh." Apollod.3, c. 5, hc."JEschyl.Sept.
which so much resembled life,
that it seemed atUe Theb. Eurip in JPhcenis. Pans. 5, c. "
"

to exceed the power of art. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 9, 1. 9, c. 6. A Greek, the firstwho raised
478." Hi/gm.tab. 16 and 260." Lu'. 22, c. 9." altars to the Graces. Paus.
Mela, 2, c. 7."Paus. 3, c. 16. Eteoclus, one of the seven chiefs of the
Eryxo, the mother of Battus,who artfully army of Adrastus, in his expedition against
_

killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his disin-
terestedness
Herodot. 4, c. 160. and mananimity. He was killed
EsERNus, a famous gladiator.Cic. by Megareus, the son of Creon, under the
EsQ,uiLi.gE,and Esquilinus mons, one of walls of Thebes. Eurip. Apollod.3, c. 6. "

the seven hills of Rome, which was joined A son of Iphis.

to the cityby king Tullus. Birds of prey ExEocRETiE, an ancient peopleof Crete.
generally came to devour the dead bodies of Eteones, a town of Bceotia on the Asopus.
criminals who had been executed there, and Stat. Theb. 7, v. 266.
thencp they w*ere called Esquilbvzalites. Eteokeus, an officer at the court of Mene-
Liv,2,c. U."Horat.5, epod. v. 100." Tacit. laus,when Telemachus visited Sparta. He
Ann. 2, c. 32. was son of Boethus. Homer. Od. 4, v. 22.
EssENDONJES, a people of Asia, above the Eteonicus, a Lacedaemonian general, who,
Palus Ma30tis,who eat the flesh of their pa- upon hearing that Callicratidas was ed
conquer-
rents
mixed with that of cattle. They gilded at Arginusse, ordered the njessengers of
the head and kept it as sacred. Mela, 2, c. 1. this news to be crowned, and to enter Mity-
" Plin. 4, c. 12. lene in triumph. This so terrified Conon,
Essui, a peopleof Gaul. who besieged the town, that he concluded that

^
EsTiiEoTis,
a district of Thessaly,
on the the enemy had obtained some advantageous
river Peneus. victory, and he raised the siege. Diod. 13. "

EsuLA, a town of Italy,

near Tibur. Horat. 1.
Polycen.
3, Od. 29, V. 6. northern winds
Etesi.", periodical of a

EsTiAiA, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of gentleand mild nature, very common for five
which it was unlawful to carry away thing or six weeks in the months of springand au-
tumn.
any
or communicate it to any body. Lucret. 5, v. 741.
Etearchus, a king of Oaxus in Crete. Ethalion, one of the Terrhene sailors
After the death of his wife,he married a wo-
man changedinto dolphuisfor carryingaway Bac-
chus.
who made herselfodious for her tyranny O^nd. Met. 3, V. 647.
over her step-daughter
Phronima.
Etearchus Etheleum, a river of Asia,the boundaryof
i^ave all the accusations which
ear to were Troas and Mysia. Slrab.
broughtagainst his daughter, and ordered her Ethoda, a daughter of Amphion and
to be thrown into the sea. led Niobe.
She had a son cal-
Battus,who led a colonyto Cyrene. He- rodot. Ethemo.n, a person killed at the marriage
4, c. 154. of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 163.
Eteocx.es,a son of CEdipusand Jocasta. Etias, a daughterof .apneas. Paus. 3,
After his fathers death,it was agreedbetv.enn c. 22.
him and his brother Polynices, timt theyshould ETrs, a town of Peloponnesus. Id.ib.
Itoth share the royalty, and reignalternately EtrCria. Vid. Hetruria.
each a year. Eteocles by rightof seniority Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, fa-
firstascended the throne, but after the first inous for their superstitions and enchantments
year of hi? reignwas expired,he reftised to i^id.Hetruria. Cic. ad. fom. 6, ep. 0." I"r
2, c. 34.
 EV EU
Etylus, the father of Theocles. Id. 6, altars. He gave .^neas tb"
assistanceagainst
". 19. himself by his hos-
Rutuli,and distinguished pitality.
daughterof Iphisor Iphicles
EvADNE, a of It is said that he first broughtthe
Argos,who slightedthe addresses of Apollo, Greek alphabetinto Italy,and introduced
and married Capaneus one of the seven chiefs there the worshipof the Greek deities. He
who went againstThebes. When her hus-
band was honoured as a god after death by his sub-
jects,
had been struck with thunder by Jupi-
ter who raised him an altar on mount Aven-
for his blasphemies and impiety,and his tine. Paus. 8, c. 43." Liu. 1, c. I."Iial.l,
ashes had been separated from those of the V. 18. Dionys.Hal. 1, c. 7. "
Ovid. Fast. 1, "

rest of the Argives,she threw herself on his v. 500, 1. V. 9\." Virg.JEn. 8, v 100, he.
burningpileand perishedin the flames. Virg.A philosopher of the second academy, who
JEn. 6, V. 44T."Propert.1, el. 15, v. 21. flourished B. C. 215.
"Stat. Theb. 12, v. 800. A daughterof EvANGELus, a Greek historian. A comic
the Strymon and Neaera, She married Ar-
gus, poet.
by whom she had four children, jipol- EvANGORiDES, a man of Elis,who wrote an
lod.2. account of all those who had obtained d prize
EvAGEs, a poet famous for his geniusbut at Olyraj/ia, where he himself had been victo-
rious.
not for his learning. Pans. 6, c. 8.
EvAGORAs, a king of Cyprus who retook EvATHES, a man who planteda colony in
Salamis,which bad been taken from his father Lucania at the head of some Locrians. A
by the Persians. He made war againstAr- celebrated Greek poet. An historian of Mi-
letus.
taxerxes, the king of Persia, with the assist-
ance A philosopher of Saraos. A wri-
ter
of the Egyptians, Arabians,and Tyrians, of Cyzicus. A son of (Enopion of
and obtained some advantage over the fleet of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. Paus.
his enemy. The Persians however soon paired 7, c. 4.
re-

their losses,
and Evagoras saw himself EvARCHTTs, a river of Asia Minor flowing
defeated by sea and land, and obligedto be into the Euxine on the confines of Cappadocia^
to the power
tributary of Artaxerxes, and to 102.Flac.6,Y.
be strippedof all his dominions except the native of Phrygia,
Evas, a who nied
accompa-
town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon iEneas into Italy, where he was killed by
afterthis fatal changeof fortune, by an eunuch, Mezentius. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 702.
374 B. C. He left two sons, Nicoeles,who Evax, an Arabian princewho wrote to Ne- ro
succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived concerningjewels,".C. P/m. 25, c. 2.
his nephew Evagoras of his possessions goras
Eva- EuBAGES, certain priests held in greatvene-
ration

deserves to be commended for his sobri-

ety, among the Gauls and Britons. Vid.
moderation, and magnanimity,and if he Druida;.
was guilty of any political error in the manage-
ment EuBATAS, an athlete of Cyrene, whom tht
of his kingdom, it may be said that his courtezan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce
love of equitywas a full compensation. His Paus. Eliac. 1.
grandsonbore the same name, and succeeded EuEius, an obscene writer,".c. Ovid. Tri^t.
his father Nicoeles. He showed himself op' 2, V. 415.
pressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advan-
tage EuBCEA, the largest island in the .^Egean
of his unpopularity to deprivehim of his sea after Crete,now called Negropont. It is
power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, separated from the continent of Bceotia, by the
who gave him a government more extensive narrow stcaits of the Euripus,and was ciently
an-
than that of Cyprus,but his oppression ren-
dered known by the different names of Ma-
him odious,and he was accused before cris,Oche, Ellopia,Chalcis,Mantis, j9sopis.
his benefactor,and by his orders put to death. It is 150 miles long,37 broad in its most ex- tensive
C. Mp. 12,c. %"Diod. \A."Paus. 1, c. 3." parts,and 365 in circumference. The
Jusiin. 5, c. 6. A man of Ells who obtained principal town was Chalcis,and itwas reported
a prizeat the Olympian Paus. 5, c. that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island
games.
8. A Spartanfamous for his services to the had been formerly joinedto the continent. Eu-
peopleof Elis. Id. 6, c. 10. A son of Ne- boea was subjectto the power of the Greeks ;
leus and Chloris. Jipollod. 1, c. 9. A son some of itscities, however, remained for some
of Priam. Id. 3, c. 12. A king of Rhodes. time independent. Plin.4, c. 12. Strab. 10. "

An historian of Lindos. Another of Ovid. Met. 14,v. 155.

" One of the three
Thasos, whose works proved sei-viceable to daughters of the river AsterioH,who was one
Plinyin the completionof his natural history.of the nurses of Juno. Paus. 2, c. 17. One
P/m. 10. of Mercury's mistresses. A daughter of
EvAGORE, one of th j Nereides. Apollod. Thespius. .Apollod. 2. A town of Sicily
^
Evan, a surname c Bacchus, which he near Hybla.
received from the wild ejaculation of Evmi ! Euisoicus, belonging to Eubcea. The epi-
thet
Evan .' by his priestesses. Ovul. Met. 4, v. 15. is also appliedto the country of Cuma?,
"
Virg.Jtln.r",V. 517. because that citywas built by a colony from
EvANDER, a son of the prophetessCai*- Chalcis,a town of Eubcea. Ovid. Fast. 4, v.
mente,kingof Arcadia. An accidental mur-
der ^dT." Virg.JEn. 6, v. 2, 1.9, v. 710.
obligedhim to leave iiiscountry, and he EuBOTE, a daughterof Thespius. Apollod.
came to Italy,where he drove the Aborigines EuBOTEs, a son of Hercules. Id. 2.
from their ancient possessions,and reignedin EubiJle, an Athenian virgin,daughterof
that part of the country where Rome was af- Leon, sacrificed with her sister,by order of
J terwards founded. He kindlyreceived Her-
cules the oracle of Delphi,for the safety of her
wlien he returned from the conquest of country, which laboured under a famine
Geiyon; and he was the iirstwho raised him ^Elia7i.V. II. 12,c. 18.
 EU EV
EuBULiDES, philosopher
a of Miletus,pupil of Drusus, he. Tacit, .inn. 4, c. 3. -An
and successor Demosthenes
to Euclid. was orator of Megalopolis, preceptorto Philopce-
one and by his advice and encou-
of his pupils, ragement men. An historian of Naxos.
to perseverance he was enabled to EuDociA, the wife of the emperor Theodo-
conquer the difficulty he felt in pronouncing sius the younger, who gave the publicsome
the letter R. He severelyattacked the doc- trines compositions.She died A. D. 460.
of Aristotle. I"wg. An historian EuDociMus, a man who appeaseda mutiny
who wrote an account of Socrates,and of among some soldiers by telling them that an
Diogenes. Laertius. A famous statuaryof hostile army was in sight.Polyaen.
Athens. Pans. 8, c. 14. EuDoRUA, one of the Nereides. One of
EuBiJLDS,
an Athenian orator, rival to De- the Atlantides.
mosthenes.
A comic poet. An historian EuDuRus, a son of Mercury and Polimela,
who wrote a voluminous account of Mithra:^. who went to the Trojan war with Achilles,
A philosopher of Alexandria. Homer. II. 16.
AucERUS, a man of Alexandria accused of EuDoxi Specula, a placein Egypt.
adulterywith OctaWa, that Nero might have EuDoxiA, the wife of Arcadius,he A
occasion to divorce her. Tacit. Ann. 14,c. 60. daughter of Theodosius the
younger, who
EucHENOR, a son of iEgyptusand Arabia. married the emperor Maximus, and invited
ApoUod. Genseric the Vandal over into Italy.
EucHiDES, an Athenian who went to Delphi EuDoxus, a son of ^schines of Cnidus,
and returned the same day,a journeyof about who distinguished himself by his of knowledge
107 miles. The objectof his journeywas to astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was
obtain some sacred fire. the first who regulatedthe year among the
EucLiDEs, native of Megara, disciple
a of Greeks, among whom he firstbroughtfrom
Socrates,B. C. 404. When the Athenians had Egypt the celestial sphereand regularastrono-
my.
forbidden allthe peopleof Megara on pain of He spent a great part of his life on the
death to enter their city,Euclides disguisedtop of a mountain, to studythe motion of the
himself in women's clothes to introduce self stars, by whose
him- appearance he pretendedto
into the presence of Socrates. Diog.in foretellthe events of futurity. He died in his
Socrate. A mathematician of Alexandria, 53d year, B. C. 352. Lucan. 10, v. 187."
who flourished 300 B. C. He dlstingubhedDiog. Pefroti. 88. A native of Cyzicus,
"

himself by his writings on music and geome-

try, who sailed all round the coast of Africa from
but particularly by 15 books on the ele- ments the Red Sea, and entered the Mediterranean
of mathematics, which consist of prob-
lems by the columns of Hercules. A Sicilian,
and theorems with demonstrations. This son of Agathocles. A physician.Diog.
work has been
greatly mutilated by commen-
tators. EvELTHON, a king of Salamis in Cyprus.
Euclid
was so respectedin his life-time, EcEMERiDAS, an historian of Cnidus,
that king Ptolemy became one of his EvEMERUs, an ancient historian of Mess*-
pupils.Euclid established a school at Alexan-
dria, nia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled
which became so famous, that from his over Greece and Arabia,and wrote an history
age to the time of the Saracen conquest,no of the gods, in which he proved that they all
mathematician was found but what had studied had been upon earth,as mere mortal men.
at Alexandria. respected
He that Pla-
was to,
so Ennius translated itinto Latin. It is now lost.
himself a mathematician,beingasked con- cerning EvENOR, a painter,father to Parrhasius.
the buildingof an altar at Athens, re-ferredPlin. 35, c. 9.
his inquiriesto the mathematician of EvENus, an elegiacpoet of Paros. A
Alexandria. The latest edition of Euclid's river runningthroughiEtolia, and falling into
writingsis that of Gregoiv,fol. Oson. 1703. the Ionian sea. Itreceives itsname from Eve-
Val. Max. 8, c. 12." C/c. deOrat. 3, c. 72. nus, son of Mars and Sterope, who beinguna- ble

EucLus, a prophet of Cyprus, who told

fore- to overcome Idas,who had promisedhim
the birth and greatnessof the poet Ho- mer, his daughterMarpessain marriage, if he sur-
passed

accordingto some traditions. Paus. 10, him in running,grew so desperate,

c. 12. that he threw himself into the river,which
EccRATE, of the Nereides.
one Apollod.afterwards bore his name. Ovid. Met. 9, v.
EucRixES, the father of Procles the histo-
rian. 104. Sttab. 7. A son of Jason and Hyp-
"

Paus. 2, c. 21. sipyle,queen of Lemnos. Homer. II.7,v. 467.

EccRiTus. Vld. Evephenus. Evephenus, a Pythagorean philosopher,
EtcTEMOx, a Greek of Cumaj, exposed to whom Dionysiuscondemned to death because
greatbarbarities. Curl. 5, c. 5. An astro-
nomer he had alienated the people of Metapontum
who flourished B. C. 431. from his power. The philosopherbegged
EucRESFi, a peopleof Peloponnesus. leave of the tyrantto go and marry his sister,
EuD.E.Mox, a generalof
Alexander. and promisedto return in six months. sius
Diony-
EcDAMiDAS, a son of Archidamus 4th, consented by receivingEucritus, who
brother to Agis 4tb. He succeeded on tlie pledged himself to die if Evephenus did not
Spartanthrone, after his brother's death, B. return in time. Evephenus returned at the
C. 330. Paus. 3, c. 10. A son of Archida-
mus, appointed moment, to the astonishment of
kingof Sparta, who succeeded B. C. 268. Dionysius,and delivered his friend Eucritus
The commander of a garrison stationed from tiic death which threatened him. The
at TrcEzene by Cralprus. tyrantwas so pleasedwith lliese two friends,
El'damus, a son of Agesilaus
of the Hcrac- that iie pardonedEvephenus, and begged to
lidae. He s'lcceeded his father. A learned shai'etheir friendship
and conrKleiice./*o/^ie/".5.
naturalist and philosoi)her. EvERES, a son of Peteralaus, the only one
EcDEMUs, the physicianof Livia,. the wiff of his familywho did not peri?hin a battle
 EU EU
against Electryon. Jlpollod. 2. A son of of Corinth,B. C. 750, of which a small frag^-
Hercules and Parthenope. The father of ment is stillextant. Paus. 2, c. 1. A king
Tiresias. "pollod. of the Cimmerian Bosphorus,who died B. C.
EvERGETiE, a peopleof Scythia, called also 304.
Erimaspi. Curt. 7, c. 3. EuMENEs, a Greek officer in the army of
EvERGETES, a suiviame signifyingtor
benefac- Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the
to Philip of Macedonia, and to An- most worthy of all the officers of Alexander
, given

tigonusDoson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was to succeed afterthe death of his master. He
also commonly givento the kingsof Syriaand conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia,of
Pontus, and we often see among the former an which he obtained the government, tillthe
Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a power and jealousyof Antigonusobliged him
Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman to retire. He joined his forces to those of
emperors also claimed that epithet, so expres-
sive Perdiccas,and defeated Craterus and Neop-
of benevolence and humanity. tolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands
EvESPERiDEs, apeopleofAfrica. Herodoi: of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed
4, c. 171. duringthe war, his remains received an hon- ourable
EuGANEi, a peopleof Italyon the borders funeral from the hand of the conquer-
or
of the Adriatic,who, upon beingexpelled by ; and Eumenes, after weeping over the
the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. ashes of a man who once was his dearest
Sil. 8, v. G04."Liv. I,c. 1. friend, sent his remains to his relations in
EuGEON, an ancient historian before the Macedonia. Eumenes foughtagainstAnti-
Peloponnesian
war. paterand conqueredhim, and after the death
EuGENius, an usurper of the imperial title of Perdiccas,his ally,
his arms directed
were

afterthe death of Valentinian the 2d,A. D. 392. againstAntigonus,by whom he was quered,
con-

EuHEMERUs. Vid. Evemerus. chieflyby the treacherous conduct of

EuHYDRUM, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, his officers. This fatal battle obligedhim to
e.13. disband the greatestpart of his army to se-
cure

EuHYUs and Evius, a surname of Bacchus, himself a retreat, and he fled with only
givenhim in the war of the giantsagainst Ju- 700 faithfulattendants to Nora, a fortified
piter.
Horat. 2, Od. 11, v. 17. place on the confines of Cappadocia,where
EviPPE, one of the Danaides who married he was soon besiegedby the conqueror. He
and murdered Imbras. Another.
" ." Apollod.supportedthe siegefor a year with courage
2, c. 1. The mother of the Pierides,who and resolution,but some disadvantageous
were changed into magpies. Ovid. Met. 5, skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers,
V. 303. grown desperate, and bribed by the oflfersof
Evippus, a son of Thestius, kingof Pleu- the enemy, had the infidelity to betray hira
pon, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror,
of the Calydonianboar. Apollod. 1,c. 7. from shame or remorse, had not the courage
A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Homer. II. 16, to visit Eumenes ; but when he was asked by
V. 417. his in what
officers, manner he wished him to
EuLiMENE, one of the Nereides. kept,he answered, Keep him as carefully
be
EuAtachius, a Campanian who wrote an as you would keep a lion. This severe com-
mand

history of Annibal. was obeyed ; but the asperityof Anti-

gonus
Eum^eus, a herdsman and steward of Ulys-
ses, vanished in a few days,and Eumenes,
who knew his master at his return home delivered from the weightof chains,was mitted
per-
from the Trojan war after 20 years absence, to enjoy the company of his friends.
and assisted him in removing Penelope's ors. Even
suit- Antigonushesitated whether he shoidd
He was originally the son of the kingof not restore to his liberty a man with whom he
Scyros,and upon being carried away by pi- had lived in the greatestintimacywhile both
rates,
he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who were subservient to the command of Alex-
ander,
rewarded his fidelitv and services. Homer. and these secret emotions of pity and
Od. 13, V. 403, 1. 14', V. 3, 1. 15,v. 288, 1. 16 humanity were not a littleincreased by the
and 17. petitionsof his son Demetrius for the release
EuMEDEs, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition pre-
vailed
came to Italy with iEneas, where he was ed
kill- ; and when Antigonusrecollected what
by Turnus. Virg.^n. 12,V. MQ."Ovid. active enemy
an he had in his power, he or-
dered

Trist. 3,el. 4, v. 27. Eumenes to be put to death in the prison ;

EuMELis, a famous augur. Stat. 4. Sylv.8, (thoughsome imaginehe was murdered with- out
r. 49. the knowledge of his conqueror.) His
EuMELTJS,a son of Admetus, kingof Pherai bloody commands were executed B. C. 315.
in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, Such was the end of a man who raised himself
and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian to power by merit alone. His skillin public
army. "He distinguished himself in the games exercises firstrecommended him to the notice
made in honour of Patroclus. Homer. II. 2 of Philip, and under Alexander his attachment
and 23. A man whose daughterwas ged
chan- and fidelity to the royalperson, and particu-
larly
into a bird. Ovid. Met. 7, c. 390. A his military accomplishments, promoted
man contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom him to the rank of a general. Even his ene- mies

he learned the art of agriculture. Pans. 7, revered him ; and Antigonus, by whose
c. 18. One of the followers of ^neas, who orders he perished, honoured his remains with
first informed his friends that his fleet had a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to
been set on fire by the Trojan women. Virg.his wife and family in Cappadocia.It has been
.fEn. 5, V. G65. One of the Bacchiadae,who observed that Eumenes had such an universal
wrote, among other a poetical
thing?; influence
history over the successors of Alexander,
 EU EU
that none duringhis lifetime dared to assume slon,they received after they had ceased to
the titleof king; and itdoes not a littlereflect
persecute Orestes,who in gratitude offered
to his honour, to consider that the wars he them sacrifices, and erected a temple in hon-our
carried on were not from private or interested of their divinity. Their worshipwas most
al-
motives, but for the good and welfare of his universal,and people presumed not to
deceased benefactor'schildren. Plut. S/- C.JVep.mention their names or fix their eyes upon
in Tita. Diod. 19
" Justin. 13. Curt. 10.
"

their temples.They were honoured with sac-

" "

rifices
Arian. A king of Pergamus,who ed
succeed- and libations, and in Achaia theyhad a
his uncle Phileta^rus on the throne, B. C. temple,which when
entered by any one ty
guil-
263. He made war against Antiochus the son of crime, suddenlyrendered him furious,
of Seleucus, and enlargedhis possessions by and deprived him of the use of his reason.
seizing upon many of the citiesof the kingsof In their sacrifices the votaries used
branches of
Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, cedar and of alder,hawthorn,saffron,
'

and ju-
and made war niper,
against Prusias, kingof Bithynia. and the victims were
genei-ally turtle
He was a great patron of learning, and given doves and sheep, with libationsof wine
and
much to wine. He died of escess in drinking,honey. They w-ere
after a reignof 22 years.
generally represented with
He was succeeded a grim and frightful
aspect,with a black and
by Attains. Strab. 15. The second of that bloody
gai-ment;and serpentswreathing round
name succeeded his father Attains on the their heads instead of hair.
throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom
They held a burn-
ing
torch in\)ne hand, and a whip of
was small and poor, but he rendered it
scorpions
ful
power- in the other, and were always attended by-
and opulent,and his alliance with the terror,
rage, paleness, and death. In hell
they
Romans did not a littlecontribute to the in- crease
were seated around Pluto's throne,as the
of his dominions after the victories ob- tained
ministers of his vengeance. Mschyl.in Eumen.
over Antiochus the Great. He carried "

Sopkocl. in (Edip.Col.
his arms againstPrusias and Antigonus,and EuiMENiDiA, festivalsin honour of the Eu-
died B. C. 159, after a reignof 38 yeai-s,lea%-- menides, called
by the Athenians Ti^u.** dw.,
ing the kingdom to his son Attains 2d. He has venerable (roddesses.They were celebrated
been admii-ed for his benevolence and mag-
nanimity,once every year with sacrifices of pregnant
and his love of learning greatlyen-
riched ewes, with offerings of cakes made
the famous library of Pergamus,which
by the
most eminent youths, and libationsof honey
had Been founded by his predecessors in imita-
tion and wine. At Atliens none but free-born
of the Alexandrian collection of thePtolo- citizens were admitted, such as had led a life
mies. His brothers were so attached to him, the most virtuous and unsullied. Such
and devoted to his interest,
only
that they enlisted were acceptedby the goddesses who punished
among his body guardsto show their fraternal all sorts of wickedness in a
severe manner.
fidelity. Strab. 13. Justin. 31 and 34.
"
Po-
"
EuMENius,a Trojan killed by Camilla in
lyb. A celebrated orator of Athens about Virg.Mn. 11,v. G66.
Italy^
the beginning of the fourth century. Some of EU3I0LPE, one of the Nereides.
his harangues
Apollod.
and orations are extant. An EuMOLPid:, the priests of Ceres at the cele-
bration
historicalwriter in Alexander's army. of her festivalsof Eleusis. All
causes
El MENiA, a cityof Phrygia,built by Atta- ins relating to impiety or profanation were ferred
re-
in honour of his brother Eumenes. A to their judgment, and their decisions,
cityof Thrace, of Cari.a. Ptin. 5, c. 29. though
occasionally severe, were considered
-of Hyrcaaia. as generally
impartial.
The Eumolpid"ewere
EuMENiDEs andEumenes, a man ed
mention- descended from Eumolpus, a kingof Thrace,
Ovid. 3. Trist.el. 4, v. 27. who was made priest
of Ceres by Erechtheus
EuMi.viDEs,a name givento tiie Furies by kingof Athens. He became so powerfulafter
the ancients. They sprang from the dropsof his appointment to the priesthood, that he
blood which flowed from the wound which maintained a war againstErechtheus. This
Ccelus received from his son Saturn. Accord-
ing war provedfatal to both ; Erechtheus and Eu- molpus
to others theywere daughters of the earth, were both killed,and
peace was established
re-
and conceived from the blood of Saturn.
amon^ their descendants, on dition
con-
Some make them daughters of Acheron and that the priesthood should ever remain
Night,or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and in the family of Eumolpus, and the
regalpow-
er
Terra, accordingto Sophocles, or as Epirae- in the house of Erechtheus. The priest- hood
nides reports,of Saturn and Evonyme. cording
Ac- continued in the family of Eumolpus for
to the most received opinions, they 1200 years ; and this is stillmore remarkable,
were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara,and because he who was once appointedto the
Aleclo, to w hich some add Nemesis. Plutarch holy oiiice,was obligedto remain in perpe-
tual
mentions onlyone, called Adrasta,daughter of celibacy.Paus. 2, c. 14.
Jupiter arid Necessity.They were supposed Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, son of Nep- tune
to he the ministers of the of the gods, and Chione. He thrown
vengeance was into the
and llierefore appeared stern and inexorable
; sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her
alwaysemployed in punishing the guilty
upon shame from her father. Neptune saved his
earth,as well as in tiieiiifernalregions.They life,and carried him into
j^thiopia,
where he
inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, vv as brought up by Amphitrite,
and afterwards
pestilence, and di.ssentions, and by the secret by a woman of the country, one of whose
stings of conscience ; and in hell theypunished daughters he married. An act of violence to
the guiltyby continual (lagellation and tor-
ments. hissister-in-law obliged him to leave -(i^thiopia,
They were f.lso called Furies,Erin- and he lied to Thrace w^ith his son Ismarus,
nyes, and Diroi,and the appellation of Eume- where he married the daughterof Tegyrius,
uides,which signifies benevolence and corapas- the kingof the country. This connc.\iou with
 EU EU
family,
the royal rendered him ambitious ; he pursuitof some pirates.During the absence
conspiredagainsthis father-in-law,and fled, of Ulysseshe wasone of the most importun-
ing
when the conspiracy was discovered,to Atti-
ca, lovers of Penelope. Homer. Od. 16.
where he was initiated in the mysteries of EuPHAEi, succeeded Androcles on the
Ceres of Eleusis,and made Hierophantesor throne of Messenia, and in his reignthe first
High Priest. He was afterwards reconciled to Messenian war began. He died B. C. 730.
Tegyrius,and inherited his kingdom. He Paus. 4, c. 5 and 6.
made war againstErechtheus, the king of EuPHANTus, a poet and historian of Olyn-
Athens, who had appointedhira to the office thus,son of Eubulides,and preceptorto Auti-
of highpriest, and perished in battle. His de- gonus king of Macedonia.
scendants Diod. in End.
were also invested with the priest-
hood, EuPHEMEj a woman who was nurse to the
which remained for about 1200 years in Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Patw.
that family. Vid. Eumolpidae. Apollod. 2, c. EuPHEMUs, a son of Neptune and Europa,
5, ",c. Hygin. fab. 73. JHod. 5. Paus. 2, c. who was
"
" "

among the Argonauts, and the hun-

ters
14. of the Calydonianboar. He was so swift

EuMONiDES, aTheban, "ic. Plut. and light that he could run over the sea with-
out
EunjEus, a son of Jason by Hypsipyle, scarce wettinghis feet. Pindar. Pyth 4.
daughter of Thoas. Homer. II.7. Apollod.1,c. 9. Paus. 5, c. 17.
" "
One of
EuNAPius, a physician, sophist, rian, the Greek captains
and histo- before Troy. Homer. II.2,
born at Sardis. He flourished in the V. 353.
reign of Valentinian and his successors, and EupHORBUS, a famous Trojan, son of Pan-
wrote a history of the Caesars, of which few thous, the firstwho wounded Patroclus,whom
fragmentsremain. His lifeof the philosophers Hector killed. He perishedby the hand of
of his age is stillextant. It is composed with Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple
fidelity and elegance,precision and correct-
ness. of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of
the doctrine of the metempsychosis,or trans- migration
EuNoMiA, a daughterof Juno, one of the of souls,affirmed that he had been
Horae. Apollod. once Euphorbus,and that his soul recollect-
ed
EuNOMLs, a son of Prytanes,who succeed- ed many exploits which had been done while
his father on the throne of Sparta. Paus. it animated that Trojan'sbody. As a further
2, c. 36. A famous musician of Locris,rival proofof his assertion, he showed at firstsight
to Ariston,over whom he obtained a musical the shield of Euphorbus in the templeof Juno.
prizeat Delphi. Strab. 6. A man killed by Ovid. Met. 15, v. 160." Pau^. 2, c. 17." Ho- mer.
Hersules. Jlpollod. A Thracian,who ad- vised 16 and 17. A physician of Juba, king
Demosthenes not to be discouraged by of Mauritania.
his illsuccess in his firstattempts to speak in EuPHORioK, a Greek poet of Chalcis in
public. Plut in Dcm. The father of Ly- Euboea, in the age of Antiochus the Great.
Gurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. Plut. in Tiberius took him for his model for correct
Lye. and
writing, was so fond of him that he hung
EuNus, a Syrianslave,who inflamed the his pictures
in all the publiclibraries. His fa-
ther's
minds of the servile multitude by pretended name was Polymnetus. He died in his
inspiration and enthusiasm. He filleda nut 56th year, B. C. 220. Cicero de Nat. D. 2, c.
with sulphurin his raouth, and by artfully 64, calls him Obscurum. The father of
conveyingfire to it,he breathed out flames to jEschylus bore the same name.

the astonishment of the people, who believed EupHRANOR, a famous painterand sculptor
him to be a god, or somethingmore man. of Corinth.
than hu- Plin. 34, c. 8. This name was
Oppressionand miserycompelled2000 common to many Greeks.
slaves to joinhis cause, and he soon saw self
him- Euphrates, a disciple of Plato who verned
go-
at the head of 50,000 men. With such a Macedonia with absolute authority in
force he defeated the Roman armies, tillPer- the reignof Perdiccas,and rendered himself
penna obliged him to surrender by famine, and odious by his cruelty and jjedantry.After the
exposedon a cross the greatestpart of his fol- lowers,
death of Perdiccas,he was murdered by Par-
B. C. 132. Plut. in Serf. menio. A stoic philosopher in the age of
EuoNYMos, one of the Lipariisles. Adrian, who destroyed himself,with the em- peror's

EuoRAS, a grove of Laconia. Pans. 3, c. 10. leave, to escape the miseries of old
EuPAGiUM, a town of Peloponnesus. age, A. D. 118. Dio. A large and cele-
brated
EuPALAMON, one of the hunters of the river of Mesopotamia, risuigfrom
Galydonianboar. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging
EuPALAMus, the father of Daedalus and of itself with the Tigrisinto the Persian gulf.
Matiadusa. Apollod. 3, c. 15. It is very rapid in its course, and passes
EuPATOR, a son of Antiochus. The sur-
name through the middle of the cityof Babylou,
of FAipalorwas given to many of the It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a
Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, ".c. Strab. certain season of the year, and, like the Nile,
in Egypt,happilyfertilizes the adjacent fields.
EuPATOKiA, a town of Paphlagonia, built Cyrus dried up itsancient channel,and chang-
ed
by Mithridates,and called afterwards Pom- the course of the waters when he besieged
peipolis by Pompey. Plin. 6, c. 2. ther
Ano- Babylon. Strab. U."Mela, 1, c.2, 1. 3, c. 8.
called Magnopolisin Pontus, now TeJie- "Plin. 5, c. 24.- -Virg. G. 1,v. 609, I. 4, v.
nikeli. Strab. 22. 560.
EuPEiTHEs, a princeof Ithaca,father to Euphron, an aspiring man of Sicyon,who
Antinous. In the former part of his lifehe enslaved his country by bribery. Diod. 15.
had fled before the vengeance of the Thespro- EuPHRosYNA, one of the Graces, sister to
tians,whose territories he had laid waste in the Aglaiaand Thalia. Paus. 9, c. 35.
 EU EU
fioPL/EA,an island of the Tyrrhenesea, Andromache, Electra,Hippolytus, Ipliigenia
Bear Neapolis. Stat. 3, Silv. 1, 149. in Aulis,Iphigeniain Tauris, Hercules and
EupoLiS; a comic poet of Athens, who the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in ex-pressing

flourished435 years before the Christian era, the passionsof love, especially the
and severely lashed the vices and immoralities more tender and animated. To the pathoshe
of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 has added sublimity, and the most common

dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a expressions have received a perfect polish
dog so attached to him, that at his death he from his pen. In his person, as it is reported,
refused all aliments, and starved himself on he Avas noble and majestic, and his deport-
ment
his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put was always grave and serious. He was
Eupolistodeath because he had ridiculed him slow in composing,and laboured with dilficul-
in a comedy which he had written against the ty,from which circumstance afoolisli and ma- levolent

Baptag;the priests of the goddessCotytto, and poet once observed,that he had writ-
ten
the impure ceremonies of their worship; but 100 verses in three days,while Euripides
Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea figiil had written only three. True, says Euripides,
between the Athenians and the Lacedaemo-
nians but there is this difference between your poetry
in the Hellespont, and that on that ac-count and mine; yours will expirein three days,
his countrymen, pityinghis fate,de- creedbut mine shall live for ages to come. Euripi-'
that no poet should ever aftergo to war. des was such an enemy to the fairsex, that
Horat. 1,Sat. 4, 1. 2, Sat. 10." Cic. ad Mtic. some have called him huroyw^; woman haters
6, ep. I. JElian.
"
and perhapsfrom this aversion arise the im- pure
EupoMPUs, a geometrician of Macedonia. and diabolical machinations which appear
A painter.Plin. 34, c. 8. in his female characters; an observation, hov/*
EuRiANASSA, a town near Chios. Plin. 5, ever, which he refuted by sayinghe had faith- fully
C.31. copiednature. In spite of allhis antipathy
EuRiPiDESj a celebrated tragic poet, born he was married twice,but his connexions were
at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerx- es so injudicious, that he was compelledto divorce
was defeated by the Greeks. He studied both his wives. The best editions of this great
eloquenceunder Prodicus, ethics under So- crates, poet are that of Musgrave,4 vols, 4to. Oxon.
and philosophy under Anaxagoras. He 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo.
himself to dramatical composition, and 2 vols. 1597 ; and that of Barnes, fol.Cantab.
applied
his writings became so much the admiration 1694. There are also several valuable editions
of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks of detached plays. Diod. 13. Val. Max. 3, c. "

who had accompanied Nicias in his expe- dition 7." Cic. In. 1,c. 50* Or. 3, c. 7 " Arcad. 1,4.
against Syracuse, were freed from Qffic. 3 ; Finib. 2. Tusc. 1 and 4, "c.
slavery, only by repeatingsome verses from EuRipns, a narrow strait wdiich separates
the piecesof Euripides.The poet often re- tired the island' of Eubcea from the coast of Bceotia.
from the society of mankind, and con- fined Its flux and reflux, which continued regular
himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, during18 or 19 days,and were uncommonly
where he wrote and finished his most lent
excel- unsettled the rest of the month, was a mattef
tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were of deep inquiryamong the ancients, and itis
looked "upon by Euripideswith jealousy, and said that Aristotle thr^w himself into it be-cause
the greatenmity which always reignedbe- tween he was unable to find out the causes of
the two poets,gave an opportunityto that phaenomenon. Liv. 28, c. 6. Melui 2, c. "

the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule 7." Plin. 2, c. 95.Strab. 9.

them both on the stagewith success and hu-mour. EuRisTHENES. Vld. Eurystheues.
Duringthe representation of one of the EuRoMus, a cityof Caria. Liv. 32, c. 33, !.
tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeas-
ed 33, c. 30.
with some lines in the composition, desired EuROPA, one of the three grand divisionsof
the writer to strike them off. Euripidesheard the earth,known among the ancients, extend-
ing,
the reproof with indignation ; he advanced for- ward accordingto modern surveys, about SOOi^
on the stage,and told the spectators that miles from north to south, and 2500 from east
he came there to instruct them, at)d not to re- ceive to west. Though inferior in extent, yet it is
instruction. Another piece, in which he superior to the others in the learning, power,
called riches the summum bonum and the admi- ration and abilitiesof itsinhabitants. It is bounded
of gods and men, gave equaldissatisfac-tion, on the east by the JEgean sea, Hellespont,
but the poet desired the audience to lis- ten Euxiue, Palus Maeotis, and the Tenais in a
with silent attention, for the conclusion of northern direction. The Meditej-ranean vides
di-
the whole would show them the punishment itfrom Africa on the south,and on the
v/hich attended the lovers of opulence. The west and north it is washed by the Atlantic
ridicule and envy to which he was continiially and Northern Oceans. It is supposedto re- ceive

exposed,obligedhim at last to remove f:om its name from Eiiropa, who was carried
Athens. He retired to the court of Arche- there by Jupiter.Mela, 2, c. 1. Plin. 3, "

laus king of Macedonia, where he received c. 1;Sic. Lucan.3, v. 275. Virg.JF,\i.7,

"

the most conspicuous marks of royal munifi- cence V. 222. A daughter of Agenor kingof Phoe-
nicia
and friendship. His eurl was as deplor a- and Telephassa.Siie was so beautiful,
ble as it was uncommon. It is said that the that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and
dogs of Archelaus n.et him in his solitary the better to seduce her, he assumed the shape
walks, and tore iiisbody to pieces407 year:- of a bull,an^ mingledwith the licrds of Age- nor;
before the christian era. In the 7Sth year of while Europa, with her female atten- dants,
his age Euripideswrote 75 tragedies, of were gathering flowers in the meadows.
which only 19 are extant ; the most approved Europa caressed the beautiftd animal, and at
of wliich are his PhoenissaE?, Orestes,Medea, last had the courage "o situpon his back. The
36
 EU EU
*;o(ltook advantageof her situation, and with the stars. Hesiod. A daughter of Pontw
precipitate steps retired towards the shore, and Terra, mother of Astraeus,Pallas, an*
and crossed the sea with Europa on his back, Perses,by Crius. A daughter of Thespius-
and an'ived safe in Crete. Here he assumed .^pollod.
his original shape,and declared his love. The EuRYBiADES, a Spartangeneralof the Gre- cian
nymph consented,though she had once made fleet at the battles of Artemisium and Sa-
vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became lamis against Xerxes. He has been charged
the mother of Minos, Sarpedon,and Rhada- with want of courage, and with ambition. He
manthus. After this distinguishedamour with ottered to strike Themistocles when he wished
Jupiter,she married Asterius king of Crete. to speak about the manner of attackingthe
This monarch seeinghimself without children Perjfians, upon which the Athenian said,Strike
by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours me, but hear me. Herodot. 8, c. 2, 74, Lc "

with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Plut.in Them. C. JVep.

" in Them.
Sarpedon,and Rhadamanthus as his own dren.
chil- EuRYBius, a son of Eurytus king of Argos,
Some suppose that Europa lived about killed in a war between his countrymen and
1552 years before the christian era. Ovid. the Athenians. Apollod. 2, c. 8. A son of
Met. 2, fab. 13" Mosch. Idyl."Apollod. 2, c. Nereus and Chloris. Id. 1,c. 9.
6, 1.3, c. 1. One of the Oceanides. Hesiod. EuRYCLEA, a beautiful daughter of Ops of
Th. 356. A part of Thrace near mount Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and
Hasmus. Justin. 7, c. 1. gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated
EubopjEus, a patronymic of Minos the son her with much tenderness and attention. Ho'
of Europa. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 23. mer. Od. 19.
EuROPS, a king of Sicyon,son of ^gialeus, EuRYCLES, an orator of Syracuse who
who died B. C. 1993. Fans. 2, c. 5. proposedto put Nicias and Demosthenes to
EuRoPUS, a king of Macedonia, ":c. Justin. death,and to confine to hard labour all the
7, c. 1. A town of Macedonia on the Ax- Athenian soldiers in the quarries.Plut.
ius. Plin. 4, c. 10. A Lacedaemonian at the battle of Actium on

EuROTAS, a son of Lelex, father Sparta?the side of Augustus. Id. in Anton.

to A
who married Lacedsemon. He was one of soothsayer of Athens.
the firstkingsof Laconja, and gave his name EuRYCRATEs, a kingof Sparta,descended
to the river which flows near Sparta.ApoUod. from Hercules. Herodot. 7, c. 204.
3, c. 16. Paus. 3, c. 1.
" A river of Laco- EuRYCRATiDAs, a SOU of Auaxander, he.
nia,flowing by Sparta.It was called by way of Herodot. 7, c. 204.
eminence, Basilipotamos, the king of rivers, EuRYDAMAS, a Trojau skilled in the in- terpretation
and worshippedby the Spartans as a powerful of dreams. His two sons were

god.Laurels, reeds,myrtles, and olives, grew killed by Diomedes duringthe Trojan war.
on its banks in great abundance. Strab. 8. " Homer. II. 5, v. 148. One of Penelope's
Paus. 3, c. \."Liv. 35, c. ^9." Virg.Ed. 6, suitors. Od. 22, v. 283.
A wrestler of Cy-
V. 82. " Ptol. 4. A river in Thessalynear rene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed
mount Olympus, called also Tilaresus. It to pieces by his antagonist,
which he swallow-
ed
joinedthe Peneus, but was not supposedto without showing any signsof pain,
or discon-
tinuing
incorporatewith it. Strab. 6. Plin. 4, c. 8.
" the fight.Mlian. V. H. 10,c. 19.
EuROTO, a daughterof Danaus by Polyxo. A son of iEgyptus. Apollod.
JlpoUod. EuRYDAME, the wife of Leotychides,king
EuRus, a wind blowing from the eastern of Sparta. Herodot.
partsof the world. The Latins sometimes EuRYDAMiDAS,a king of Lacedaemon, of
called it Vulturnus. Ovid. Trist. 1,el.2. Met. the familyof the Proclidae. Paus. 3, c. 10.
11, he. EuRYDxcE, the wife of Amyntas, king of
EuRYALE, a queen of the Amazons, wlio Macedonia. She had by her husband ander,
Alex-
assisted jJ^etes, fcc. Flacc. 4. A daughter Perdiccas,and Philip, and one daughter
of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune. A called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her
daughter of Prcetus king of Argos. One of daughter's husband, to whom she offered
the Gorgons who was immortal. Hesiod. her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire
Theog.V. 207. againstAmyntas, who must have fallen a
EuRYALus, one of the Peloponnesianchiefs victim to her infidelity, had not Eur)'onedis-covered
who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. it. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander
Homer. II. 2. An illegitimate son of Ulys-
ses ascended the throne after his father's death,
and Evippe. Sophocl. A son of Melas, and perished by the ambition of his mother.
taken prisonerby Hercules, "c. JSpollod. 1, Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate ;
c. 8. A Trojan who came with iEneas but Philip, who was the next in succession,
into Italy, and rendered himself famous for secured himself against all attempts from his
his immortal friendship Avilh Nisus. Vid. mother, and ascended the throne with peace
I^isus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 179. A pleasantand universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to
placeof Sicily near Syracuse. Liv. 25, c. 25. Iphicrates the Athenian generalfor protection.
A Lacedaemonian generalin the second The manner of her death is unknown. C. JYep.
Messenian war. in Iphic.3.' A daughter of Amyntas, who
EuRYBATKs, a herald in the Trojan war married her uncle Aridaeus,the illegitimate
who took Briseis from Achilles by order of son of Philip.After the death of Alexander
Agamenmon. Homer. II. 1, v. 32. "
Ovid. the Great, Aridaeus ascended the throne of
Heroid. 3. A warrior of Argos, often victo- rious Macedonia, but he was totally governed by
at the Nemean games, ".c. Paus. 1, c. the intrigues of his wife,who called back Cas-
"J9. One of the Argonauts. sander, and joined her forces with his to
fijjRYBiA, the mother of Lucifer and all march againstPolyperchonand Olyrapiaf*
 EU EU
Earydicewas forsaken by her troops,Aridoeus EuRToNE, a daughterof Amyntas king ef
tvas piercedthroughwith arrows by order of Macedonia, by Eurydice.
Olympias,who commanded Eurydice* stroy EuRYPON, a king of Sparta,son
to de- of Sous.
herself either by poison,the sword, or His reignwas so glorious, that his descendants
the halter. She chose the latter. The were called Eurypontida. Paus. 3, c. 7.
wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before EuRYPiLE, a daughterof Thespius.
AristcBus, who wished to offer her violence, EuRYPYLUs, a sou of Telephus and Asty-
she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and oclie, was killed in the Trojanwen- by Pyrrhu*.
died of the wound. Orpheus was so discon-
solate He made his court to Cassandra. Homer. II.
that he ventured to go to hell,where, 11. A Grecian at the Ti'ojan war. Honur.
by the melody of his lyre,he obtained from II.2. A princeof Olenus who went with
Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, vided Hercules
pro- against Laomedon. Paus. 7, c. 19.
he did not look behind before he came -A son of Mecisteus who signalized himself
upon earth. He violatedthe conditions,as his in the war of the Epigoui againstThebes.
eagerness to see his wife rendered him forget-ful. Apollod. 3. A son of Temenus kingof Mes-
He looked behind,and Eurydicewas for senia,who conspired againsthis father's life.
ever taken from him, [Fit/.Orpheus.] Virg.Id. 3, c. 6. A son of Neptune killedby Her- cules.
G. 4,v. 457, he" Pans. 9, c. ^O."Ovid. Met. Id. 2, c. 7. -One of Penelope's suit-
ors.
10, v. 30, ";c. A daughterof Adrastus. Id 3, c. 10. =--^AThessalianwho became
"

Apollod. 3, c. 12. One of the Danaides who delirious for looking into a box which fellto his
married Dyas. Jd. 2, c. 1. ^The wife of share after the plunderof Troy. Paus. 7, c.
Lycurgus,king of iS^emaea in Peloponnesus.19. A soothsayer in the Grecian camp be-
Jd. 1, c. 9. -A daughterof Actor. Id. foi'eTroy, sent to consult the oracle of Apol- lo,
A wife of jEneas. Paus. 10,c. 26. A daugh-
ter how his countrymen could return safe
of Amphiaraus. Id. 3, c. 17. A daugh-
ter home. The result of his inquiries was the in-
junction
of Antipater, who married one of the Pto-
lemies. to offer an human sacrifice. Virg,
Id. 1, c. 7, -A daughter of king ^n.2,v.U4.-^0vid,
Philip. Id. 5, c. 17. A daughterof Lace- EuRYSTHENEs, a SOU of Aristodcmus, who
daemon. Id. 3, c. 13. A daughterof Cly- lived in perpetual dissention with his twin bro- ther
menus, who married Nestor. Homer. Od. Procles,while theyboth sat on the Spar- tan
A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltia- throne. It was unknown which of the two
des. Plut. in Demetr. was born first; the mother, who wished to
EuRYGASiA, a wife of (Edipus.j9poUod. see both her sons raised on the throne, refused
EuRYLEON, a kingof the Latins,called also to declare it,and they were both appointed
Ascani'js. kingsof Spartaby order of the oracle of Del-phi,
EuRYLocHus, one of the companions of B. C. 1102. After the death of the two
Ulysses,the only one who did not taste the brothers, the Lacedaemonians, who knew not
potionsof Circe. His prudence however for- sook to what familythe right ojfseniority and suc-
cession

him in Sicily, where he carried away the belonged,permittedtwo kingsto sit

flockssacred to Apollo,for which sacrilegious on the throne, one of each family.The dC'?
crime he was shipwrecked. Homer. Od. 10, scendants of Eurystbeueswere called Eurys-
V. 205, 1. 12, v. 195. -^Ovid.Met. 14, v. 287. tkenida; and those of Procles,Proclidce. If
" ^A man who broke a conduit which veyed
con- was inconsistent with the laws of Spartafor
into Cyrrhae,
water "c. Polymn.6. two kingsof the same fajnily to ascend the-
A manwho discovered the conspiracywhich throne together, yet that law was Sometimes
was made againstAlexander by Hermolaus violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurys-
and others. Curt. 8, c. 6. thenes had a son called Agis,who succeeded
EuRiMACHUs, a powerfulTheban who seized hiip. His descendants were called. Agidce,
Plata?a by treachery, he. One of Penelo-
pe's There sat onthe throne of Sparta31 kingsof
suitors. A son of Antenor. A lover the familyof Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the
of Hippodamia. Pans. Proclidce. The former were the more trious.
illus-
EuRY.MEDE, the wife of Glaucus king of Herodol. 4, c. 147,1.6, c. 52, "
Paus.
Ephyra, Apollod. 3, c, 1. C. JVep.
" in ^ges.
EuRYMEDON, the father of Peribcea, by EurysthenidjK. P'id.Eurysthenes.
whom Neptune had Nausithous. Homer. Od. EuRYSTHEUS, a king of Arg03 and My-
7, A river of Pamphylia, near which the cenas, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the
Persians were defeated by the Athenians der
un- daughterof Pelops. Juno hastened his birth
Ciraon,B. C. 470. Liv. 33, c. 41, 1. 37, c. by two months, that he might come into the
23. A man who accused Aristotle of pro^ world before Hercules the sou of Alcmena,
pagatingprofanedoctrines in the Lyceum. as the younger of the two was doomed by
Eui^YMKNEs, a son of Neleus and Chloris. order of Jupiterto be subservient to the will
Jpollod. of the other. [F^icl.Alcmena.] This natural
EuRVNoME, one of the Oceanides, mother rightwas cruellyexercised by Eurystheus,
of the Graces. Hesiod, A daughterof A- who was jealousof the fame of Hercules,
poUo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle. and who, to destroyso powerful a relation,
A woman of Lemnos, he. Place. 2, v. 136. imposed upon him the most dangerousand
The wife of Lycurgusson of Aleus. jlpol- uncommon enterprises well known by the
lod. 3, c. 9. The mother of Asopus by Ju-
piter.
name of the twelve labours of Hercules. The
Id. 3, c. 12. One of Penelope's fe- success of Hercules in achieving those peri-
lous
jnale attendants. Homer. Od. 17, v. 515.": " laboui'sajarnied Eurystheusin a greater
An Athenian sent with a reinforcement to degree,and he furnished himself with a brar
Nicias in Sicily. Pint, in j\'ic. zen vessel,where he might secure himself ^.
EuKVNuMus, owe of tiic deities of UpU. safe retreat in case of danger. After the deathj
Paws, 10,c. 28.
 EU EU
of Hercules,Eurystheusrenewed his cruelties EusEBius, a surname of Bacchus.
againsthis children, and made war against EusEPDs and Pedasus, the twin sons of
Ceyx kingof Trachinia, because he had given Bucolion killed in the Trojanwar. Homer. II.6.
them support,and treated them with hospi-
tality. EusTATHius, a Greek commentator on the
He was killed in the prosecution of works of Homer. The best edition of this
this war by Hylhisthe son of Hercules. His very valuable author, is that published at Basil,
head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Her-
cules, 3 vols, folio,
1560. It is to be lamented the de-
sign
who mindful of the crnelties which her of Alexander Politus,begun at Florence
son had suffered, insulted it and tore out the in 1735, and published in the firstfive books of
eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurys-
theus the Iliad,is not executed, as a Latin transla-
tion
was succeeded on the throne of Argos of these excellent commentaries is among
by Atreus his nephew. Hygin.fab. 30 and 32. the desiderata of the present day. A man
"

Mpollod.2, c. 4, he. Pans. 1, c. 33, 1.3, c, who

" wrote a very foolish romance in Greek,
6." Odd. Met. 9, fab. 6." Virg.JEn. 8, v. entitled de hmeniotand Ismenes amoribus,edit-
ed
292. by Gaulrainus,8vo. Paris,1617.
EuRVTi:, a daughterof Hippodamus, who EuT^A, a town of Arcadia. Paws. 8, c. 27,
married Parthaon. JpoHod. The mother EuTELiDAS, a famous statuary of Argos.
of Hallirhotius,
by Neptune. Id. Id. 6, c. 10.
F,VRYTEJE"a town of Achaia. Pans, 7, c. Euterpe, one of the Muses, daughter to
18. Jupiterand Mnemosyne. She presidedover
EuRYTiii.E,a daughterof Thespius. A music, and was the inventress
looked upon as

daughterof Leucippus. Apollod. of the flute and of allwind instruments. She

EujavTHEMis, the wife of Thestius, Mpol- is represented as crowned with flowers and
lod. holdinga flutein her hands. Some mytholo-
EuRYTHioN and EuRYTioN, a gists
centaurattributed to her the invention of tragedy,
whose
insolence to;_Hippodamia was the cause more commonly supposedto be the production
of the
quarrel between the Lapithse and Centaurs, of Melpomene. Vid. Musk. The name
iit the nuptialsof Pirithous. Ovid. Met. J2." of the mother of Themistoclos according to
Pards. 5, c. 10. Hesiod, Theog.
"
A man
herds- some.

of Geiyon killed by Hercules. Apollod. EVTHYCRATES, a sculptor of Sicyon,son of

2. A king of Sparta, who seized upon Lysippus, He was peculiarly happy m the
Mantinea by stratagem. Polyotn.2. One propoilions of his statues. Those of Hercules
of the Argonauts. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 311. A and Alexander were in general esteem, and
son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during particularly that of Medea, which was carried
the funeral games exhibited in Sicily by iEne- on a chariot by four horses. Plin.34, c. 8." "

as. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 495. A silversmith. A man who betmyed Olynthus to Philip.

td. 10, V. 499 A man of Heraclea ed
convict- EuTHYDEMus, an orator and rhetorician
of adultery.His punishment was the who greatly himself by
distinguished his elo-
quence,
cause of the abolition of the oligarchical he, Sirab. 14.
power there. Arislot.5, Polit. EuTHYMUs, a celebrated boxer of Locri in
EuRYTis,(idos) a patronymic of lole Italy, he. Paus. 6, c. 6.
daughter of Eurytus. Ovid. Met. 9. fab. 11. EuTRAPELUs, a man described as artfuland
EuuYTUs, a son of Mercury, among the Ar- fallacious by Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 31.-
gonauts. A
Place. 1,V. 439. A kingof CEcha- hair-dresser. Martial. 7, ep. 82.
lia,father to lole. He offered his daughter EuTRAPELus, (Volumn.)a friendof M. An- tony,
to him who shot a bow better than himself. ".C. Cic. Farn. 32.
Hercules conquered him, and put him to EuTROPius, a Latin historian in the age of
death because he refused him his daughteras under whom
.Tulian, he carried arms in the
the prizeof his victory,^mllod. 2, c. 4 and fatal expeditionagainst the Persians, His
7. A son of Actor, concerned in the wars originas well as unknown
his dignityare
;
between Augiasand Hercules, and killed by yet some suppose, from the epithet of Claris-
the hero. A son of Augias killed by Her-
cules simus prefixed that he was
to his history, a

as he was goingto Corinth to celebrate Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the

the Isthmian games, Jlpollod. A person kill-
ed history of Rome, from the age of Romulus to
in htJiitingtheCalydonianboar. A son the reignof the emperor Valens, to whom
of Hippocoon. Id. 3, c. 10. A giantkilled the work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise
by Hercules or Bacchus for makingwar againston medicine without being acquainted with
the gods. the art. Of all his works the Roman history
EusECiA, an empress, wife to Constantius,alone is extant. It is composed with concise-
ness
"c. She died A. D. 360, highly and deserved-
ly and precision, but without elegance.The
lamented. best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp,
EusEBius, a bishopof Caesarea in great Cu7n notis variorum, 8vo. L. Bat, 1729 and
favour with the emperor Constantine, He 1762. A famous eunuch at the court of Ar-
was concerned in the theological disputes of cadius the so" of Theodosius the Great, he.
Arius and Athanasius,and distinguished self
him- EuTYCHiuE, a woman who was times
thirty
by his writings,
which consisted of an ec- brought to bed, and carried to the grave by
clesiastical

the life of Constantine, twenty of her children.

history, Plin. 7, c. 3.
Chrouicon, Evangelicalpreparations, and EuTYCniDEs, a learned servant of Atticus,
other numerous treatises, most of which are he. Cic. 15. ad Mtic- -A sculptor. "

now lost. Tlie best edition of his Praeparatio EuxANTHius, a daughterof Minos and
find Denion.stratio Evangelica, isbyVigerus, 2 Dexithea. .^pollod.
vols, folio ; Rotliomagi,1628 ; and of his eccle- EuxExi DAS, a painter, "c. P/m, 35.
fiiuslical
history
by Reading,(olioCantab. 1720, EuxENCs, a man who wrote a poetical
 EU EX
of the fabulous ages of Italy,Dionys. Trist.3, el, 13, 1. 4,
history el. 4, V, 54.--5iraA, 2,
Hal. 1. kc. Mela, 1, c. 1. -Plin.
Herodot. 4,
" 3. "

EuxiNDS between
PoNTDs, a Asia and
sca c. 85.

Europe, partlyat the north of Asia Minor EusiPPE, a woman who killed herself be-
cause
and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently the ambassadors of Spartahad offered
called ";"o-, inhospitable, on account of the violence to her virtue, "c.
savage manners of the inhabitants on itscoasts. ExADius, one of the Lapithae at the nuptials
Commerce with foreign nations,and the plan-
tationof Pirithous Homer. II. 1, v, 264, Ovid, "

of colonies in their neighbourhood, gra- Met. 12, V.266,

dually
softened their roughness,and the sea Ex^THES, a Parthian who cut off the head
was no longercalled Axenus, but Euxenus,. of Crassus,kLC. Polyczn.7.
The
hospitable. Eusine is supposedby Hero-dotus ExAGONus, the ambassador of a nation in
be 13S7 .'uileslong and 420 broad. Cyprus,
to who came to Rome and talked so much
Strabo calls It 1100 miles longand in circum-
ference of the power of lierbs, serpents, he. that the
3125, It abounds in all varieties of consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel
fish,and receives the tribute of above 40 fullof serpents. These venomous creatures,
rivers. It is not of greatdepth,except in the so far from hurtinghim, caressed him and
eastei*!! parts, whence some have imagined harmlesslylicked him with their tongues.
that it had a subterraneous communication Plin. 28, c. 3.
with the Caspian. It is called the Black sea, ExoMATR^:, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia.
from the thick dark fo?swhich cover it. Ovid. Flacc. 6, v. 144.

FA FA

festi\'alsat Rome in honour of'ged the enemy without the command of the
FABARIA,
Carna \v\ff.tS
wife
Carna whp.n
oi"Janus, when hftana ( fah{F\ dictator.
beans (fabce)
.Tanns;. He was five times consul,twice dic-
tator,
were presentedas an oblation. and once censor. He triumphedover
Fabaris, now Far/a,a river of Italyin the seven different nations in the neighbourhood
territories of the Sabines, called also Farfar- of Rome, and rendered himself illustriousby
us. Orid.Met. 14,v. 334." Virg.JEy}. 7, v. 715. his patriotism. Rusticus, an historian ia
Fabia. Vid. Fabius Fabricianus. the age of Claudius and Nero. He was mate
inti-
Fabia lex, de to circumscribe
ambiiu,was with Seneca, and the encomiums which
the number of Sectat ores,
attendants which or Tacitus passes upon his style,makes us regret

were allowed to candidates in canvassing for the loss of his compositions. Marcellinusi
some high office It was proposed,but did Ian historian in the second century. A Ro-
man
not pass, lawyer,whom Herat. 1, sat. 2, v. 134,
Fabia, a tribe at Rome, Horat. 1, ep. 7 lidicules as havingbeen caught in adultery.
v. 52. A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Q. Maximus, a celebrated Roman, first
Cicero's vvife. surnamed Verrucosus,from a wart on his lip,
Fabiani, of the Luperciat Rome, in-
some stituted
and Agnicula. from his inoffensive manners.
in honour of the Fabian familv. From a dull and unpromisingchildhood he
Fabii, a noble and powerful family at iburst into deeds of valour and heroism, and
Rome, who derived their name from faba, was gradually aj
raised by merit to the highest
bean, because some of their ancestors culti- offices of the state. In his firstconsulship, he
vated this pulse. They were said to be de- obtained a victoryover Liguria, and the fatal
scended from Fabius, a supposedson of Her- battle of i'hrasymenus, j
occasioned his election
cules by an Italian nymph ; and they were \to the dictatorship. In this importantoffice
once so numerous, that they took upon them-j be began to oppose Annibal, not by fighting
selves to wage war against the Veientes. The} him in the open field like his predecessors,
came to a generalengagement near the Cre- but he harassed
continually his army by termarches
coun-

mera, in which all the family,consisting and ambu.^cades,for which he ceived

re-

of 3U6 men, were slain, B. C. 477.

totally of Cunctator or delayer. the surname

There only remained one, whose tender Such operations for the commander of the Ro-
man

age had detained him at Rome, and from armies,gave offence to some, and Fabius
him arose the noble Fabii in the following was even accused of cowardice. He, however,
ages. The familywas divided into six diffe-
rent stillpursuedthe measures which prudenceand
branches, the Jlmbusli,the Maximi, the refiection seemed to dictate as most salutary to
Vibulani; the Bnleones, the Dorsones, and the Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master
Pictures, the three fiistof which are frequentlyof horse I'aised to share the dictatorial dignity
mentioned in the Roman history,but the with himself,by of his enemies
means at
others seldom. fJionys.
9, c. 5 " Lii\ 2, c. 46, home. Wlienhehad
laid down his office of
Lc."Flor. I, c. 2." Odd. Trist. 2, v. 235." dictator,his L-uccessors, for a while,followed
Virg.J"n. (",v. S45. his plan; but the rashness of V'arro,and his
Fabius Maximus Rullianus,was the firstof contempt for the operations of Fabius, occa-
sioned

the Fabii who obtained the surname oi Maxi-

mus, the fatal battle of Cannae. Tarentum
for luisening the power of the populace was obligedto surrender to his arms after the
at elections. He was master of horse, and battle of Canna?, and on that occasion the Car-
thaginian
his victories over tiie Samnites iu that capaci-
ty, enemy observed (hat Fabius was (he
nearlycott him his life,because he eiiga- Annibal of Rome. When lie had made an
 FA FA
agre"ment with Annibal for the ransom
of the Lucanians,and was honoured with a triumph.
captives, which was totally disapproved by the The riches which were acquiredin those bat-
tles
Roman senate, he sold all his estates to pay were immense ; the soldiers were ly
liberal-
the money, rather than foifeithis word to the rewarded by the consul, and the treasury
enemy. The bold proposalof young Scipio was enriched with 4(X) talents. Two years af- ter
to go and carry the war from Italyto Afiica, Fabricius went as ambassador to Pyrrhus,
was rejectedby Fabius as chimerical and dan- and refused with contempt the presents,and
gerous.
He did not, however, live to see the heard with indignation the offers,which might
success of the Roman arras under Scipio, and have corruptedthe fidelity of a less virtuous
the conquest of Carthageby measuree which citizen. Pyrrhushad occasion to admire the
he treated with contempt and heard v/ithin- dignation.
magnanimityof Fabricius ; but his astonish-ment
He died in the 100th year of his was more powerfully awakened when he
age, after he had been live times consul,and opposed him in the field of battle,' and when
twice honoured with a triumph. The Romans he saw him make a discover}^ of the perfidious
were so sensible of his great raei'itand ser-
vices, offer of his physician, who pledgedhimself to
that the expenses of his funeral were the Roman generalfor a sum of money to poi-
son
defrayed from the publictreasury. Plut. -m his royal master. To this greatness of soul
vild "
Flor. 2, c. Lio. Polyb.
6. "
" His son were added the most consummate
knowledge
bore the same and showed
name, himself of military affairs,and the greatestsimplicity of
worthy of his noble father's virtues. During mannei-s. Fabricius never used rich plate at his
his consulshiphe received a visit from his table ; a small salt-cellar, whose feet were of
father on horseback in the camp : the son or- dered horn,was the onlysilver vessel which appeared
the father to dismount, and the old man in his house. This contempt of luxuryand use- less

cheerfully obeyed,embracinghis son, and say- ing, ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire
I wished to know whether you knew what among the people; and during his censorship
it is to be consul. He died before his father, he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus,
and the Cunctator, with the moderation of a who had been twice consul and dictator,be- cause
philosopher, delivered a funeral oration over he kept in his house more than ten
the dead body of his son. Plut. in Fabio, pound weight of silver plate. Such were the
Pictor,the firstRoman who wrote an cal
histori- manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who ob
account of his country, from the age of served,that he wished ratherto command those
Romulus to the year of Rome 536. ished that had money
He flour- than possess it himself. He
B. C. 225. The work which is now tant, lived and
ex- died in the greatest poverty. His
and which is attributedto spu- body was
rious him, is a buried at the publiccharge,and the
composition. A loquaciousperson Roman people were obligedto givea dowry
mentioned by Horat. 1, Sat. 1,v. 14. man to his two daughters,
A Ro- when theyhad arrived to
consul,surnaraed Ambustus, because he marriageable years. Val. Max. 2, c. 9, 1. 4, c.
was struck with lightning. A lieutenant of 4^." Flor. 1. c. 18." Cic. 3, de Offic."Plut.iH
Caesar in Gaul. Fabricianus,a Roman Pyrrh. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 844.
sassinated
as- "

A bridgeat
by his wife Fabia, that she might Rome built by the consul Fabricius, over th"
more freelyenjoy the company of a favourite Tiber. Horat. 2. Ser. 3, v. 36.
youth. His son was saved from his mother's Fabulla, a prostitute, he. Juv. 2, v. 68.
cruelties,and when he came of age he avenged Facelina, a small placeon the north of Si*
his father's death by murdering his mother cily, where Diana had a temple. Serviui ail
and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance Virg.Mn. 9, v. 111." Hygin.261.
of the action,and patronized the parracide. Fadus, a Rutulian killed in the nightby Eu-
Plut. in Parall. A chief priestat Rome ryalus. Virg.JFm. 9,v. 344.
when Brennus took the city. Plut. A Ro-
man FjesIjl^, now Fitsale,a town of "truna"
sent to consult the oracle of Delphi, while famous for its augurs. Cic. Mur. 24. Ital. "

Annibal was in Italy. Another chosen dic- tator 8, v.AlQ."Sallust. Cat. 27.
merely to create new senators. A Falcidia lex was enacted by the tribune
lieutenant of Lucul lus, defeated by Mithridates. Falcidius,A U.C. 713, concerningwills and
A son of Paulus JCmilins,adoptedinto the the rights of heirs.
familyof the Fabii. A Roman surnamed Faleria, a town of Picenum, now Fallero-
Allobrogicus, from his victory over the Allo- na, of which the inhabitants were called Fa-
broges,iiic. Flor. 2, c. 17. Another chosen lerienses. Plin. 3^ c. 13,
generalfigainstthe in Italy.He
Carthaginians Falejui, (orium) now Palari, a town of
and fellwounded
lost all his forces in a battle', Etruria,of which the inhabitants are culled
by the side of Annibal. Plut. in Parall. Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of th^ir
A consul with J. Cccsar,who conquered Pom- laws from Falerii. The placew as famous for
poy's adherents in Spain. A high priestitspastures, and for a peculiarsort of
sausage.
who wrote some annals,and made war againstVid. Falisci. Martial. 4, ep. 46. Liv. 10, c. "

Viriathus in Spain. Liv. 30, c. 26. Flor. 3, 12 and m.-^Ovid. Fast. 1, v, 84.~PoTit. 4, el.
"

c. 2. Oor.so. Hrf. Dorso. 8, v. 41." Cct^o R. It.4 and 14." Hcrvius m

Fakrateria, a colonyand town of the Virg.Mn. 7, v. 695." P/in. 3, c. 5.
Volsci in Latium. Hal. 8, c. 398. Cic. Fam. Falkrina, a tribe at Rome.
" Liv. 9, c. 20,
9, ep. 24. Falernus, a fertile mountain and plainof
FAnuicius, a Latin writer in the reignof Campania, famous for itswine, which the Ro- man
l^cro, who employed his pen in salirishig and poets have greatlycelebrated. Ua\^)l,
deliuning the senators. His works were burnt c. 14. Martial. VI, ep. 57.
"

Virg.G. 2, v. 9ti.
"

by order of A'ero. Caius Luscinv.s,a cele- "Horat. 1, od. 20, v. 10. 2 6W. 4, v. 15."
""ral.cdRoman, who, in his firstconsulship ob- Sirab. 5, Flor. 1,c. 15. "

.-cvrriilvictories o\crthe Saranites aii"l

iain'.Ml I'vLisci;a peop'e of Eiraria,originally u
 FA FE

Macedonian colony. When theywere be/ieg- FauN'i, certain deities of the country,re- presented

cd by Camillus, a school-master went out of as havingthe legs, feet,and ears of

the gatesof the citywith his pupils, and be-
trayed
goats,and the rest of the body human. They
them into the hands of the Roman my,
ene- were called satyrsby the Greeks. The pea-
sants
tniit by such a possession he mighteasily offered them a lamb or a kid with great
oblige the placeto surrender. Camillus heard solemnity. Virg. G. I, v. 10. Ovid. Met. 6, "

the proposalwith indignation, and ordered the v. 392.

man to be stripped naked and whipped back Fauncs, a son of Picus,who is said to have
those whom his perfidy wished reigned in Italyabout 1300 years B. C. Hi"
to the town by
to betray. This instance of generosity ted
opera- braveryas well as wisdom have given rise to
that the tradition that he was of Wars.
upon the people so powerfully, they son He
surrendered to the Romans. Pint, in Camil. raised a templein honour of the god Pan, cal-
led
Faliscus Gratius. Vid. Gratius. by the Latins Lupercus,at the foot of the
Fama, (fame) was worshippedby the cients
an- Palatine hill,and he exercised hospitality to-
as a powerful goddess,and generallyVk-ardsstrangerswith a liberal hand. His great
blowing a trumpet, ^c. Stat. popularity, and his fondness for agriculturer
represented
made his subjects him as one of their
3, Theb. 427. revere

Fannia, a woman of Minturnae, who hospi-

tably country deities after death. He was repre- sented
entertained Marius in his flight, though with allthe equipageof the satyrs,and
he had formerlysat in judgment upon her, was consulted to giveoracles. Dionys.1,c. 7.
and divorced her from her husband. "Virg. ^n. 7, v. 47, 1.8, v. 314,1. 10,v. 55."
Fannia les, de Sumptibus,by Fannius the Horat. 1,od. 17.
consul,A. U. C. 593. It enacted that no per-
son Favo, a Roman mimic, w^ho at the funeral
should spend more than 100 asses a day of Vespasian imitated the manners and ges-
tures
at the great festivals, and 30 asses on other of the deceased emperor. Suet, in Visp.
19.
days,and ten at all other times.
Fannii, two orators of whom Cicero speaks Favorinus, a philosopher and eunuch der
un-

in Brut. Adrian, "c.

Fannius, an inferior poet ridiculed by Fausta, a daughterof Sylla."c.
Horat.
Horace because his poems and picture were 1. Sat. 2, V. 64. wife of the emperor
The
consecrated in the library of Apollo,on mount Constantine,disgracedfor her cruelties and
Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such vices.
as merit.
possessed Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 21. Faustina, the wife of the emperor
ninus,
Anto-
A person who killed himself when hended
appre- famous
debaucheries. for
Her her
in a conspiracyagainstAugustus. daugiiter, of the same name, blessed with beau-
ty,
Mart. 12,ep. 80 Caius, an author in Tra-
jan's liveliness, and wit, became the most doned
aban-
reign,whose history of the cruelties of of her sex. She married M. Aurelius.
Nero is greatly regretted. The third wife of the emperor Helioga-
Fanum Vacun^e, a village in the country of balus bore that name.
the Sabines. Horat. 1, ep. 10,v. 49. Faustitas, a goddessamong the Romans.,
Farfarus, a river of the Sabines, fallingsupposedto preside over cattle. Horat. 4. od.
into the Tiber,above Capena. Ovid. Met. 14, 5, v. 17.
^

T.330. a shepherdordered to expose

Faustulus,
Fascelis, a surname Romulus and Remus.
of Diana, because her He privately brought
statue was brought from Taurica by Iphige-them up at home. Liv. 1,c. 4. Justin. 43,c. "

nia in a bundle of sticks,(fascis,)and placed 2. Plut. in Rom. "

atAricia. Faustus, an obscure poet under the first

Fascellina, a town of Sicily
near Panof- Roman emperors, two of whose dramatic pie-
ces,
mus. Sit. 14, V. 261. Thebae and Tereus, Juvenal mentions, 7,
who privately 12.
Faucula, a prostitute, veyed
con- V.

food to the Roman at Capua.

prisoners a god at Rome, who presided
Februus,
Liu. 26, c. 33. over purifications.The Feralia,sacrifices
town of Spain. PUn 3, c. 1. which the Romans offered to the gods Manes,
Faventia, a

Of italy.
Ital. 8, v. 597. PUn. 14,c. 15. were also called Februa, whence the name of
Martial. 2, ep. 74. the month of February,duringwhich the ob-
lations
Faveria, a town of Istria. Liv. 41, c. 11. were made.

Faula, a mistress of Hercules. Feciales, a number of priests

at Rome,

Fauna, a deityamong the Romans, daugh-

ter employed in declaring war and making peace.
of Picus, and originally called Marica. When the Romans thoughtthemselves in- jured,
procured her the of the sacerdotal body was
Her marriagewith Faunus one powered
em-

name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futu-

rity to demand redress,and after the al-
lowance
that of Falua and Falidica. It. is said of 33 days to consider the matter,
that she never saw a man after her marriage war was declared if submissions were not
with FaunuS; and that her uncommon chastitymade, and the Fecialis hurled a bloodyspear
occasioned her beingranked among the god's into the territories of the enemy in proof oi'
after death. She is the same, accordingto intended hostilities. Liv. 1, c. 3, 1.4, c. 30.
some, as Bona Mater. Some knightkilled by Pom-
mythologists Felginas, a Roman
accnseher of dmnkermess, and say that she pey at Dyrrachium.
C(es. 3, Bell. Civ.
husband, for
under the blows of her Felix, M. Antosrs, a freed man of
i'"pired
immoderate use of wine. Virg. JEn. 7, v. Claudius Caisar, made governor of .Iud;ca,
an

47, ".C. Warro." Justin. 43, c. 1

"
Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Sue-
Faunalia, festivals" Rome j
in honour of tonius tliehusband of three queens, aa he mar-
Faunus. ' rled the two Diusillac.one grand-daughter oi
 FE FI
and the other a Jewish people of the countryand neighbouring
Antonyand Cleopatra, towns
sisterof Agrippa. The name
princess, of his assembled together and exposedtheir respec-
tive
third wife is unknown. Suet, in CI. 18. Ta- commodities to sale. They were
"
called
tU. Ann. 12, c. 11. INundinae because keptevery ninth day. The
Feltkia, a town of Italy at the north of feriizprivates,
were observed only in families,
Venice. in commemoration of birth days, marriages,
Fene Roman
STELLA, historian in the age
a funerals, and the like. The days on which the
of Augustus. He died at Cumae. One of ftri{Rwere observed were called by the Ro-
mans
the gatesat Rome. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 578. J\stidies,because dedicated to mirth"
Fenni or FiNNi, the inhabitants of Finnin- relaxation,
and festivity.
gia or Eningia,considered as Finland. Ta- Feronia, a goddessat Rome,
who ed
presid-
ait. G. 46."Plin. 4, c. 13. over the woods and groves. The name is
Feralia, a festival in honour of the dead, derived aftrendo: because she gave assistance
observed at Rome the 17th or 21st of Fe- bruary.
to her votaries, or perhapsfrom the town Fe-
It continued for 11 days, during ronia, near mount Soracte, where she had a
"which time presentswere carried to the graves temple. It was usual to make a yearlysacri-
fice
of the deceased, marriages were forbidden,and to her, and to wash the face and hands in
the temples of the gods were shut. It was the waters of the sacred fountain, which flowed
believed that the manes of their near her temple. It is said that. those who
universally
friends came
departed and hovered over their were filledwith the spirit of this goddesscould
and feasted upon the provisions that walk barefooted over burning coals without
graves,
the hand of pietyand affection had procuredreceiving any injury from the flames. The god-
dess
for them. Their punishmentsin the infernal had a templeand a grove about three miles
regionswere also suspended,and duringthat from Anxur, and also another in the districtof
time they enjoyedrest and liberty. Capena. Liv. 33, c. 26." Virg. JEn. 7, v. 697
Ferentinum, a town of the Hernici,at the and 800." F"no de L. L. 4, c. 10." ltd. 13."
east of Rome. The inhabitants were called Strab. 5."Horai. 1. Sat. 5, v. 24.
Ferentinafes or Ferentini. Sil. 8, v. 394. Fescennia, (iorum or ium,) a town
" of
Liv. 1,c. 50, 1.9, c. 43 and 44. Etruria, now Galese,where the Fescennine
Ferentum, or Forentum, atown of Apulia,verses were first invented. These verses, the
HOW Forenza. Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 15. Liv. 9, name of which conveys an idea of vulgarob-
" scenity,
c. 16 and 20. were a sort of rustic dialoguespoken
Feretrius, of Jupiter,
a aferen- extempore, in which the actors exposedbefore
surname

do, because he had assisted the Romans, or a their audience the failings and vices of their
feriendo, because he had conquered their ene-
mies and by a satiricalhumour
adverearies, and mer-
riment

under Romulus. He had a temple at endeavoured to raise the laughter of

Rome, built by Romulus, where the spoils ed
call- the company. They were often repeatedat .

opima were always carried. Only two nuptials, and many lascivious expressions were

generals obtained these celebrated spoils after used for the genei'al diversion,as also at har- vest-home,
the age of Romulus. Liv. 1,c. 10. Plut. in "
w hen gestures were made adapted
Rom."C. Mp. in Ait. 20. to the sense of the unpolished verses that were
FERiiE LATiNiE, festivalsat Rome tuted used.
insti- They were proscribed by Augustus as
by Tarquinthe Proud. The principal of immoral tendency. Plin. 3, c. 5. Virg. "

magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually as-

sembledJEn. 7, v. mb.~Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 145.
on a mount near Rome, w here they FEsijLi^:, or F^sul^, a town of Etruria"
idtogether with the Roman offered where
nriagistrates Sylla settled a colony. Cic. Cat. 3,
a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which thej'carried c. 6.
home some part after the immolation, after Festus, a friend of Domitian, uiio killed
theyhad sworn friendship
mutualand alliance. himself in an illness. Martial. }.ep.79.
Itcontinued but one day originally, but in pro-
cess Porcius,a proconsulwho succeeded Felix as
of time four days were dedicated to its governor of Judae,a, under Claudius.
celebration. Dionys. Hal. 4, c. 49. Cic. Ep. FiBRENus, a river of Italy,
"

falling into the

6. Liv. 21, "LC. The ferias among
"
the Ro-
mans Liris through Cicero's farm at Arpinum. 6x7.
were certain days set apart to celebrate 8;v. 400." Cic. Leg.2, c. 1.
festivals, and duringthat time it was unlawful FicANA, a town of Latlnra, at the south of
for any person to work. They were either Rome near the Tiber. Liv. 1,c. 33.
jiublic or private.The publicweie of four FicARiA, a small island on the east of Sar- dinia,
different kinds. The ferice stativcB were tain
cer- now SerjJtidera. Pirn. 3, c. 7.
immoveable days always marked in the FicuLEA or FicuLNEA, a town of Latium
calendar,and observed by the whole citywith beyond mount Sacer at the north of Rome.
much festivity and publicrejoicing. The/emc Cicero had a villa theie,and the road that led
conceptivcB were moveable feasts, and the day to the town was called Ficul.ncrisis,afterwards
apppointedfor the celebration was always JVtnnentana Via. Cic. 12. Alt. 34. Lii. 1, c. "

previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. 38, 1.3, c. 52.

Among these were the fcrice, Latinw, which FiDENA, an inland town of Latium, uhose
were firstestablished by Tarquin, and observed inhabitants are called Fidcnales. The place
by the consuls regularly before theyset out was conquered by the Romans B. C. 435.
for the provinces ; the Compitalia, Lc. The Virg.JEn. 6, v. 773. Juv. 1, v. 44 Liv. 1, c.
" "

ferioiimperative, were appointedonly by the 14,15, and 27, 1. 2, c. 19, 1.4, c. 17 and 21.
command of the consul,dictator,
or pnetor,as FiDENTU, a of Gaul on the south of
town
a f)ublic for some
rejoicing importantvictorythe Po, between Placentia and Parma. Veil.
gainedover the enemy of Rome. The /ma 2, c. 2S."Plin. 3, c. 15." Cic. In. 2, c.54.
XuTfdincz Avcre regular days,ii\ which the FiDi:s, the goddessof faith, oath?,and
 FL FL
honesty,worshippedby the Romans. Numa uncommon success. The Greeks gi'adually
was the firstwho paidher di\ine honours. declared themseWes his firmest supporters,
FiDicijLiE,a placeof Italy. VcU. Max. 7, and he totallydefeated Philip on the confines
c. 6. ' of Epirus,and made all Locris,Phocis, and
FiDics Dius, a divinity
by the mans
whom
Ro- Thessaly,tributaryto the Roman
power.
generallyswore. He was also called He grantedpeace to the conqueredmonarch,
Sancus or Sanctus and Semipater, and he was and proclaimedall Greece free and indepen-dent
solemnlyaddressed in prayers the 5th of June, at the Isthmian games. This cele-
brated
which was yearlyconsecrated to his service. action procured the name of patrons
Some suppose him to be Hercules. Ovid. of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly
Fast. 6, V. 213." Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10." Di- paved their way to universal dominion.
onys. Hal. 2 and 9. Flaminius behaved among them with the
Fimbria, a Roman officer who besieged greatestpolicy, and by his ready compliance
Mithridates in Pritane,and failed in his at- with their national customs
tempts and prejudices,
to take him prisoner.He was ed
desert- he gaineduncommon popularity, and received
by his troops for his cruelty, upon which the name of fatlierand deliverer of Greece.
he killed himself. Plut. in Lxicull. He was afterwards sent ambassador to king
FiRMUM, now Fermo, a town of Picenum Prusias,who had given refugeto Annibal,
on the Adriatic, the port of which was called and there his prudence and artifice hastened
CasUllum Firmanum. Cic. 8, Att. 12. Plin. out of the world a man
"
who had long been
7, c. 8. Velleius. 1,c. 14.
" the terror of the Romans. Flaminius was
M. FiRsiius, a powerfulnative of Seleucia found dead in his bed, after a life spent ia
who proclaimedhimself emperor, and was at the greatest glory, in which he had imitated
last conqueredby Aurelian. with success the virtues of his model Scipio.
FiscELLCs, a part of the Apennine moun- tains Plut. in vild. Flor. Lucius, the brother
"

in Umbria, where the Nar rises. Hal. 8, of the preceding,signalized himself in the
V. 518." J'/i/i.3, c. 12. wars of Greece. He was expelledfrom the
Flacilla Antonia, a Roman matron in senate for killing a Gaul, by Cato, his brother's

Nero's age, ".c. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 7. colleague in the censorship, an action which
Fi.ACCus, a consul who marched againstwas highlyresented by Titus. Plat, in Flam.
Sylla, and was assassinated by Frimbria. Plut. Calp.Flamma, a tribune,who at the head
A poet. l^id. Valerius. A governor of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily,
of Egypt who died A. D. 39. Verrius,a B. C. 258, by engagingthe Carthaginians and
grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of cutting them to pieces.
Augustus,and supposedauthor of the Capito- Flanaticus sinus, a bay of the Flanates^
line marbles. A name of Horace. Vid. in Liburnia,on the Adriatic, now the golfof
Horatius. Carnjero.Plin. 3, c. 19 and 21.
^LiA Flacilla, the mother of Arcadius Flavia lex agraria,by L. Flavius, A.
and Honorius, was daughter of Antonius,a U. C. 693, for the distribution of a certaia
prefectof Gaul. quantityof lands among Pompey's soldiers,
Flaminia Lex agraria,by C. Flaminius and the commons.
the tribune, A. U. C. 525. It requiredthat Flavianum, a town of Etruria, on the
the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Tiber,called also Flavinium. Virg.JEn. 7, r.
Senones had been expelled, should be divided 696." Sil. 8, V. 492.
among the Roman people. Flavinia, a town of Latium, which sisted
as-
Flaminia Via, a celebrated road which led Turn us againstJEaeas. (^irg.
JEn. 7,
from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia.It v. 696.
received its name from Flaminius,who built Flavius, a senator who conspiredmtk
it,and was killed at the battle of Thrasymenus Piso against^'ero, kc. Tacit. A tribune
against Ann ibal. Agate of Rome opening of the peopledeposedby J. Caesar. A Ro-
man
to the same road,now delpopolo. who informed Gracchus of the violent
C. Flaminius, a Roman consul of a turbu-
lent measures of the senate againsthim. A
disposition, who was drawn into a battle brother of Vespasian, ^. A tribune who
near the lake of Thrasymenus,by the artifice wounded one of Annibal's elephantsin an
of Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, engagement. A schoolmaster at Rome in
Avilh an immense number of Romans, B. C. the age of Horace. 1 Sat. 6, v. 72. One of
217. The conqueror wished to give a burial the names of the emperor Domitian. Juv.
to his body,but it was not found in the heaps 4, V. 37.
of slain. While the tribune of the people,he Flevus, the rightbranch of the Rhine,
proposed an agrarianlaw againstthe ad- vice which formed a largelake on its falling int"
of his friends,of the senate, and of iiis che sea, called Flevo, now Zuider-Zee. It was
own father. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 17. " Liv. 22, afterwards called Htliam, now Ulie,when its
c. 3, }iat."Polyb."Flor.
2, c. 6."Val. Max. breadth became more contracted, and a fort
1; c. 6. erected there obtained the name of Flevutit
T. Q. Flaminius or FlamixInus, a brated Frisiorum. Tacit. An. 2, c. 6, 1.4,v. 73.
cele- Plin. "

Roman raised to the consulship,A. U. 4,c. 15." jtfe/fl,

3; c. 2.
C. 656. He was trained in the art of war Fl(3ra, the goddess of flowers
and gar-
dens
againstAnnibal, and he showed himself ca-
pable amongthe
Romans, the same as the Chlo-
in eveiy respectto dischargewith nourho- ris of the Giv^eks. Some suppose that she was
the great oiBce with which he was trusted.
in- origiuali}acommon courtezan, who leftto the
He wa" sent at the head ot the Ro- Romans the immense riches which she had ac-
quired
nan troops against Philip,king of Mace-
donia, by prostitution and lasciviousness,inre-
and in his expeditionhe met with membranre of which a yearly festivalwas in
 FO FO
itilutedin her honour. She was worshippedraisedcommotions in Germany afterthe death
even among the Sabines, longbefore the loun- of Nero. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 7. A man who
dation of Rome, and likewise among the Pho- conducted Cleopatrainto Syriaby order of
ceans, who built Marseilles long
before the ex-
istence Antony. Flut. in Ant.
of the capital of Italy.Tatius was the Formic, a maritime town of Campania at
firstwho raised her a temple in the cityot the south-east of Caieta. It was anciently the
Rome. It is said that she married Zephyrus, abode of the Leestrygones,and itbecame known
and that she received from him the privileges for its excellent wines, and was called Mamur-
of presiding over flowers,and of enjoyingper- petualrarum urbs,from a familyof consequence and
youth. [Fid.Floralia.] She was sented opulencewho lived there.
repre- Liv. 8, c. 14,1. 38,
as crowned with flowers,and holdingin C.36." Hora^. 1. od. 20, v. 11,1.3. od. 17,
her hand the horn of plenty. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. Sat. 1,5, v. 'Sl."Plin. 36, c. 6.
195, hc."Varro de R. R. l."Ladant. \, c. FoRMiANUM, a villa of Cicero near For-
20. A celebrated courtezan passionately mife,near which the orator was assassinated
loved by Pompey the Great. She was so beau- tiful, Cic. Fam. 11,ep. 27, 1. 16,
ep. 10." Tacit. Ann.
that when the temple of Castor and Pol- lux 16, c. 10.
at Rome was adorned with paintings, her FoRMio, now Risano,a river of Istria, the
picturewas drawn and placedamong the rest. ancient boundaryof Italy eastward,afterwards
Another courtezan, "c. Juv. 2, v. 49. extended to the Arsia. Plin. 3, c. 18 and 19.
Floralia, games in honour of Flora at Fornax, a goddessat Rome who presided
Rome. They were institutedabout the age over the bakingof bread. Her festivals, called
of Romulus, but they were not celebrated Fornacalia,were first institutedby Numa.
with regularity and proper attention till the Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 525.
year U. C. 580. They were observed yearly, Fuuo Appii, a people of Italy,whose cap- ital
and exhibited a scene of the most unbounded was called Forum Appi. Plin. 3, c. 5.
licentiousness. It is reported that Cato wished FortOna, a powerfuldeityamong the an-
cients,

once to be present at the celebration,and that daughterof Oceanus accordiijg to Ho-

mer,
when he saw that the deference for his pre-
sence or one of the Parcae according
to Pindar.
interrupted the feast,he retired,not She was the goddessof fortune,and from her
choosingto be the spectatorof the prostitution
hand derived riches and poverty,plea-
were sures
of naked in theatre.
public This be-
haviour and
misfortunes,blessings and
women a pains.
so captivated Romans,
the degenerate She worshipped in different parts of
was

tliatthe venerable senator was treated with the Greece, and in Achaia; her statue held the.
most uncommon applauseas he retired. Val. horn of plentyin one hand, and had a winged
Max. 2, c. IQ." Varro de L. L. l"Faierc. Cupid at itsfeet. In Boeotia she had a statue
c. l."Plin. 18,c. 29. which representedher as holdingPlutus the
'
Florentia, atownof Italyon the Arnus, god of riches in her arms, to intimate that for- tune
now Florence,the capital of Tuscany. Tacit, is the source whence wealth and honours
^n. 1, c. 79." FZor. 3, c. 21." Piwi. 3, c. 5. flow. Bupaluswas the firstwho made a statue
Florl\nus, a man who wore the imperialof Fortune for the peopleof Smyrna, and he
purple at Rome onlyfor two months, A. D.27d. represented her with the poplarstar upon her
Florus, L. Anna3us Julius, a Latin historian head, and the horn of plentyin her hand. The
of the same family which produced Sen- eca Romans paid particular attention to the god-
dess
and Lucan, A. D. 116. He wrote an of Fortune, and had no less than eight
abridgmentof Roman annals in four books, ditferent temples erected to her honour in
composedin a floridand poetical style, and ra-
ther their city. Tullus Hostilius was the firstwho
a panegyric on many of the greatactions built her a temple, and from that circumstance
of the Romans, than a faithfuland correct re- cital it is easily known when her worshipwas first
of their history.He also wrOte poetry, introduced among the Romans. Her most
and entered the lists againstthe emperor famous templein Italywas at Antium, in La-
Adrian,who satirically reproachedhim vyith tium, where presents and offerings were gularly
re-

frequenting taverns and placesof dissipation. sent from every part of the country.
The best editions of Florus are Duker's, 2 vols. Fortune has been called Pherepolis, the pro-
tectress
8vo. L Bat. 1722 and 1744; and that of J. of cities, Acrea, from the temple of
Frid. Fischer,8vo. Lips. 1760. Julius,a Corinth on an eminence, cuS-.s. She was called
friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius Prenesline at Prajneste in Italy, where she had ;
Nero in his militaiy expeditions.The poet also a temple. Besides she was worshipped
has addressed two epistles to him. among the Romans under different names, such
Fluoma, a surname of Juno Lucina, who as Female fortune,Vhile fortune.Equestrian,
under that appellation was invoked by theKo- Evil, Peaceful, Virgin,".c. On the 1st of
num matrons to stop excessive dischargesof April, which was consecrated to Venus among
blood. Ftst. de V. fig. the Romans, the Italian widows and marriage-
able
Folia, a woman of Ariminum, famous for virgins assembled in the temple of Virile
her knowledge of poisonous herbs,and for her fortune,and after burningincense and strip- ping
petulance.Ilorat. ep. 5, v. 42. themselves of their garments,theyentrea- ted
FoNS SoLis,a fountain in the provinceof the goddessto hide from the eyes of their
Cyrene,cool at mid-dayand warm at the rising husbands whatever defectsthere might be on
and setting of the sun. Hervdot. 4, c. 181. their bodies. The goddessof Fortune is rep- resented
FoNTANus, a poet mentioned by Ovid. on ancient monuments with a horn oi
Pont. 4, el. 16. jilenty, and sometimes two in her hands. She
FoNiEiA, a vestal virgin. Cic. is blind-folded, and generally holds a wheel ia
FoNTKius Capito, au intimate friend of her hand as an emblem of her inconstancy.
Horace. 1 i"at.5, v. 32. A Roman who Sometimes she appears with wings,and tread"
 FO FU
upon the prow of a ship,and holds a rudder times the word is used in the plural, Fossce'
in her hand. Dionys.Hal. 4. Ovid. Fast. as if more than one canal had been formed by
"

6, V. 569. Plut. de fort.Rom. and in Cor.

"
Marius. Plin. 3, c. 4." Strab. 4." Mela, 2,
"

"ic. de Div. 2. Liv. 10. "i(gustin.

"
de. Civ. c. 5.
"

D. 4. Flor. i. Val. Max.

"
1, c. 5. Lucan.
"
Foss^ Philtstin^e,
"

one of the mouths of

the Po. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 9.
FoRTUNATiE INSUL.?;, islands at the west of Franci, a people of Germany and Gaul,
Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They are sup-
posed whose country was called Francia. Claudian.
to be the Canary isles of the moderns, Fraus, a divinity worshipped among the
thought to be only two in number, at a little Romans, daughterof Orcus and Night. She
distance one from the other, and 10,000sta- dia presidedover treachery, "c.
from the shores of Libya. They Avere Fregella, a famous town of the Volsci
represented as the seats of the blessed, where in Italy, on the Liris,destroyed for revolting
the souls of the virtuous were placed after from the Romans. Ital. 5, v. 452." Liy
death. The air was wholesome and temperate, 8, c. 22, 1. 27, c. 10, he" Cic. Fam. 13,ep.
^
the earth producedan immense number of va-
rious 76.
fruits without the labours of men. When FregenjE a town of Etruria. Plin. 3, c. 5.
,
they had been described to Sertorius in the Frentan^i, a
people Italy,of lia,
Apu- near
most enchantingcolours,that celebrated ge-
neral who receive their name from the river
expresseda wish to retire thither,and Frento, now Fortore, which runs through
to remove himself from
the noise of the the eastern part of their
country, and falls
world, and the war.dangersof
Strab. 1. into the Adriatic opposite
"

the islands of Dio-

Plut. in Sertor. Horat. 4, od. 8, v. 27.
"

Epod. mede. Plin. 3, c. 11." Liv. 9, c. 45." Sil. 8,

"

16."Plin. 6, c. 31 and 32. V. 520.

FoRULi, a town of the Sabines built on a Fretum, (thesea) is sometimes applied

stony place, Strab. 5. Virg.Mn. 7, v. 714. by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits
"

FoRUM-APPii, a town of Latium on the of Messina. Cos. C. 1, c. 2Q."Flor. 1, c. 26.

Appia v!a. Cic. 1,Att. 10." Horat. 1,Sat. 3, "Cic. 2. Att. 1.
V. 3. Augustum, a placeat Rome. Ovid. Frigidus, a river of Tuscany.
Fast. 5, V. 652. Allieni,a town of Italy, Frisii, a people of Germany near the
now Ferrara. Tacit. H. 3, c. 6. Aureliaja Rhine, now the Prisons or Friesland. Tacit.
town of Etruria, now Montalto. Cic. Cat. 1, A. 1, c. 60." Hist. 4, c. 15 and 72." G. 34.
c. 9. Claudii,another in Etruria,now Ori- Sex. Jul. Frontinus, a celebrated geo-
metrician,
olo. Cornelii,another,now Imola, in the who made himself
known by the
Pope'sdominions. Plin. 3, c. 16. Cic. Fam. " books he wrote onaqueductsand stratagems,
12, ep. 5. Domitii, a town of Gaul, now dedicated to Trajan. He ordered at his
Frontignan, in Languedoc. Voconii,a town monumentdeath that no
should be raised
of Gaul, now Gonsaron, between Antibes his memory, saying,Memoria
to nostri du-
and Marseilles. Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 17."" rabit,si vitam meruimus. The best edition of
Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul, south of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp,8vo. L. Bat.
the Po. Popilii,another at the south of 1779.
Ravenna, on the Adriatic. Flaminii, a Fronto, a preceptor of M. Antoninus, by
town of Umbria, now San Giavane. Plin. whom he was greatly esteemed. Julius,a
3, c. 14. Gallorum, a town of Gaul To- learned Roman, who was so partialto the
gata, now Caslel Franco, in the Bolognese.company of poets,that he lent them his house
Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 30. Also a town of Ve-
nice, and gardens, which continually re-echoed the
called Forajuliensis urbs, now Friuli. compositions of bis numerous visitors. Juv. 1 ,
Cic. Fam. 12, ep. 26. .lulium,a town of Sat. v. 12.
Gaul Narbonensis, now Frejus,in Provence. Frusino, a small town of the Volsci on one
Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 17. Strab. 4. Lebno-
" of the branches of the Liris. Juv. 3, v. 223. "

rum, a town of Insubria. Polyh. Sempro- Liv. K), c. l."Sil. 8, v. 399." Cir. Ait. 11,
nii,a town of Umbria, he. other pla- Many
ces ep. 4 and 13.
bore the name of Forum
wherever there FCciNus, a lake of Italyin the countryof
was a public market, or rather where the praj- the Marsi,at the north of the Liris,attempted
tor held his court of justice, (ferum vel con- to be drained by J. Caesar and afterwards by
ventus,) and thence they were called some-
times Claudius,by whom 30,000 men were ed
employ-
conventusas well as/om,into which pro-vinces for eleven years to perforate
a mountain to-
Avere generally divided under the ad- ministration
convey the water into the Lids, but with no
of a separate governor. Cic. permanent success. The lake surrounded by
Ver. 2, c. 20, I.4, c. 48, 1.5, c, 11." Fa^m, 5, a ridgeof highmountains isnow called Celano,
Fam. 3, ep. 6 and 8." Attic. 5, ep. 21. and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumfe-
Fosi, a people of Germany near the Elbe, i"ence, and not mo?e than 12 feet deep on an
considered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. Tacit. average. Plin. 36, c. 15. Tacit. Ann. 12,c. "

G.36. 56." Firg.^n.7, v. 751".

Fossa, the straits of Bonifacio between FuFiDius, a wretched usuper, ".c. Horat. 1.
Corsica and Sardinia,called also Tephros. Sat. 2.
Plin. 3, c. 6. Drusi or Druslani,a canal, FuFius Geminus, a man greatlypromo-
ted
eightmiles in length,opened by Drusus from by the interest of Livia, he. Tacit. Ann.
the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of 5, c. 1 and 2.
Ihe Waal. Suet. Claud. I." Tacit. Hist. 5, Fugat.ia, festivalsat Rome to celebrate the
c. 23. Mariana, a canal cut by Marius flight of the Tarquins.
from the Rhone to Marseilles duringthe Cim- FulgVnatks, (sing.Fulginas) a people
orian war, and now called Galejon.Some- of Umbria, whose cihief town was Fulginnn,"j .
 FU FU
FuRiiE, the three daughters of Nox and
Sil. It. 8, v. 462.-P/m. 1, c. 4,
now Foligno. Acheron, or of Pluto and Froserpine,ing
accord-
^'
VfuI^ginus, abrave officer in Caesar's le- to some. Vid. Eumenides.
FuRii, a family which migratedfrom Me-
Bell. Civ.
"rions,".C. Ccts. to settle in Rome
"^
FuUoRA, a goddess at Rome who presideddullia in Latium, and came
under Romulus, and was admitted among the
addressed to save
over li^^htning.She was Camillus of this family,and it
vottries from the effects of violent storms patricians. was
her he who firstraised it to distinction. Pint,
thunder. Mg. de Civ. B. 6, c. 10. was
of in Caniill.
and Fulginum, a small town ot
FuLLiNUM de Testamentis, by C. Furius the
FuRiA LEX
Urabria. x^j tribune.
"

It forbade to leave as a
any person
proposedbut rejected,
-, ^ ^

FuLvix LEX was

It tended legacy more than a thousand asses, except te
A U C 628, by Flaccus
Fulvius.
citizens of the relations of the master who manumitted,
to make all the people of Italy
with a few more exceptions. Cic. 1. Verr. "

"^TutviA,
bold and a
ambitious woman who 42. "Liv. 35.
goddessof robbers, worshipped
FuRiNA, the
Clodius,
tribune and afterwards
married the she is the same
She took a at Rome. Some say that
Curio, and at last M. Antony. the Furies. Her festivalswere called Furi-
of her husband s virate
trium- as
part in all the intrigues ualia. Cic. de Kat. 3, c. S."Varro de L. L.
well as re-
and showed herself cruel as
vengeful.

cut 5, 3.
When Cicero's head had been c.

Fulvia ordered it to FuRius, a militarytribune with Camillus.

off by order of Antony, the Tuscans his col-
league. by
and with all the insolence He was sent against
be brought to her, A Roman slave who obtained big
of barblrity,
she bored tongue
the
divorced her
orators
freedom, and applied himself with unremit-
ted
with her golden bodkin. Antony
which she ed
attempt- attention to cultivate a small portionof
to marry Cleopatra, upon land which he had purchased.The mon
uncom-
by persuading Au-
to avenge her wrongs, his labours
fruits which reaped from
he
gustus to take up arms againsther husband
did not
rendered his
succeed, she raised neigbboursjealousof
his prosper-
ity.
When this scheme before a Roman tribunal
which she He was accused
faction againstAugustus, in
gaged
en-
a
her brother-in-law,and
of witchcraft, b ut honourably acquitted.
L. Antonius of Cremona, who
all her attempts proved
fruitless,she M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet
when Iambic and was sally
univer-
husband receiv- wrote annals in verse,
retired into the east, where her
ed
celebrated for the wit and humour of his
and indifference
her with great coldness is said that Virgil imitated
expressions. It
This unkindoess totally broke her heart, and
borrowed of his
after died,about 40 years before the his poetry and even some
she soon has failed to ridi-
cule not
lines. Horace however
christian era. Plut. in Cic. ^ Anton." ^A
his verses. Quintil. 8, e. 6, hc."Horat.
woman who discovered to Cicero the designs
Ctc, 2, Sat. 6, V. 40.
of Catiline upon his life. Plut. m accused of adultery with
senator, intimate with FuRNius, a man
Fulvius, a Roman
secrets Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, "ic. Ta- cit.
Augustus. He disclosed the emperor's friend of Horace,
Hist. 4, V. 52. A
made it public to all the Ro-man
to his wife, who who consul, and distinguished himself
received so severe was
matrons, for which he historical 1 Sat. 10,
he and his by his elegant writings.
a reprimandfrom Augustus, that V. 36.
themselves in despair. -A
wife hanged Arist. Fuscus, a friend of Horace, as con- spicuous
friend of C. Gracchus who was killed in a sedi-
tion
thrown into for the integrity and proprietyof his
with his son. His body was
forbidden to put manners, as for his learning and abilities.
the river, and his widow was
his 22 Od. Lib. 1 and 1
Plut. in Gracc/i The poet addressed
on mourning for his death. him. Corn, a praetor sent by Do-
Flaccus Censor, a Roman
who plundered Ep. 10, to
the Daci, where he perished.
mitian against
a marble temple of Juno, to finishthe buildmg
which he had erected to Fortune.
He jMy.4, V. 112.
of one
Ltv FusiA LEX de Comiiiis, A. U. C. 527,
was always unhappy after this sacrilege. business to be transacted at the
consul forbade any
25 c 2 Ser. Nobilior, a Roman
of Regulus. public assemblies on certain
days, though
who went to Africa afterthe defeat
the the fasti. Another A, U. C. 690,
After he had acquired much glory against among
which ordained that the votes in a public
he was shipwrecked at his re-
turn
Carthaginians, should be given separately. Ca-
with 200 Roman ships. His grandson assembly
sent to Spain, where
he greatly ninia, another by Camillus and C. Caninius
Marcus was
afterwards re- warded Galbus, A. U.
C. 751, to check the manumis- sion
himself. He was
signalized of slaves.
with the consulship.
orator. Cic. 2. de Oral.
FuNDANUs, a lake near Fundi in Jtaiy, Fusius, a Roman
22. A Roman killed in Gaul, while he
which discharges itselfinto the Mediterranean. c.

there of the provinces.

Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 69.
presided over one

3. A Roman actor,
Fundi, a town of Italynear Caieta, on the Co"s. Bell. G. T, c.
Horace ridicules. 2 Sat. 3, v. 60. He
small deep whom
Appianroad,at the bottom of a intoxicated himself; and when on the stage,
Horal. 1, Sat. 5,
bay called Lacus Fundanus. Ilione,
19, I. 38, c. 36." he fell asleep whilst he personated
V M^Liv. 8, c. 14 and roused and mo-
ved
where he ought to have been
Plin. 3, c. 5." Cic. Rail. 2, c. 25.-r-Tacit.
Ann.
by the cries of a ghost}but in vain.
4, c. 59." S/m6.5.
 GA GA
people of Aquitain. Plm. 4, of Cadis. Geryon,whom Hercules kill-
ed,
GABLES,
19.c.
a name
fixed his residence there. Hercules, sur-

Gabaza, a country of Asia,near Sogdiana,named Gaditanus, had there a celebrated

Curt. 8, c. 4. temple,in which allhis labours were engraved
Gabellus, now La Secchia, a river falling
with excellent workmanship. The inhabi-
tants
in a northern direction into the Po, opposite were called Gadifani,and there women
Ihe Mincius. Plin. 3, c. 16. were known for their agilityof body, and
Gaeene and Gabienb, a country of Persia. their incontinency. Herat. 2, od. 2, v 11 "

Diod. 19. Stat. 3, Sylv.1,v. 183." Lir. 21, c. 21, 1.24, c.

Gabli or Gabina. Vid. Gabina. 49, 1. 26, c. 43." Plin. 4, c. 2a."Sirab. 3."
Gabienus, a friend of Augustus,beheaded Cic.proGab. Justin. 44, c. 4. Pans. 1, c.
" "

by order of Sexl. Pompey. It is maintained 35." Ptol. 2, c. A."Paterc. 1, c. 2.

that he spokeafterdeath. Gaditancs, a surname of Hercules,from
Gabii, a city of the Volsci,built by the Gades. Vid. Gades.
kingsof Alba, but now no longerin existence. G^SATiE, a peopleon the Rhone, who as- sisted

It was taken by the artificeof 5extus,the son the Senones in takingand plundering
of Tarquin,who gainedthe confidence of the Rome under Brennus. Strab. 5.
inhabitantsby deserting pretend- diTULiA, a country of Libya, near
to them, and ing the
that his father had illtreated him. Romu-
lus Garamantes, which foi-med part of kingMasi-
and Remus were educated there,as it was nissa's kingdom. The country was the fa-
vourite
the custom at that time to send there the retreat of wild beasts, and is now ed
call-
young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity Bildulgerid.Sallust. in Jug. SU, 3, v "

of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar287." Plin. 6, c. 4.

mode of tuckingup their dress,whence Gabi- G^TiJLicos, Cn. Lentulus, an oflScer in the
nus cinctus. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 773, 1. 7, v. 612 age of Tiberius, "c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 42.
and 6821" Lii).5, c. 46, 1.6, c. 29, 1.8, c. 9, 1. A poet who wrote some epigrams,in
10, c. 7." Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 709." P/u/. m Ro- which he displayed great genius,and more
vml. wit,thoughhe often indulgedin indelicateex- pressions.
GlBiiVA, the name of Juno, worshippedat
Gabii. Virg.^n. 7, v. 682. Gala, father of Masinissa,was king of Nu-
GabInia lex de Comitiis, by A. Gabinius,midia.
the tribune,A. IJ.C. 614. It required that in Galaerii, a nation near Thrace.
the publicassemblies for electing magistrates, Galactophagi,a peopleof Asiatic Scythia.
the votes should be given by tablets, and not Homtr. II. 3.
viva voce. Another for conveningdailythe GAL.a:sus. Vid. Galesus.
senate from the calends of February,to those Galanthis, a servant maid of Alcmena,
of March. Another, de Comitiis,which whose sagacityeased the labours of her mis- tress.
made it a capital punishmentto convene any When Juno resolved to retard the birth
clandestine assembly,agreeable to the old law of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife
of the twelve tables. Another, de Militia,of Sthenelus,she solicited the aid of Luciua ;
by A. Gabinius the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It who immediatelyrepairedto the house of
grantedPompey the power of carryingon the Alcmena, and in the form of an old woman,
war against the pirates, during three years, sat near the door with her legscrossed,and
and of obliging all kings,governors, and states, her fingers joined. In this posture she uttered
to supplyhim with all the necessaries he want- ed, some magicalwo)ds, which served to prolong
over all the Mediterranean sea, and in the the labours of Alcmena, and render her
maritime provinces,as far as 400 stadia from state the more miserable. Alcmena had al-
ready
the sea. Another,de Usurd, by Aul, Gabi- nius passedsome days in the most excrucia-
ting
the tribune,A. U. C. 685. It ordained torments, when Galanthis began to sus- pect

that no action should be granted for the re- covery the jealousy of Juno ; and concluded that
of any money borrowed upon small in-terest,the old woman, who continued at the door al- ways
to be lent upon larger.This was an in the same unchanged posture,was the
usual practice at Rome, which obtained the instrument of the anger of the goddess. With
name of vcrsuram facere. Another againstsuch suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house,
fornication. and with a countenance expressive of joy,she
in the reign of informed the old woman
Gabinianus,a rhetorician, that her mistress had
Vespasian. justbroughtforth. Lucina, at the words, rose
Gabinius, a Roman historian. Aulius, from her posture,and that instant Alcmena
a Roman consul,who made war in Juda)a,andwas safelydelivered. The uncommon laugh
re-established tranquillity there. He suffered which Galanthis raised upon this, made na
Luci-
himself to be bribed,and replacedPtolemy suspectthat she had been deceived. She
Auletes on the throne of Egypt. He was cused, seized Galanthis by the hair,
ac- and threw her on
at his return, of receiving cero,the ground ; and while she attemptedto resist,
bribes. Ci-
at the requestof Pompey, ablydefended she was changedinto a weazel,and condemn-
ed
him. He was banished, and died about 40 to bringforth her young, in the most nizing
ago-
years before Christ,at Salona. A lieuten-
ant pains, by the mouth, by which she had
of Antony. A consul, who behaved uttered falsehood. This transformation al- ludes
with uncommon rudeness to Cicero. to a Vulgar notion among the ancients,
Gades {iwn,)Gadis (is)and Gadira, a who believed this of the weazel, because she
small island in the Atlantic,on the Spanish carries her young in her mouth, and continu- ally
coast, 25 miles from the columns of Hercules. shiftsfrom placeto place. The Boeotians
It was sometimes called Tartessus,and Erylhia paidgreatveneration to the weazel, which, as
according to Pliov, and is now known by the theysupposed, facilitatedthe labours of Ale-
 GA GA

Ttnena. Mian, H. Mint. 2." Ovid. Met. 9, and in the felghth

of his reign,
and proclaimed
feb. 6. Otho
emperor in his room,, January16th,A. D.
Galata, a town of Syna.- -An island 69. The virtues which had shone so bright in
near Sicily. A town of Sicily A moun- Galba, when a private
"
man, totally
ed
disappear-
tain of Phocis. when he ascended the throne ; and he who
^ ^

Galaxy,
, ..
the inhabitants of Galatia Vid. showed himself the most impartial judge,for-
got
Galatia. the duties of an emperor, and of a father
GiLATiEA and Galath^a, a sea nymph, of his people. Suet on. ^ Pint, in vita. "

daughterof Nereus and Doris. She was Tacit.

sionately
pas- A learned man, grandfather to the
loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, emperor of the same name. Suet, in Galb. 4.
whom she treated with cold,:|ess and disdain ; Sergius, a celebrated orator before the
while Acis,a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyedher age of Cicero. He showed his sons to the Ro- man
unbounded affection. The happiness of these people,and implored their protection,
two lovers was disturbed by the jealousy of the by which means he saved himself from the
Cyclops, who crushed his rival to pieceswith punishment which either his guilt or the per-
suasive
a pieceof a broken rock, while he sat in the eloquenceof his adversaries,M. Cato
bosom of Galatsea. Galataea was ble
inconsola- and L. Scribonius, urgedas due to him. Cic.
for the loss of Acis, and as she could not de Orat. 1,c. 53. ad Her. 4, c. 5.
restore to life,she changed him into a
him Galenus Claudius, a celebrated, physician
fountain. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 789." Firg. Mn. in the age of M. Antoninus and his successors,
9, V. 103. The daughterof a Celtic king,born at Pergamus, the son of an architect.
from whom the Gauls were called Galatae. He appliedhimself with unremitted labour
Ammimi. 15. A country girl,"c. Virg.to the studyof philosophy, mathematics,
Ed. 3. and of physic. He
chiefly visited the most
Galatia, or Gallogr;ecia, a countiy of learned seminaries of Greece and Egypt ; and
Asia Minor, between Phrygia,the Euxine, at last came to Rome, where he soon ed
render-
Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its himself famous by his profession. Many,
name from the Gauls, who migratedthere un- der astonished at his cures, attributed them to ma-
gic,

Brennus, some time afterthe sackingof and said that he had received allhis know-
ledge
Rome. Strah. \2.~Justin. 37, c. A."Liv. 38, from enchantments. He was very inti-
mate
c. 12,40" Lwcaw. 7, v. bAO." Cic. 6, Mt. 5." with Blarcus Aurelius, the emperor,
Plin. 5, c. S2."Ptol. 5, c. 4. The name of after whose death he returned to Pergamus,
ancient Gaul among the Greeks. where he died in his 90th year, A. D. 193.
Galaxia, a in which
festival, they boiled a He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the great-
est
mixture of barley,pulse, and milk, called part of which were burnt in the temple of
by the Greeks.
TxKctt.t'i Peace at Rome, where theyhad been deposi-
ted.
Galba, a surname of the firstof the Sul- Galenus confessed himself greatly in-
debted
pitii,from the smallness of his stature. The to the writings of Hippocrates, for his
^

v^ord signifies a small worm, or, according to medical knowledge, and bestowed great en-
comiums

some, it implies, in the languageof Gaul, fat-

ness, upon him. To the diligence, cation
appli-
for which the founder of the Sulpitian and experiments of those two celebra-
ted
familywas remarkable. A kingamong the physicians, the moderns are indebted for
Gauls, who made war against J. Ceesar. Cas. many usefuldiscoveries; yet,often their opin- ions
Belt. Gall. 2, c. 4. A brother of the em-
peror are ill-grounded,their conclusions hasty,
Galba, who killed himself,"c. A and their reasoningfalse. What remains of
mean in the age of Tiberius.
buflToon, Juv. 5, the works of Galen, has been published, out
with-
V. 4. Servius, a who de-fended
lawyer at Rome, a Latin translation,in five vols, fol,Basil.

the cause of adulterers witii great 1538, Galen was likewise edited, together
warmth, as being one of the fraternity. race with Hippocrates,
Ho- by Charterius,13 vols, fol.
ridicules him, 1. Sat. 2, v. 46. Servius Paris 1679, but very incorrect,
Sulpicius, a Roman who rose gradually to the GaleoljE, certain prophetsin Sicily,Cic.
greatestoffices of the state, and exercised his Galeria, one of the Roman tribes.
power in the provinceswith equityand un- remittedThe wife of Vetellius, Cas. Tacit. Hist. 2, c.
diligence.He dedicated the great-est 60. Fustina,the wife of the emperor An- toninus
part of his time to solitary pursuits,chiefly Pius,
to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disap-
probation Galerius, a native of Dacia, made empe-
ror
of the emperor'soppressivecom- mand of Rome, by Diocletian, Vid. Masi-
in the provinces, was the cause of new raianus.
disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to Galesus, now Galeso, a river of Calabria
death, but he escapedfrom the hands of the flowinginto the bay of Tarentum. The po-
ets
executioner, and was publiclysaluted empe-
ror. have celebrated it for the shadygroves in
When he was seated on the throne, he its neighbourhood, and tlie fine sheep which
suftered himself to be governed by favourites, feed on its fertile banks, and w hose fleeces
who exposedto sale the goods of the citizens were said to be rendered soft when they bath-
ed
to gratify their avarice. Exemptions were in the stream. Martial. 2, ep. 43, 1, 4,
sold at a highprice, and the crime of murder ep. 2S." Virs. G. 4, v. 126." Horat. 2, od.
was blotted out, and impunitypurchasedwith 6j V. 10. A rich person of Latin m, killed
a largesum of money. Such irregularitiesin as he attemptedto make a reconciliationbe-tween
theemperor'sministers,greatly
displeasedthe the Trojans and Rutulians, when As-
people; and when Galba refused to pay the canius had killed the favourite stag of Tyrr-
soldiers the money which he had promisedheus ; which was the prelude of all the en-
mities

them, when he was raised to the throne,they between the hostile nations. Virg. JEn.
assassinated him in the 73d year of his
age. 7, v. 335.
 GA GA

GaTuIlma,a celebrated country of Syria,cd by some of the Gauls,and then it means

often mentioned in scripture. the country on this side of the Po, or beyond
Galinthiadia,a festivalat Thebes, in hon- our the Po, with respectto Rome, By Gallia To-
of Calinthias, a daughter of Prcetus. It gata, the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul^
was celebrated before the festivalof Hercules, where the Roman gowns, togce,were usually
by whose orders it was firstinstituted. worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted
Galli, a nation of Europe,naturally fierce,to the rank of citizenship at Rome. Gallia
and inclined to war. They were stitiousNai'bonensis,
very super- was called Braccata,on account
; and in their sacrifices they often im- of the peculiar
molated covering of the inhabitantsfor
human victims. In some places, they their thighs.The epithetof Comata, is ap- plied
had large statues made with twigs, which they to Gallia Celtica,because the people
filledwith men, and reduced to ashes. They suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon
believed themselves descended from Pluto ; length. The inhabitants were greatwarriors,
and from that circumstance theyalwaysreck-
oned and their valour overcame the Roman armies,
their time not by the days, as other nations,took the citiesof Rome, and invaded Greece,
but by the nights. Their obsequies were did, in different ages. They spread themselves
splen-
and not only the most precious things,but over the greatestpart of the world. They
even slaves and oxen, were burnt on the fune-
ral were very superstitious in their religiousmonies,
cere-

pile. Children, among them, never ap- and revered the sacerdotal order,as
peai-edin the presence of their fathers, before if they had been gods. (Vid. Druidee.)They
they were able to bear arms in the defence of long maintained a bloodywar against the Ro-
mans
theu- country. Cces.Bell. G. " Stmb. 4." cit.
Ta- ; and
Caesar resided 10 years in their
Vid. Gallia. The of Cybele, country before
priests he could totally subdue them.
who received that name from the river Galljus,CcBs.Bell. Gall. Fans. 7, c. 6. Strab. 5, ".e.
"
"

in Phrygia,where they celebrated the festi-

vals. Gallicanos mons, a mountain of Cam-
pania.
They mutilated themselves before they
were admitted to the in imitation
priesthood, Gallicus Ager, was appliedto the try
coun-
of Atys, the favourite of Cybele. (Vid. Atys.) between Picenum and Ariminum, whence
The chief among them was called Archigal-the Galli Senones were banished,and which
lus,who in his dress resembled a woman, and Vv'as divided among the Roman citizens. Liv.
carried,suspended to his neck, a largecollar 23, c. 14,1.39, c. 44" C-ic.Cat. 2." Goes. Civ.
with two representations of the head of Atys. 1, c. 29. Sinus, a part of the Mediterra-
nean
Vid. Corybantes, Dactyli,".c. Diod. 4. on" the coast of Gaul, now called the gulf
Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 36. Lucan. 1, v. 466.
" Lu- of Lyons.
"

can. de Dea Syria. Gallienus, Publ. Lucinius, a son of the

Gallia, a largecountry of Europe, called emperor Valerian. He reignedconjointly
Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants were with his father for seven years, and ascended
called Galli,Celliberi, and Celtoschylhce, by the throne as sole emperor, A. D. 260. In his
themselves by the Greeks Galatce. An-
Celtce, cient youth he showed his activity and military
Gaul was divided into four different parts character,in an expedition againstthe Ger-mans
by the Romans, called Gallia,Belgica, Narbo- and Sarmatae ; but when he came to the
nensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia Belgi-
ca, purple he delivered himself up to pleasure
was the largest province, bounded many, and indolence.
by Ger- His time was spent in the
Gallia Narbonensis, and the German greatestdebauchery ; and he indulgedhim- self
ocean ; and contained the modern country of in the grossest and most lascivious manner,
Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy,with part of the and his palace displayed a scene, at once o[ ef-
feminacy
Low Couuti'ies,and of Champagne, and of the and shame, voluptuousness and im-
morality.
isle of France. Gallia JVarbonensis,which He often appeared with his hair
contained the provincesnow called Langue- powdered with goldendust;and enjoyed ti-an-
doc,Provence, Dauphine,Savoy,was bounded quillityat home, while his provinces abroad
by the Alpsand Pyrenean mountains, by A- were torn by civil quarrels
and seditions. He
quitania,Belgium, and the Mediterranean. heard of the loss of a rich province,and of the
Jiquilania Gallia,now called the provinces of execution of a malefactor, with the same ference
indif-
Poitou,Santonge,Guienne, Berry,Perigord, ; and when he was apprized that E-
Quercy, Limosin, Gascogny, Auvergne, he. gypt had revolted,he only observed, that he
was nean could live without the produce of Egypt. He
situated between the Gerumna, the Pyre-
mountains,and the ocean. Gallia Cellica,w asof a disposition naturally inclined to raille-
ry
or Lugduntnsis, was bounded by Belgium, and the ridicule of others. When hiswife had
Gallia iNarbonensis, tiieAlps,and the ocean. been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered
It contained the country at presentknown by the malefactor to be placed in the circus,in
the name of Lyonuois, Touraine, Franche expectationof beingexposed to the ferocity
Co.nite,Seuenois, Switzerland, and part of of a lion. While the wretch trembled at tlie
Normandy. Besides these
grand divisions, expectation of instant death,the executioner,
there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpi- by order of the emperor, let loosife % capon
na, or Citerior ; Transalpinaor Ulterior,upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised
which refers to that part of Italy which was upon this, and the emperor observed,that he
conqueredby some of the Gauls who crossed who had deceived others,should expect to be
the Alps. By Gallia Cisalpina, the Romans deceived himself. In Ihe midst of these ridi-
culous
undeislood that part of tJaul which liesin Ita-ly diversions,Gallienus was alarmed by
; and by Traiutipiua, yond the revolt of two
that which lies be- of his officers,
who had an-
the Al])3, in regaidonly to -the inhabi-
tants sumed the imi)erial purple. This intelligence
of Rome. Gallia 6V5p"t/a?irt
and Traiis- rouhcd him from his lethargy ; he marclicd
vadana,is appliedto a part of Italytonquer- ngain^^t his antagonists,, and put all the rebels
 GA
to the sword, without showing the leastfavour stantlnus, a brother of the emperor Julian,
either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties raised to the imperial throne under the titleof
irritatedthe people and the army; emperors Cajsar,by Constantius his relation. He con- spired

were elected,and no less than thirty tyrants against his benefactor, and was publicly
aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus re- solved condemned to be beheaded, A. D. 354. A
boldlyto oppose his adversaries ; but small river of Phrygia,whose waters were
in the midst of his preparations, he was sinated
assas- said to be very efficacious, if drank in modera-
tion,
at Milan by some of his officers, in the in curingmadness. Plin. 32, c. 2. Ovid,
"

50th year of his age, A. D. 268. Fast. 4, V. 361.

Gallinaria Svlva, a wood near Cumae in Gamaxus, an Indian prince,broughtin
Italy, famous as beingthe retreat of robbers. chains before Alexander for revolting.
'

Juv. 3, V. 307. Gamelia, a surname of Juno, as Game-

Gallipolis, a fortified town of the Salen- lius was of Jupiter, on account of their pre-siding
tines, on the Ionian sea. over marriages. A festivalprivately
GALLOGRiECiA, a country of Asia Minor, observed at three different times. The first
near Bithyniaand Cappadocia.It was inhab- ited was the celebration of a marriage, the second
by a colonyof Gauls, who assumed the was in commemoration of a birth-day, and the
name of Gallogrczciy because a number of third was an anniversaryof the death of a
Greeks had accompaniedthem in their emi- gration. person. As it was observed generally on the
Strab. 2. 1st of January,marriageson that day were
C. Gallonius, a itoman knightappointed considered as of a good omen, and the month
over Gades, "-c. was called Gamelion among the Athenians.
P. Gallonius, a luxurious Roman, who, Cic. de Fin. 2, c 31.
as was observed, never dined well,because Gandarit^, an Indian nation.
he Avas never hungry. Cic. de Fin. 2, c. 8 Gangama, a placenear the Palus Maeotis.
and 28. GangariDjE, a people near the mouths of
Gallus, Vid. Alectryon. -A general of the Ganges. They were so powerful that
Otho, he. Plul. A lieutenant of Sylla.Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some
An officer of M. Antony, "c. Caius, attribute this to the weariness and indolence
a friend of the great African us, famous for of his troops. They were placed by Valer.
his knowledge of astronomy, and his exact Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. Jusiin.
calculations of eclipses.Cic. de Senec 12, c. 8." Curt. 9, c. 2." Virg. JEn. 3, v. 27."
iElius, the 3d governor of Egypt in the age of Flacc. 6, V. 67.
Augustus. Cornelius, a Roman knight, who Ganges, a largeriver of India, falling into
rendered himself famous by his poetical, as the Indian ocean, said by Lucan to be the
well as militarytalents. He was passionately boundary of Alexander's victories in the east.
fond of the slave Lycorisor Cytheris, and cel-
ebrated It inundates the adjacent country in the sum- mer.
her beautyin his poetry. She proved Like other rivers,it was held in the
ungrateful, and forsook him to follow M. An- tony, greatestveneration by the inhabitants, and
which gave occasion to Virgil to write this superstition is said to exist stillin some
his tenth eclogue. Gallus,as well as the other particular instances. The Ganges is now covered
dis-
poetsof his age, was in the favour of Augustus, to rise in the mountains of Thibet,
by whom he was appointedover Egypt. He and to run upwards of 2000 miles before it
became forgetful of the favours he received ; reaches the sea, receiving in its course the
he pillaged the province, and even conspiredtribute of several rivers,11 of which are supe- rior
againsthis benefactor accordingto some counts,
ac- to the Thames, and often equal to the
for which he was banished by the em- peror. greatbody of the waters of the Rhine. Lucan.
This disgrace operatedso powerfully 3, V. IZO."Slrab. b."Plin. 6, c. Ql."Cwt. 8,
upon him, that he killed himself in despair, c. 9." Mela,3, c. 7." Virg. JEn. 9, v. 31.
A. D. 26. Some few fragmentsremain of Gannascus, an allyof Rome, put to death
his poetry, and it seems that he particularly by Corbulo, the Roman general, ",c. Tacit.
excelled in elegiaccompositions.It is said, Ann. 11, c. 18.
that Virgil wrote an eulogiumon his poetical GANYMisDE, a goddess, better known by the
friend,and inserted it at the end of his Geor- name of Hebe. She was worshippedunder
gics; but that he totally suppressed it,for fear this name in a templeat Philus in Pelopon- nesus.
of offending his imperialpatron, of whose fa- vours Pans. 2, c. 13.
Gallus had shown himself so undeserv-
ing, Ganymedes, a beautiful youth of Phrygia,
and instead of that he substituted the son of Tros, and brother to llus and Assara-
beautiful episodeabout Aristasus and Eury- cus. Accordingto Lucian, he was son of
dice. This eulogium, according to some, Dardanus. He was taken up to heaven by
was suppressedat the particular desire of Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather tending
Augustus. Quintil. 10, c. 1. Virg.Ed. 6 his father's flocks on mount
"
Ida, and he be- came
and 10" Ovid. Amat. 3, el. 15, v. 29. the cup-bearer of the gods in the place
Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul, of Hebe. Some say that he was carried away
in the age of Augustus, of whose orations by an eagle,to satisfy the shameful and un- natural

Seneca has preservedsome fragments. A desires of Jupiter.He is generally

Roman who assassinated Decius,the emperor, representedsitting on the back of a flying
and raised himself to the throne. He showed eaglein the air. Pans. 6, c, 24. Homer. It. "

himself indolent and cruel,and beheld with 20, V. 2S\." Virg. JEn. 5, v. 252." Or/rf. Met.
the greatest indifference the revolt of his pro- vinces, 10,v. Ibb."Horat. 4, od. 4.
and the invasion of his empireby the Gar.t.ticum,a town of Africa.
barbarians He was at last assassinated by his Garamantes (sing.Garamas,) a peoplein
.^oldicrs, A. P. 263. Flavins Claudius Con- the interiorparts of Africa,now called the
.-^*v-
 GA GE
deserts of Zaara. They lived in common, and Gebekx A, a town and mountain of Gaul,
acknowledgedas their own onlysuch children Lucan. 1, v. 435.
as resembled them, and scarce clothed them-
selves, Gedrosia, a barren province of Persia,
on account of the warmth of their cli-mate.near India. Strab. 2.
Virg.Mn. 4, v. 198, 1.6, v. 795." Lu- Geganii, a family of Alba, part of which
ean. 4,v. 334." Strab. 2."Plin. 5, c. 8."Sil. migratedto Rome, under Romulus. One of
It. 1,v. 142,1.11,V. 181. the daughters, called Gegani,was the firstof
Garamantis, a nymph who became ther
mo- the vestals created by Numa. Plui. in JVum.
of larbas, Phileus,and Pilumnus, by Ju- piter. Gela, a town on the southern partsof Si- cily,
Virg.^11. 4, v. 198. about 10 miles from the sea, according to
Garamas, a king of Libya,whose daughterPtolemy,which received itsname from a small
was mother of Ammon by Jupiter. river in the neighbourhood, called Gelas. It
Garatas, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony,713
on the banks of which Pan had a temple.years before the Christian era. After it had
Paus. 8, c. 44. continued in existence 404 years, Phintias,ty- rant
Gareat^, a people of Arcadia. Pam. 8, of Agrigentum, carried the inhabitants to
e. 45. Phintias, a town in the neighbourhood, which
Gareathyra, a town of Cappadocia.he had founded, and he employed the stones
Strab. 12. of Gela to beautify his own city.Phintias was
Garganus, now St. Angela,a loftymoun- tain also called Gela. The inhabitants were called
of Apulia, which advances in the form of Gelemes,Geloi,and Gelani. Virg.JEn. 3, v.
a promontory into the Adriatic sea. Virg.702." Paw;?. 8, c. 46.
"Sln 11, v. 257. " Lucan. 5, v. 880. Gelanor, a king of Argos,who succeeded
Gargaphia, a valleynear Plataea,with a his father,and was deprived of his kingdom
fountain of the same name, where Actaeon was by Danaus the Egyptian. Paus. 2, c. 16.
torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 156. Vid. Danaus.
Gargaris, a king of the Curetes, who Gellia Cornelia lex, de Civitate,by
firstfound the manner of collecting honey. L. Gellius and Cn. Cornel. Lentujus,A. U. C.
He had a son by his daughter,whom he at- 681.
tempted It enacted,that all those who had been
in vain to destroy. He made him his presentedwith the privilege of citizens of
successor. Justin. 44, c. 44. Rome by Pompey, should remain in the pos- session
Gargarus, (plur.a, orum,)a town and of that liberty.
mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous Gelhas, a native of Agrigentum,famous
for its fertility. Virg.G. 1, v. J03. Macrob. for his munificence and his hospitality.
" Died.
5, c. 20." Strab. 13." Plin. 5, c. 30. \3."Val.Max. 4, c. 8.
Gargettus, a villageof Attica,the birth Gellius, a censor, he. Pint, in Pomp.
placeof Epicurus. Cic, Fani. 15,ep. 16. A consul who defeated a party of Ger- mans
Gargittius, a dog which kept Geryon's in the interest of Spartacus.Plid.
flocks. He was killed by Hercules. Aulus Gellius. a Roman grammarian in
Gargilius Martialis, an historian. the age of M. Antoninus, about 130 A. D.
A celebrated hunter. Horat.l, ep. 6, v. 57. He published a work which he called JVoctes
Gabites, a peopleof Aquitain,in Gaul. Mtic(E,because he composed it at Athens
Garumna, a river of Gaul, now called duringthe long nights of the winter. It is a
Garonne, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, collection of incongruous matter, which con- tains
and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania. many fragments from the ancient writers,
It fallsinto the bay of Biscay, and has,by the and often serves to explainantique monu- ments.

persevering labours of Lewis 14th,a commu- It was originally composed for tho
BJcation with the Mediterranean by the canal improvement of his children,and abounds
of Languedoc,carried upwards of 100 miles with many gi'ammatical remarks. The beit
throughhills, and over vallies. Mela, 3, c. 2. editionsof A. Gellius are, that of Gronovius,
Gastron, a generalof Lacedaemon, ",c. 4to. L. Bat. 1706,and that of Conrad, 2 vols.
Polycen.
2. 8vo. Lips.1762.
GATHE.aE, a town of Arcadia. Paus.
Gelo 8, and Gelon, a son of Dinomenes,
6.34. who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491
Gatheatas, a river of Arcadia. Id. lb. years before the Christian era. He conquer-
ed
Gaugamela. a village near Arbela beyond the Carthaginians at Himera, and made his
the Tigris, where Alexander obtained his 3d oppressionpopularby his great equityand
victoryover Darius. Curt. 4, c. 9. Strab. 2 moderation.
"
He reignedseven years, and his
and 16. death was universally lamented at Syracuse.
Gaulus and Gauleon, an island in the He was called the father of his people,and
Mediterranean and honoured as a demi-
god.
sea, oppositeLibya. It pro- duces the patron of liberty,
no venomous creatures. Plin. 3, c. 8 His brother Hiero succeeded him.
Gaurus, a mountain of Campania, famous Paus. 8, c. 42."Herodol. 7, c. 153,kc."Diod.
for its wines. Lucan. 2, v. 667. Sil. 12,v. 11.
" A man who attemptedto poisonPyrr-
160." 67a/. 3, Sylv. 5, v. 99. hus. A governor of Bceotia. A son of
Gaus andGAOs, a man who followed the Hiero the younger. Paus. 6, c. 9. A gene-
ral
interestofArtaxerxes,
from whom he revolt-
ed, of Phocis,destroyed with his troopsby the
and by whom he was put to death. Diod. Thessalians. Paus. 10, c. 1.
35. Geloi, the inhabitants of Gela. Virg.Mn.
Gaza, a famous town of Palestine, once 3, V. 701.
well fortified,as being the frontier place on Gelones and Geluni, a people ofScythia,
the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after inured from their youth to labour and fatign*
a siege of two months. Diod. 17. They paintthemselves to appear more l"rrl'
38
 GE GE
ble in battle. They were descended from on the same called Opera
subject, and Hits.
Gelonus, a son of Hercules. Virg.G. 2, V. 15. Georgius Pisida. Vid. Pisida.
-.^Ew, 8,
V. 725." Mela, 1,c 1. Claudian in
"
Gephyra, Seleu- one of the cities of the
Ruf. 1, V. 315. cidas in Syria. Strab. 9.
Gelds, a port of Caria. Mela, 1, c. 16. G1"VRYKS.1, a people of Phoenicia,who
Gemini, a sign of the zodiac which repre-
sents passedwith Cadmus into Bceotia,and from
Castor and Pollux,the twin sons of Leda. thence into Attica. Herodot.5,c. 57.
Geminius, a Roman, who acquaintedM. Ger^stus, a port of Eubcea. Liv. 31, c. 45.
Antony with the situation of bis affairs at Gerania, a mountain between Megara and
Rome, "ic. An inveterate enemy of Ma- Coi'inth.
rius. He seized the person of Marius, and Gerantk-se,a town of Laconia. Pans. 3,
carried him to Minturnae. Plut. in Mario. c. 2.
-Afriend of Pompey, from whom he re-
ceived Geresticus, a harbour of Teios in Ionia,
a favourite mistress, called Flora. Plut. Liv. 37, c. 27.
Geminus. an astronomer and mathematician Gergithum, a town near Cumae in .^o-
of Rhodes, B.C. 77. lia. Plin. 5, c. 30,
GsMONi;^, a placeat Rome where the Gergobia, a town
casses
car- of Gaul. Cces. B. G.
of criminals were thrown. Suel. Tib. 7,c. 9.
53 and 61." Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 74. Gerion, an ancient augur.
Genabum, a town of Gaul, now Orleam, Germakia, an extensive country of Eu-
rope,
"on the Loire. Cces. 5. C. 7, c. 3."" Lxtcan. at the
Its inhabitants east of Gaul.
1, V. 440. were ways
al- and
warlike,fierce,and uncivilized,
Genauni, a people of Vindelicia. Horat. proved a watchful enemy againstthe
4, Od. 14, V. 10. Romans. Cajsar firstentered their country,
Geneva, an ancient, populous, and well but he rather checked their fury,than con-
quered

fortifiedcity,in the country of the Allobroges them. His example was followed by
xm the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva. his their generals,
imperialsuccessors
or who
Genisus, a man of Cyzicus,killed by the
entered the country to chastise the
sometimes
Argonauts,he. Place. 3, v. 45. of the inhabitants.
insolence The ancient
Genius, a spirit or dsmon, which, accor-
ding Germans were very superstitious, and, in
to the ancients, presidedover the birth many instances, their religion was the same as

and lifeof every man. Vid. Daemon. that of their neighbours,the Gauls; whence
Genseric, a famous Vandal prince,who some have concluded that these two nations
passedfrom Spain to Africa,where he took were of the same origin.They paid uncom- mon

Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Van- respect to their women, who, as they
clal kingdom in Africa,and in the course of believed,were endowed with somethingmoi*e
his militaryexpeditions, invaded Italy, and than human. They built no templesto their
sacked Rome in July455. gods,and paid great attention to the heroes
Gektius, a king of Illyricum, who impri-
soned and warriors which their country had produ- ced.
the Roman ambassadors at the request Their rude institutions graduallygave
of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence rise to the laws and manners which stillpre-
vail
was highlyresented by the Romans,and Gen- in the countries of Europe, which their
tiu3 was conqueredby Anicius,and led in tri-
umph arms invaded or conquered.Tacitus, in whose
with his family, B. C. 169. Lii\ 43, c. age even letters were unknown among them,
19, "c. observed their customs with nicety,and has
Genua, now Genoa, a celebrated town of delineated them with the geniusof an histo- rian,
Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. It was re and the reflection of a philosopher.Ta- cit,
built by the Romans. Lzt\21, c. 32, 1.28,c. de Morib. Germ. Mela, 1,c. 3, 1. 3, c. 3. "

46, 1. 30, c. 1. "Cces. Bell. G." Strab. 4.

Genucius, a tribune of the people. -A Germanicus
-
Cjesar, a son of Drusus and
consul. Antonia, the niece of Augustus. He was

Genijsus, now Semno, a river of Macedo-

nia adoptedby his uncle Tiberius,and raised to
falling
into the Adriatic above Apollonia.the most important officesof the state. When
Lucan. 5, v. 462, his grandfather Augustus died,he was employ-
ed
Genutia lex, de magistralibus, by L. Ge- in a war in Germany, and the affection of
nutius the tribune,A U. C. 411. It ordained the soldiers unanimouslysaluted him emperor.
that no person should exercise the same istracyHe refused the unseasonable
mag- honour, and ap-
peased
within ten years, or be invested with the tumult which his indifference occa-
sioned.

two offices in one year. He continued his wars in Germany,

Georgica, a poem of Virgil in four books. and defeated the celebrated Arminius,and was
Tfie first treats of ploughing the ground;the rewarded with a triumph at his return to
second of sowing it; the third speaks of the Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the
management of cattle, ":c. and in the fourth,east, and sent him to appease the seditions of
the poet givesan account of bees,and of the the Armenians. But the success of Germani-
cus
manner of keepingthem among the Romans. in the east was soon looked upon with an
The word is derived from ytx terra and le-yov envious eye by Tiberius,and his death was
opus, because it particularly treats of husband-
ry. meditated. He was secretlypoisoned at
The work is dedicated to Maecenas the Daphne, near Antioch, by Piso, A. D, 19,
great patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. in the thirty-fourth year of his age. The news
The author was seven years in writingand of his death was received with the greatest
polishing and in that composition
it, he showed grief, and the most bitter lamentations,and
how much he' excelled all other writers. Tiberius seemed to be the only one who
He imitated Hesiod,who wrote a poem nearly rejoiced in the fallof Germanicus, He had
 GE Gl
married Agrippina,by whom he had nine Getje,(Getes, sing.) a peopleof European

children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the Sc"lhia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was ban-ished
name of his illustriousfather. Germanicus in their country,describes them as a sa- vage

has been commended, not onlyfor his milita- ry and warlike nation. The word Geticus^
accomplishments, but also for his learning, is frequently used for Thracian. Ovid, de
humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the Pont. Prist.5, el.7, v. ni."Strah. 7. Stat.2.
midst of war, he devoted some moments to "Sylv. 2, V. 61,1.3, s. 1,v. ll."Luean. 2, v.
study,and he favoured the world witli two 54, 1.3, V. 95.
Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a trans-
lation Getulia. Vid. Gaetulia.
of Aratus in Latin vei*se. Sueton. GiGAKTEs, the sons of Ccelus and Terra,
This name was common in the age of the em- perors, who, according to Hesiod, sprang from the
not onlyto those who had obtained vic- toriesbloodof the wound which Ccelus received from
over the Germans, but even to those his son Saturn ; whilst Hyginus calls them
who had entered the borders of their country sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are re- presented
at the head of an army. Domitian applied the as men of uncommon stature,with
name of Germanicus^which he himself had strength proportioned to their gigantic size.
vainlyassumed, to the month of September Some of them, as Cottus,Briareus,and Gy-
in honour of himself. Suet in Dom. 13. "
ges, had 50 heads and 100 ai-ms, and ser- pents
Martial. 9, ep. 2, v. 4. instead of legs.They were of a terrible
Germanii, a peopleof Pereia. Herodot. 1, aspect, their hair hung loose about their
c. 125. shoulders, and their beard was suffered to
Gerrh^, a people of Scythia,in whose grow untouched. Pallene and itsneighbour-
hood
country the Borysthenes rises. The kingsof was the placeof their residence. The
Scythiawere generally buried in their territo-
ries. defeat of the Titans,with whom theyare of-ten
Id. 4, c. 71. ignorantly confounded,and to whom they
Gerus and Gerrhus, a river of Scythia. were nearlyrelated,incensed them against
Id. 4, c. 56. Jupiter, and they all conspired to dethrone
Geronthrje, a town of Laconia,where a him. The godwas alarmed,and called allthe
yeai'ly festival, called Geron/Arcea, was ed
observ- deitiesto assisthim against a powerful enemy,
in honour of Mars. The god had there a who made use of rocks,oaks, and burning
temple with a grove, into which no woman woods for their weapons, and who had already
was permitted to enter during the time of the heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion,to scale with,
solemnity.Paus. Lacon, more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight
Gervon and Geryones, a celebrated mon- ster, of such dreadful adversaries, the gods fled
born from the union of Cbrysaorwith with the greatestconsternation into Egypt,,
Callirhoe,and represented by the poets as where theyassumed the shape of different-
having three bodies and three heads. He animals to screen themselves from their pur- suers.
lived in the island of Gades, where he kept Jupiter, however, remembered that
numerous flocks,which were guardedby a theywere not invincible, providedhe called a
two-headed dog, called Orthos,and by Eury- mortal to his assistance ; and by the advice of
thion. Herculusjby order of Eurystheus, went Pallas,he armed his son Hercules in his cause.
to Gades, and destroyed Geryon,Orthos,and With the aid of this celebrated hero,the giants
Eurythion, and carried away allhis flocks and were soon put to flight and defeated. Some
herds to Tirynthus. Hesiod. Theos- 187. " were crushed to piecesunder mountains or

Virg.^m. 7, v. 661, 1. 8, v. 202." Ital.1,v. buried in the sea ; and others were flayed alive/
Til .-"Apollod. 2."Lucret. 5, v. 28. or beaten to death with clubs. (Vid.Encela-
Gessat^, a peopleof Gallia Togata..FliU. dus, AloideSjPorphi/rion, Typkon, Otus, Ti-
in Marc ell. taiies, fcc.)The existence of giants has beea
Gessoriacum, a town of Gaul, now Bou- logne, supportedby all the writers of antiquity,
in Picardy. and received as an undeniable truth. Homer
Gesses, a river of Ionia. tells-us, that Tityus,when extended on the
Geta, a man who raised seditionsat Rome ground,covered nine acres ; and that Poly- phemus
in Nero's reign, "g. Tacit.Hist. 2, c. 72. eat two of the companionsof Ulysses
Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus,bro- ther at once, and walked alongthe shores of Sicily,
to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age leaningon a staff which mighthave served
he was moved with compassionat the fate of for the mast of a sliip. The Grecian heroes,,
someof thepartisansoflSigerand Albinus,Avhoduringthe Trojan war, and Turnus in Italy,
had been ordered to be executed ; and hb fa- ther, attacked their enemies by throwingstones^
struck with his humanity,retracted his which four men of the succeeding ages would
sentence. After his father'sdeath he reignedbe unable to move. Plutarch also mentions,
at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but Car-
acalla, in supportof the gigantic stature, that Serto-
who envied his virtues, and was jealousrius opened the grave of Antasus in Africa, and
of his popularity, ordered him to be poisoned;found a skeleton which measured six cubits ins
and when this could not be effected, he mur-
dered length.Apollod. 1,c. 6. Paus. 8, c. 2, ",c.
" "

him in the armsofhis mother Julia, who, Ovid. Met. 1,v. 151. Pint, in Sertor. Hygin.
" "

in the attempt of defending the fatalblows fab. 28, kc" Homer. Od. 7 and 10." Virg.G..
from his body,received a wound in her arm, 1,V. 280, ^n. 6,V. 580.
from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, GiGARTUM, a town of Pheenicia.
A. D. 212. Geta had not reached the 23d Gjsis,one of the female attendants of Pa-
year of his age, and the Romans had reason rysatis, who was privyto the poisoning of Sta-
to lament the death of so virtuous a prince, tira. Plut. m Artax.
while they groaned under tlie cruelties and GiLDo, a governor of Africa,in the ceigUi
"ppression of Caracalla. of Arcadius. He died A. D. 3t"8.

^p
 GL GL
tiiLLO, an in Juvenal's
infamous adulterer, quisiteto be known. When they were first
age. Juv. 1,V. 40. brought upon the arena, they walked round
GiNDANES, a peopleof Libya, who fed on the placewith greatpomp and solemnity, and
the leaves of the lotus. Herodot. 4, c. 176. after that they were matched in equal pairs
GiNDES, a river of Albania flowinginto the with greatnicety. They firsthad a skirmish
Cvrub. Another of Mesopotamia. Tibul. with wooden c"\\edrudesor
liles,
arma lusoria.
4,'
el. 1,V. 141. After this the
effective weapons, such as
GiNGE. Vid.
Gigis. swords, daggers,"c. called arma decreloria
GiNGUNUM, a mountain of Umbria. were giventhem, and the signalfor the en- gagement

Gippius, a Roman who pretendedto sleep, was givenby the sound of a trum- pet.
that his wife mightindulge her adulterous pro-
pensities, As theyhad all previously sworn to fight
".C. tilldeath, or sufter death in the most excru-ciating

Gisco, son of Hamilcon the Carthaginian torments, the fight was bloodyand ob- stinate,
general, was banished from his country by the and when one signified his submission
influence of his enemies. He was afterwards by surrendering his arms, the victor was not
recalled, and empowered by the Carthagi-
nians permittedto grant him his life without the
to punish,in what manner he pleased,leave and approbation of the multitude. This
those who had occasioned his banishment. was done by clenching the fingers of both hands
He was satisfied to see them prostrateon the between each the thumbs
other, and holding
ground, and to placehis foot on their neck, uprightclose together,or by bending back
their thumbs.
showingthatindependenceandforgivenessare The firstof these was called
two of the most brilliant virtues of a great pollicempremerej and signified the wish of the
mind. He was made a general soon after,in peopleto spare the lifeof the conquered.The
Sicily,against the Corinthians,about 309 other sign,called poUicem vertere, signified
years before the christian era 5-and by his suc-
cess their disapprobation, and ordered the victor
and intrepidity, he obliged the enemies of to put his antagonist to death. The victor
his country to sue for peace. was generally rewarded with a palm,and other
Gladiatorii ludi, combats originally hibited expressive
ex- marks of the people's favour. He
on the grave of deceased persons at was most commonly presentedwith a piZetts
Rome. They were first introduced at Rome and rudis. When one of the combatants ceived
re-

by the Bruti, upon the death of their father, a remarkable wound, the people ex- claimed

A. U. C. 488. It was supposed that the habet,and expressedtheir concern by

ghosisof the dead were rendered propitious shouts. The combats of gladiators were times
some-

by human blood ; therefore at funerals,it different,either in w^eapons or dress,

was usual to murder slaves in cool blood. In whence theywere generally distinguished into
succeedingages, it was reckoned less cruel to the followingordei"s : The secutcres were
obligethem to kill oi^e another like men, ai'med v/ith a sword and buckler, to keep
than to slaughter them like brutes,therefore off the net of their antagonists, the retiarii.
the bai"barity
was covered by the speciousThese last endeavoured to throw their net
show of pleasure and voluntarycombat. over the head of their antagonist,and in that
Originally
captives,
criminals,or disobedient manner to entanglehim, and prevent him
slaves,were trained up for combat; but from striking. If this did not succeed, they
when the diversion became more frequent,and betook themselves to flight. Their dress was
was exhibited on the smallestoccasion,to pro- a short coat with a hat tied under the chin
cure
esteem and popularity, many man with broad ribbon.
of the Ro- They wore a trident ia
citizens enlisted themselves among the their left hand. The threces, originallyThra-
gladiators,and INeroat one show exhibited no cians,were armed with a faulchion, and small
less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The round shield. The myrmiUones,called also
peoplewere treated with these combats not gain,from their Gallic dress, were much the
only by the great and opulent,but the very same the secutores.
as They were, like them,
priestshad their Ludi pontificales, and Ludi armed with a sword, and on the top of their
sacerdotales. It is supposedthat there were no head-piecetheywore the figureof a fish,em-
bossed,

more than three pairof gladiators exhibited called f^ef^^ti"',whence their name.
by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, in- The hoplomachi,
creased were completelyarmed from
with the luxuryand power of the city; head to foot, as their name implies.The
and the gladiators became so formidable, armed afterthe manner
that satmiiies, of the Sam-
Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to nites,wore a large shield broad at the top,
take up arms, and the success to defeat the and growingmore narrow at the bottom, more
Roman armies,onlywith a train of hisfellow- conveniently to defend the upper parts of the
suflferers.The prudent of the Romans
more body. The essedarii, generallyfoughtfrom
were sensible of the
dangerswhich threatened the essedum, or chariot used by the ancient
the slate, by keepingsuch a number of despe-
rate Gauls and Britons. The andabaim, ""?""",
men in arms, and therefore,many tary fought
salu- on horseback, with a helmet that cov-ered

laws were proposedto limit their number and defended their faces and eyes. Hence
as wei! as to settle the time in which the show andabalarum folded.
blind-
more pugiuire, is to fight
could be exhibited with safctyand convenience. The merldiani,engaged in the after-
noon.
Under the emperors, not only senators and The postulatiiii, were men of great
knights, but even women engagedamong the skill and experience,and such as were rally
gene-
gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority producedby the emperors. The fiscales
of their sex. When there were to be any were maintained out of the emperor's treasury,
.shows,hand-bills were circulated to giveno- tice Jiscus. The dimachfzri foughtwith two swords
to the people,and to mention the place,in their hands, whence their name. After
number, time, and every circumEtance re- these cruel exhibitions had been continued f"r
 GL GL
the amusement of the Roman populace,they He is representedlike the other sea deities
were abolished by Constantine the Great, near with a longbeard, dishevelled hair, and shag-
gy
600 years aftertheir first institution. They eyebrows,and with the tailof a fish. He
were, however, revived under the reign of received the giftof prophecy from Apollo,
Constantius and his two successors, but Ho- and accordingto some accounts he was the
norius for ever put an end to these cruel bar- barities.
interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Ar- gonauts
in their expedition, and foretoldthem,
Glanis, ariverof Cumae. Of Iberia. that Hercules, and the two sons of Leda,
Of Italy. Ital.8, v. 454. would one day receive immortal honours.
Glanum, a town of Gaul, now St. Remi, The fable of his
metamorphosishas been ex- plained
in Provence. by some authors,who observe that
Glaphyre and Glaphyra, a daughterof he was excellent diver,who was
an devoured
Archelaus the high-priest of Bellona in Cap- by fishes as he was
swimming in the sea.
padocia,celebrated for her beauty and in- trigues.
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905, hc."Hygin.fab. 199."
She obtained the kingdom of Cap- Mhen. 7." ipollon. l."Diod. 4. Bristol, de
"

padocia for her two sons from M. Antony, Rep. Del" Pans. 9, c. 22. A son of Sisy-
phus
whom she corruptedby defiling the bed of kingof Corinth,by Merope the daughter
her husband. This amour of Antony with of Atlas,born at
Potnia,a village of Bceotia.
Glaphyra,highlydispleased his wife Fulvia, He prevented his mares from having any com-merce
who wished Augustusto avenge his infidelity, with the stallions, in the expectatioa
by receiving f rom her the same favours which that they would become swifter in running,
Glaphyra received from Antony. Her
upon which Venus inspired the mares with
grand-daughter bore the same name. She was such furythat they tore his body to
pieces as
a daughterof Archelaus king of Cappadocia,he returned from the games which Adrastus
and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by had celebrated in honour of his father. He
whom she had two sons. After the death of was buried at Potnia.
Hygin.fab. 250. Virg.
"

Alexander, she married her brother-in-law G. 3, V. 3Qri."Apollod.1 and 2. A son of

Archelaus. Minos the 2d, and Pasiphae, who was ered
smoth-
Glaphyrus, a famous adulterer. Juv. 6, in a cask of honey. His father, ignorant
V. 77. of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where
Gt.auce, the wife of Actagus,daughterof he was, and received for
answer, that the
Cychrseus. Apollod. A daughterof Cre- soothsayerwho best described him an
ox,
theus, mother of Telamon. One of the which Mas of three differentcolours hii?
ISereides. among
A daughterof Creon, who mar- ried flocks, vvould best givehim intelligence of his
Jason. {Vid. Creusa.] One of the Da- son's situation. Poiyiduswas found superior to
naides. ApoUod. allthe other soothsayers, and was commanded
Glaucia, a surname of the ServiHan fami- ly. by the kingto find the young prince. When
Cic. Oral. 3. he had found him, Minos confined him with
Glaucippe, one of the Danaides. Apol- the dead body, and told him that he never
lod. would restore his liberty, if he did not restore
Glaocippus, a Greek, who wrote a trea-
tise him to life. Poiyidus was struck with the
concerning the sacred rites observed at king's severity, but while he stood in astonish-
ment,
Athens.
a serpent suddenlycame towards the
Glaucon, a writer of dialoguesat Athens. body and touched it. Poiyiduskilledthe ser- pent,
Diog.in vit. and immediatelya second who
came,
Glauconome, one of the Nereides. seeingthe other without motion or signsof life,
Glaucopis, a surname of Minerva, from
disappeared, and soon after returned with a
the blueness of her eyes. Homer. Hesiod. certain herb in his mouth.
"

This herb he laid

Glaucus, a son of Hippolochus, the son of on the body of the dead
serpent, who was im- mediately
Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Tro- jan restored to life. Poiyidus, who had
war, and had the simplicity to exchange attentively considered what passed, seized the
liis golden suit of armour with Diomedes herb,and with it he rubbed the body of the
for an iron one, whence came the proverb dead prince, who was
of Glauciet Diomedes pennut alio,to instantly raised to life.
express Minos received Glaucus with gratitude, but he
a foolishpurchase. He behaved with much refused to restore Poiyidusto liberty, before he
courage, and was killed by Ajax. Virg.taughthis son the art of divination and prophe-
JEn. t),v. 483." Martial. 9, cy.
ep. 96." f/bmer. He consented with great reluctance, and
//.6. A fisherman of Antbedon in Bceolia,when he was at last permitted to return to Ar-
son of Neptune and Nais, or accordingto golis, his native country,he desired his
others of Polybius the son of Mercuiy. to spitin his mouth.
pupil
Glaucus willingly sented,
con-
As he was fishing, observed that all the
he and from that moment he forgot allthe
fishes which he laid on the grass received
knowledge of divination and healingwhich he
fresh vigouras they touched the
ground,and had received from the instructionof Poiyidus.
immediately escaped from him by leapingilyginusascribes the
into the sea. He attributed the cause
recovery of Glaucus to
of it ^sculapius.
Apollod. 2, C.S." Hygin. 136 and
to the grass, and by tasting it,he found him- self 251, ";c. A son of Epytus,who succeeded
suddenlymoved with a desire of living in his father on the throne of
the sea.
Messenia,about 10
Upon this he leapedinto the water, centuries before the Augustan He intro-
duced
and was made age.
a sea
deityby Oceanus and the worship of Jupiter
among the Do-rians,
Tethys, at the request of the gods. After and was the firstwho offered sacrifices
this transformation he became enamoured of to Machaon the son of iEculapius.Paus.
the Nereid Scylla,whose ingratitude was 4, c. 3. A son of Antenor, killed by
leverelypunishedby Circe. [Vid. Scylla.] Agamemnon. Didys. Cret. 4. An Ar-
 GO GO
of the crew who was GoNiPPUS and Panormus, two youthsof
gonaut,the only one
not wounded in the battle against nians. Andania, who disturbed the Lacedaemonians
the Tyrrhe-
Athtn. 7, c. 12. A son of Im- when celebrating the festivalsof Pollux. Paus.

brasus, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, 4, c. 27.

343. A son of Hippolytus, Avhose de- GoNNi and Gonocondylos,
scendants a town of Thes-
saly
y
in Ionia.- athlete of at the entrance into Tempe. Liv. 36, c.
reigned An
Euboea. Paus. 6, c. 9. A son of Priam. 10, 1. 42, c. 54." Slrab. 4.
3. A physician of Cleopatra. Plut. GoNOEssA, a town of Troas. Senec. in
JlpoUod.
in Anton. A warrior, in the age of Pho- Troad.
cion. Id. in Phoc. A physician exposed GoNussA, a town of Sicyon. Paus.
on a cross, because Hephaestion died while un-
der GoRDiiEi, mountains in Armenia, where
his care. Id. in Alex. An artist of the Tigi-is rises,supposedto be the Ararat of
Cliois. Pans. A Spartan.Id. A grove scripture.
of Bosotia. Id. A bay of Caria,now the GoRDiANUs, M. Antonius Africanus, a
An historian of Rhe- of Metius Marcellus, descended from
gulfof Macri. Id. son

A bay and river of Libya. Trajan, by his mother's side. In the greatest
gium in Italy.
Of Peloponnesus. Of Colchis,falling affluence,he cultivated learning, and was an

into the Phasis. example of piety and virtue. He applied

of Illyricum, who educa-
ted himself to the studyof poetry, and composed
Glautias, a king
a in 30 books the virtues of Titus
Pyrrhus. poem upon
of Pansa, accused of Antoninus,and M. Aurelius. He was such an
Glicon, a physician
wound of his patron,he. advocate for good-breedingand politeness,
havingpoisonedthe
Suet, in Aug. 11. that he never sat dawn in the presence of his
Glissas, a town of Bceotia with a small father-in-law, Annius Severus, who paid him
river in the Paus.9., c.
neighbourhood. 19. dailyvisits, before he was promoted to the
Glycera, beautiful woman,
a celebrated praBtorship.He sometime afterelected
was

by Horace 1,.od.19, 30. A courtezan of consul,and went take the government of

to
skilfulin makinggarlands, that some Africa, in the capacity of proconsul. After he
Sicyon,so
attributedto her the invention of them. A had attained his 80th year in the greatest
famous courtezan, whom Harpalusbrought splendourand domestic tranquillity, he was
from Athens to Babylon. roused from his peacefuloccupations by the
Gf.v CERIUM, a harlot of Thespiswho sentedtyrannical
pre- reignof the Maximini, and he was
her countrymen with the paintingof proclaimedemperor by the rebellious troops
of his province. He long declined to accept
Cupid,which Praxiteles had given her.
The mistress of Pamphilusin Terence's Andria. the imperialpurple, but the threats of imme-
diate
Glycon, a man remarkable for his strength. death gained his compliance. Maximi-
Herat. 1, ep. 1, v. 30. A physician who at- nus
tended marched againsthim with the greatest
Pansa, and was accused of poisoningindignation ; and Gordian sent his son, with
kis patron's wound. Suet. Aug. 11. whom he shared the imperialdignity, to op-
pose
the borders of the La- cedaemoniansthe enemy. Young Gordian was killed :
Glympes, a town on

and Messenians. 4.Polyb. and the father, worn out with age, and grown

Gnatia, a town of Apulia,about thirtydesperate on account of his misfortunes,

stran-
gled
miles from Brundusium, badly supplied with himself at Carthage,before he had been
water. Horat. 1, Sat. 5. six weeks at the head of the empire,A. D.
Gnidus. Vid. Cnidus. 236. He was universally lamented by the army
and people. M. Antonius Africanus, of
Gnossis and Gnossia, an epithetgiven to son

Ariadne, because she lived,or was born at Gordian Us, was instructed by Serenus Samno-
Gnossus. The crown which she received ticus,who left him his library, which sisted
con-

from Bacchus, and which was made a stellation,

con-
of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened
is called Gnossia Stella. and his peaceful
Virg.G. understanding, disposition,
commended
re-

him to the favour of the emperor

1,V. 222.
Gnossus, a
He
dence Heliogabalus.
famous cityof Crete, the resi- was made of Home,
prefect
of The Gnossia of and afterwards consul,by the emperor ander
Alex-
king Minos. name

is often applied to the whole

tellus, island. Severus. He passedinto Africa,in the

Virg.JEn. 6, v. 23." Slrab. 10." Homer. Od. character of lieutenant to his father, who
bad obtained that province,and seven
GoBANiTio, a chief of the Arverni, uncle years
to Vercingetorix. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 4. afterhe
elected emperor, in conjunction
was

marched
with him.againstthe partisans
He
GoBAR, a governor of Mesopotamia,who
checked the course of the Euphrates, that it ofMaximinus, his antagonist, in Mauritania,

mightnot run rapidly through Babylon.Plin. and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th
26. of June, A. D. 236, after a reignof about six
6, c.
GoBAREs, a Persian governor, who surren- dered weeks. He was of an amiable disposition,
but
to Alexander, "ic. Curl. 5, c. 31. he has been justly blamed by his biographers,
GoBRYAS, a Persian,one of the seven blemen on
no- account of his lascivious propensities,
which
who conspiredagainst the usurper reduced him to the weakness and infirmitiesof
,

Smerdis. Vid. Darius. Herodot. 3, c. 70. old age, though he was but in his 46th year at
GoLGi, (orum) a place of Cyprus, sacred the time of his death. M. Antonius Pius,
to Venus Golgia, and to Cupid. Paus. 8, c. 5. grandsonof the firstGordian,was but 12 years
GoMPHT, a town of Thessaly,near the old when he was honoured whh the titleof

springs of the Peneus at the foot of the Pindus. Cassar. He was proclaimedemperor, in the
GoKATAS, one of the Antigoni. Kith year of his age, and his election was tended
at-
GoNiADES, nymphs in the neighbourhood with universal marks of approbation.
#f the river Cytherus.Slrab. 8. In the 18th year of his age, he married Furia
 GO GO
Sabina Tranquillina, daughterof Misitheus,a GoRGiAS, a celebrated sophist and orator^
man celebrated for his eloquenceand publicson of Carmantides, surnamed Leontinus, cause
be-
virtues. Misitheus was intrusted with the born at Leontium in Sicily.He was
most important offices of the state by his son- sent by his countrymen to solicitthe assistance
in-law ; and his administration provedhow de- of the Athenians against the Syracusans, and
~

servinghewasof the confidence and aft'ection was successful in his embassy. He lived to
of his imperial master. He corrected the va-rious hb 108th year, and died B. C. 400.
Onlj
abuses which prevailed in the state, and tw^o fragments of his compositions are extant.
restored the ancient discipline among the diers.
sol- Pans. 6, c. 17." Cic. In Orat. 22, he. Seneet.
By his prudenceand political sagacity, 15, in Brut. 15." quintil.3 and 12. An
all the chief towns in the empu-e were stored officer of Antiochus Epiphanes. An Athe-
nian,
with provisions, which could maintain the who wrote an account of all the
emperor and a largearmy during15 daysupon prostitutes of Athens. Athen. A Macedo-
nian,
any emergency. Gordian was not less active forced to war with Amyntas,^c. Curt.
than his father-in-law ; and when Sapor,the 7, c. 1.
kingof Persia,had invaded the Roman vinces GoRGo, the wife of Leonidas kingof Spar-
pro- ta,
in the east, he boldlymarched to meet "c. The name of the ship which ried
car-
him, and in his way defeated a largebody of Perseus,afterhe had conqueredMedusa,
Goths, in Mcesia. He conqueredSapor,and GoRGoNEs, three celebrated sisters, ters
daugh-
took many flourishing citiesin the east, from of Phorcysand Ceto, whose names were
his adversary In this success the senate de-
creedStheno, Euryale,and Medusa, all immortal
him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus as except Medusa. According to the mytholo-
the guardian of the republic. Gordian was gists,
sassinated
as- their hairs ^vere entwined with serpents,
in the east, A. D. 244, by the means their hands were of brass,their wings of the
of Philip, who had succeeded to the \irtuous colour of gold,theur body was covered with
Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereignimpenetrable scales,and their teeth were as
power by murdering a w^arlike and amiable long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they
prince. The senate, sensible of his merit,ho- noured turned to stones all those on whom theyfixed
him with a most splendidfuneral on theireyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her
the confines of Persia, and ordered that the hair,according to Ovid, and this proceeded
descendants of the Gordians should ever be from the resentment of Minerva, in whose
free,at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and temple Medusa had gratified the passionof
burdens of the state. During the reign of rseptune, who was enamoured of the beauti-
ful
Gordianus,there was an uncommon eclipse of colour of her locks, which the goddess
the sun, in which the stars appeared in the changed into serpents. ^Eschylus
says, that
middle of the day. theyhad only one tooth and one eye between
GoRDiuM, a town of Phrygia. Justin. 11. them, of which they had the use each in her
c. l."Liv. 38, c. \Q."Curt. 3, c. 1. turn ; and accordingly it was at the time that
GoRDiDs, a Phrygian,who, though origi- nally they were exchangingthe eye^ that Perseus
a peasant,was raised to the throne. Du-
ring attacked them, and cut off Medusa's head.
a sedition,the Phrj^gians consulted the Accordingto some authors,Perseus, when he
oracle,and were told that all their troubles went to the conquest of the Gorgpns, was
would cease as soon as they chose for their armed with an instrument like a scytheby
king,the firstman they met goingto the tem- ple Mercury, and providedwith a looking-glass
of Jupitermounted on a chariot. Gor- by Miner\'a,besides winged shoes,and a hel-
met
dius was the object mediately of Pluto,which rendered all objects
of their choice,and he im- clear-
ly
consecrated his chariot in the tem-
ple visible and open to the view, while the
of Jupiter.The knot which tied the yoke person wiio w^ore itremained totally invisible.
to the draughttree, was made in such an artful With weapons like these,Pei-seus obtained an
manner that the ends of the cord could not be easy victory ; and after his conquest returned
perceived. From this circumstance a report his arms to the differentdeities whose favours
was soon spread,that the empire of Asia was and assistance he had so recently
experienced.
promisedby the oracle to him that could untie The head of Medusa remained in his hands ;
the Gordian knot. Alexander,in his conquest and after he had finishedall his laborious ex- peditions,
of Asia,passedby Gordium ; and as he wished he gave it to Minerva, who placed
to leave nothingundone which might inspire it on her ajgis, with which she turned into
his soldiers with courage, and make his ene- mies stones all such as fixed their eyes
upon it. It
believe that he was born to conquer Asia, is said,that after the conquest of the Gorgons,
he cut tlieknot with his sword ; and from that Perseus took his flight in the air towards
circumstance asserted that the oracle was ly
real- .-Ethiopia ; and that the dropsof blood which
lultilled, and that his claims to universal fell to the ground from Medusa's head were
empire were fully justified. Jmlin. 1 1,c. 7. "
changed into serpents,which have ever since
Curl. 3, c. 1. .irrian. 1.
" A tyrantof Co- rinth.infested the sandydesertsof Libya.The horse
Arislot. Pegasusalso arose from the blood of Medusa;
GoKGASus, a man who received divine ho- noursas well as Chrysaor with his golden sword'
at Pherae in Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 30. The residence of the Gorgons was
beyondthe
Gorge, a daughterof Gilneus,kingof Ca- ocean towards the west, according to Hesiod.
lydon,by Althea,daughterof Thestius. She iEschylusmakes them inhabit the easteru
married Andremon, by whom she had Oxiius,parts of Scythia; and Ovid, as the most re- ceived
who headed the Heraclidae when they made opinion, supportsthat theylived in the
an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her tomb inland partsof Libya,near the lake of Triton,
was seen at Amphissain Locris. Pans. 10, c. or the gardensof the Hesperides.Diodorus
3B."Apollod.1 and 2.~0dd. Met. 8, v. 542. and others explain the fable of the Gorgons,
"
One of 'he Danaide^. ,^^oUod,
2, c. 1. that they were
by supposing a warlike race of
 GR GR
women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, either in the senate or at the head of the ar-
mies.

ed.
destroy-
with the helpof a largearmy, totally He made war in Gaul, and met with
Hesiod. Theog. ^ Scut. "pollon.4. "
" much success in Spain. He married Sempro-
2, 1 and 4, he. Homer. II.5 and nia,of the family of the Scipios, of
Apollod. c. "

a woman

11. Virg.Xn. 6, Uc.

"
Diod. 1 and 4. Paws. " "
great virtue,piety,and learning.Cic. de
2, c. 20, "ic. JEschyl.Prom. Act. 4. Pindar.
" " Orat. 1, c. 48. Their children,Tiberius and
Pyth. 7 and 12. Olymp. 3. Ovid. Met. 4, v. "

Caius, who had been educated under the

618, "-C. PalcBphat.
" de Phorcyn. watchful eye of their mother, rendered them-selves
GoRGOMiA, a surname of Pallas,because famous for their eloquence,seditions,
Perseus, armed with her shield,had conquer-
ed and obstinate attachment to the interests
the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple of the populace, wliich at last proved fatalto
with Neptune. them. With a winning eloquence,affected
GoRGoNius, a man ridiculed by Horace for moderation, and uncommon popularity, rius
Tibe-
his illsmell. Horat. I,Sat. 2, v. 27. began to renew the Agrarianlaw, which
GoRGOPHONE, a daughter of Perseus and had alreadycaused such dissentionsat Rome.
Andromeda, who married Perieres king of {Vid.Agraria.)By the means of violence,
Messenia, by whom she had Aphareas and his proposition passedinto a law, and he was
Leucippus. After the death of Perieres,she appointedcommissioner, with his father-in-
married CEbalus,who made her mother of law Appius Claudius,and his brother Caius,
Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the firstvvhoai to make an equaldivision of the lands among
the mythologists mention as having had a se-
cond the people.The riches of Attains, which were
husband. Pans. 4, c. 2. Apollod.1,2, left to the Roman"

peopleby will,were buted

distri-
and 3. One of the Danaides. JipoUod.2, without opposition ; and Tiberius en-
joyed

G. 1. the triumphof his successfulenterprise,

GoRGoPHONUa, a son of Electryon and wlien he was assassinated in the midst of his
Anaxo. 2, c.4,
Apollod. adherents by P. Nasica, while the populace
GoRGoPHORA, a surname of Minerva, from were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve
her aegis,
on which was the head of the Gor-
gon the office of tribune the following year. The
Medusa. Cic. death of Tiberius checked for a while the
the son
GoRGus, of Aristomenes the Mes- friends of the people;but Caius, spurredby
seniau. He was married, when young, to a ambition and furiouszeal,attempted to remove
by his father,who had experiencedthe
virgin, every obstacle which stood in his way by force
greatestkindnesses from her humanity, and and violence. He supported the cause of the
had been enabled
conquer seven to Cretans peoplewith more vehemence, but less modera- tion,
who had attemptedhis life, he. Paus. 4, c. than Tiberius;and his success served
19. A son of Theron tyrantof Agrigentum. onlyto awaken his ambition,and animate his
A man whose knowledge of metals pro- ved resentment against the nobles. With the pri-vileges
very serviceable to Alexander, he. of a tribune, he soon became the arbiter
GoRGYTHioN, a son of Priam, killed by of the republic, and treated the patricians with
Teucer. Homer. II. 8. contempt. This behaviour hastened the ruin
GortUjE, a people of Eubcea, who foughtof Caius,and in the tumult he fled to the tem- ple
with the Medes at the battle of Arbela. Curt. of Diana, where his friends preventedhim
4, c. 12. from committingsuicide. This increased the
GoRTV^N, Gortys, and Gortina, an inland sedition, and he was murdered by order of the
town of Crete. It was on the inhabitants of consul Opimius,B. C. 121, about 13 years after
this place,that Annibal, to save his money, the unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body
practised an artifice recorded in C. JVep.in was thrown into the Tiber, and his wife was
Jan. 9."Plin. 4, c. 12."Lucan. 6,v. 214, 1. 7, forbidden to put on mourning for his death.
V. 214." Virg.JEn. 11,v. 773. Caius has been accused of having stained his
GoRTVNiA, a town of Arcadia in nesus. hands
Pelopon- in the blood of ScipioAfricanus the
Paus. 8, c. 28. younger, who was found murdered in his bed.
GoTTHi, a celebrated nation of Germany, Plut. in vita. Cic. in Cat. 1. Lucan. 6, v. 796.
"
"

called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones,

and " Ftor. 2,c. 17,1.3, c. 14,he. Seraj)ronius,
Gultones. They were warriors by profession, a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for
as well as all their savage neighbours.They his adulterieswith Jiiliathe daughterof Au- gustus.
extended their power over all parts of the He was assassinated by order of Ti-
berius,
world, and chiefly directed their arms against after he had been banished 14 years.
the Roman empire. Their first attempt Julia also shared his fate. Tacit.Atm. 1,c. 53.
againstRome was on the provincesof Greece, A generalof the Sabines, taken"

by Q.
whence they were driven by Constantine. Cincinnatus. A Roman consul, defeated
They plundered Rome, under Alaric,one of by Annibal, he. C. J\cp. in Ann.
their most celebrated kings,
A. D. 410. From Gradivus, a surname of Mars among the
becoming the enemies of the Romans, the Romans, ])erhaps from K^"^""viM, brandishing a

Goths graduallybecame their mercenaries ; spear. Though he had a temple without the
and as they were powerfuland united,they walls of Rome, and though Numa had estab- lished
soon dictated to their imperialmasters, and the Salii,yet his favourite residence was
introduced disorders, anarchy,and revolutions supposedto be among the fierce and savage
in tiic wejt of Eui'ope. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 2, Thracians and Getaj, over whom he particu-
larly
".C. presided. Virg.^n. 3, v. 35. Homer. "

Gracchus, T. Scmpronius,father of Ti- Il."Liv. 1, c. 20, 1.2, c. 45.

berius
and Caius Gracchus, twice consul,and Gr^eci, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid.
once censor, was by his integrity,
distinguished Graecia.
y? well as his and superiorability- Gr^cia;
j)rudeni;e a celebrated country of Europe^
 GR GR
bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south that the conquest of the east mightbe effected
by the MediteiTaiiean sea, east by the ^gean, with a handful of Grecian soldiers. While the
and north by Thrace and Dalraatia. It is Greeks rendered themselves so illustriousby

generallydivided into four largeprovinces: their militaryexploits, the arts and sciences
Macedonia, Epinis,Achaia or Hellas, and were assisted by conquest,and received fresh
Peloponnesus. This country has been reck- oned lustre from the application and industryof
superior to every other partof the earth, their professors. The labours of the learned
on account of the salubrity of the air,the were received with admiration,and the merit
temperature of the climate,the fertility of the of a composition was determined by the ap-
plause
soil,and, above all, the fame, learning,and arts or disapprobation of a multitude. Their
of itsinhabitants. The Greeks have severally generalswere orators; and eloquenceseemed
been called Achseans,Argians.Dauai, Delopes,, to be so nearlyconnected with the military
Hellenians, lonians.Myrmidons, and Pelas- profession, that he was despisedby his sol-diers
gians. The most celebrated of their cities vv^ho could not address them upon any
were Athens,Sparta,Argos,Corinth,Thebes, emergency with a spirited and well-delivered
Sicyon,Mycenaj,Delphi,Trozeno, Salarais, oration. The learning, as well as the virtues

Megara, Pylos,"c. The inhabitants, whose of Socrates,procuredhim a name

; and the
history is darkened in its primitive ages with writingsof Aristotle have, perhaps,gained
fabulous accounts and traditions, supportedhim a more lasting fame than allthe conquest.^
that they were the original inhabitants of the and trophies of his royalpupil. Such were

country, and born from tiieearth where they the occupationsand accomplishmentsof the
dwelt ; and they heard with contempt the pro- bable Greeks,their languagebecame almost uni%'er-
conjectures, which traced their originsal,and their country was the receptacle of
among the firstinhabitants of Asia, and the the youthsof the neighbouring states,where
colonies of Egypt. In the firstperiods of their they imbibed the principles of libertyand
history, the Greeks were governedby mon- moral virtue. The Greeks plantedseveral
archs ; and there were as many kingsas there colonies, and totally peopledthe western coasts
were cities. The monarchical power ally of Asia Minor.
gradu- In the eastern partsof Italy,
decreased ; the love of liberty established there were also many settlements made; and
the republicangovernment ; and no part of the country received from its Greek tants
inhabi-
Greece, excej)tMacedonia, remained in the the name of Magna Grctcia. For some
hands of an absolute sovereign.The expedi-
tion time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexan-
der
of the Argonautsfirstrendered the Greeks and his successors ; and at last,after a
respectable among their neighbours ,
and in spirited though ineffectual strugglein the
the succeeding age the wars of Thebes and Achaean league,it fell under the power of
Troy gave opportunityto their heroes and Rome, and became one of its dependent
demi-gods their
to display valour in the field provinces,
governedby a proconsul.
of battle.The simplicity of the ancient Greeks Grjecia magna, a partof Italy,where the
rendered them virtuous ; and the establish-
ment Greeks plantedcolonies,whence the name.
of the Olympic games in particular, Its boundaries are very uncertain ; some say
where the noble reward of the conqueror was tliatit extended on the southern parts of Italy,
a laurel crown, contributed to their aggran-dizement, and others suppose that iMagna Graecia com- prehended

and made them ambitious of fame, only Campania and Lucania. To

and not the slaves of riches. The austerity of these some add Sicily, which was likewise
their laws, and the education of their youth, peopledby Greek colonies. Ovid. Fast. 4, v.
particularly at Lacedsemon, rendered them (yi."Strab. kc.
brave and active,insensible to bodilypain, GrjEcinus, a senator put to death by Ca- ligula,
fearless and intrepid in the time of danger. because he refused to accuse Sejanus,
The celebrated battles of Marathon, Ther- mopylae,kc. Senec. de Bene/. 2.
Salamis,Plataea,and Mycale,suffi- ciently Gr.i;cus,a man from whom some suppose
show what superiority the courage of that Greece receiv^ed its name. Aristot.
a littlearmy can obtain over millions of un-disciplined Graius, an inhabitant of Greece.
barbarians. After many signal vic-
tories Grampius mons, the Grampian mountains
over the Persians,they became elated in Scotland. Tacit, Agric. 29.
with their success ; and when they found no GranIcus, a river of Bithynia, famous for
one able to dispute their power abroad, they the battle foughtthere between the armies of
turned their arms one against the other, and Alexander and Darius,22d of May, B. C. 334,
leaguedwith foreign states to destroy the most when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000
flourishing of their cities. The Messenian Macedonians. Diod. 17. Plat, in Alex.
"
"

and Peloponnesian wars are examplesof the Juslin. Curt. 4, c. 1.

"

dreadful calamities v/hich arise from civil dis- cord Granius Petronius, an officerwho being
and longprosperity, and the success with taken by Pompey's generals, refused the life
Wiiich the goldand the sword of Philip and of which was tendered to him; observing that
his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally CjBsar's soldiers received not, but grantedlife
proved that when a nation becomes indolent He killed himself Pint, in Cces. A ques-
and dissipated at home, it ceases to be respec-
table tor whom Syllahad ordered to be strangled,
in the eyes of the neighbouring states. only one day before he died a natural death.
The annals of Greece however abound with Plul. A son of the wife of Marius, by a
singular proofsof heroism and resolution. The former husband. Quintus, a man intimate
bold retreat of the ten thousand,who had as- sisted with Crassus and other illustrious men of
Cyrusagainst his brother Artaxei-xes, minded Rome,
re- whose vices he lashed with an unspar- ing
their countrymen of their superiority hand. Cic. Brut. 43 and 4(5. Oral. 2, c. 60.
ever all other nations ; and taughtAlexander Gr.\ti", three goddcsso?. Vid. Cliarit""^
39
 GR GY
GiRATiANUs, a native of Pannonia, father of the iSicene creed. His styleis represented
to the emperor Valentinian 1st. He was ed
rais- as allegoricaland affected ; and he has been
to the throne,thoughonly eightyears
old : accused of mixingphilosophy too much with
and after he had reigned for some time con-
jointly
theology.His writings consist of commenta-
ries
with his father,he became sole empe-
ror on scripture, moral discourses, sermons

in the 16th year of his age. He soon after on mysteries, treatises,

dogmatical panegyrics
took, as his imperialcolleague, Theodosius,^ on saints ; the best edition of which is that of
whom he appointed over the eastern parts of Morell, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1615. The bishop
the empu-e. His courage in the field is as re- died, A. D. 396.
markable Another Christian writer,
as his love of learning, and fondness whose works were edited by the Benedictines,
of 30,000
He slaughtered
philosophy. mans in four vols. fol. Paris,1705.
Ger-
in battle, and supportedthe tottering Grinnes, a people among
a the Batavians.
state by his prudence and intrepidity. His Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 10.

enmity to the Pagan superstition of his sub-

jects Grosphus, a man distinguishedas much for
proved his ruin ; and Maximinus, who his probityas his riches,to whom Horace ad-
dressed
undertook the defence of the worshipof Ju- piter 2 Od. 16.
aud of allthe gods, Vv'as joined by an in-
finite Grudii, a people tributary to the Nervii,
number of discontented Romans, and supposedto have inhabited the country near
met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian was Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. C(zs. G. 5,
forsaken by his troops in the field of battle,c.38.
and Vvas murdered by the rebels,A. D. 383, Grumentum, now Armenlo, an inland town
in tlie "4th year of his age. A Roman cf Lucania on the river Aciris. Liv. 23, c. 37,
soldier,invested with the imperial purpleby 1.27, C.41.
the rebellious array in Britain, in ojjposition Gryllus, a son of Xenophon, who killed
to Honorius. He was assassinatedfour months Epaminondas, and was himself slain,at the
after,by those very troopsto whom he owed battle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. His father was
his elevation, A. D. 407. offering a sacrifice when he received the news
Gratidia, a woman at Neapolis,called of his death, and he threw down the garland
Canidia by Horace. Epod. 3. nhich was on his head ; but he replacedit,
Gration, a giantkilled by Diana. when he heard that the enemy'sgeneralhad
Gratius Falisccs, a Latin poet, contem-
porary fallen by his hands ; and he observed that his
with Ovid, and mentioned only by death ought to be celebrated with every de- monstration
him the more ancient authors. He of joy,rather than of lamentation,
among
wrote a poem on coursing, called Cynegeticon, Aristot Paus. 8, c. 11, iic.
" One cf the
much commended for its elegance and per- companions of Ulysses,changedinto a swine
spicuity.
It may be compared to the Georgics by Circe. It is said that he refused to be re-
stored

of Virgil, to which it is nearlyequal in the to his human shape,and preferred the

number of verses. The latest edition is of indolence and inactivity of this squallidmal.
ani-
Amst. 4to. 1728. Ovid. Pont. 4, el. 16,v. 34.
Gkavii, a peopleof Spain. Jtal. 3, v. 366. Gryneum and Grynium, a town near Cla-
Gravisc^, now Eremo de St. Augustino,zomenae, where Apollohad a temple with an
a maritime town cf Etruria,which assisted oracle, on account of which he is called
^neas against Turnus. The air was some,
unwhole- Grynmis. Sirab. 13" Virg.Ed. 6, v. 72. JE7i.
on account of the marshes and stagnant 4, V. 345.
waters in its neighbourhood. Virg.JEa. 10. Ghyneus, one of the Centaurs, who fought
V. 184." L?r. 40, c. 29, I.41, c. 16. againstthe Lapithee,"c. Ovid. Met. 12, v.
Gravius, a Roman knightof Puteoli,killed 260.
atDyrnichium, ";c. Cits.Bell. Civ. Gyarus and Gyaros, an island in the
Grecokiits, Theod. Thaumaturgus, a ciple JEgean sea, near
dis- Delos. The Romans were

of Origen,afterwards bishopof Neo- wont to send their culprits there. Ovid. 7. "

ca3sarea, the place of his birth. He died Met. V. 407.

A. D. 266, and it is said he left only seven- teen Gyas, one of the companions of -iEneas,
idolaters in his diocese, where he had v/ho distinguished himself at the games hibited
ex-

found onlyseventeen Christians. Of his works after the death of Anchises in Sicily,
are extant his gratulatory oration to Origen, Virg.JEn. 5, v. 118, "c. A part of the
a canonical epistle, and other treatises in territories of Syracuse,in the possession of
Greek, the best edition of which is that of Dionysius. A Rutulian, son of Melam-
Paris, fol. 1622. iSanzianzen, surnamed pus, killed by iEneas in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10,
the Divine, wa"i bishop of Constantinople, V. 318.

x\ hich he resigned on its beingdisputed. His GvG^us, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from
wriiinas rival those of the most celebrated Sardis. Propcrt. 3, el. 11,v. 18.
orators of Greece, in eloquence,sublimity, GvGK, a maid of Parysatis.
and variety. His sermons are more for phi- Gyges or Gyes, a son of Co?lus and Ter- ra,
lo'ophersthan common hearers, but leplete represented as having 50 heads and a hun-
dred
with seriousness and devotion. Era?inus said, hand.s. He, with his brothers, made war

that he was afraid to translate his works, from against the gods,and was afterwards punished
the apprehension of not transfusing into ano-
ther in Tartarus. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 7, v. 18.
language the smartness and acumen of A Lydian. to whom Candaules, king of the
liisstyle, and the statelinessand happy diction country,showed his wife naked. The queen
of the whole. He died, A. D. 389. The best was so incensed at this instance of imprudence
edition is that of the Benedictines, the first and infirmity, in her husband, that she ordered
volume of which, in fol. was publishedat Gygcs,eitl.erto j)repare for death himself,or
^aris, 1778. A bishopof JSyssa,author murder Candaules. He ehose the latter, and
 GY GY
married the queen, and ascended the vacant to bringtheir adversaiyto the ground,
terity
throne, about 718 years before the christian and the boxers had their hands armed with
era. He was the firstof the Mermnada;, who
gauntlets, called also cestusrTkeir blows were
reignedin Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and dangerous,and often ended in the death of one
distinguished himself by the immense presents of the combatants. In wrestlingand boxing,
which he made to the oracle of Delphi. Ac- the athletes were
cording often naked, whence the
to Plato, Gyges descended into a word Gymnasium, yuiuio;, nudus. They anointed
chasm of the earth,where he found a brazen themselves vyith oil to brace their limbs, and
horse,whose sides he opened, and saw within to render their bodies slippery,and more
the body the of a man of uncommon
carcass difficult to be grasped. Plin. 2. Ep 17. C. "

size,from fingerhe took a famous bra-

whose zen JYep.20, c. 5.
ring. This ring,when put on his finger, Gymnesi.5;, two islands near the Iberus in
rendered him invisible ; and by means of its the Mediterranean, called Baleares by the
virtue he introduced himself to the queen, Greeks. Plut. 5, c. 8. "
Sirab. 2.
murdered her husband and
her, and married
Gymnetes, a people of Ethiopia, who
usurped the crown of Lydia. Herodot. 1, c. lived almost naked. Plin. 5, c. 8.
8. Plat. dial. 10, de rep.
" Vah Max. 7, c. 1. Gymni^,
"
a town of Colchis. Xtiwph.
" Cic. Offic.3, 9. A man killed by Turnus, Jinah.
in his wars with ^neas. Virg.Mn. 9, v. 762. GYMNosoPHiSTiE, a certain sect of philo-
sophers
A beautiful boy of Cnidus, in the age of in India, who, according to some,
Horace. Horat. 2, Od. 5, v. 30. placed their summum in pleasure,and
bonum
GvLippus, a Lacedeemonian, sent B. C. 414, their summum malum pain. They lived
in
by his countrymen to assist Syracuse,againstnaked as their name implies,and for 37 years
the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated they exposed themselves in the open air,to
victory over Nicias and Demosthenes, the the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the
enemy's generals,and obliged them to sur- render. seasons, and the coldness of the night. They
He accompanied Lysander in his were often seen in the fields fixing their eyes
expeditionagainstAthens, and was present full upon the disc of the sun from the time
at the takingof that celebrated town. After of its rising tillthe hour of its setting.Some-
times
the fall of Athens, he was intrusted by the they stood whole days upon one foot
conqueror with the money which had been in burning sand, without moving or showing
taken in the plunder, which amounted to any concern for what surrounded them. ander
Alex-
1500 talents. As he convej'^ed it to Sparta, was astonished at the sightof a sect of
he had the meanness to unsew the bottom of men who seemed to despisebodilypain, and
the bags which contained it, and secreted who inured themselves to suffer the greatest
about three hundred talents. His theft was tortures without uttering a groan, or expres-
sing
discovered; and to avoid the punishment any marks of fear. The conqueror descended
con-
which he deserved, he fled from his country, to visit them, and his astonishment
and by this act of meanness tarnished the glory was increased when he saw one of them ascend
of bis victorious actions. Tibull. 4, el. 1,v. 199. a burningpilewith firmness and unconcern,
" Plut. in Mcid. An Arcadian in the Ru- to avoid the infirmities of old age, and stand
tulian war. Virg.JEn. 12, v. 272. upright on one leg and unmoved, while the
Gymnasia, a large city near Colchis. flames surrounded him on every side. Vid.
Diod. 14. Calanus. The Brachmans were a branch of
Gymnasium,place among a the Greeks, the sect of the Gymnosophista3. Vid. Brach-
where all the publicexercises were performed, manes. Sirab. 15, Sic. Plin. 7, c. 2. Cic. " "

and where not only wrestlers and dancers ex-

hibited,Tusc. 5. Lucan. 3, v. 240. Curt. 8, c. 9. "
" "

but also philosophers, poets,and rhe-

toriciansDion.
repeated their compositions. The GynjEceas, a woman said to have been the
room was highand spacious, and could contain wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus

many thousands of spectators. The laborious and of Midas.

exercises of the
Gymnasium were ninning, Gynjecothcenas, a name of Mars at Tegea,
leaping,throwing the quoit,wrestling,and on account of a sacrifice ottered by the wo-men

boxing, which was called by the Greeks without the assistance of the men, who
rrsiTa^Aov,and by the Romans quinquertia.In were not permitted to appear at this religious
riding,the athlete led a horse, on which he ceremony. Pnus. 8, c. 48.
sometimes was mounted, conductinganother Gyndes, now Zeindeh, a river of Assyria,
by the bridle,and jumping from the one upon falling into the Tigris. AVhen Cyrus marched
the other. Whoever came first to the goal, againstBabylon,his army was stoppedby this
and jumped with the greatestagility, obtained river,in which one of his favourite horses was
the prize. In running a-foot the athletes drowned. This so irritated the monarch, that
were sometimes armed, and he who came first he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360
was declared victorious. Leaping was an use-
ful different channels by his army, so that after
exercise: its primary object was to teach this division it hardlyreached the knee. He-
the soldiers to jump over ditches,and pass over rodot. 1, c. 189 and 202.
eminences during a siege,or in the field of Gytheom, a sea-porttown of Lacouia, at
battle. In throwing the quoit, the prizewas the mouth of the Eurotas, in Peloponnesus,
adjudged to him who threw it farthest. The built by Hercules and Apollo,who had there
quoitswere made either with wood, stone, or desisted from their quarrels.The inliabitantf
mslal. The wrestlers employed all their dex- were called Ch/theata'.Cic. OJ'w.3. r. 11
 HA HA

H ABIS, a kingof Spain, who firsttaughttime cityof Caria, in Asia Minor, where the
his fcc. Justin. 44, mausoleum, one of the seven
agriculture,
subjects wonders of the
C.4. world, was erected. It was the residence of
HadbianopoliS; a town of Thrace,on the the
sovereignsof Caira,and was celebrated for
Hebrus. having given birth to Herodotus,Dionysius,
Hadrianus, a Roman emperor. Vid. Heraclitus,
".c. Maxhn. Tyr.35. Vitruv. de "

Adrianus. C. Fabius, a praetorin Africa, Arch. Diod. 17. Htrodot.% c. 178. "

Strah. "
"

who was burnt by the people of Utica, for 14.~-Liv. 27, c. 10 and 16,1. 33, c. 20.
conspiring with the slaves. Cic. Verr. 1,c. 27, HALicYiE, a town of Sicily, near Lilyba;-
I. 5, c. 26. um, now Saltme. Plin. 3, c. 8. Cic. Verr. "

Hadriaticum mare. Vid. Adriaticum. 2, c. 33." Diorf. 14.

HiEDUi. Vid. iEdui. Haeieis, a town of Argolis.
HjEmon, a Theban youth, son of Creon, Haeimede, a Nereid.
who was so captivated with the beautyof An- tigone, Halirrhotius, a son of Neptune and Eu-
tliat he killed himself on her tomb, ryte, who ravished Alcippe, daughter of
when he heard that she had been put to death Mars, because she slightedhis addresses.
by his father'sorders. Propert. 2, el.8, v. 21. This violence offended Mars, and he killed
A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Tur- the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear
nus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 685. A friend of before the tribunal of justice to answer for the
jEneas against Turnus. He was a native of murder of his son. The cause w^as tried at
Lycia. Id. 10, v. 126. Athens, in a placewhich has been called from
H^MONiA. Vid. ^monia. thence Areopagus,(k^jk, Mars, and -ffuyoi;vil-
lage,)
H^Mus, a mountain which separatesThrace and the murderer was acquitted.Apol-
from Thessaly, so highthat from itstop are siblelod. 3, c. 14." Paus. 1, c. 21.
vi-
the Euxine and Adriatic seas, thoughthis, Halithersus, an old man, who foretold to
however, is denied by Strabp. It receives Penelope'ssuitors the return of Ulysses, and
its name from Heemus, son of Boreas and their own destruction. Homer. Od. 1.
Orithyia,who married Rhodope, and was Halius, a son of Alcinous, famous for his
changed into this mountain for aspiring vine skillin dancing.Homer. Od. 8, v. 120 and 370.
to di-
honours. Strah. 7, p. 313. " Plin. 4, c. A Trojan,who came with .^neas into
11. " Ovid. Met. 6, v. 87. rA stage-player. Italy,where he was killed by Turnus. Virg.
Juv. 3, V. 99. JF.n. 9,V. 767.
Hages, brother of king Porus who op-
a posed Halizones, a peopleof Panhlagonia.
Strab.
Alexander, he. Curt. 8, c. 5 and 14. 14.
One of Alexander's flatterers. A man Halmus, a sonof Sysiphus, father to Chry-
of Cyzicus,killed by PoUus. Place. 3, v. 191. sogone. He reignedin Orchomenos. Paus.
Hagno, a nymph. A fountain of dia.
Arca- 9, c. 35.
Paus. 8, c. 38. Halmydessus, a town of Thrace, jlfek,2,
Hagnagoka, a sisterof Aristomenes. Paus. c. 2.
HaljEsus and Halesus, a son memnon Halocrates, a son of Hercules and Olyra-
of Aga-
Briseis or Clytemnestra. When
by pusa. Apollod.
he was driven from home, he came to Italy, Halone, an island of Propontis, opposite
and settled on mount Massicus,in Campania, Cyzicus. Plin. 5, c. 31.
where he built Falisci, and afterwards assisted Halosnesus, an island on the coast of
Turnus againstJE"x\tB.s. He was killed by Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Ther-
miacus.
Pallas. Virg.^n. 7, v. 724, 1. 10, v. 352. It was inhabited only by women,
A river near Colophon in Asia Minor. who had slaughtered all the males, and they
Plin. 5, c. 29. defended themselves against an invasion. Me-
la,
Halala, a village
at the foot of mount 2, c^7.
Taurus. Halotia, a festivalin Tegea. Paus.
H ALCYONE. Vid. Alcyone. Halotus., an eunuch, who used to taste
Halentdm, a town the meat of Claudius.
at the north of Sicily. He poisoned the em-
peror's
Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, 1.4, c. 23. food by order of Agrippina. Tacit.
Halesa, a town of Sicily. Cic. Verr. 2, Jinn. 2, c. 66.
G. I."Fam. 13,ep, 32. Halus, a cityof Achaia of Thessaly
Halesius, a mountain and river near of Parthia.
^tna, where Proserpinewas ers
flow-
gathering HALYyEETus, a changedinto a bird of
man

when she was carried away by Pluto. the same name. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 176.
Colum. Halyattes. Vid. Alyattes.
Halia, one of
Nereides. the Jipollod. Haevcus, now Platani,
a river at the soutb
A festival at Rhodes in honour of the of Sicily.
.sun. Halys, now Kizil-ermark,a river of Asia
Haliacmon, a river which separatesThes- saly Minor, rising in Cappadocia,and falling inta
from Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus the Eusine sea. It received its name "n9 tou

Thermiacus. Ca.s. Civ. 3, c. 36. Plin. 31, c. "x.cj,from salt,"

because its waters are of a salt
2."Herodot. 7, c. 127. and bitter taste, from the nature of the soil
Haliartus, a town of Bffiotia, founded by over which theyflow. It isfamous for the der
Haliartus, the son of Thersander. The mon-
uments feat of Crresus,kingof Lydia, who was taken
mis-
of Pandion king of Athens, and of by the ambiguousw^ord of this oracle :
Lysander (he Lacedaemonian general,were
seen in that town. Liv. 42, c. 44 and 63."

If Crcesiispasses over the Halys,he shall dt^

Paus. 9, c. 32. A town of Peloponnesus. stroya greatempire.
Halicarnassus, now Bodroun, a mari- That empire was his own. Cic.de Div,2, c.
 HA HA
QG." Ciirt.4, c. 11." Strab. ll."Lucan. 3,v. gods. Cic. S. de Nat. D. .A celebrated as-
tronomer
272." Herodot. 1,c. 28. A man of Cyzicus of Greece,480 years B. C.
killed by Pollux. Val. Fl. 3, v. 157. Harpalyce, the daughterof Harpalycus,
Halyzia, a town of Epirusnear the Ache- kmg of Thrace. Her mother died when she
lous,where the Athenians obtained a naval vic-tory was but a child, and herfather fed her with the
over the Lacedaemonians. milk of cows and mares, and inured her eariv
Hamadrvades, nymphs who lived in the to sustain the fatigues of hunting.When beV
and presided
over trees,with w^hich father's kingdomwas invaded by Neoptolemus.
country,
said to live and die. The word is the son of Achilles,she repelled and defeated
they were
lierived from a,"" simul and Vf quercus. Virg.the enemy with manly courage. The death
Lcl. 10." Ovid. Met. 1,v. 647. ot her father, which happened soon afterin a
Ham^, a town of Campania near Cumae. sedition, rendered her disconsolate ; she fled
Liv. 23, c. 25. the society of mankind,and lived in the forests
Hamaxia, a cityof Cilicia. plunderand rapine. Every attempt to
upon
Hamilcar, the name of some celebrated her proved fruitless,
secure tillher great swift-
ness
of
generals Carthage. Vid. Amilcar. was overcome by intercepting her with a
Hammon, the Jupiterof the Africans. Vid. net. After death the people of tbe country
Aaimon. disputed their respective rightsto the posses-
sions
Hannibal. Vid, Annibal. w;hich she acquired by rapine,and they
Hanno. Vid. Anno. soon afterappeased her manes by proper obla-
tions
Harcalo, a man famous for his knowledge on her tomb. Virg. JEn. 1,v. 321." Hy-
of poisonous herbs,"c. He touched the most gin.fab. 163 and 252. A beautiful virgin,
venomous serpents and reptiles without recei-
ving daughter of Clymeneus and Epicaste, of Argos.
the smallest injury. Sil. 1, v. 406. Her father became enamoured of her, and
Harmatelia, a town of the Brachmanes gainedher confidence, and enjoyedher com- pany

in India,taken by Alexander. Diod. 17. by means of her nurse, who introduced

Harmatris, a town of iEolia. him as a stranger. Some time after she
Hamillus, an infamous debauchee, Juv. married Alastor;but the father's passion
10,V. 224. became more violent and
uncontrollable
Harsiodius,a friend of who
Aristogiton, in his daughter's
he murder-
absence,and
ed
delivered his country from the tyrannyof the her husband to bring her back to Ar- gos.
Pisistratidae, B. C. 510. [^Vid.Aristogiton.] Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of
The Athenians,to reward of her husband, and ashamed of her father's
the patriotism
these illustriouscitizens,made a law that no passion, which was then made public,resolved
one should ever bear the name to revenge her wrongs. She killed her young-
of Aristogiton er
and Harmodius. Herodot. 5, c. 35. " Plin. 34, brother,or accordingto some, the fruit
c. 8. Senec. Ir. 2.
"
of her incest,
and served itbefore her father.
Harmonia, or Hermionea, [Vid. Hermi- She begged the gods to remove her from the
one,] a daughter of Mars and Venus, who worid, and she
was changed into an owl, and
married Cadmus. It is said, that Vulcan, to killed himself. Hygin. fab. 253,
Clymenus
avenge the infidelity of her mother, made her hc."Parthen. in Erot. .A mistress of
a present of a vestment dyed in all sorts of Iphiclus,son of Thestius. She died through
crimes, which in some measure inspiredall despairon seeingherself despised by her
the children of Cadmus with wickedness and lover. This mournful story was composed
Pans. 9, c. 16, ":c. in poetiy,in the form of a dialogue called Har-
palyce.
impiety.^
Harmonides, a Trojanbeloved by Miner-va. Aiken. 14.
He builtthe ships in which Paris carried Harpalycus, one of the companions of

away Helen. Homer. II. 5. iEneas,killed by Camilla. Virg.JEn. 11,v.

Harpagus, a generalof Cyrus. He con- quered 675. The father of Harpalyce, king of the
Asia Minor afterhe had revolted from Amymneans in Thrace.
who
Astyages, had cruelly forced him to eat Harpasa, a town of Caria.
the flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed Harpasus, a river of Caria. Liv. 33,
his orders in not putting to death the infant c. 13.
Cyrus. Herodot. 1,c. 108." Justin. 1, c. 5 and Harpocrates, a divinity supposed to be
^ 'A river near Colchis. Diod. 14. the same as Orus the son of Isis,among the
Harpalice. Vid. Harpalyce. Egyptians.He is representedas holding one

Harpalion, a son of Pylaemenesking of ofhis fingers on his mouth, and from thence
Paphlagonia,who assisted Priam duringthe he is called the god of silence,and intimates,
Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. Ho- that the mysteries of religionand philosophy
vier. 11. 13, V. 643. ought never to be revealed to tlie people.
Harpalus, a man sures The Romans
intrusted with the trea- placedhk statues atthe entrance
of Babylonby Alexander. H is hopes that of their temples. CaluU. 75." Varro de. L. L.
Alexander would perish in his expedition, ren 4, c. 10.
dered hun dissipated, negligent, and vicious. Harpocration, a Platonic philosopher
When he heard that the conqueror was re- of Argos,from whom Stobajus compiled his
ttu-uing with groat resentment, he fled to eclogues. A sophist called also yElius.
Athens, where, with his money, he corruptedValerius,a rhetorician of Alexandria,author
the orators,among whom was Demosthenes. of a Lexicon on ten orators, Another,sia-
"When broughtto justice, he escapedwith im- nained Caius.
punity
to Crete,where he was at lastassassin-
ated winged monsters, who had the
HARPYi.ffi,
by Thimbro, B C. 325. Pint, in Phoc. face of a woman, the body of a vulture,and
"Diod. 17. A robbor who scorned (lie had theirfeet and fingers arnud with sharp
claws. They were three in uumbcr, AeUf"..
 HA HE
of Neptune raised the drooping
Ocypete,and Celeno, daughters spirits of his soldiers hy
and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plun-
der a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in
the tables of Phineus, whence they were his hand the word vu^ victory, in large charac-
ters,
driven to the islands called Strophadesby and holding the entrails of a victim in
Zethesand Calais. They emitted an tious
infec- his hand tillthe impressionwas ted
communica-
smell, and spoiled whatever they touch-
ed to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers,
by their filthand excrements. They plun-
dered and animated them by observing,that the
.Eneas duringhis voyage towards Italy,godssignified their approaching victories evea
which at-
and predicted many of the calamities by markingit in the body of the sacrificed an-
tended imals.

him. Virg.JEn. 3, v. 212, 1.6, v. 289. Cic. de Div.

"Hesiod. Theog.265. Hasdrubal. Vid. Asdrubal.
Harudes, a peopleof Germany, Cess. G. Q. Haterius, a patricianand orator at
1, c. 31. Rome under the first emperors. He died in
Haruspex, Rome
soothsayerat
a who the 90th year of his age. Tacit. Jinn. 4, c. 61.
drew omens entrails of
by consultingthe Agrippa,a senator in the age of Tiberius,
beasts that were sacrificed. He received the hated by the tyrant for Jiis independence.
name of Aruspex, nb aris. aspiciendis,and Tacit. Jinn. 6, c. 4. Antoninus, a dissipated
that of ah extis inspiciendis.The senator, whose supported
Extispex, extravagance was
order of Aruspiceswas first established at by Nero. Id. 13,c. 34.
Rome by Romulus, and the first Aruspices Haustanes, a man who conspiredwith
were Tuscans by origin, as they wereparticu Bessus against Darius, "c. Curt. 8, c. 5.
larlyfamous in that branch of divination. They Hebdole. Vid. Ebdorae.
had received all their knowledge from a boy Hebe, a daughterof Jupiterand Juno.
named Tages,who, as was commonly report- ed, According to some she was the daughterof
sprung from a clod of
earth. [Firi. Tages.]Juno only,who conceived her after eatinglet- tuces
They were originally three, but the Roman As she was fair,and alwp^ysin the
senate yeeu-ly sent sis noble youths, or, ac- cording bloom of youth,*he was called the goddessof
to others, twelve, to Etruria,to be youth,and made by her mother cup-bearer to
instructed in allthe mysteries of the art. The all the gods. She was dismissed from her
olfice of the Haruspices consisted in obsei-ving office by Jupiter, because she felidovvn in an
these four particulars ; the beast before it was indecent postureas she was pouringnectar to
sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which con-sumed the gods at a grand festival, and Ganymedes,
the sacrifice ; and the flour, frankin-
cense, the favourite of Jupiter,succeeded her as
"c. which was used. "Ifthe beast was cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother
led up at the altar with difficulty, if it esca-
ped to prepare her chariot, and to harness her
from the conductor's hands, roared when peacockswhenever requisite. When les
Hercu-
it received the blow, or died in agonies,the was raised to the rank of a god,he was conciled
re-

omen was unfortunate. But, on the con-

trary, to Juno by marrying her daughter
ifit followed without compulsion,re- ceived Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares
the blow without resistance, and died and Anicetus. As Hebe had the power of re-

without groaning, and aftermuch eff'usion of .storing gods and men to the vigourof youth,
blood, the haruspex foretold prosperity. she, at the instance of her husband, perform-
ed
When the body of the victim was opened, that kind office to lolas his friend. Hebe
fach partwas scrupulously examined. If any was worshippedat Sicyon,under the name of
thingwas wanting,ifithad a double liver, or Dia, and at Rome under the name of Juven-
a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate. If tas. She is representedas a young virgin
the entrails fellfrom the hands of the hams- crowned with flowers,and arrayed in a varie-
gated
pex, or seemed besmeared with too much garment. Pans. 1, c. 19, 1. 2, c. 12. "

blood, or if no heart appeared, as for instance Ovid. Met. 9, v. 400. Fast. 9, Wl".".^pollod.
it happenedin the two victims which J. Cassar I,c.3,1.2, c. 7.
oftered a littlebefore his death,the omen was Hebesus, a Rutulian,killed in the night by
equallyunlucky. When the flame was ly
quick- Euryalus. Virg.w5En. 9, v. 344.
kindled,and when it violentlyconsumed Hebrus, now Marissa, a river of Thrace,
and arose
the sacrifice, pure and bright, and which was supposed to roll its waters upon
like a pyramid, without any paleness, smoke, golden sands. It falls into the ^Jgean sea.
sparkling,
or the
crackling, omen was able.
favour-
The head of Orpheus was thrown into it after
But the contrary augury drawn
was ithad been cut off by the Ciconian women. It
when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and received its name from Hebrus son of Cyssan-
was extinguished before the sacrifice was to- der,a king of Thrace, who was said to have
totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles drowned himself there. Mela, 2, c. 2.-t-
round the victim with intermediate spaces be- tweenStrab. '7." Virg.JEn. 4, v. 463." Ovid. Mif.
the flames. In regardto the frankin-
cense, II,v. 50. A youth of Lipara,beloved by
meal, water, and wine, if there was Neobule. Horat. 3, od. 12. A man of Cy-
any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour zicus,killed by Pollux. Flacc. 3, c. 149.
was different, or the quality was changed, or A friend of ^Eneasson of Dolichaon,killed by
if any thingwas done with irregularity, it Mezentius in the Rutulian war. Virg.JEn.
was deemed inauspicious. This custom of 10, V. 696.
"on.sulting the entrails of victims did not ori-
ginate Hecale, a poor old woman who kindlyre-
ceived

in Tuscany,but it was in use among Theseus as he was going againstthe

the Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians,",c. and bull of Marathon, "ic, Plut. in Tfies. A
the more enlightenedjiartof mankind well town of Attica.
knew how to render it subservient to their Hecaj.esia, a festivalin honour of Jupitw
wislicsor t"rauny. when
Agesilaus, in Egypt, of Hecale,institutedby Theseus,or in corn-
 HE HE
"aemoration of the kindness of Heealc, which des. Ptol. 6, c. 5.-^Strab. U."Plin. 6, c. 15
Theseus had experiencedwhen he went and 25.

against the bull of Mai-athon, kc. Hecatonnesi, small islandsbetween Lesbos

Hecamede, a daughterof Arsinous, who and Asia. Strab. 13.
fell to tlie lot of Nestor afterthe plunderof Hector, son of king Priam and Hecuba,
Tenedos the Greeks. Homer. 11. U. v. 623. was the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs
by
Hecat.e fascm, a celebrated temple sacred that foughtagainstthe Greeks. He married
to Hecate, at Stratonice in Caria. Sirab. 14. /indromache, the daughter of Eetion, by
Hecatjeus, an historian of Miletus, born whom he had Astyanax. He was appointed
649 yeai-s before Christ,in the reignof Darius captainof all the Trojan forces,when Troy
donian,
Mace- V, as besieged by the Greeks ; and the valour
Hystaspes. Herodot. 2, c. 143. A
intimate with Alexander. Diod. 17. with w^hich he behaved showed how well
A Macedonian brought to the army qualified he was to dischargethat important

against his will by Amyntas, k,c. Curt. 7, c. 1.

ofSce. He engaged with the bravest of the
Hecate, daughterof Perges and Asterias, Greeks, and accordingto Hyginus, no less
a

the same as Proserpine,or Diana. She was than SI of the most valiant of the enemy ished
per-
called Luna in heaven, Diana on and
eai-th, by his hand. When Achilles had driven
Hecate or Proserpinein hell,whence her back the TrojanstowEirds the city, Hector,too
name of Diva irifonnis, ttrgemina,triceps. greatto fly, waited the approachof his enemy
She was supposedto presideover magic and near the Scean gates, though his father and
enchantments, and was generally represented mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his
like a woman with tliree heads,that of a horse, rashness,and entreated him to retire. The
a dog,or a she appeared sight
boar, and sometimes of Achilles tei'rifiedhim, and he fled be-
fore
with tiiree different bodies,and three different him in the plain. The Greek pursued,
faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, and "md Hector was killed, and his body was ged
drag-
honey, were generally offered to her, espe-
cially in cruel triumphby the conqueror round
in highways and cross roads, whence the tomb of Patroclus,whom Hector had kil-
led.
she obtained] the name of Trivia. Her power The body,after ithad received the gros-
sest
was extended over heaven, the earth,sea, insults,was ransomed by old Priam, and
and hell ; and to her khigs and nations sup- posed the Trojansobtained from the Greeks a truce
themselves indebted for their prosperity. of some days to pay the last oflJces to the
Ovid. 7, Met. v. 94. Hesiod. Tlieog.Horat. greatestof then* leaders. The Thebans boas-
"
ted
3, od. 22." Pans. 2, c. 22." Virg. .En. A, in the age of the geographer Pausanias
V. 511. that they had tbe
ashes of Hector preserved
Hecatesia, a yeai'lyfestival observed by of an oracie : which prom-
in an urn, by order
ised
the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. them undisturbed felicity if they were Ih
The Athenians paidalso particular worshipto possession of that hero's remains. The thet
epi-
this goddess,who was deemed tbe patroness of Hectoreus is appliedby the poets to
of families and of childi-en. From this cu"- the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and
cumstance the statues of the goddess were intrepidity. Homer. II. 1, ".c. llr^. JEn. 1, "

erected before the doors of the houses, and kc."Ovid. Met. 12 and V3."Diclys. Cref.
upon every new moon a public supper was Dares. Phryg. Hygin. fab. 90 and 112.
" " "

alwaysprovided at the expense of the richest Paiis.l. 3, and 9, c. 18, Quintil.Smyrn. 1 "

people,and set in the streets v.here the poorest and 3. A son of Parmenio drowned in the
of the citizens were permittedto retire and iSile. Alexander honoured his remains with a
feast upon it,while they reportedthat Hecate magnificent funeral. Curl. 4, c. 8, 1. 6, c. 9.
had devoured it. There were also expiatory Hecuba, a daughterof Dymas, a Phrygian
offerings, to supplicate the jioddessto remove prince,or accordingto others,of Ci?? .:, a
whatever evils might impend on the head of Thracian kiug,was the second wife of Prieini
the public, ",c. king of Troy,and proved the chastest of wo- men,

Hecato, a native of Rhodes, pupilto Panse- and the most tender and unfortunate of
tius. He wrote on the duties of man,
mothers. AVhen she was
hue. pregnant of Paris,
Cic. 3, Of. 15. she dreamed that she had brought into the
Hecatomboia; a festival celebrated in nour
ho- world a bmning torch which had reduced her
of Juno, by the Argians and peopleof husband's palaceand all Troy to ashes. So
iEgina.It receives itsname from i'-xrov,ic B^^^,alarminga dream was explainedby the sooth-
sayers,
a sacrifice of a hundred bulls,which were ways
al- w ho declared that the son she should
offered to the goddess, and the flesh dis-
tributed
bringinto the world w ould prove the ruin of
among the poorestcitizens. There his country When Paris was bom, she ex-
.
posed

v^ere also publicgames first instituted by Ar- him on mount Ida to avert the ca-
lamities

chinus, a kiug of Argos, in which the prize w^hich tlireatened her family; but
was a shield of brass w ith a crown of m^Ttle.her attemj)tsto destroy him were fruitless,
Hecatompiio.sia, a solemn sacrifice offered and the predictionof the soothsayers was

by the Messenians to Jupit(-'r,*\\hen any of fulfilled.[Vid. Paris.]During the Trojan

them had killed an hundred enemies. Fans. war she
the greatestpart of her children
saw

4, c. 19. tliehands of the enemy,

perishby and like a
Hecatompolis, an epithetgiven to Crete, mother, she confessed her grief by her tears
from the hundred cities which it once tained. and lamentations,
con- particularly at the death of
Hector, her eldest son. When Troy was taken,
HEc.\TOMPvros, an epithet applied to Hecuba, as ojie of the captives, fell to the lot
Thebes in Eg} pt on account of itshundred of Ulysses,a man w horn she haled for his per-
fidy
gates. Jlmmiun. 22,'*c. 10. Also the ca-
pital and avarice,and she embaiked with the
of Parthia,in the reign of the Arsaci- conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed
 HE HE
in the Thracian Chersonesus to load with fresh ged his countrymen to prepare a fleet of 40

honours the grave of Achilles. During their shipsto assist the Romans againstPerseus
stay the heros ghostappeared to them, and kingof Macedonia.
demanded, to ensure the safety of their return, Hegesinous, a man who wrote a on
poem
Polyxena,Hecuba's
the sacrifice of daughter.Attica. Pans. 4, c. 29.
and Polyxena was
They coaij"Ued, torn from Hegesinus, a philosopherof Pergamus,
her mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was in- of the second
consolable, academy. He flourished B. C.
and her grief was stillmore sed
increa- 193.
at the the body of her son Polydo-
sightof Hegesippus, an historian who wrote some
rus washed on the shore, who had been re- things
commended
upon Pallene,he.
by his father to the care and hu-
manity Hegesipyle, a daughterof Oloinis king of
of Polymnestor king of the couatiy. Thrace, who mamed Miltiades,and became
[Vid.Polydorus.]She determined to revenge mother of Cimon. Plut.
the death of her son, and with the greatest dignation
in- Hegesistratus, an Ephesianwho consult-ed
went to tlie house of his murderer, the oracle to know in what particular
and tore his eyes and attempted to .deprive placehe should fix his residence. He was di- rected
him of his life. She was hindered from exe-
cuting to settle where he found peasants dan-
cing
her bloodypurpose, by the arrival of with crowns of olives. This was in Asia,
8ome Thracians,and she fled with the female where he founded Elea, "c.
companions of her captivity.She was ed,
pursu- Hegetorides, a Thasian, who, upon see-
ing

and when she ran afterthe stones that were his country besiegedby the Athenians,
thrown at her,shefound herself suddenlychan-
ged and a law forbidding
one
any on painof deatli
into a bitch,and when she attempted to to speak of
peace, went to the market place
speak,found that she could only bark. After with a rope about his neck, and boldlytold
this metamorphosisshe threw herself into the his countrymen to treat him as they pleased,
sea, according to Hyginus,and that placewas, providedtheysaved the cityfrom the calami-
ties
from that circumstance,called Cywjv.m. He- cuba which the continuation of the war seemed
had agreat number of children by Priam, to threaten. The Thasians were awakened,
among whom were Hector, Paris,Deiphobus, the law was abrogated,and Hegetoridespar-
doned,
Pammon, Helenus, Polytes,Antiphon,Hippo- he. Polyccn.
2.
nous, Polydorus,Troilus, and among the Helena, the most beautiful woman of her
Creusa, Ilione,Laodice, Polyxena, age, sprung
daughters, from one of the eggs which Leda,
and Cassandra,Ovid. Met. 11, v. 761, 1. 13, the wife of kingTyndarus,broughtforth after
V. ^\o.-'Hygin. fab. III." Virg. JEn. 3, v. 44. her amour with .Jupitermetamorphosed into
" Tuv. 10, v. 27l."Slrab. 13." Dictys.Cret. a swan, [Vid.Leda.] Accordingto some thors,
au-

4 and 5."

"pollod.
3, c. 12. Helen was daughterof IVemesis by Ju-piter,
Hecub^e, Sepulciirum, a and Leda
promontory was of
only her nurse ; and to
Thrace. reconcile this varietyof opinions, some gine
ima-
KedI'la, a poetessof Samos. that Nemesis and Leda are the same sons.
per-
Hedon^um, a of Bffiotia. Pans. 9.
village Her beautywas so universally admired,
C.31. even in her infancy,that Theseus, with his
Hedui. Vid. ^dui. friend Pirithous,carried her away before she
Hedymeles; an admired musician in Do- had attained her tenth year, and concealed
Hiitian'sage. The word signifiessweet music. her at Aphidnai, under the care of his mother
Juv. 6, V. 381. ijBthra. Her brothers.Castor and Pollux, re-covered

Hegzluchus, a generalof 6000 Athenians her by force of arms, and she return-
ed
.-:entto Mantinea to stop the progress of Epa- safe and unpolluted to Sparta,her native
miiiondas. Dlod. 15. An Egyptian gene-
" "
ral country. There existed,however, a tradition
who flourished B. C. 128. recorded by Pausanias, that Helen was of nu-
bile

Hegemok, a Thracian poet in the age of years when carried away by Theseus,and
Alciblades. He wrote a poem called Giganto-that she had a daughterby her ravisher, who
raachia,besides other works. JElian. V. H. was intrusted to the care of Clytemnestra.
4, c. 11. Another poet who wrote a poem This violence offeredto her virtue did not in
on the war of Leuctra, "lc. JFIian. V. H. the least diminish,but it rather augmented,
8, c.ai. her fame, and her hand was eagerlysolicited
Hegesianax, an historian of Alexandria, by the young princesof Greece. The most
wlio wrote an account of the Trojan war. celebrated of her suitors were Ulyssesson of
Hegesius, a t3-rant of Ephesus under the Laertes, Antilochus son of JNestor,Slhenelus
patronage of Alexander. Polyxn. 6. A son of Capaneus,Diomedes son of Tydeus,
philosopher who so eloquently convinced his Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of
auditors of their failings and follies, and per- Phileus,Agapenor son of Ancaeus, Thalpus
suarJedthem that there were no dangersEifterson of Eurytus,Mnestheus son of Peteus,
death;that many were guiUyof suicide. Ptole-
my Schedius son of Epistropiius,Polyxenusson of
forbade him to continue his doctrines. Agasthenes, Amphilochusson of Amphiaraus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 34. An historian. A fa-
mous Ascalaphusand lalmus sons of the god Mars,
orator of Magnesia,who corruptedthe Ajax son of Oileus,Eumelus son of Admetus,
elegantdiction of Attica,by the introduction Polypcetes son of Pirithous,Elphenor son of
"f Asiatic idioins. Cic. oral. 67, 69. BrvA.S'3. Chaleodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of
"Stmb. 9.-^PluL i7iAltx. iEsculapius, Leontcs son of Coronus, Philoc-
Hegesilochus, one of the chief magis-
trates tetes son of Ptean,Protesilaus son of Iphiclus,
of Rhodes in the reignof Alexander and Eurypilusson of Evenion, Ajax and Teucer
his father Philip. Another native ofRliodcs, sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menoetius,
171 vears before the christianera. He cii2:a- Menelaus son of AUeus, Thoas, Idomeneus,
 HE HE
and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed poleraushad been killedin the Trojan ^va^^
than pleasedat the sight of such a number of which had been caused by the debaucheries
illustriousprinces, who eagerlysolicitedeach of Helen ; therefore she meditat'ed revenge.
to become his son-in-law. He knew that he While Helen one day retired to bathe in the
could not preferone without displeasing all river,Polyxo disguised her attendants in the
the rest,and from this perplexity he was at habits of furies,
and sent them with orders to
lastdrawn by the artificeof Ulysses, who be- murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree
gaa to be already known in Greece by his pru-
dence and strangled, and her misfortunes were wards
after-
and sagacity.This prince, who clearlv remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo
saw that his pretensionsto Helen would not expiatedby the temple which the KhodianS
probablymeet with success in oppositionto raised to Helen Dendrltis,or tied to a tree.
so many Tynda- There
rivals,proposed to extricate rus is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus,
ifhe would promise which
from allhis difficulties, says that Paris was driven as he re- turned

him his niece Penelope in marriage. Tynda- rus from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt-
consented, and Ulysses advised the kingto where Proteus,king of the country,expelled,
bind, by a solemn oath,all the suitors, that him from his dominions for his ingratitude
theywould approve of the uninfluenced choice to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From
which Helen should make of one among them; that circumstance,therefore, Priam informed
and engage to unite togetherto defend her the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen
person and character ifever any attemptswere nor her possessionswere in Troy, but in the
made to ravish her from the arms of her hus-band. hands of the king of Egypt. In spiteof this
The advice of Ulysses was followed, the assertion the Greeks besiegedthe town, and
princesconsented,and Helen fixed her choice took it after ten years siege,and Menelau?
upon Menelaus, and married him. Hermione by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, re- covered

was the earlyfruitof this union,Avhich contin- ued Helen at the court of Proteus,and
for three years with mutual happiness.was convinced that the Trojan war had beea
After this,Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, undertaken on very unjustand unpardonable
oame to Lacedaeraon on pretence of sacrificing grounds. Helen was honoured after death as
to Apollo. He was kindlyreceived by Mene- laus, a goddess, and the Spartans builther a temple
but shamefully abused his favours, and in at Therapne, which had power of giving
his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity beautyto all the deformed women that en-
tered

of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow it. Helen, accordingto some, was ried
car-

him to Troy,B. C. 1 198. At his return Mene- into the island of Leuce after death,
lausjhighly sensible of the injury he had receiv-
ed, where she married Achilles,who had beew
assembled the Grecian p"rinces,and ed
remind- one of her warmest admirers. The age of
"

them of their solemn promises. They re- solved Helen has been a matter of deep inquiry
to make war againstthe Trojans,but among the chronologists. If she was born of
they previously sent ambassadors to Priam to the same eggs as Castor and Pollux,v.'ho ac- companied

demand the restitutionof Helen. The influence the Argonautsin their expeditioa
of Paris at his father'scourt prevented the res- against
toration, Colchis about 35 veare before the Tro
and the Greeks returned home out
with- jan war, accordingto some, she was no less
receivingthe satisfactionthey required.than 60 years old when Troy was reduced to
Soon aftertheir return their combined forces ashes, supposing that her brothers were only
assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts.
behaviour of Helen duringthe Trojanwar is But she is representedby FJomerso incompa- rably
not clearly known. Some assert that she had beautiful duringthe siegeof Troy,that
willingly followed Paris,and that she warmly though seen at a distance she influenced the
supportedthe cause of the Trojans; while counsellors of Pj-iam by the brightness of her
cLhers believe that she alwayssighedafter her charms ; therefore we must su[)pose with
husband, and cursed the day in which she had others,that her beauty remained long undi- minished,
provedfaithless to his bed. Homer represents and was extinguished only at her
her as in the last instance, and some have ad-ded death. Pau^. 3,c. 19,hc."Apollod. 3, c. 10,
that she often betrayed-the schemes and ^(^""Hygin. fab. 77."Herodot. 2, c. 112."
resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly ed
favour- Pint, in Thes. hc."Cic. de offic. S."JIoraL
the cause of Greece. When Paris' was led, 3, od. 3.~Dicty3.
kil- Orel. 1, fcc" Qww/. Smyrn.
in the ninth year of the war, she volun-
tarily 10, 13, he" Homer. II. 2. and Od. 4 and 1"."
married Deiphobus,one of Priam's sons, A young woman of Sparta,often con- founded
and when Troy was taken she made no scruple with the daughter of Leda. As shft
i:o betray him, and to introduce the Greeks in- was goingto be sacrificed, because the lot had
to his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Me- nelaus. fallen upon her, an eaglecame and carried
She returned to Sparta, and the love away the knife of the pnest, upon which sho
of Menelaus forgave the errors which she had was released,and the barbaraus custom of of- fering
committed. Some however say that she ob- tained human victims \A.as abolished. Aa
her lifeeven with difficulty from herhus- island on the coast of Attica, where Kelea
band,whose resentment she had kindled by her came after the siegeof Troy. Piiu. 4, c. 12.
Infidelity. After she liad livedfor some years A daughteroftiie emperor Constantiue,'
at Sparta, xMenelaus died,and she was driven who married Julian, The mother of Con*
from Peloponnesus byMagapenthesand Nicos- stantine. She died in her 80th year, A. D. 328.
tratus,the illegitimate sons of her husband,and HfiLENiA,a festivalin Laconia, m honour
she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Po- of Helen, who received ihere divine honours.
j
lyxo,a native of Argos,reignedover the coun- try. ' Ft was celebrated by viro ins riding upon mulcS;
Polyxoremembered that her widowhood land in chariots made of reeds and bullrushcs,
originated in Helen, and that hrr hu5band Tle- \ Hklkn-or. a Lydian princewho occompa-
40
 HE HE
"med ^neas to Italy,
and was killed by the Ru- Helic.\on, a Trojan prince,son of Ab-
tulians. His mother's name v/as Licymnia. tenor. He married Laodice, the daughterof
Virg.Mn. 9, v. 444, he. Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform
Helekus, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Helen of the state of the rival armies before
Priam and Hecuba, greatlyrespectedby all Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a nighten-
gagement,

the Trojans. When Deiphobus was givenin but his life was sparedby Ulysses,
marriageto Helen in preferenceto himself, who remembered the hospitality he had re-ceived

he resolved to leave his country,and he re- tired from his father Antenor. Hom(^. Id.
to mount Ida, where Ulyssestook him 2, V. 123.
prisonerby the advice of Chalcas. As he was Helice, a star near the north pole,gene- rally
well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks called Ursa Major. It is supposed ta
made use of prayers, threats, and promises,receive its name from the town of Helice, of
to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Tro- jans, which Calisto, who was changed into the
and either the fear of death or gratifica-
tion Great Bear, was an inhabitant. Lucan. 2,
of resentment, seduced him to disclose to V. 237. A town of Achaia, on the bay of
the enemies of his countiy, that Troy could Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation of
not be taken whilst it was in possession of the the sea. Plin. 2, c. 92." Or/rf. Met. 15, v.
Palladium,nor before Polydectescame from 293. A daughterof Silenus,king of iEgi-
bis retreat at Lemnos, and assisted to support ale. Pans. 7, c. 24. A daughter of Lycaon^
the siege. After the ruin of his country, he king of Arcadia.
fellto the share of P5Trhusthe son of Achil-
les, Helicon, now Zagaro-Vouni,a mountain
and saved his life by warning him to of Bceotia,on the borders of Phocis. It was
avoid a dangeroustempest, which in reality sacred to the Muses, who had there a temple.
provedfatal to all those who set sail. This The fountain Hippocrene flowed from this
endeared him to Pyrrhus,and he received mountain. Strab. 8." Ovid. Met. 2, v. 219.
from his hand Andromache, the widow of his -Pans. 9, c. 28, he" Virg.JEn. 7, v. 641.
brother Hector, by whom he had a son called A river of Macedonia near Dium. Paus.
Cestrinus. This marriage, accordingto some, 9, c. 30.
was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, Heliconiades, a name givento the Muses
who lived with Andromache as his wife. He- because they lived upon mount Helicon,
ienus was the only one of Priam's sons who which was sacred to them.
survived the ruin of his country. After the Heliconis, a daughterof Thespius. Apol-
death of Pyrrhus,he reignedover part of lod.
Epirus,which he called Chaonia in memory Heliodorus, one of the favourites of
of his brother Chaon, whom he had inad-
vertently
Seleucus Philopator, king of Syria. He at- tempted
killed. Helenus received jEneas as to plunderthe temple of the Jews,
he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him about 176 years before Christ, by order of
some of the calamities which attended his his master, he. A Greek mathematician
fleet. The manner in which he received the of Larissa. A famous sophist, the best edi-
tions
fi;ift of prophecyis doubtful. Vid. Cassandra. of whose entertaining romance, called
^Horner. II.6, v. 76, 1. 7, v. 47." Virfr. JEn. 3, JElhiopica, are Commelin, 8vo. 1596, and
V. 295, he" Pans. 1, c. 11, 1.2, c. 33." Ovid. Bourdelot, 8vo. Paris, 1619. A learned
Met. 13, v. 99 and 723, 1. 15, v. 437. Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace.
Butulian killed by Pallas. Virg. JEn. 10,v. 388. A man who wrote*^ treatise on tombs. A
Hflerm Lucus, a place near Rome. poet. A geographer. A surgeon at
Ovid Fast. 6, v. 105. Rome in Juvenal's age. Juv. 6, v. 372.
Heles or Hales, a river of Lucania near Heliogabalus, a deity among the Phoe- nicians.
Velia. Cic. ad Att. 16, ep. 7, Fum. 7, ep. 20. Aurelius
M. Antoninus, a Ro- man
Heliades, the daughtersof the Sun and emperor, of V'arius Marcellus,called
son

Clymene. They were three in number, Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of
Lampetie,Phaetusa,and Lamp.thusa, or se- ven in Phamicia.
that divinity After the death of
accordingto Hygin,Merope,Helie,j'Egle,Macrinus he was invested with the imperial
Lampetie, Pha-be, iEtheria, and Dioxippe.pur[)le, and the senate, however unwilling to
They were so alUicted at the death of their bro- ther submit to a youthonly 14 years of age, ap- proved
Phaeton,[Fiti. Phaeton]that they Avere of his election,and bestowed upon hira
changed by the gods into poplars, and their the titleof Augustus. Heliogabalus made his
tears into precious amber, on the banks of the gmnd-mother Mcesa, and his mother Scemia?,,
river Po. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 340." Hi/gin. fab. ills colleagues on the throne ; and to bestow
154. The firstinhabitants of Rhodes. This more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate
islandbeingcovered with mud when the world of women, over which his mother presided^
was firstcreated,was warmed by the cherish-
ing and prescribed all the modes and fashions
beams of the sun, and from thence sprang which prevailed in the empire. Rome ever
how-
seven men, which were called Heliades,"roTou soon displayed a scene of cruelty and de-
bauchery
K?^"0',from the sun. The eldest of these,called ; the imperialpalace was full of
Ochlmus, married Hegetoria,one of the prostitution, and the most infamous of the
nymphs of the island, and his brothers fied populacebecame the favourites of the prince.
from the country, for havingput to death, He raised his horse to the honours of the con- sulship,

throughjealousy, one of their number. Diod.b. and obligedhis subjects to pay ado-
ration
Heliasta;, a name givento the judges of to tiie god Heliogabalus, which was

the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They no other than a largeblack stone, whosr.
consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500 ; figure resembled that of a cone. To this ri-
they were seldom assembled,and only upon jdiculous deitytempleswere raised at Rome,.
Hiattere of the greatest importance. Dtjuvsth. \and the altarsof the godsplundered to deck
contr. Tim.-^Dios. m Svt.
 HE BE
tiiose of the new In
divinity. the midst of his He LLANO CRATES, E man of Larissa,fcc
extravagances, Hehogabalus married four Aristot. Polit. 5, c. 10.
wives,and not satisfiedwith following the plain Hellas, an ancient name of Thessaly,
Jaw s of nature, he proiessed himself to be a more generallyappliedto the territories of
woman, and gave himself up to one of his otfi- Acarnania, Attica,iEtolia, Doris,Locris,Bce-
"ers, called Hierocles.In this ridiculous farce otia, andPhocis, and also to all Greece. It
from
he suffered the greatest indignities his received this name from Deucalion, and now
pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and iorms a part of Livadia. Plin. 4, c. l."Slrab
Hierocles,by stoopingto infamy, became the 8." Mela, 2, c. S."Pans. 2, c. 20. A beauti-
ful
most powerfulof the lavourites, and enriched woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved
himself by selling favours and offices to the by Marius; the lover killed her in a fitof
pas-
sion,
people. Such licentiousness soon displeased and afterwards destroyedhimself. Ho-
liie populace, and Heliogabalus, unable to ap-
peaserat. 2, sat. 3, v. 277.
the seditions of the soldiers,whom his Helle, a daughterof Athamus and Ne-
rapacityand debaucheries had irritated, hid phele,sisterto Phryxus. She fled from her
himself in the hlth and excrements of the camp, father'shouse with her brother,to avoid the
where he was found in the arms of his mother. cruel oppression of her mother-in-law, In".
His head was severed trom his body the lOtli According to some accounts she was carried
of i\larch, A. D. 222, in the 18th year of his throughthe air on a golden ram which her
age, alter a reignof three years, nine months, mother had received from Neptune, and in
and four days.He was succeeded byAlexander her passage she became giddy,and fellfrom
Severus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as her seat into that part of the sea which from
his licentiousness. He burdened his subjectsher received the name of Hellespont.Others
with the most oppressive taxes, his halls w ere say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather
covered with carpetsof goldand silver tissue, upon a ship,from which she fellinto the sea
and his mats were made with the down of and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had
hares,and with the soft feathers which were givenhis sister a burial on the neighbouring
found under the wings of partridges. He w as coasts, pursuedhis journey,and arrived safe
fond of covering his shoes with preciousstones, in Colchis. [Vid. Phryxus.]Ovid. Heroid
to draw the admiration of the peopleas he 13, ^c. Met. 4, fab. 14. Pindar. 4. Pyth. " "

walked alongthe
streets, atid he was the first "Paus. 9, c. 34.
Ronaan who ever w ore a dress of silk. He of- ten Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha,
invited the most of the peopleto reigned in Phthiotis about 1495
common years before
share his banquets, and made them sit down the Christian era; and gave the name of Hel-
on largebellows full ot wind, which, by sud- denly lenians to his subjects.He had, by his wife
emptying themselves,threw the guests Orseis,three sons Dorus, and
; iEolius, Xuthus,
on the ground,and left tliem a prey to w ild who gave their names to the three different
beasts. He often tied some of his tavourites nations known under the name of .^olians,
on a largewheel, and was ed
delight-
particularly Dorians, and lonians. These last derive their
to see them whirled round like Ixious,and name from Ion, son of Xuthus, and from the
sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk be-
neathdifference either of expression,or pronuncia-
tion,
the water. in their respective languages, arose the
Heliopolis, Matarea,a famous city differentdialects well known in the Greek lan-
now guage.
of Lower Egypt, in which was a temple sa-
cred Paus. 3, c. 20, 1.7, c. l."Diod. 5.
to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped Hellenes, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid
a bull called Mnevis, with the same nies
ceremo- Hellen.
as the Apis oi Memphis. Apollo hud an Hellespontias,a wind blowingfrom the
oracle there. Cic. jY. D. 3, c. ^\."Flin. 36, north east. Plin. 2, c. 47.
c.26."iitrab. lH."Diod. 1. There was a small the Dardanelles,
Hellespontus, now a,

village of the same name without the Delta narrow^ strait between Asia and Europe, near
near Babylon. A town of Syria, now Bal- the Propontis, which received its name from
beck. Plin. 5, c. 22. Helle,who was drowned there in her voyage
Helisson, a town and river of Arcadia to Colchis. [Vid.Helle.] It is about 60
Pans. 8, c. 29. miles long,and, in the broadest parts, the
Helium, a name givento the mouth of the Asiatic coast is about three miles distant from
Maese in Germany. Plin. 4, c. 15. the European,and onlyhalf a mile in the nar-
rowest,

Helius, a celebrated favourite of the em-

peror accordingto modern investigation j
Mero, put to death by order of Galba, so that people can converse one with the
for his cruelties. The Greek of the
other from the opposite
name shores. It is celebra-
ted
sun, or Apollo. for the love and death of Leander, [Fid.
Helixus, a river of Cos. Hero,] and for the bridgeof boasts which
Hellamce, a sister of Clitus,who was Xerxes built over it when he invaded Greece,
nurse to Alexander. Curl. 8, c. 1. The folly of this greatprinceis well known in
Helianicus, a celebrated Greek historian, beatingand fettering the waves of the sea,
born at Mitylene. He wrote an history of the whose impetuosity destroyedhis ships,and
ancient kingsof the earth,with an account of rendered all his labours ineffectual. Strab. 13.
the founders of the most famous towns in every "Plin. 8, c. '32."Herodot. 7, c. 34." Po/y6."
kingdom, and died B. C. 411, in the 83th year Mela, 1, c. 1." P/0/.5, c. 2." Ovid. Met. 13,
ot his age. Pans. 2, c. 3.~Cic. de Oral. 2, c V. 407." Ln\ 31, c. 15, J. 33, c. 33. The
53." .4m/. Gel. 15, c. 23. A brave officer the Hellespontoh the Asiatic
country along
rewarded by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2. coast bears the same name. Cic. I err. 1,c
An historian of Miletus, wlio v/roto a de^frip-24, Fnm. 13. en. 53." S/m6. 12" Plin 5, t;,
tion of the earth.
 HE HE
The a number stripes,
of that by this wanton fla-
Hellopia. a small countr"'of Eubcea.
t hey might recollect that they were^
popie were called Hellopes. The whole gella*;on
island bore the same name accordingto Stra- born and died slaves. The Spartanseven de- clared
12. war against t hem; but Plutarch,who,
bo. Plin. 4, c.
Hellotia, two festivals, one of which was from interestedmotives, endeavours to palliate
the guilt and cruelty of the peopleof Lacedae-
obsened iiiCrete, in honour of Europa. whose
bones were then carried in solemn procession: mon. declares that it was because they had as- sisted

with a myrtlegarland no less than twenty cu- bit? the Messeniaris in their war against
in circiiinference, called *?jj"ts The other Sparta, after it had been overthrown by a vio-
lent

festivalwas celebrated at Corinth with games earthquake. This earthquakewas sui"-

entered the lists posedby all the Greeks to be a punishment
and races, where young men
and generally ran with burning torcbesin their from heaven for the cruellies which the Lace- daemonians
instituted in honour of Minerva, had exercised against the Helots.
hands. It was
from a certain \In the Peloponaesianwar these misei-able
surnamed Hellotis, "-s t". iy-c-^,
pond of Marathon, where one of her statues slaves
behaved with uncommon bravery,and
"was erected, or *-3 '=- ""-^'" ""* "'=^-'* "r-'' nt"3"r", be-
causewere rewarded with their liberty by the Lace-
daemonians,
took and and appe"u*ed in tlie templesand
bv her assistance Bellerophon
crowned with garlands, and
managed the horse Pegasus,whicii was the at publicshows
of the institution of the festival. with every mark of festivity and triumph.
oridoal cause
Others derive the name from Hellotis,a Corin- This exultation did not continue long,and the
of the two thousand ma-
tliian woman, from the followingch-cum- sudden disappearance numitted

and the Heraclidai slaves was attributed to the nity

inhuma-
stance : when the Dorians
invaded Peloponnesus,they took and burnt of the Lacetlaemonians Thucyd.4. Pol-
.
lux. "

the 3, S."Strab. 8."Plut. in Lye.kc.

Corinth ; the inhabitants, and particularly c.
"

k.c
women, escapedby flight, except Hellotis and ^rist. Polit. 2. Paus. Lacon "

her sisterEur\-tione, who took shelter in Mi- nerva's Helot.c and Helutes, the publicslaves of
for salety upon the Spai'ta, kc. Vid. Helos.
temple, relyjjig
a vestal virgin struck dead witk
sanctity of the place".When this v.as known, Helvetia,
the Dorians set fire to the t"mple, and the tn o lightning in Trajan's r eign.
sisters perished in the flames. This wantoji Helvetii, an ancient nation of Gaul, con- quered

crustywas followed by a dreadful plague, by J. Ceesar. Theu- country is the

and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes modern Switzerland. Cizs. Bell. G. 1,he-
which theysuftered, were directed by the ora-
cle Tacit. Hist. 1, c 67 and 69.
to appease the manes of the two sisters, Helvia, the mother of Cicero. Ricina,
and therefore they raised a new templeto the a town of Picenum.
goddess Mi*ierva, and established the festi-
vals, Helvidia, the name of a Roman family.
which bore the name of one of the fortunate
un- Helvu, now Virers, a people of Gaul,
women. alongthe Rhone. Plin. 3, c. 4.

Helnes, an ancient king of Arcadia, Lc. Helvillum, a town of Umbria, supposed

1.
PolyiRn. to be the same as Suillum,now Sigillo.Plin.
Heloris, a of
general the people of Rhe- 3, c. 14.
Helvina, fountain of Aquinum, where
gium, sent besiegeMessana, which Diony-
to a

and Ceres had a temple. Juc. 3, v. 320.

fiusthe tyrantdefended. He fellin battle,
defeated. Diod. 14. Helvics Cinsa which,
proposed a law,
Lis troops were
Helorc.w and Hzlorcs. now Muri Ucci, however was not passed,to permit Caesar to
whatever he chose. Suet, in
a town and river of Sicily,whose swollen wa- ters marry woman

inundate the neighbouring try.

coun- Cas. c. 52." A poet. Vid. Cinna.
generally "

Virg.JEn. 3, v. 698." //a/. U, v 270. Helcm, a river of Scythia.

GrcBcia. Helymus and Pa"opes, two hunters at
A river oi Magna
Heeos,a of Arcadia.
place Puns. 8, c. 36. the court of Acestes in Sicily.Firg.JEn. 6,
A tow n taken and destroyedv. 73, 6:c.
of Laconia
under Agis the third, Hemathiok, a son of Aurora and Cepha-
by the Lacedemonians
of the Heraclidae, because theyre- fused lus,or Tithouus. Apollod. 3
of the race
to pay the tribute which was imposed TIemithea, a daughter of Cycnus and Pro-
them. The Lacedaemonians carried clea. She was so attached to her brother Te-
upon
him when
their resentment so far, that,not satisfiedwiih nes, tliat she refused to abandon
his father Cycnus exposed him on the sea.
the ruin of the city,they reduced the inhabi- tants
carried by the wind to Tenedos,
to the lowest and most miserable slavery, They were
which forbade their masters where Hemithealong enjoyed tranquiilit)',till
and made a law

either to give them their liberty, or to sell .\chille3,captivated by her chai-ms, offered
them in any other countJ-y. To completetheir her violence. She was rescued from his em-brace

infamy,all the slaves of the state and the soners

pri- by her brother Tenes, who was instantly
of war were called by the mean lationslaughteredby the offended hero. Hemi-
appel-
of Helotce. xNot only' the servile oliices thea could not have been rescued from the at- tempts
of Achilles, had not the earth opened
in which Ihey were employed denoted their
miseryand slaverj', but they were obligedto and swallowed her. after she had fei-vently treated
en-

gai'menti, exposed
which them the assistance of the gods. Vid. Te- nes.
wear peculiar
ridicule. They ne- Paus. 10, c. 14." /"iorf.4.
to greatercontempt and ver

initructed in the liberal arts, and Hemon. Vid. Hsemon.

were
often obligedthem to HEaius. rid Haemus.- A Roman. Juv.
4heir cruel masters
drink to excess, to show the free-born zens
citi- 6, v 197.
Heneti, a peopleof Faphlagonia, who are
of Sj.artathe beastliness and disgraceof
received said to have settled in Italy near the Adriatiq,
iatoxjcatioa. They once every year
 HE HE
Virberetliey gave the name of Venetia to their Heraclea, an ancient town of Sicily,
habitations. Liv. 1, c. 1. Eurip. " near Agrigentum. Minos planteda colony
Heniochi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, there w'hen he pursued Daedalus;and the
neai' Colchis,descended from Amphytus and town ancientlyknown by the name of Ma-
Telechius,the charioteers ("%"")of Castor cara, was called from him Minoa. It was
and Pollux, and thence called Lacedaemonii.' called Heraclea after Hercules, when he ob-
tained
Mela, I, c. 21." Paierc. 2, c. 40." Flacc. 3, v. a victoryover Eryx. A town of
270, 1.6, V. 42. Macedonia. ^Another in Pontus,celebrated
Henna. Vid. Enna. for its naval power, and its consequence
HEPHiESTiA, the capital town of Lemnos. among the Asiatic states. The inhabitants
A festivalin honour of Vulcan (hp'.*.oq) at conveyed home in their shipsthe 10,000 at
Athens. There was then a race with torches their return. Another in Crete. Another
between three young men. Each in his turn in Parthia. Another in Bithynia. ther
Ano-
ran a with a lighted
race torch in his hand, in Phthiotis,near Thermopylge,called
and whoever could carry it to the end of also Track'm^a, to distinguish it from others.
the course before it was extinguished, obtained Another in Lucania. Cic. Arch. 4.
the prize. They delivered it one to the other Another in Syria. Another in Chersonesus^
after they finished their course, and from that Taurica. Another in Thrace, and three in
circumstance we see many allusions in ancient Egypt, ".C. There were no less than 40
iiuthors, who compare the vicissitudesof hu-;cities of that name in different parts of the
man affairs to this delivering of the torch, world, allbuilt in honour of Hercules,whence
particularly in these lines of Lucretius 2 : the name is derived. A daughter of Hiero,
Inquebrevi spatio mutarUur scecla animantum, tyrantof Sicily, "c.
Et quasicursores vilailampada tradant. Heragleia, a festivalat Athens ted
celebra-
Heph^stiades, a name every fifthyear, in honour of Hercules.
appliedto the Li-
pariisle?as sacred to Vulcan. The Thisbians and Thebans in Boeotia, obser-
ved
HEPHiESTii,mountains in Lycia which are a festival of the same name, in which they
set on fire by the lightesttouch of a burning offered applesto the god. This custom of of-
fering
torch. Their very stones burn in the middle applesarose from this: It was always
of water accordingto Pliny,6, c. 106. usual to offer sheep,but the overflowing of the
HEPHiEsTio, a Greek grammaiian of river Asopus preventedthe votaries of the
Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. god from oliscrviiig itwith the ancient ceremo-
ny

Tliere remains of his compositions a treatise ; and as the word y-w-*^ signifies both an apple
entitled Enchiridion de metris "^ poemaie, the and a sheep, some youths, acquainted with the
best edition of which is that of Pauiv, 4to. ambiguityof the word, offered applesto the
Ultraj. 1726. god,with much sportand festivity. To repre-
sent
HEPHiESTioN, E Macedonian famous for the sheep, they raised an appleupon four
bis intimacywith Alexander. He accompani-
ed sticks as the legs,and two more were placed
the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and at the top to representthe hox*ns of the victim,
was so faithfuland attached to him, that Alex- ander Hercules was delighted with the ingenuity of
often observed that Craterus was the the youths, and the festivals were ever ued
contin-
friend of the king,but Hephsestion the friend Avith the offering of apples. Pollux. 8, g.
of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years 9. There was also a festivalat Sicyonin hon- our
before the christian era, accordingto some of Hercules. It continued two days,the
from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexan-
der firstwas called 9io,'x:"t"c, the second K(sK\ttx.
was so inconsolable at the death of this At a festivalof the same name at Cos, the
faithful subject, that he shed tears at the in- priest
telligence, officiated with a mitre on his head, and
and ordered the sacred fire to be in women's apparel." "At'Lindus, a solemni-ty
extinguished, which was never done but at the of the same name was also observed,and at
death of a Persian monarch. The physicianthe celebration nothingwas heard but execra-
tions

"who attended Hephaestionin his illness, was and profanewords, and whosoever dentally
acci-
accused of negligence, and by the king's order droppedany other words, was accus-
ed

inhumanly put to death, and the games were of havingprofanedthe sacred rites.
interrupted. His body was intrusted to tlie Heracleum, a promontory of Cappadocia.
care ot Perdiccas,and honoured with the most A town of Egypt near Canopuson the
magnificentfuneral at Babylon, He was so western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave
like tlie kingin features and stature, that he its name. Diod. 1. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 60.
" "

was often saluted by the name of Alexander. Sirab 2 and 17. The port town
" of Gnossus
Curt. Arrian.
"

7, he. " Plut. in Mlex. " JElian. in Crete.

V. If. 7, c. 8. Heracleotes, a surname of Dionysiusthe
Heptaphunos, a portico,which received philosopher. A philosopherof Heracleai
this name, because the voice was re-echoed who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics,
seven times in it. PHn. 36, c. 15. firmlybelieved that pain was not an evil.
Heptapolis, a country of Egypt, which A severe attended with the
illness, most acute
contained seven cities. pains,obligedhim to renounce his principles,
Heptapylos, a surname of Thebes in and at the same time the philosophyoi the
Boeotia,from its seven gates. about 264 years before the chnstian era.
stoics,
Hera, the name of Juno
among the Greeks. He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic
A daughterof JNeptuneand Ceres when sect,which placedthe summum bonum in sure.
plea-
transformed into a mare. Apollod.3. A He wrote some poetiy, and chiefly
town of if^oliaand of Arcadia. Pans. 6, c. 7. treatisesof philosophy.Diog.in vit.
A town of Sicily,called also Hybla. Cic IlERACMDiE, the descendants of Hercules,
"(dj3tti".2,c.l. celebrated in ancient history.Herca-
greatly
 HE- HE
les at his death left to his son Hyllusail the viHtois otjcasioned, frightened him from the
and
rights claims which he had upon the Pelo- bed before the philosopher
ponnesus, had expired. He
and permitted him to many lole,as lived about 335 years before the christian era.
soon as he came of age. The posterityof Her- Cic. Tusc. 5, ad Quint.3. Liog. in Pyth. "

"ules were not more kindlytreated by Eurys- An historian of Pontus surnamed Lenihusy.
theus, than their father had been, and they who flourished B. C. 177."-^ A man who, af-
ter "

"were obligedto retire for protectionto the the retreat of Dionysiusthe younger from
court of Ceyx,king of Trachinia. Eurystheus Sicily,
raised cabals
againstDion, in whose
pursuedthem thither;and Ceyx, afraid of his hands the sovereignpower was lodged. He
resentment, beggedthe Heraclidee to depart was put to death by Dion's order. C. JVep. in
from his dominions. From Trachinia they Dion.'"^A youth of Syracusein the battle in
earae to Athens, where Theseus, the king of which JVicias was defeated.- A son of Aga-
the countiy who had accompanied their fatlier thocles."
,
A man"
placed over a garrison at
in some of his expeditions, received them with Athens by Demetrius. A sophist of Lycia"
great humanity, and assisted them againstwho opened a school at Smyrna in the age of
their common enemy, Eurystheus. Eurj^stheusthe emperor Severus. A painterof Mace- donia,
tvas killed by the hand of Hyllushimself,and in the reign of king Perseus.- An
his children perishedwith him,,and all the ci- ties architect of Tarentum, intimate with Philip
of the Peloponnesusbecame the undisput-
ed king of Macedonia. He fied to Rliodes on
property of the Heraclidae. Their triumph, pretence of a quarrelwith Philip, and set fire
however, was short, their numbers w^ere sened to the Rhodian
les- fleet. Polycen. -A man of
by a pestilence, and the oracle informed Alexandria.
them that they had taken possession of the Pe- Heraclitus, a celebrated Greek sopher
philo-
ioponnesusbefore the godspermittedtheir re- turn. ot Ephesus, who flourished about 500
Upon this they abandoned Peloponne-
sus, yeajs before the chiistian era. His father's
and came to settle in the territoriesof the name was Hyson, or Heracion. Katurally of
Athenians, where Hyllus,obedient to his fa- ther'sa melancholydisposition, he passedhis time ia
commands, married lole,the daughter a solitary and unsocial manner, and received
of Eurytus. Soon after he consulted the ora- cle, the appellation of the obscure phiIosoj)her, and
anxious to recover the Peloponnesus, and the mourner, from his unconquerablecustom
the ambiguityof the answer determined him of weeping at the foUiei^, frailty, and vicissi-
tude
to make a second attempt. PJie challengedto of human affairs. He employed his time
singlecombat Atreus, the successor of Eurys-
theus in writingciiflerenttreatises, and one particu- larly,
on the throne of Mycena?, and it was in which he supportedthat there was a

mutually agreed that the undisturbed posses- sion fatal necessity, and that the world was created
of the Peloponnesusshould be ceded to irom fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent

whosoever defeated his advein^ary. Echemus and omniscient. His opinions about the origin
acceptedthe challengefor Atreus, and Hyllus of thingswere adoptedby the Stoics,and Hip-
was killed,and the Heraclidae a second time pocrates entertained
the same notions of a
departedfrom Peloponnesus. Cleodoeus the power. Heraclitus deserves the ap-
supreme pellation
son of Hyllus,made a third attempt,and was of man-hater for the rusticity with
and his son Aristomachus
equallyunsuccessful, which he answered the politeinvitations of
some time aftermet with the same ble
unfavoura- Darius king of Persia. To remove himself
reception, and perished in the field of bat-
tle. totally from the society of mankind, he retired
Aristodemus, Teraenus, and Chresphon-to the mountains, where for some time he fed
tes, the three sons of Aristomachus, encoura-
ged on grass in common with the wild inhabitants
by the more expressiveand less ambiguous of the place. Such a diet was soon productive
word of an oracle,and desirous to revenge the of a dropsical complaint,and the philosopher
death of their assembled
progenitors, a nume- condescended to revisit the town. The enig-
matical
i'ous force,and with fleetinvaded allPelopon-
a nesus, manner in which he consulted the phy-
sicians
Their expedition was attended with made his applications unintelligible, and
success, and aftersome decisive battles theybe- came he w as left to depend for cure onlyupon him-
self.
mastei-s of all the peninsula, which they He fixed his residence in a dunghill, in
divided among themselves two years after. hopes tliat the continual warmth w hich pro-
ceeded
The recovery of the Peloponnesusby the de- scendants from it mightdissipate the watery ac-cumulation
of Hercules forms an interesting and restore him to the enjoyment
epoch in ancient histoiy, Vv'hichis universally of his former health. Such a remedy proved
believed to have happened 80 years after the ineifectuaJ, and the j)lii!osopher despairing of
Trojan war, or 1104 years before the christiar)a cure by the application of ox-dung,suffered
era. This conquest was totally achieved about himself to die in the OOth year of his age.
320 years after the first attempt of Hvllus. Some say that he was torn to piecesby dogs.
Apoltod. 2. c. 7, hc"Herodot. 9, c. 2(i."Paus. Diog. in vita. Ctcw. /ll^x. Str.b.
"
A lyric
1, 17. Paterc. 1, c. 2,
c-. " ClemtTis. Mex.
"
poet.- A writer of liaiitarnassus, intimate
Strom. 1. Thucyd. 1, c. 12, he.
" Diod. 1, with Callimachus.
" He was remarkable for
k.c."AristoL de Kep. 7, c. 26. the elegance of his style.- A native of
Hebaclides, a philosopher of Heraclea Lesbos, who wrote an history of Macedonia.
in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seusippus A writer of Sicyon,"c.
"
Plut.
and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed HEFuiCLius,a river of Greece. Pans. 10,c.
that he was carried into heaven the very day 37." "A brother of Conslantine,".c. A
"ifhis death,and the more firml}to render it Roman emperor, k.c.
credible,he begged one of his friends to put a Hek^sa, a town of Arcadia, Festivals at
serpent in his bed. The serpentdisappoint-
ed Argos in honour of Juno, who wasthepatron-
him, and Iho noiJ^e v^i^ck fbe nnmber of CKS of thf"tcitv. Thev were also observed br
 HE HE
tijecolonics of the Argiveswhich had been manuscripts; and utensils,
palYitings, which 6o
plantedat Samos and Mginat. There were al-ways not a littlecontribute to* enlargeour notions
two processionsto the templeof the god- concerningthe ancients,and develope many
rlesswithout the citywalls. Tlie firstwas of classical obscurities. The valuable antiquities,
the men in armour, the second of the women, so miraculously
recovered, are ia
presei-ved
whom the priestess, a woman of the the museum of
Portici, a small town in the
among
first quality, was drawn in a chariot by white neighbourhood,and the engravings, "c. ably-
taken from them, have been munificently
oxen. The Argivesalways reckoned their sented
pre-
as the Athenians to tlie differentlearned bodies of Eu-
years from her priesthood,
from their archons, or the Romans from their rope. Seneca. JSTat.Q. 6, c. 1 and 26 "Of
consuls. When they came to the templeof Alt. 7, ep. 3." Mela, 2, c. 4."Paierc. 2, c. IQ.
the goddess, they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hercules, a celebrated hero, nho, after
Hence the sacrifice is often called =^"tviuUx.and death, was among the gods,and
ranked ceived
re-

sometimes from "^xo:a bed, because Ju-

xs;/tf.", no divine honours. Accordingto the cients
an-

presidedover marriages, births. "c. There there were many persons of the same

was a festival of the same name in Elis,celebra-

ted name. Diodorus mentions three,Cicero six,
and some authors extend the number
every fifthyear, in which sixteen matrons to no
There less than
forty-three. Of all these the son of
Wove a garment for the goddess.
were also others instituted by Hippodamia. Jupiterand Alcmena, generallycalled the
who had received assistance from Juno when Iheban, isthe most celebrated, and to him,
she married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each as may easily be imagined,tlie actions of the
attended by a maid, presidedat the celebra-
tion. otners have been attributed. The birth of
The contenders were young virgins, who Hercules was attended with many miraculous
being divided in classes, accordingto their and supernatural events; and it is reported
age, ran races each in their order,beginningthat Jupiter, who introduced himself to the-
with the The habit of all was actly bed of Alcmena, was
ex- employed forthree nights
youngest.
the same, their hair was and
dishevelled, m forming a child whom he intended to be the
their rightshoulder bare to the breast,with greatest hero the world ever beheld. [Vid.
coats reachingno lower than the knee. She Alcmena.]Hercules brought up at Tiryn-
was

who obtained the victory was rewarded with thus;or, accordingto Diodorus, at Thebes^-
erowns and obtained a part of the ox
of olives, and before he had completedhis eighthmonth*
that was offered in sacrifice,and was permitted the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruc-
tion,
to dedicate her picture to the goddess. sent two snakes to devour him The
There was also a solemn day of mourning at child, not terrified by the sight of theserpents"
Corinth,which bore the same name, memoration boldlyseized
in com- them in both his hands, and
of Medea's children, who were squeezed them to death, while his brother
buried in Juno's temple. They had been slain Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful
by the Corinthians ; who, as itis reported,to shrieks. [Vid.Iphiclus.] He was early in-
structed
avert the scandal which accompanied so bar- barous in the liberal arts,and Castor,the son
a murder, presented Euripides with a ot lyndarus, taughthim how to fight, Eury-
largesum of money to write a play,in which tus how to shoot with a bow and arrows, Auto-
Medea is representedas the murderer of her lycusto drive a chariot, Linus to play on the
children. Another festival of the same lyre,and Eumolpusto sing.He, like the rest
name at Pallene, with games, in w^hich the ot his illustriouscontemporaries,soon after
victor was reAvarded with a garment. became the pupilof the centaur Chiron,and
Herjei montzs, a chain of mountains at the under him he perfected and rendered himself
north of Sicily.Diod. 14. the most valiant and accomplishedof the age"

HjsR.5:iM, a templeand grove of Juno, sit- uate In the 18th year of his age, he resolved to de- liver
between Argos and Mycenee. A town the neighbourhoodof mount Cithseron
of Thrace. trom a huge lion which preyed on the flocks
Hr.RBESsus,a town of Sicily, at the north ot Amphitryon, his supposed father,and
of Agiigentum,built by a Phoenician or Car- thaginian wnich laid waste the adjacent country He
colony. -Si7.14,v. 265. went to the court of Thespius,kingof Thes-
Herbita, an inland town of Sicilv. Qie pis, who shared in the general calamity, and
^^.2, c. 64, 1.3,c. 32. he received there a tender treatment,and was
Herceius, an epithet^iren Jupiter entertained during
to fifty-
days.The fifty dauHi-
Olid. lb. 2i"6."Lucan. 9, v. 979. tersof the kingbecame all mothers by Hercu
Hercclant.v via, a mound raised between les,during his stayat Thespis,and some say
the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also Hcr- tnat It was effected in one night After he had
"culenm tier. Sil. 12, v. 1 18. destroyedthe lion of mount Cithajron, he de-
livered
Herculan'eum, a town of Campania, swal-lowed his country from the annual tributeof
up, with Pompeii,by an earthquake,an hundred oxen which it paid to Erginu^
producedfrom an eruption of mount vius, [Vid. Erginus.]Such publicservices became
Vesu-
August 24lh, A. D. 79, in the reiim of univei-sally known, and Creon, who then sat
Titus. After being buried under the lava for on the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patri-
otic
more than 16(X" years, these famous cities deeds of Hercules by givinghim his daugh-
ter
were discovered in the beginning of the in marriage, and him
intrusting with the
*ast century: Ht-rculaneum in 1713, about 24 government of his
kingdom. As Hercules by
feet under ground, by labourers digging for a the will of Jupiter was subjectedto the power
well,and Pompeii,4U years after, about 12 feet of Eurystheus, [Vid.Eurystheus,] and obliged
below the surface, aiidfrom the houses and to obey him in every respect,Eurystiieus, quainted
ac-
ihe streets,wliich in a great measure remain with his successes and risingpower-
h^ve been drawn
-stillperfect, bncts,ct^tyes. ordered him to jippcarat Mycenaeand perform
 HE HE
of birthhe was
priority
the labours Which by brazen feet. This celebratedanimal frequent-'
empoweredto imposeupon him. Hercules ed the neighbourhood of (Enoe, and Hercules
refused,and Juno, to punishhis disobedience,was employedfor a whole year in continually
rendered him so delirious that he killed his pursuing it,and at last he caughtitin a trap,
own children by Megara,supposing them to or when tired, or according to others by slight-
ly
be the offspring of Eurystheus. [Vid.Megara.] woundingit and lessening itsswiftness. Ag
When he recovered the use of his senses, he he returned victorious, Diana snatched the
was so struck with the misfortunes which liafd goat from him, and severelyreprimanded
proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed him for molesting an animal which wassacred
himself and retired from the societyof men to her. Hercules pleadednecessity: and by
for some time. He afterwards consulted the representing the commands of Eurystheus, he
oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must appeasedthe goddessand obtained the beast.
be subservient for twelve j^ears to the will of The fourth labour was to bringalive to
Eurystheus, in compliance with the commands Eurystheusa wild boar which ravaged the
of Jupiter : and tiiat after he had achieved neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expe*
the most celebrated labours,he should be reck- oned dition he destroyedthe centaurS; [Vid.Cen-
in the number of the gods. So plain and tauri,] and caughtthe boar by closely pursuing
expressive an answer detennined him to go to hira through the deep snow. Eurystheus was

Mycenae,and to bear with fortitude whatever so frightened at the sight of the boar,that,ac- cording

godsor men imposedupon him. Eurystheus to Diodorus,he hid himself in his bra- zen
seeingso gi'eat a man totally subjected to him, vessel for .some days. In his fifth labour
and apprehensive of so powerfulan enemy, Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of
oommanded him to achieve a number of en- Augias,where 3000 oxen had been confined
terprises

the most difficultand arduous ever for many years. [Vid.Augias.] For his
known, generally called the 12 labours of Her- cules. sixth labour he was ordered to killthe carni- vorous
The favours of the godshad completely birds which ravagedthe country neap
armed him when he undertook his labouj-s.He the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. [Vid.Stym-
had received a coat of arms and helmet from phalis.] In his seventh labour he brought
Minerva, a sword from Mercury,a horse from alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull
Neptune,a shield from Jupiter, a bow and ar- which laid waste the island of Crete. ^Inhis
Bows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden eighth labour he was employed in obtaining
Guirass and brazen buskin,with a celebrated the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human
club of brass, according to the opinion of some flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to
writers,but more generally supposedto be of be eaten by his mares, which he broughtto
v.'ood, and cut by the hero himself in the for- est Eurystheus.They were sent to mount pus
Olym-
of Nema?a. " The first labour imposedupon by the kingof Mycena?,where theywere
Hercules by Eurystheus, was to killthe lion of devoured by the wild beasts ;or, according to
Kemaga, which ravagedthe countrynear x\Iy- others,theywere consecrated to Jupiter, and
cena3. The hero, unable to destroy him with theirbreed stillexisted in the age of Alexander
his arrows, boldlyattacked him with his club, the Great. For his ninth labour he was
pursuedhim to his den, and after a close and commanded to obtain the girdle of the queen
sharp engagement he choked him to death. of the Amazons, [Vid. Hippolite.] In his
He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon,
Mycenaj, and ever after clothed himself with kingofGades, and broughtto Argos his nu- merous
the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the Hocks which fed upon human flesh.
Sight of the beast,and at the courage of Her- cules, [Vid.Geryon.] The eleventh labour was
that he ordered him never to enter the to obtain apples from the gardenof the Hcs-
gatesof the citywhen he returned from his perides.[lid.Hesperides.] The twelfth
expeditions, but to wait for his orders without and last,and most dangerousof his labours,
the walls. He even made himselfa brazen ves- sel, was to bringupon earth the three-headed dog
into which he retired whenever Hercules Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by
returned. "
The second labour of Hercules was Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave
fo destroy the Lerniean hydra, which had seven on mount Tasnarus. He was permitted by
heads according to Apollodorus, 50 accordingPinto to carry away his friends Theseus and
to Simonides,and 100 according to Diodorus. PirithouK,who were condemned to punish-
ment
This celebrated monster he attacked with his in hell;and Cerberus also was granted
arrows, and soon afterhe came to a close en- to his prayers, provided
gagement, he made use of no
and by means of his heavy club he arms, but onlyforce to dragliim away. cules,
Her-
"destroyed the heads of his enem)-. But this as some report,can-ied him back to
was productive of no advantage, for as soon as hell, after he had broughthim before Eurys- theus.
one head was beaten to pieces by the club,im- mediately " Besides these arduous labours, which
two sprang up, and the labour of the jealousy of Eurystheus imposedupon him,
Hercules would have remained unlinishod had he also achieved others of his own accord
not he commanded his friend lolas to burn, equallygreat and celebrated. [Vid.Cacus.
with u hot iron,the root of the head which he AntaMis, Busiris,Eryx, "c.] He accompa- nied
hfid crushed to pieces.This succeeded,{Vid. the Argonautsto Colchis before he de-f
Hydra,]and Hercules became victorious, open- livered himself up to the kingof Mycenaj. He
e(ithe bellyof the monster, and dippedhis ar- rows assisted the gods in their wars again,st the;
in the gall to render the wounds which giants, and it was throughhim alone that Ju- piter
he gave fataland incurable. He was ed
order- obtained a victory.[Vid.Gigantes.j
in his third labour to bringalive aud unhurt He conqueredLaomedon, and pillaged Troy.
into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous [Vid.Laomedon.] When lole,the daughter
for\{?ioc FcdibleSAviftners, itsgoldenhorn?,, .lad of Eurytus, kingof (Echalia; of wliom he was.
 HE HE
enamoured,
"?eeply was refused to his en- poisonof the Lernaean hydrapenetratethrougii
treaties,

he became the prey of a second fit his bones. He attempted to pulloff tiiefatal

of insanity, and he murdered Ipliitus, the dress,but it was too late,and in the midst of
the
only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his painsand tortures he inveighedin
his addresses to lole. [Vld.Iphitus.]He most bitter imprecations against the credu-
lous
some time, after purified of the murder, Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and
was

and his insanity ceased j but the gods perse-

cuted the jealousy and hati*ed of Juno. As the dis-
temper
him more, and he was visited by a dis-
order was incurable,he imploredthe pro- tection
which obliged him to applyto the ora-cle of Jupiter, and gave his bow and ar-
rows

of Delphifor relief. The coldness with to Philoctetes, and erected a largeburn-

ing
which the Pythiareceived him, irritated him, pileon the top of mount (Eta. He spread
and he resolved to plunderApollo's ple,
tem- on the pilethe skin of the Nemsan lion,and
and carry away the sacred tripod.Apol-lo laid himself down upon it as on abed, leaning
contiict was gun, his head on his club.
be- or accord-
Philoctetes, ing
opposedhim, and a severe

which nothing but the interference of to others. Paean or Hyllus,was ordered to

his thunderbolts could have pre- set fire to the pile, and the hero saw himself
Jupiterwith vented.
oracle on a sudden surrounded with the flames,with-
He was upon this told by the out
that he must be sold as a slave, and remain betraying any marks of fear or astonish- ment.
three years in the most abject servitude to re- cover
Jupitersaw him from heaven, and
from his disorder. He complied; and told to the surroundinggods that he would
conducted him raise to the skies tlieimmortal partsof a hero
Mercury,by order of Jujnter,
to Omphale queen of Lydia,to whom
he was who had cleared the earth from so many mon^-

"old as a slave. Here he cleared allthe coun- try s'ers and tyrants. The gods applaudedJupi- ter's
from robbers ; and Omphale, who was as- tonished resolution,the burningpilewas suddenly
at the greatnessof his exploits, tored
res- surrounded with a dark smoke, and afterthe
him to liberty, and married him. cules mortal partsof Hercules were
Her- consumed, he
had Agelaus, and Lamon accordingto was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by
others,by Omphale, from whom Croesus king four horses. Some loud clapsof thunder ac- companied

of Lydiawas descended. He became also en-amoured his elevation, and his friends, una-
ble

of one of Omphale'sfemale servants, to find either his bones or ashes,showed

by whom he had Alceus. After he had com- pleted their gratitude to his memory by raising an tar
al-
the years of his slavery, he returned to where the burningpilehad stood. Me-
Peloponnesus, where he re-establishedon the ncetius the son of Actor, offered him a sacn-
throne of Sparta, Tyndarus,who had been ex- pelled fice of a bull, a wild boar,and a goat,and en- joined

by Hippocoon. He became one of De- the people of Opus yearlyto observe

janira's suitors,and married her afterhe had the same religious ceremonies. His worship
overcome allof his rivals.[Vid.Achelous.] He soon became as universal as his fame, and Ju- no,
was obligedto leave Calydon, his father-in- who had once persecutedhim with such
law's kingdom,because he had inadvertently inveterate fury, forgother resentment, and
killed a rnan with a blow of his fist, and itwas gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage.
on account of this expulsion that he was not Hercules has received many surnames and
presentat the huntingof the Calydonianboar. epithets, either from the placewhere his wor- ship

From Calydon he retiredto the court of Ceyx, was established, or from the labours
king of Trachinia. In his Avay he was stopped which he achieved. His temples w^ere nu- merous

by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where and magnificent, and his divinity vered.
re-

the centaur Nessus attemptedto otfcr vio- lence No dogs or fliesever entered his tem- ple
to Dejanira, under the perfidious pi'e- at Rome, and that of Gades, according to
tence of conveyingher over the river. Her- cules Strabo,was alwaysforbidden to women and
and pigs. The
perceivedthe distress of Dejanira, Phoenicians offered quails on his
killed the centaur, who as lie expired gave her altars, and as it was supposedthat he presided
a tunic,which as he observed had the power over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to
of recalling a husband from unlawful love. sleep in his temples, that theymight receive
[Vid.Dejanira.]Ceyx, kingof Trachinia re- ceived in their dreams the agreeable presages of the-ir
him and his wife -with great marks of a[)proaching recovery. The white poplarwas
friendship, and purified him of the murder particularly dedicated to his service. Hercules
which he had committed at Calydon. Hercu- les is generallyrepresented naked, with strong
was stillmindful that he had once been re- fused and well proportioned limbs ; he is sometimes
the hand of lole ; he therefore made covered with the skin of the Nemaean lion,and
war againsther father Eurytus,and killed lioldsa knotted club in his hand, on which he
him with three of his sons, lole fellinto the often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned
hands of her father's murderer, and found that with the leaves of the poplar, and holding tlie
she was loved by Hercules as much as before. horn of plentyunder his ai'ra. At other times
She accompanied him to mount (Eta, where he is represented standing with Cupid,who in- solently
lie was goingto raise an altar and otter a so- lemn breaks to pieces his arrows and his clubj"
sacrifice to Jupiter.As he had not then to intimate the passion of love in the hero,who
tlietunic in which he arrayedhimself to otier suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by
a sacrifice,he sent Lichas to Dejanirain or- der Omphale, who dressed herself in his armour
to providehimself a proper dress. nira, while he was
Deja- sitting to spinwith her female
informed of her husband's tender attach- ment servants. The cliildjcnof Hercules are as
to lole,sent him a philter, or more bably numerous
pro- as the labours and dilRculties winch

the tunic which she had received from he underwent, and indeed they became so

INessus.and Hercules as soon as heiiad putiton powerfulsoon

I after hi.ideath, that theyalone
fell into a and found the ^had the courage
desperatedistemper, t" invade ttllPeltpoftnef^a*
41
 HE HE
Her'aclldae).
{fid. He was father of Deicoon Hercykia,a eelebrated forest of Germa'
and by Megara ; of Ctesippusny, which, accordingto Caesar,requirednine
Therimachus,
By Astydaraia ; of Paleraon, by Autonoe; of daysjourneyto cross it ; and which on some
Everes, by Parthenope; of Glycisonetes, Gy- parts was found without any boundaries,^
neus, and Odites, by Dejanira ; of Thessalus, thoughtravelled over for sixtydayssuccessive-
ly
by Clialciope ; of Thestalus,by Epicaste ; of It contained the modern countries of Swit-
zerland, .

TIepolemus,by Astyoche; of Agathyrsus, Basil, Spires,Transylvania, and a

Gelon, and Scythia, by Echidna, "g. Such are greatpartof Russia. In length of time the
the most striking characteristics of the lifeof trees were rooted up, and when population in-
creased,
Hercules,who is said to have supportedfor a the greatestpart of it was made habitable.
in-
while the weightof the heavens upon his Ca^. Bell. G. 6, c. 24." Mela."
shoulders, (Vid.Atlas,) and to have separatedLiv. 6, c. 64." Tacit. G. 30.
by the force of his arm the celebrated moun-| Herd Off I A, a small town of Apulia,be-tween
tains which wei-e afterwards called the bound-
aries the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus, //"/,
of his laboui-3. (Vid.Abyla.j He is held 1, V.568.
out by the ancients as a true patternof virtue Herdonius, a man put to death by Tar-
and piety, and as his whole lifehad been era- quin,because he had boldlyspoken against
ployedfor the common benefit of mankind, he him in an assembly, he.
was deservedly rewarded Avith immortality. Herea, a town of Arcadia on an eminence,
His judicious choice of virtue in preference to the bottom of which was watered by the Al-
pleasure, as described by Xenophon, is well plieus.It was built by Hereus the son of Ly-
known. Diod. land 4 Cic. de JVat. D. 1, caon, and was said to produce a wine posses-
"

sed
"-C. Apollod.1 and 2. Pans. 1. 3, 5, 9, and
"
of such unusual properties,
"
as to give fe-cundity
10. Hesiod. in Scut. Here. "c.
" Hygin. fab. to women and cause madness in men.
"

29, 32, k,c."Ovid. Met. 9, v. 236, kc."Hcr. JElian. V. H. 13, c. Q.~Plin. 14, e. 18."
9. .^mor. Trist. fcc. Homer. II. 8, he. Pans. 8, c. 24." Plot. 3, c. 16.
"
"

Theocr^t. 24. Eurip.in Here. Virg.JEn. 8,

"
Herejtnius Sekecio, a Roman
"
an
histori-
V.294. Lwcan. 3 and 6. Ayollon 2. Dionj/s.
"
under Domitian.
" Taeit, Jlgric. 2, "c.
"

fjal.1. Sophocl.in Trachin.

"
Plul.inAmphil. An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pom-
"

-^Senec. in Here, farent.4^ (E.I- PUn. 4 c. pey, ho,. Pint. A centurion sent in pur-
"
suit
6, 1. 11,hc."Philost. Icon. 2, c. ^."Hnodot. of Cicero by Antony. He cut oif the ora- tor's

1, c. 7,1. 2, e. 42, k,c. Qidrd.Smyrn. 6, v. "

head.Plut. in Cic. Caius, a man ta
207, "c. Callim. Hymn, in Dian.
"
Pindar. " whom Cicero dedicates his book de Rhe-
Olymph. od. 3."ItaL S7oi.2. Theb.
I,v. 438." toricd,
a work attributed by some to Cornifi-
V. 564. Mela, 2, "
c. 1. Lucian. Dial.
" Lac- " cius. A Samnite general,",c.^ Philo,a
lant. de fals.Rel. " Slrab. 3, "c. Horat Od. " Phoenician who wrote a book on Adrian's
Sat. ".C. A son of Alexander the Great. reign. He also composed a treatise divi- ded
""A surname of the omperor Commo- into 12 parts, concerningthe choice of
dus,"c. books, he.
Herculeum, a promontory in the coun- Hereus, a son of Lycaon, who founded
jtiyof the Brutii. given a city in Arcadia,called Herea.
Fretum, a name Paus. 8, c.

to the straitwhich forms a communication tween24.

be-
the Atlantic and Mediterranean. HtRiLLus, a philosopher of Chalcedon,,
Herculeus, one of Agrippina's murderers. discipleto Zeno. Diog.
Tacit.Ann. 14, c. 8. Herieus, a kingof PrsRneste,son of the
Herculeus Lacus, a lake of Sicil3^ nymph Feronia. As he had three lives,he
Herculis two loftymountains, was
ColumnjE, Virg.JEn. killed three times by Evander.
situate the most southern
one ties
extremi-
on 8, v. 563.
of Spain,and the other on the opposite Hermachus, a native of Mitylene, suc-
cessor

part of Africa. They were called by the an- and disciple of Epicurus, B. C. 257.
eients Myla and Calpe. They are reckoned Herji^, statues of JNlercury in the cityof
the boundaries of the labours of Hercules,and Athens. Cic. ad Mlic. 1, cp. 4 and 8. C. "

according to ancient tradition theywere Joined A^epin Alcib. Two youths who attended
togethertilltiiey were severed by the arm of those who consulted the oracle ofTrophonius.
theherOjanda communication openedbetween Paus. 9^ c. 39.
the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Dionys. Herm^a, a festivalhi Crete, when the
1, v. U2."Mela^
Perie^."Sil. 1, c. 5, 1.2, c. masters waited upon the servants. It was
6. Plin. 3, c. 1.
" Monaici Portus,now Mo- also observed at Athens and Babylon, Paus.
staco,a porttown of Genoa. Tacit. H. 3, c. 8, c. 14.
42."Lucan. 1,v. 405." Virij;.JEn. 6, v. 830. Hi:RMJEUM, a town of Arcadia. A pro-
montory
Labronisrc/ Liburni Portus, a sea port the east
at of Carthage,the most
town, now Leghorn. Promontorium,acape northern Bon. pointof all Africa,
now Cape
at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, nov,' Liv. 29, c. 27." Slrab. 17.
Spartivento. Insulas, two islands near dinia. Hf.rmagoras
Sar- iEoLiDES, a famous torician,
rhe-
Plin. 3, c. 7. Portus,a sea port of who came to Rome in the age of Au-
gustus.
the Brutii,on the western coast. Lucus, a A philosopher of Amphipolis. " -^

wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. Tacit. A famous orator and philosopher.

i/2.2, c. 12. A small island on the coast of Her3l.\ndica, a town of the Vaccsei in
Spain,called Scombraria,from the tunny fish Spain. Liv. 21, c. 5. Polyb.3. "

caughtthere.
(5co/"6ro*,) Sirab.S. HermandGJbi, a people of Germany,cal-
led
Hercyna, a nymph who accompanied also Hermuriduri.
Ceres us she travelled over the world. A Hermanni, a peopleof Germany.
yiver in Btaotia \so\c hev name. Pans. 9, HEr.MAPHRuDiTus,a son of Venus an^
 HE HE
Mercupy, educated on mount Ida by the with stealinghis affections from her. Her
At the age of 15 he began to travel
ISaiades. jealousyof Andromache, accordingto some,
to gratify his curiosity.When he came to iiidiicedher to unite herself to Orestes,and to
Caira, he bathed himself in a fountain,and destroyPyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes
Salmacis,the nymph who presided over it,be- after this murder, and received the kingdom
eame enamoured (k him, and attemptedto se- duce of Spartaas a dowry. Homer. Od. 4.
Eurip^"

him. Hermaphrodituscontinued deaf to in "r Orest."Oiid. Heroid. 8." Pro-

Andr.
all entreatiesand offers ; and Salmacis, endea-
vouring pert.1,- A town of Argoliswhere Ceres
to obtain by force what was denied to had a famous temple. The inhabitants lived
prayers, closely embraced him, and entreated by fishing.The descent to hell from their
the godsto make them two but one body. Her country was considered so short that no money,
prayers were h/^ard,and Salmacis and Her-maphroditus,
accordingto the usual rite of burial,was put
now two in one servedinto the mouth
body, stillpre- of the dead to be paid to
the characteristics of both their sexes. Charon for their passage. The sea on the
Hermaphroditusbegged the gods that all who neighbouringcoast was called Hermionicus
bathed in that fountain might become nate.
effemi- sinus. Plin. 4, c. 5. Virg.in Ciri. 472. "
"

Ovid. Met. 4, v. 347. Hygin.fab. 271. Strab. 8." Mela, 2, c. 3.~Ptol. 2, c. 16."
"

Hermas, an ancient father of the church, Pans. 2, c. 34.

iinor near the age of the apostles. HERMioNiiE, a city near the Riphaean
Hermath"NA, a statue which representedmountains. Orph.inArg.
Mercury and Minerva in the same body. HERMio^ficus SINUS, a bay on the coast o/
This statue was generallyplaced in schools Argolisnear Hermione. Strab. 1 and 8.
where eloquenceand philosophy were taught, Hermippus, a freed man, disciple of Phi-
because these two deities presidedover the lo,in the reignof Adrian, by whom he was
arts and sciences. greatly
esteemed. He wrote five books upon
Hermeas, a tyrantof Mysia,who revolted dreams. A man \vho accused Aspasia,the
from Artaxerxes Ochus, B. C. 350 -A gen- mistress of Pericles,bf impietyand
prostitu^
eral of Antiochus,".c. tion. He w^as son jbitysis, and distinguished
Hermeias, a native of Methymna who himself as a poet by 40 theatrical
pieces, and
wrote anhistory of Sicily. other compositions, some of which are quoted
Hermes, the name of Mercury among the by Athenaeus. Plut. A Peripatetic sopher
philo-
Greeks. [Vid. Mercurius.] A famous of Smyrna who flourishedB. C. 210.
gladiator.Martial. 5, ep. 25. An Egyp-
tian Hermocrates, a general of Syracuse,
philosopher. Vid. Mercurius Trisrae- againstJN'iciasthe Athenian. His lenityto-
gistus. wards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon
Hermesianax, an elegiacpoet of Colo-phon, as treacherous. He was banished from Sicily
son of Agoneus. He was publicly hon- without even
oured a trial, and he was murdered as
with a statue. Pans. 6, c. 17. A na-
tive he attemptedto return back to his country,
of Cyprus, who wrote an history of B. C. 4^8." Plut. in Mc. he. A sophist
Phrygia. Plut. celebrated for his rising talents. He died in
Hermias, a Galatian philosopher in the se- the 28th year of his
cond age, in the reign of the
centuiy. His irrido philo"ophoram gen- emperor Severus. ^The father-in-law of
tilium, was printed with Justin JMartyr's works, Dionysius,tyrant of Sicily. A Rhodian
fol.Paris 1615 and 1636, and ^vith the Oxford employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Gre- cian
edition of Tatian,8vo. 1700. states,he. A sophist,preceptor to
Herminius, a generalof the Hermanni, Pausanias the murderer of Philip, Died. 16.
"c. A Roman who defended a bridge Hermodorus, a Sicilian,pupilto Plato.
with Codes againstthe army of Porsenna. A i)hilosopher of Ephesus,who issaid to
Liv. % c. 10. A Trojan killed by Ca- have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman cemvirs
de-
tillus in the Rutulian war. Virg.^n. 11, in the composition of the ten tables of
V. 642. laws which had been collected in Greece. Cic.
Hermione, a daughterof
Mars and Venus, Tusc. 5, c. 36. Plin. 34, c. 5. "
.A native, of
who married Cadmus. The gods, except Salamis contemporarywith Philo the Athe- nian
Juno, honoured her nuptials with their pre-
sence, architect. Cic. in Oral. 1,c. 14. A poet
and she received, as a present,a rich who wrote a book called Xq,"","xon the laws ot^
veil and a splendid necklace which had been different nations.
made by Vulcan. She was changed into a Hermogenes, an architectof Alabanda ia
serpent with her husband Cadmus, and pla- Caria, employed in building
ced the templeof Di-
ana
in the Elysianfields, [Vid.Harmonia.] at Magnesia, He wrote a book upon his
,apoliod.3." Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13. A profession. A rhetorician in the second
daughter of Menelaus and Helen. century, the best editions of whose rhelorica
She was
privatelypromisedin marriageto that of Sturmius, 3 vols. 12rao. Argent,
Oi^estes the are

son of Agamemnon; but her father,ignorant 1571,and Laurentius Genev. 1614. He died
of this pre-engageraent, gave her hand to A. D. 161, and it is said that his body was
Pyrrhusthe son of Achilles,whose services he opened,aud his heart found hairy and of an
had experiencedin the Trojan war. Pyrrhus,extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is
at his return from mione reported,
Troy, carried home Her- he totally lost his memory. A
and married her. Hermione, tenderlylawyer in the age of Diocletian, X musi-
cian.
attached to her cousin Orestes,looked upon Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 129. A sophist
Pyrrhus with horror and indignation.Ac- of Tarsus, of such brilliant 'talents,
cording tiiat at
to others,however, Hermione ed
receiv- the age of 15 he excited the attejition and
the addresses of Pyrrhuswith pleasure, and gainedthe paLi'onage of the emi)eror M. Aih
i'vcn ropryachedAndi'oruachc, his cpiJicubine, toninus.
 HE HE
Macedonian
sius, and afterwards that of
Hermolaus, a young among Antony. He was
the attendantsof Alexander. As he was
made king of Judaea by means
one of Antony,
day huntingwith tlie king he killed a wild
and afterthe battle of Actium he was continu-
ed
boar which was coming toAvards him. Alex-
ander, in his power by his flattery and submission
who followed close behind him, was so to Augustus, He rendered himself odious
by
disappointed because the beast had been killed his cruelty, and as he knew that the day of his
before he could dart at him, that he ordered death would become a day of mirth and fes-tivity,
Hermolaus to be severelywhipped This he ordered the most illustrious of his
treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspi-
red subjectsto be confined and murdered the ve- ry

to take away the king's life,with others moment that he expired, that every eye
who were displeased with the cruel treatment in the kingdom might seem to shed tears at
he had received. The plotwas discovei'ed by the death of Herod. He died in the 70th
of the conspirators, and Alexander seized year of his age, after a reignof 40
one years. Jo-
them, and asked what had impelledthem to sephus. Antipas, a son of Herod the Great,
conspireto take his life. Hermolaus answered governor of Galilaea, ",c. Agrippa,a i"w,
for the rest, and observed that it was thy
unwor- intimate with the emperor Caligula, he. This
of
Alexander to treat his most faithful name was common to many of the Jews, Jo^
and attached friends like slaves,and to shed sephus. Atticus. Vid. Atticus.
their blood without the least mercy. Alexan-
der Herodianus, a Greek historian-who flour- ished
ordered him to be put to death. Curt, 8, A. D. 247. He was born at Alexandria,
c. 6. and he was employed among the officersof the
Hermopolis, two towns of Egypt, now Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history
jSshmwiein and
Demenkur. Plin. 5, c. 9. in eightbooks ; from the death of Marcus relius
Au-
Hermotimus, a famous prophetof Clazo- to Maximinus, His style is peculiarly
menae. It is said that his soul separated itselfelegant, but it wants precision, and the work
from his body, and wandered in every part too plainlybetraysthat the author was not a
of the earth to explainfuturity, after which perfectmaster of geography. He is accused
it returned again and animated his frame. of being too partial to Maximinus, and too
His wife, who was acquaintedwith the severe upon Alexander Severus. His book
frequentabsence of his soul, took advantage comprehends the historyof 68 or 70 years,
of it and burnt his body, as if totally dead, and he asserts that he has been an eye-witness
and deprived the sou) of itsnatural receptacle. of whatever he has written. The best editions
Hermotimus received divine honours in a of his history are that of Politian, 4to. Dovan,
temple at Clazomenae, into which it was un- lawful 1525, who afterwards published a very valua-
ble
for women to enter. Plin. 7, c. 52, Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo.
"ic. " Lucian. 1708.
Hermunduri, people of Germany, sub-
a dued Herodicus, a physiciansurnamed Gyni-
by Aurelius. They were at the north who flourished B. C. 443.
nastic, A gram-
marian
of the Danube, and were considered by Ta-
citus surnamed Craleleus,B. C. 123.
as a called,to-
tribe of the Suevi, but
gether Herodotus, a celebrated historian of Ha-
by Pliny licarnassus,
with the Suevi, Hermiones whose fathers name was Lyxes,
4, c. 14. Tacit. Jinn. 13; extra.
" Veil. 2, c. and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Sa-
"

106. mos when his countiy laboured under the op-pressive

Hermus, a river of Asia Minor, whose tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled
gands, accordingto the poets, were covered over Egypt,Italy,and all Greece. He after-
wards
with gold. It flows near Sardis,and receives returned to Halicarnassus, and expelled
the waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus,after the tyrant; which patriotic deed, far from
which it fallsinto the .^'igean sea. It is now gainingthe esteem and admiration of the pop- ulace,
called Kedous or Sarabat. Virg.G. 2, v. 37. displeased and irritated them so that
" Lucan. 3, v. 210. Martial. 8, ep. 78.
" Herodotus "
was obligedto flyto Greece from
m. 1, v. 169." Plin. 5, c. 29, the publicresentment. To procure a lasting
Herkici, a people of Campania, celebra- ted fame, he publiclyrepeatedat the Olympic
for their inveterate enmity to the risinggames, the history which he had composed,
power of Rome. Liv. 9, c. 43 and 44. Sit. 4, in his 39th year, B. C. 445.
" It was received
V. 226." Juv. 14, v. ISS."Dionys. Hal. 8, c. with such universal applausethat the names
10." Virg.JEn. 7, v 684. of the nine Muses were unanimouslygivento
Hero, a beautiful priestess of Venus at the nine books into which itis divided. This
nSestos,greatlyenamoured of Leander, a celebrated composition, which has procured
youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so itsauthor the titleof father of history, is writ-
ten
fahhful to one another, that Leander
in the in the Ionic nialect. Herodotus'is
among
nightescapedfrom the vigilance of his family, the historians what Homer is among the poets,
and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero and Demosthenes among the orators. His
in Sesios directed his course by holdinga styleabounds with elegance, ease, and sweet-
ness
burningtorch on the top of a hightower. ter
Af- ; and if there is any of the fabulous or in-credible,
many interviews of mutual allection and the author candidlyinforms the rea- der
tenderness, Leander was drowned in a tem-
pestuous that it is introduced upon the narration of
night as he attempted his usual others. The work is an history of the wars of
course, and Hero in despairthrew herself the Persians againstthe Greeks, from the
age
down from her tower and perished in the of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign
sea. Musaivs de Leand. ^ Hero. Ovid. He- oi Xerxes,and besides this it givesan account
"

roid. 17 and 18." Virg.G. 3, v. 258. of the most celebrated nations in the world.
Heruues, surnamed the Great and ,^sca- Herodotus had written another historyof
followed the interestof Brutus
lonitaj and Cas- Assyriaand Arabia,which isnot extsint. The
 HE HE
lifeof Homer, generally attributed to him, is. Herse ; but throughjealousy,
Aglauros, dis-
not to be the production of covered the amour. Mercury was so offend
supposedby some

his pen. volence ed at her behaviour,that he struck her with his

Plutarch has accused him of male-
towards the Greeks ; an imputation caduceus and changed her into a stone. Herse
be refuted. The two best became mother of Cephalusby Mercuiy, and
which can easily
after death, she received divine honours
editions of this greathistorian are thatof Wes- at
Amsterdam, 1763; and thatof Glas-
gow, Athens. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 559, i"ic. A wife
sellng,fol.
1761. Cic. de kg. 1. de ofDanaus. Apollod.
9 vols. 12mo.
orat. 2. "
Dionys. Hal. 1. "
Quintil.10, c. 1."
Hersephoria, festivalsof Athens, in hon-
our
A man who wrote of Minerva, or more pi'obably of Herse.
Pint, de mal. Herod. a

A Hersilia, one of the Sabines carried

treatise concerningEpicurus. Biog.
Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of De- away by the Romans
metrius, at the celebration of the

son of Antigonus. He was six feet Consualia. She was givenand married to Ro-mulus,
and a half in height, and he ale generally tvi^en- thoughaccordingto some she married

ty pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion, Hostus, a youth of Latium, by whom she had

at each of his meals. Mhen. 16. Another, Hostus Hostilius. After death she was sented
pre-
whose victoriesare celebrated by Pindar. with immortality by Juno, and receiv-
ed
divine honours under the name
Heroes, a name which was given by the of Ora,
such born from god, or Liv. 1, c. 11 Olid. Met. 14, v. 632.
ancients to as were a "

themselves by their Hertha and Herta, goddess among

to such as had signalized a

and seemed to deserve immortality the Germans, supposedto be the same as the
actions,
earth. She had a templeand a chai'iot dedi- cated
by the service they had rendered their coun- try.

The heroes which Homer describes, such to her service in a remote island,and
as Ajax,Achilles,"c. were gious was supposedto visitthe earth at stated times,
of such a prodi-
strength,that they could liftup and when her coming was celebrated with the
throw stones which the united force of four or greatestrejoicings and festivity. Tacit, de
of his age could not have moved. Germ.
live men
The heroes were supposedto be interested in Heruli, a savage nation in the northern
mankind after death, and parts of Europe who attacked the Romaa
the affairsof they
were invoked with much solemnity. As the power in its decline.
altars of the godswere crowded with sacrifices Hes^nus, a mountain near Pasonia.
and libations, so the heroes were often hon-
oured Hesiodus, a celebrated poet born at As-
with a funeral solemnity, in which their cra, in Bceotia. His father'sname was Dius,
great exploits were enumerated. The originand his mother's Pycimede. He lived in the
of heroism might proceed from the opinionsage of Homer, and even obtained a poetical
w^ho that the prize in competitionwith him, accordingto
of some philosophers, taught
souls of great men were often raised to the Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philos-
tratus, and others, maintain that Hesiod
stars, and introduced among the immortal
lived before the age of Homer ; but Val. Pa-
gods. Accordingto the notions of the Stoics,
the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and se- rene terculus, ^c. support that he flourished about
situate above the moon. 100 years after him, Hesiod is the firstwho
climate,
wrote a poem on agriculture. This compo-
Herois, a festival,
celebrated every ninth sition
of is called,T/ie Works and the Days;
year by the Delphians, in honour a roine.
he-
There was in the celebration a great and, besides the instructions which are given
number of mysteriousrites,with a represen- to the cultivator of the field, the reader is
tation
of somethinglike Semele's resurrection. pleasedto find many moral reflections worthy
of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His 2Vie~
Heron, two mathematicians,one of whom
is called the ancient and the other the younger. ogony is a miscellaneous narration executed
The former, who lived about 100 years before without art, precision, choice,judgment, or
of Ctesibius, and wrote connexion, yet it is the more valuable for the
Christ,was disciple a

curious book translated into Latin, under the faithfulaccount it givesof the gods of anti- quity.
titleof Spiritualium Liber,the only edition of His Shield of Hercules is but a frag- ment
which is that of Baldus. of a largerpoem, in w^hich it is suppo-
.^ug.Vind. 1616. sed
of the Arabic he gave an account of the most celebrated
Heroopoi.is,a town Egypt on
heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without
gulf.
being master of the fireand sublimity of Ho-
mer,
Herophila; a Sybil,who, as some suppose,
of is admired for the eleganceof his dic- tion,
came to Rome in thereign Tarquin. {Vid.
Paus. 10, c. 12. and the sweetness of his poetry. Be-
sides
Sibyllae.)
these poems, he wrote others,now lost.
HerophTlus, an impostor in the reignof
J. Ceesar, who pretendedto be the grandson Pausanias says, that in his age, Hesiod's
of Marius. still written on tablets in the
He was banished from Rome by verses were

Caisar for his seditions, and was afterwards templeof the Muses, of which the poet was
strangledin prison. A Greek physician, a priest. If we believe Clem. Mexand. 6,
about 570 years before the Christian era. He Strom, the poet borrowed much from Mu-
was oneof the firstwho dissected bodies. Pli-
ny, sans. One of Lucian's dialoguesbears the
Cicero, and Plutarch have greatlycom- name of Hesiod, and, in it,the poet is intro-
duced
ftiended him. as speakingof himself Virgil,in his
Herostratus, Vid. Erostratus. Georgics,has imitated the compositionsof
Herpa, a town of Ca]}j)adocia. Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for a mo-
del,

Herse, a daughter of Cecrops,king of as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly

closedcommends
Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god dis- him, and the Greeks were so par-
tial
inslove to Aglauros,Herse's sister,
in to Ins poetry and moral instructions,that
hopes of procuringan pa":v ndrais'sionto they ordered their childrco to learn all by
 HE
ieart.
Besiod was murdered by the sons of Hesiod, is more universallybelieved to be near
Ganyctor of .Vaupactum, and his body was mount Atlas in Africa,accordingto Apollodo-
thrown into the sea. Some dolphinsbrought rus. This celebrated placeor gardenabound-
ed
back the body to the shore,which was diately
imme- with fruitsof the most delicious kind, and
known, and the murderers were covered
dis- was carefully guardedby a dreadful dragoa
by the poet'sdogs,and thrown into which never slept.It was one of the laboui"s
the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age of of Hercules to procure some of the goldenap-ples
Homer, he lived 907 B. C The best editions of tlie Hesperides. The hero, ignorant
of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to- Oxon. of the situation of this celebrated garden,ap- plied
1737, that of Loesner, 8vo. Lips. 1778, and to the nymphs in the neighbourhood oC
that of Farma, 4to. 1785. Cic. Fam. 6, ep. the Po for information, and was told that Ke-
rens
18." Pans. 9, c. 3, fee. QuiyUil 10, c. I."
" the god of the sea, if properlymanaged,
Palerc. Farro.
" PluL de. 7 Sep.fy de Amm.
"
[Vid.Nereus]would direct him in his pur- suits.
Sag. Hercules seized Nereus as he was asleep,
Hasione, a of Laomedon, kingof
daughter and the sea-godunable to escape from his
Troy, by Strymo, the daughterof the Sca- grasp, answered all the questionswhich he
mander. It fell to her lot to be exposedto a proposed.Some say tliatNereus sent Hercules
sea monster, to whom the Trojansyearlypre to Prometheus, and that from him he received
sented a marriageable virgin,to appease the all his information. When Hercules came to
in-
resentment of Aj)olloand Neptune, whom Africa,be repaired to Atlas,and demanded
Laomedon had offended, but Hercules pro- of him three of the goldenapples. Atlas un- loaded

raised to deliver her, providedhe received as himself,and placedthe bwden of the

a rewardsix beautiful horses. Laomedon on the shoulders of Hercules, while
heavens
consented,and Hercules attacked the monster he went in quest of the apples. At his return
just as he was goingto devour Hesione; and Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden
he killed him with his club. Laomedon, how-
ever, by puttingsomething on his head, and when
refused to reward the hero's services : Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience,
and Hercules,incensed at his treachery, be- Hercules artfully
sieged leftthe burden, and seized
Troy, and put the king and allhis fami-
ly the apples, which Atlas had thrown on the
sword, eyxept Podarces, or Priam, ground. Accordingto other accounts, Her-
to the cules
who bad advised his father to givethe promi-
sed gatheredthe appleshimself,without the
horses to hi? sister'sdeliv^erer. The con-
queror assistance of Atlas,and he previouslykilled the
gave Hesione in man-iageto his friend vvatchful dragon which keptthe tree. These
Telamon, who had assisted him during the appleswere broughtto Eurystheus, and after-
wards
war, and he established Priam upon his carried back by Minerva into the gar-
den
father'sthrone. The removal of Hesione to of the Hesperides, as they could be pre-
served
Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans; in no other place. Hercules is some-
times

and Priam, who remembered with indigna-

tion representedgatheringthe apples,and
been forcibly
that his sister had givento the dragon which guarded the tree appeal's
a sent his
foreis'.ner, Paiis to Greece to re-
son claim bowing down his head, as having received a
the possessionsof Hesione, or more pro- mortal wound. This monster, as it is suppos-
ed,
to revenge his injuries
"."ably upon the Greeks, was the offspring of Typhon, and it had a
by carryingaway Helen, which gave rise,hundred heads and as many voices. This num- ber,

soon alter, to the Trojan war. Lycophron however, isreduced by some to only one
mentions, that Hercules threw himself,armed head. Those that attempt to explainmytholo-
from head to foot,into the mouth of the mon-
ster observe that the Hesperideswere
g}'^, certain
to which Hesione was that persons who had an immense
exposed,and number of Hocks,
iie tore his belly to pieces, safe and that the ambiguous w^ord ,""i"-oi,
and came out which sig-
nifies
only with the loss of his hair,after a confine-
ment an apjjie,and a sheep,gave rise to the
of three davs. Homer. II. 6, v. 6!^. fable of the goldenapplesof the Hesperides.
"

Diod. 4."JpoUvd. 2, c. 6, kc."Ovid. Met. 11, Biod. 4." Ovid. Met. 4, v. 637, ice. 1.9, v. 90.
T". 212. The wife of Nauplius. Hygin. fab. 30. Jlpollod.
"
3, c. 5. Hesiod. "
"

HESPi:RiA, a largeisland of Africa,once Tfieog. V. 215, kc.

ihe residence of the Amazons. Diod. 3. Hesperis. Vid. Hesperus. A town of

A name common both to Italyand Spain. It Cyrenaica,now Bernic or Bengazi, where
is deri\'ed from Hesper or Vesper,the settingmost authors have placed the gardenof the
sun, or the evening,whence the Greeks call-
ed Hesperides.
ItalyHesperia,because it was situate at Hesperitis, a country of Africa. Diod. 4.
the sotting sun, or in the west. The same Hespkkus, a son of Japetus,brother to
ziame, for similar reasons, was applied to Spain Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country re-
ceived

bv the Latins. Virg.JEn. 1,v. 634, iic. Ho- "

the name of Hesperiafrom him, ac- cording
r'at. L od. 34. v. 4, 1. 1,od. 27,v. '2S."Sil 7, v. to some accounts. He had a daughter
lb." Ovid. Met. 11,v. 258. A daughter of called Hesperis, who married Atlas,and be-
came
the Cebrtnus. Ovid. Met. 11,v. 759. mother of seven daughters, called At-
lantides
Hesperides, three celebrated nymphs, or Hesperides,Diod. 4. The
daughtersof Hesperus. Apotlodorusmen- tions name of Hesperuswas also appliedto the pla-
net
four,/Egle, Erythia,Vesta, and Arethu- Venus, when it appeared after the set'
9a; and Diodorus confounds them with the tingof the sun. It was called Phosphorusor
Atlantides,and supposes that they were the Lucifer when it preceded the sun. Cic. de
same number. They were appointed to guard JVo/. D. 2, c. 2."Senec. de Hippol. 749. Id.
the goklen appleswhich .Tuno gave to Jupiter in Med. 71.
on the day of their nuptials; and the placeof Hestia, one of the Hesperides. Apollo^.
beyondthe
"fhairresidence;placed ocean by HESTI.EA,a town oi JEubce^
 HI HI
HestJs, a deityamong the Gauls, the same HiERO 1st,a king of Syracuse,after hfs bro-
ther
As the Mars of the Romans. Lucan. 1. v. 445. Gelon, who rendered himself odious in
Hesychia, a
tiiebeginningof
daughterof Thespius. .-ijwl- bis reignby his cruelty and
hd. avarice. He made war against Theron, the
Hesychius, the author of a Greek lexi- tjTantof Agrigentum,and took Himera.
con He
luable obtained
in the beginningof the 3d century, a va- three different crowns at the Olym-
pic
work, which has been learnedly edited games, two in horse races, and one at 8
vols. fol.L. Bat. 174^. chariot race. Pindar has celebrated him as
by Albert, 2
Hetriculum, nowL"f/aruro" atown in the beingvictorious at Olympia.In the latter part
of his reign, the conversation
country of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. of Simonides.
Het'ruriaand Etruria, a celebrated conn- Epicharmus, Pindar, kc. softened in some
trv of Italy,at the west of the Tiber. It origi-measure the roughnessof his morals and the-
nallv contained twelve ditterent nations,sevei-ity of his government, and rendered him
which had each their respective monarch, the patron of learning,genius, and merit-
called Lucunion. Their names were Veien- He died, after a reignof 18 yeai-s,B. C. 467"
Cortonenses,
tes, Clusini, Periisini, the crown
Arretini, leaving to his brother Thrasybulus"

Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Russellani, Volscinii, who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny,
and Caeretani. The inhabi-
Falisci,
Tarquinii, tants Diod. 11. The second of that name, king-
were partieulaflyfamous for their sujier- of Syracuse,was descended from Gelon. He
stition,and greatconfidence in omens, dreams, was unanimouslyelected kingby all the stated
au_guries,S^c. They all proved powerfuland of the island of Sicily, and appointedto carry
Fesolute enemies to the rising empu-e of the on the war againstthe Carthaginians.He
Romans, and were conqueredonly after much joinedhis enemies in besieging Messana, which
effusion of blood. Plin. 3, c. 5. Strab. 5. had surrendered to the Romans,
"
"
but he was
Pint, in Ro77i."Mela,2, c. 4. beaten by Appius Claudius,the Roman sul,
con-

HErRiPPA, a surname of Diana. and obligedto retire to Sjrracuse, where

Hexapylcm, a Syracuse. The ad-
gate at joining
he v,as soon blocked up. Seeingall hopes oi;
placeof the city,or the wall,bore the victorylost,he made peace with the Romans,
same name. Diod. ll'and14. Liv. 24, c. 21, and proved so faithfulto his engagements dur-
"

1. 25, c. 24, 1. 32, c. 39. ing the fifty-nine years of his reign,that thfc
Hiarbas or Iarbas, a kingof Gastulia. Vid. Romans never had a more firm, or more tached
at-
Jarbas. ally. He died in the 94th year of his
HiBER, a name appliedto a Spaniard,as age, about 225 years before the Christian era.
livingnear the river Hiberus or Iberus. Vid. He was universally regretted,and all the Sici-
lians
Iberus. sliowed,by their lamentations,that they
HiBERifiA and Hvbernia, a largeisland at had lost a common father and a friend. He li- berally
the west of Britain,now called Ireland. Some pErtronized the learned,and employed
of the ancients have called it Ibernia,Juver- the talents of Archimedes for the good of hi"
Da, Iris,Hierna, Ogygia,Iveruia. Juv. 2, v. country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now

JQO. "Strab. A." Orpheus. Aristot. " lost He was succeeded by Hieronvmus.
HiBRiEDES, an Athenian general.Dionys.JElian. V. H. 4, S." Justin. 23, c. 4."F'lor. 2,
Hal. 7. c. 2 " Liv. 16. An Athenian, intimate with
HicETAON, of Laomedon, brother to Nicias the general. Phii. in J\'ic.
a son A Par-
thian,
Priam, and father of Menalippus. Homer. kc. Tacit
Jl, 3. The father of Thymoetes, who HiERoc.5:sAREA, a town of Lvdia. Tacit,
oame to Italywith ^neas. Virg.JEn. 10, .4. 2, c. 47, 1.3,c, 62.
T. 123. HiERocKPiA, an island near Paphos in
HicETAS, a philosopher of SjTacuse,who Cyprus.
believed that the earth moved, and that all HiERocLES,apersecutoroftheChrrstians der
un-

the heavenlybodies were stationary.Diog. Dioclesian,who pretendedto find incon-

sistencies
in Phil. A tyrant of Syracuse.Vid. Icetas. in Scripture, and preferred the mi-
racles
HiEMPSAL, a kingof Psumidia,k,c. Pint. of Thyaneus to those of Christ. Hi?
HiERA, a woman who mai'ried Telephus,writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eu-
Ring of Mysia, and who was said to surpass sebius. A Platonic philosopher, who taught
Helen in beauty. The mother of Pandalus at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence
and Bitias,by Alcanor. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 673. and fate,fragments of which are presci'\ed by
One of the Lipari islands,called also Photius ; a commentary on the goldenverses
Theresia,now Vulcano. Pans. 10, c. 11. of Pythagoras;and facetious moral verses -

HiERAPuLis, a town of Syria, near the He flourislied A. D 485. The best edition is
Euphrates. Another of Phrygia,famous that of Asheton and Warren, Svo. London,
for hot baths,now BambvJckalasi. Another 1742. A general in the interest of Deme-
trius.
"f Crete. Polyan.5. A governor of Bithj-nia
HiKR vx, a youth who awoke Arrr.isto in-
form and Alexandria,under Diocletian," "An offi
him that Mercury was stealing lo. Mer- cer. Vid. Heliogabalus,
ciny killed him, and changed him into a bird HiERODtLVii, a town of Libya.
"fprey. .ipollod. 2, c. 1. Antiochus king HiERo*"iCA LEX, by Hiero, tyrantof Sicily,
of Syria,and brother to Seleucus, received to settle the quantityof corn, the price and
the surname of Ilierax. Justin. 37, c. 3. time of receiving it, between the fanners oi
An Egyptianphilosopher in the third century. Sicily, and the collectors of the corn tax a*
HiERicHus, (unlis) the name of Jericho in Rome. This law, on account of itsjusticeand
llie holy land, called the cityof Palm-trees,|candour, was continued by the Romans whcR
from its abounding in datt^^ /*//?*5. c. 14. {tliey
became masters of Sicily.
Tacit. H. 5, c 6 |
Hierosymvs, a tyrant of Sicilywho sur -
 HI til
creeled hisfather or grandfather Hi6ro,when Liv. 34, c. 6, 1.25, c. 49. The ancient namd
"

only 15 years old. He rendered himself odious of the Eurotas. Strab. 6 -Mela, 2, c. 7. "

by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. Polyb.

He abjuredthe alliance of Rome, which Hiero HiMiLco, a Carthaginiem, sent to explore
bad observed with so much honour and advan-
tage. the western parts of Europe. Fest. Avien.
He was assassinated,and all his family A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his fa-
ther
was overwhelmed in his fall,
and totally pated,
extir-in the Command of the Cai-thaginian mies
ar-
B. C. 214. An historian of Rhodes, in Sicily.He died with his
airay, by a
who wrote an account of the actions of Deme-
trius plague, B. C. 398. Justin. 19,c. 2.
Ppliorcetes,by whom he was appointed HippAGoRAs, a man who wrote an account
over Bceotia, B. C. 254. Plut. in Dtm. of the republic of Carthage. Athen 14.
An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon HippALcixMus, a son of Pelopsand Hippo-
went to the king of Persia. A Christian damia, who was the Argonauts.
among
WTiter, commonly called St. Jerome, born in HjippALus,lhefirstwho sailed in open sea
Pannonia,and disthiguishedfor his zeal againstfrom Arabia to India. Arrian. in Perip.
keretics. He wrote commentaries on the HippARCHiA, a woman in Alexander's
age,
prophets,St. Matthew's Gospel; he. a Latin who became enamoured of Crates,the Cynic
version,known by the name of Vulgate, philosopher,
lemical
po- because she heard him discourse.
treatises,and an account of ecclesiasti-
cal She married him, thoughhe at firstdisdained
writers before him. Of his works, which her addresses, and i-epresented his poverty and
are repletewith lively animation, sublimity, meanness. She was so attached to him that
and erudition,the best edition is that of Val- she was his constant companion,and was not
larsius,fol. Veronag, 1734, to 1740, ten vols. ashamed publicly to gratify his impurestde-
sires.
Jerome died A. D. 420, in his 91st year. She wrote some things, now lost. Vid.
HiEKOPHiLus, a Greek physician.He in- Crates.
structed Diog.6. Suidas.
"

his daughterAgnodice in the art of HippARCHus, a son of Pisistratus, who suc-

ceeded
midwifery,he. Vid. Agnodice. his father as tyrantof Athens,with his
HiEROsoLYMA, a Celebrated cityof Pales- tine, brother Hippias. He patronizedsome of the
the capital of Judasa,taken by Pompey, learned men of the age, and distinguished self
him-
who, on that account, is surnamed Hierosoly- by his fondness for literature. The seduc- tion
marius. Titus also took it and destroyeditthe of a sisterof Harmodius raised him
many
8th of September,A. D. 70, according to Jo- enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a
sephus,2177 years afteritsfoundation. In the desperate band of conspirators, with Harmo"
siegeby Titus, 110,000 persons are said to dius and Aristogiton at their head, 513
years
iiave perished, and 97,000 to have been made before Christ. JBHan. V. H. 8, c. 2. One
prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves,of Antony'sfreed men. The first person
or wantonlyexposedfor the sportof their in- who was
solent banished by ostracism at Athens.
victors to the finyof wild beasts. Jo- seph.The father of Asclepiades. A mathemati- cian
Bell. J. 7, c. 16, hc."Cic. ad Attic. 2, and astronomer ofNicEea. He first dis- covered
ep. 9. Flacc. 28. that the interval between the vernal
HiGNATiA Via, a largeroad which led from and the autumnal equinoxis 186 days,7 days
the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across longerthan between the autumnal and vernal,
cedonia,
Ma-
about 530 miles. Slrah. 7. occasioned by the eccentricity of the earth's
HiLARiA, a daughterof Leucippusand Phi- orbit. He divided the heavens into 49 con- stellations,
lodice. As she and her sisterPhoebe were going 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the north-
ern,
to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas,they and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and
were carried away by Castor and Pollux,who gave names to allthe stars. He makes no men-
tion
married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, of comets. From viewinga tree on a plain
and she, as well as her sister, obtained after from different situations, which changeditsap^
death the honours which were generally paid parent position, he was led to the discovery
to heroes. ApoUod.3. "

Propert. 1, el. 2, v. IQ. of the parallax of the planets, or the distance

"Pans. 2, c. 22, 1. 3, c. 19. .Festivals at between their real and apparent position,
Rome in honour of the mother of the gods. viewed from the centre, and from the sur- face

Hilarius, a bishopof Poictiers, in France, of the earth. He determined longitude

who wrote several treatises,the most famous and latitude, and fixed the firstdegreeof lon-
gitude
of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The at the Cauarie.3. He likewise laid the

only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, first foundations of trigonometiy, so tial
essen-

lol. Paris, 1693. Hilarydied A. D. 372, in his to facilitateastronomical studies. He was

80th year. the,firstwho, after Thales and Sulpicius Gal-
HiLr.EViuNES,a people of Scandanavia. lus,found out the exact time of eclipses, of
P/in. 4, c. 13. which he made a calculation for 600
years.
Hi"ii.lla,now Ala, a small river in the After a lifeof labour in the service of science
country of the Sabines. Virg.Mn. 7, v. 714. and astronomy, and after publishing several
HiMKRA, a cityof Sicily and valuable observations on the
built by the people treatises, pearance
ap-
of Ztmclc,and destroyed by the Carthaginians of the heavens, he died 125 years be-
fore
240 years after. Strab. 6. There were two the Christian era. Plin. 2, c.*^
26, he.
rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now An Athenian who conspiredagainstHe-
Fiumi de Termini,falling at the east of Panor- raclides, who keptAthens for Demeti'ius, hv.
raus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the Polyoen. 5.
name name at its mouth, and also celebrated HippARiNus, a son of Dionysius, whoejec-
baths. Cic. Vcr. 4, c. 33. The other, now "d Callipus from Syracuse,and seized the i|
Fiumc Salsa,runningin a southern directioi overeignpower for twenty -seven year?., Po-
mt(\ dividing the islaod in aLmost two parts. iyan. o. The father of Pioji.
 HI HI
HiPPABioK, one of Dion's sons. Hippocrates, a celebrated physician,of
HiPPASuS; a son assisted Cos, one
of Ceyx, who of the Cyclades.He studied physic,
Hercules 2, c. 7. in which
againstEurytus. Apollod. his grandfather Nebrus was so emi-
nently
A pupilof Pythagoras,born at Meta- distinguished ; and he improved him- self
pontum. He supposedthat every thingwas by readingthe tablets in the templesof
produced from fire. Diog. A centaur, the gods,where each individual had written
killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. down the diseases under which he had la- boured,
Met. 12, V. 352. An illegitimate son of and the means by which he had reco-vered.

Priam. Hygin. fab. 90. He delivered Athens from a dreadful

HippEus, a son of Hercules by Procris, pestilence in the beginningof the Peloponne-
eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius. .ipol-sian war, and he was publicly rewarded with
lod. 2, c. 7. a goldencrown, the privileges of a citizen of
Hippi, four small islands near Erythae. Athens, and the initiation at the grand festi- vals.
HippiA, a lascivious woman, kc. Juv. 6, Skilful and diligent in his profession, he
V. 82. A surname of Minerva, and also openly declared the measures which he had
of Juno. Paus, 5, c 15. taken to cure a disease, and candidly confesses,
HippiAS, a phUosopberof Elis,who main- tained that of 42 patients which were intrusted to his
that virtue consisted in not being in care, only 17 had recovered,and the rest had
want of the assistance of men. At the Olym-
pic fallen a prey to the distemperin spite of his
of all medical applications.
games he boasted that he was master He devoted all his time
the liberal and mechanical arts ; and he said for the service of his country; and when Ar-
that the ringupon his finger, the tunic,cloak, taserxes invited him, even by force of arms,
and shoes,which he then wore, were all the to come to his court, Hippocratesfirmly and
work of his own hands. Cic. de Orat. 3, c. 32. modestlyanswered, that he was born to serve
A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant his countrymen, and not a foreigner.He en- joyed

of Athens after the death of his father, with the rewards which his well-directed
his brother Hipparchus. He was willingto labours claimed, and while he lived in the
revengethedeathofhis brother,who had been greatestpopularity, he was carefully ed
employ-
assassinated,and for this violent measure he in obser\'ing the symptoms and the growth,
was driven from his country. He fled to king of every disorder,and from his judicious marks,
re-

Darius in Persia, and was killed at the battle succeedingphysicianshave received

of Marathon, fighting againstthe Athenians, the most valuable advantages. The experi-
ments
B. C, 490. He had five children by Myrr- which he had tried upon the human
hine,the daughterof Callias. Horodot. 6. " frame increased his knowledge, and from his
Thucyd.7. consummate observations,he knew how to
Hippis, an histcman and poet of Rhegium, moderate his own lifeas well as to prescribe to
in the reignof Xerxes. JEiian. 8, H. A. c. 33. others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.
Hippius, a surname of ZSeptune,from his C. 361, free from all disorders of the mind and
havingraised a horse ('"^t^tc,-) from the earth in body ; and after death he received with the
his contest with Minerva concerningthe giv- ing name of Great,the same honours which were
a name to Athens. pa^ to Hercules. His writings, few of which
Hippo, a daughterof Scedasus, who, upon remain, have procuredhim the epithet of di-
vine,
being ravished by the ambassadoi*s of Sparta, and show that he was the Homer of his
killed herself, cursingthe citythat gave birth profession.Accordingto Galen, his opinion
to such men. Pans. 9, c. 13. A cele-
brated is as respectable as the voice of an oracle. He
town of Africa,on the Mediterranean. wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of De-
Hal. 3, v. 252. Strabo,17, says, that there mocritus, though he was a Dorian. His me-
mory

are two of the same nsune in Africa,one of is stillvenerated at Cos, and the present
which by way of distinction is called Regius.inhabitants of the island show a small house,
Plin. 5, c. 3, 1.9, c. H."Mela, 1, c. l."Lir. 29, which Hippocrates, as they mention, once habited.
in-
c. 3 and 32. Also a town of Spain. Liv. The best editions of his works are
39, c. 30. of the Brutii. tiat of Fassius, Genev. fol. 1657; of Linden,
Hippobotes, a largemeadow near the Cas-
pian 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1665; and that of Mackius,
sea, where 50,000 horses could graze. 2 vols. fol.Viennae,1743. His treatises, cially
espe-
Hippobotus, a Greek historian,who com- posed the Aphorisms, have been published se-
parately.

a treatise on philosophers.Diog.in Ptin. 7, c. 37." 6Vc. de Orat. 3.

Pylh. An Athenian generalin the Peloponne-
Hippocentauri, a race of monsters who sian war. Plut. A mathematician. Ar
dwelt in Thessaly. ViJ. Centauri. officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alcibiades.
Hippocoon, a son of (Ebalus, brother to Plut. in Ale. A Syi-acusandefeated by
Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercules Marcellus- The father of Pisistratus A
because he had driven his brother from the tyrantof Gela.
kingdom of Lacedaemon. He was at the HippocRATiA, a festivalin honour of Nep- tune
chace cf the Calydoniau boar. Diod. 4. " in Arcadia.

Apollod.2, c. "ic. 1. 3, c. 10. Pans. Lmcoh.

"OijVi. Met. 8, v. 314
son of Hyrtachus,who
in the funeral games
"
Hippucrene, a fountain of Ba?otia,near
A friend of .Eneas, mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first
distinguished himself rose fi-om the ground,when struck by the feet
of Sicily.Virg.JEn. 3, of the horse Pegasus, whence the name "-t"-*

V. 492, kc. zt"p"', the horse's fountain.Ovid. 5. Met. \. 256.

HippocoRYSTES. a son of JEgyiptus of HippoDAMAS, a son of the Achelous
HippocMon. Apollod. of Priam. Apollod.
HippocKATF, a daughterof Thespius.Apol- HippoDA5iE and HippodamIa, a daughter
of (Enomaus, king of Pisa, in Elis, who
4^2
 HI
married Pelopsson of Tantalus. Her father,called Astyochia.
{Fid.
Acastus.) A ter
daugh-
who either enamoured
was of her himself,or of Cretheus. Jipollod.
afraidlesthe should perish by one of his daugh-
ter'sHippoLYTus, a son of Theseus and Hip-
children,accordingto an oracle,refused polyte,famous for his virtues and bis misfor-
tunes.
to marry her,except to him who could over-
come His step-motherPhaedra fell in love
him in a chariot race. As tbe beauty whh him, and when he refused to pollute his
of Hippodamia was greatlycelebrated,many father'sbed, she accused him of offering lence
vio-
courted her,and acceptedher father'scondi- to her person before Theseus. Her ac-
cusation

tions;though death attended a defeat. Tliir- was readilybelieved,and Theseus en-

treated

teen had alreadybeen conquered, and for- feited Neptune severely to punishthe incon-
tinence
their lives, when Pelopscame from Ly- of his son. Hippolytusfled from the
dia and entered the lists. Pelopspreviouslyresentment of his father, and, as he pursued
bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of (Enomaus, his way alongthe sea shore, his horses were
and ensured himself the victory.In the race, so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which
(Enomaus, mounted on a broken chariot,whichNeptune bad purposelysent there,that they
the corruptedMyrtilus had purposely provi-ran among the rocks tillhis chariot was bro-
ded ken
for him, was easilyovercome, and was and his body torn to pieces.Temples
killed in the course; and Pelops married were reused to his memory, particularly at
Hippodamia,and avenged the death of (Eno- maus, Trojzene,where he received divine honours.
by throwing into the sea the perfidious Accordingto some accounts, Diana restored
Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his him to life. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 268. Met. 15,
treachery, the favour which Hippodamia could V. 469." Virg.JEn. 7, v. 761, fee. A son of
grant onlyto her husband. Hippodamia be-came Ropalus,king of Sicyon,greatlybeloved by
mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and itis Apollo. Plut. in JVum.- "A giant,killed by
said that she died of grief for the death of her Mercury. A son of iEgyptus. Apollod. 1
father, which her guilty correspondence wnth and 2. A Christian writer in the third cen- tury,

Pelopsand Myrtilushad occasioned. Virg. whose works have been edited by Fa-
G. 3, v. 7. Hygin.fab. 84 and 2,o3."Paus. 5, bricius,
" Hamb. fol.1716.
c. 14,hc."Diod. 4." Ovid. Heroid. 8 and 17. HippoMACHus, a musician, who severely
A daughter of Adrastus,king of Argos, rebuked one of bis pupils because he was prais-
ed
who married Pirithous,kingof the Lapitha?. by the multitude, and observed,that it was
The festivity which prevailed on the day of the greatestproofof his ignorance,JElian.
her marriagewas interrupted by the attempts 2, V. H. c. 6.
of Eurytusto offer her violence. ('Hrf. thous.) HippoMEDON,
Piri- a son of Nisimachus and
She is called Ischomache by some, Mythidice,who was one of the seven chiefs
and Deidamia by others. Ovid. Met. 12. who went against "
Thebes. He was killed by
Flut. in Thts. A daughter of Danaus. Ismarus, son of Acastus. Jipollod. 3, c. 6."
Apollod. A mistress of Achilles,daughterPaus. 2,c, 36.
of Brises. A daughter of Anchises, who HippoMEDusA,a daughter of Danaus. lod.
Apol-
married Alcathous. Homer. II. 13,v. 429.
Hipp6DAMus,a man of Miletus,who^set- HippoMENEs, an Athenian archon, who
tled republicwithout any previousknow-
a ledge exposedhis daughterLimone to be devoured
of government. Aristot.2. Polit. A by horses,because guiltyof adultery.Ovid.
in lb. 459.
Pythagorean philosopher, An Athenian A son of Macareus and Me-
who gave his house to his country when he rope, who married Atalanta (Vid. Atalanta,)
knew such a concession would improve the with the assistance of Venus. These two fond
port of the Piraeus. An Athenian archon. lovers were changedinto lions by Cybele,
" "A man famous for his voracious appetite. whose templethey had profaned in their im- patience
HiPPODicE, one of the Danaides. Jipollod. to consummate theirnuptials.Ovid.
HippoDROMUs, a son of Hercules. Id. Met. 10, V. 585, "c. The father of Me-
A Thessalian,who succeeded in a school at gareus.
Athens, in the age of M. Antony. Pldlostr. HippoMOLGi, a peopleof Scythia,who, as
A placewhere horse races were ed.
exhibit- the name implies,lived upon the milk of
Martial. 12, ep. 50. horses. Hippocrates has given an account of
HippoLA, a town of Peloponnesus.Paus. their manner of living. De aqua 4^" aer. 44.
3, c. 25. Dionys.Perieg.
HippoLocHUS, a of Bellerophon,
son father HippoN and Hippo, a town of Africa.
to Glaucus, who commanded the Lyciansdu-
ring HippoNA, a goddess who presidedover
the Tf ojanwar. A son of Glaucus also horses. Her statues were placed in horses'
bore the same Homer. II. 6, v. 119. stables. Juv. 8, v. 157.
name.

A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan HippoNAx, a Greek poet, born at Ephe-
war. /r/.11, V. 122. sus, 540 years before the Christian era. He
HippoLYTE, a queen of the Amazons, given cultivated tbe same satiricalpoetry as Archi-
in marriageto Theseus by Hercules,who bad lochus,and was not inferiorto him in tbe
conqueredher, and taken away her girdle by beautyor vigourof his lines. His satirical
order of Eurj'stheus. {Vid.Hercules.)She railleiy obligedhim to flyfrom Epbesus. As
had a son by Theseus, called Hip[)olytus. be was naturally deformed,two brothers,Bu-
Plut. in Thes. Propcrt.4, el.3.
"
The wife pbalusand Anthermus, made a statue of him,
of Acastus, who fellin love with Peleus, who vvbicb,by tbe deformity of itsfeatures, sed
expo-
was in exile at her husband's court. She ac-
cused the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax
him of incontinence, aiid of attempts resolved to avenge the injury, and be wrote
her virtue, before Acastus, only because such bitter invectives and satirical
upon lampoons
he refusedto her
gratify desires. She is alio against
them, that theyhanged themselves in
despair.Cic. adfamil.7, ep. 24.
 HI HO
HiPPONiATES, a bay in the country of buted. The styleis inferiorto that of Caesar's
the Brutii- Commentaries. The author,who was Caesar's
HiPPo.NiuM, a city in the country of the friend,and Cicero's pupil,is supposedto be
Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strab. no other than the consul of that name.
HiPPONous, the father of Periboea and HisBON, a Rutuiian,killed by Pallas. Virg.
Capaneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts Mn. 10,V. 384.
of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. Apol- HisPALis,an ancient town of Spain,now
lod. 1, c. 8, 1.3, c. 1. The first name of called Seville. Plin. 3, c. 3."C(bs. Fam. 10,
Bellerophon. A son of Priam. ep. 32.
HippoPODEs, a people of Scythia,who HisPANiA or Hispanic:, called by the poets
feet.Dionys.Perieg.
have h"yrses' Iberia, Hesperia,and HesperiaUltima, a
HiPPOSTR-LTus, a favourite of Lais. lai-gecountry of Europe, separatedfrom
HiPPOADEs, the patronymic of ^olus, Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bound-
ed
grandsonof Hippotas.by Segesta, as also of on every other side by the sea. Spainwas
Amastrus, hisson, who was killed in the Ru- firstknown to the merchants of Phoenicia, and
tulian war. Virg.Mn. 11, v. 674. Ovid. from them passed to the Carthaginians,
"

to
JIfef.11, V. 431. whose power it long continued in
subjection.
HippoTAS or HippoTES, a Trojan prince The Romans became sole masters of it at the
changed into a river. {Vid.Crinisus.) The end of the second Punic war, and divided it at
father of iEolus, who from thence is called firstinto citerior and ulterior, which last was
Hippotades. Horn. Od. 10, v. 2. Ovid. Her. afterwards separated into Boetica and Lusita-
"

18,V. 46. Met. 14,v. 224. nia by Augustus. The Hispaniaciterior was

HippOTHOE, a daughter of Mestor and also called Tarraconensis. The inhabitants

Lysidice, carried away to the islands called were naturallywarlike, and they often des- troyed
Echinades, by Neptune,by whom she had a a lifewhich was become useless, and
son named Taphius. Jpollod.2,
c.4.One even burdensome, by its infirmities. Spain
of the Nereides. daughterwas famous for itsrich mines of silver,
Id. 1, c. 2. A which
of Pelias. Id. employed 40,000workmen, and dailyyielded
HiPPOTHooN, a son of Neptune and Alope. to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms.
daughterof Cercyou, exposed in the woods These have long since failed, thoughin the
by his mother, that her amours with the flourishingtimes of Rome, Spain was said ta
god might be concealed from her father. contain more gold,silver,brass,and iron,than
Her shame was discovered, and her father or-dered the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quin-
her to be put to death. Neptune chan-
ged tilian, Lucan, Martial,Mela, Silius, Seneca,
her into a fountain, and the child was served"c.
pre- Justin. 44." Strab. 3." Mela, 2, c. 6."
by mares ; whence his name, and when Plin. 3, c. 1 and 20.
grown up, placedon his grandfather's throne Hispanus, a native of Spain; the word
by the friendship of Theseus. Hygiii.{a.h. 187. Hispaniensis was also used, but generally plied
ap-
^Paus. 1,c. 38. to a person living
in Spain and not born
HippoTHooNTis, one of the 12 Athenian there. Martial. 12,prcef.
which
tribes, received its name from Hippo- HisPELLUM, a town of Umbria.
thoon. Hispo, a noted debauchee, "c. Juv. 2, v. 50.
HippoTHous, a son of Lethus, killed by
HispuLLA, a lascivious woman. Juv. 6,v. 74,
Ajax in the Trojanwar. Homer. II.2 and 17. Histaspes, a relation of Darius lU. killed
A son of Priam. Apollod.3, c. 12. in a battle,",c. Curt. 4, c. 4.
A son of ^gyptus. Id. One of the hun-
ters HiSTER, a river. Vid. Ister.
of the Calydonian boar. Ovid. Met. 1, HisTER Pacuvitjs, a man distinguished
V. 307. as much by bis vices as his immense riches.
HippOTioN, a prince who assisted the Juv. 2, v. 58.
Trojans,and was killed by Merion. Homer. Histi5:a,a cityof Eubcea, anciwitlycalled
II. 13 and 14. Talantia. It was near the promontory called
HippuRis, one of the Cyclades. Mela, Ceueum. Homer. II. 2.
2, c. 7. HisTi.5:oTis, a country of Thessaly, situate
Hippus, a river fallinginto the Phasis. below mount Olympus and mount Ossa,an-
ciently

HiPsiDES,a Macedonian, "c. Curt. 7, c. 7. Ccdled Doris, from Dorus the son of
HiRA, a maiitirae town of Peloponnesus.Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The
Homer. II. 12. Pelasgiwere driven from the country by the
HiRpiNi, a people of the Samnites. Sil. Cad means, and these last were also disposses-
sed
8, v. 560. by the Perrhaebeans,who gave to their
Q. HiRPixus, a Roman, to whom Horace newly-acquired possessions the name of Histi-
dedicated his 2od. 11, and also 1, ep. 16. aeoiis,or Estiaeotis, from Estiaea, or Histiaea, a

HiRTUs, a debauched fellow, "ic. Jui\ 10, town of Eubcea, which they had then lately
V. 222. destroyed, and whose inhabitantstheyhad car- ried

HiRTiA LEX de magistraiibus, by A. Hir- to Thessaly with them. Strab. Herodot. "

tius. It requiredthat none of Pompey's ad-

herents
4. A small country of Eubcea, of which
should be raised to any othce or digni-
ty Histiaea, or Estiaea, was the capital.
in the stale. HisTi.":us,a tyrantof Miletus,who exci- ted
HiRTius, AuLus, a consul with Pansa, the Greeks to take up arras against Persia.
who assistedBrutus when besieged at Mutina Herodot. 5, ":c. An historianof Miletus.
by Antony. They defeated Antony,but were HisTRiA. Vid. Istria.
both killed in battle, B. C. 43. Sue't. in Mg. HoDius, a herald in tlieTrojanwar.
10. An historian, to whom the Sth book of IIoLocRON, a mountain of Macedon.
C"esar's history of the Gallic wars, as also that HoMEROMASTU, B sumame given to Zoi-
of the Alexandrian and Spanishwars, is attri- lus the Clitic.
 HO HO
Hi^MKRUs, a celebrated Greek poet, the poems of Homer the compositionsof a
are

most ancient of all the profane writers. The man who travelled
and examined with the
critical accuracy whatever deserved
age in which he lived is not known, though
most
some suppose it to be about 168 years afterthe notice and claimed attention. Modern lers
travel-
Trojan war, or, accordingto others, 160 years are astonished to see the different scenes
before the foundation of Rome. Accordingto which the pen of Homer described about 3000
Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the years ago, stillexisting in the same unvaried
Christian era, or 884, accordingto Herodotus, form, and the sailor,who steers his course
who supposedhim to be contemporary witii alongthe iEgean,sees allthe promontories and
Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his era rocks which appearedto Nestor and Menelaus,
907 years before Christ,and make him also when they returned victorious from the Tro-
jan
contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of war. The ancients had such veneration
opinionsproves the antiquity of Homer: and for Homer, that they not only raised temples
the uncertainty prevailsalso concerningthe and altars to him, but oftered sacrifices, and
placeof his nativity.No less than seven il- worshippedhim as a god. The inhabitants of
lustrious
cities disputed the rightof having Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in
givenbirth to the greatest of poets,as it is well his honour, and medals were struck, which re-
presented

expressedin these lines : him sittingon a throne, holdinghis

Smyrna, Chios, Colophon,Salamis, Bhodos, Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was

Argos,Athence, consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator,who

Orhisde]) atria certatfHomere, tud. erected a magnificent temple,within which
He was called Melesigenes, because suppo-
sed was placeda statue of the poet beautifully
rounded
sur-

to be born on the borders of the river Me- a with

representation of the seven
les. There a reportthat he
prevailed had citieswhich
tablished
es- contended for the honour of his
a school at Chios in the latter partof birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the
and, indeed,this opinionis favoured by Sporades,
his life, boasted that Homer was buried in
the presentinhabitants of the island,who still their island; and the Cyprians claimed the
gloryin showing to travellers the seats where same honour, and said that he was born of
the V enerable master and his pupils sat in the Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alex- ander
hollow of a rock,at the distance of about four was so fond of Homer, that he general-
ly
miles from the modern capital of the island. placedhis compositionsunder his pillow,
These difficultiesand doubts have not been with his sword; and he carefully deposited
removed, though Aristotle, tarch,the Iliad in one
Herodotus, Plu- of the richest and most able
valu-
and others,have emplovedtheir pen in caskets of Darius, observing,that the
writinghis life. In his two celebrated poems, most perfect work of human geniusought to
called the Iliad and Odyssey,Homer has dis-
playedbe preservedin a box the most valuable and
the most consummate knowledge of preciousin the world. It is said, that Pisis-
human nature, and rendered himself immortal tratus, tyrant of Athens, was the first who
by the sublimity, the fire, sweetness and ele-
gance collected and arrangedthe Iliad and Odyssey
of his poetry. He deserves a greater in the manner in which theynow appear to
share of admiration when we consider that he us ; and that it is to the well-directed pursuits
wrote without a model, and that none of his of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their
poeticalimitators have been able to surpass, preservation.Many of the ancients have
or, perhaps,to equal their great master. If written the life of Homer, yet their in-quiries
there are any faultsfound in his poetry, they and labours have not much ted
contribu-
are to be attributed to the age in which he to prove the native place,the parentage,
lived,and not to him ; and we must observe, and connexions, of a man whom some have
that the world is indebted to Homer for his representedas deprived of sight. Besides
happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad,Homer the Iliad and Odyssey,Homer wrote, ac-
cording
has described the resentment of Achilles,
and to the opinion of some authors,a
its fatal consequences in the Grecian array poem upon Amphiaraus'sexpedition against
before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey,Thebes, besides the Phoceis, the Cercopes,
the poet has for his subject the return of the small Iliad,
the Epicichlides,
and the Ba-
Ulysses into his country, with the many trachomyomachia, and many hymns to some
misfortunes which attended his voyage after of the gods. The merit of originality
is taken
the fallof Troy. These two poems are each very improperly,perhaps,from Homer, by
divided into 24 books, the same number as those who suppose, with Clemens Alex. 6
the letters of the Greek alphabet,and though Slroni. that he borrowed from Orpheus, or
the Iliad claims aa uncontested superiority that,accordingto Suidas,(voce Corinnus) he
over the
Odyssey, vet the same force, the took his planof the Iliad from Corinnus, an
same sublimityand elegance, prevail,though epicpoet, who wrote on the Tiojanwar, at the
divested of itsmore powerful fire; and Lon- very time the Greeks besieged that famed city.
ginus,tiie most refined of critics,
beautifully Agathon, an ancient painter,accordingto
compares the Iliad to the mid-day,and the iEIian,represented the merit of the poet in a
Odysseyto the setting sun, and observes,that manner as bold as itisindelicate. Homer was
the latter stillpreserves itsoriginal s])lendour represented as vomiting, and all other poets
and majesty, thoughdeprived of its meridian as swallowingwhat he ejected. Of the numer-
ous
heat. The poetiyof Homer, was so universal-
ly commentaries publislied on Homer, that of
admired, that,in ancient times,every man Eustathius, bishopof Thessalonica, is by far
of learningcould repeat vvitU facility pas- the most extensive and erudite. The best edi-
any sage tions
in the Iliad or Odyssey; and, indeed,it of Homer's Iliad and Odysseymay, per-haps,
was a sufficient authority
to settle disputed be found to be Barnes, 2 vols,4to. Can-
tab.
btUB^aries,
or to support any argument. The 1711;that of Glasgow,2 vols. fol.1758;
 HO HO
that of Berglerus,2 vols. 12mo. Amst. 1707 ; Flaccus,a celebrated poet,born at Venusia
that of Dr. Clarke, of the Iliad,2 vols. 4to. His father was a freedman, and, thoughpoor
1729, and of the Odyssey,1740; and that of in his circumstances,he liberally educated his
the scho-
lia, and sent him to learn philosophy at
Oxford, 5 vols. 8vo. 1780,containing son,

hymns, and an Herodot. 2, c. 53. Athens, after he had received the lessons of
index.
" Theocrit. Id."Jristot. Poet."Strab."Dio. the best masters at Rome. Horace followed
Chrys. 33. Orat."Paus. 2, 9, 10." Helio- Brutus from Athens, and the timidity which
ilor. ^." Milan. V. H. 13." Vol. Max. 8, c. he betrayed at the battle of Philippiso ef-fectually
S."quintU. 1, 8, 10, 12." Paterc. 1, c. 5." discouragedhim, that he for ever
abandoned the professionof arms, and, at his
Dionys. Hal. Plut. in Alex. "ic.
" One
of the Greek called Pleiades,born at return to Rome, he appliedhimself to culti-
poets vate
B.C.
Hierapolis, 263. 45 tragedies,
He wrote poetry. His risingtalents claimed the
all lost. There were other poets, attention of Virgiland Varius,who
seven mended
recom-

of inferior note, who bore the name of Ho-

mer. him to the care of Mecaenas and
Augustus,the most celebrated patrons of li- terature.
HoMoLE, alofty mountain of Thessaly,once
Under the fostering patronage of
the residence of the Centaurs. Virg.Mn. 7, the emperor and of his minister,Horace gave
v. 675.
himself up to indolence and refined pleasure.
He was a follower of Epicurus,and while he
HoMoLEA; a mountain of Magnesia.
HoMOLipPus, a son of Hercules and Zan- liberally indulgedhis appetites, he neglected
this. Apollod. the calls of ambition,and never suffered him-
self
of the seven of to be carried away by the tide of popula-
rity
HoMOLOiDES, one gates
Thebes. Stat. Thtb. 7, v. 252. or publicemployments. He even refused
Homonadenses, a peopleof Cilicia.
to become the secretaryof Augustus,
and the
Honor, a virtue worshipped at Rome. emperor was not offended at his refusal. He
Her firsttemple was erected by ScipioAfri- lived at the table of his illustriouspatrons as
and another was afterwards built by if he were in his own house ; and Augustus,
canus,
Claud. Marcellus. Cic. de JYat. D. 2, c. 23. while sitting at his meals ^vith Virgilat his

HoNORius, an emperor of the western righthand and Horace at his left,

often ridi-
culed
his father the short breath of the former, and the
empire of Rome, w^ho succeeded
Theodosius the Great, with his brother Ar- watery eyes of the latter, by observingthat
cadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, but he sat between tears and sighs, Ego sum inter
he was of a modest and timid disposition, unfit suspiria
^ lacrymas.Horace was warm in his
for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He friendship,
and, if ever any ill-judged
tion
reflec-
of his had caused offence,the poet immediately
conquered his enemies by means
and suffered himself and his people made concession which
every could effect a
generals,
to be governedby ministers,who took advan- tage reconciliation, and not destroy the good pur-
poses
of their imperial master's indolence and of friendly society.Horace died in the
He died of a dropsyin the 39th 57th year of his age,.B. C. 8. His gaietywas
inactivity.
suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a
year of his age, 15th of August,A. D. 423.
He leftno issue,thoughhe married two wives. court ; and his familiar intimacy with Ma-
Under him and his brother the Roman cffinas has induced some to believe that the
power
^^"as divided into two different The suc- death of Horace and that he has-
violent, tened
empires. cessors w^as

of Honorius, who fixed then* residence himself out of the world to accompany
at Rome, were called the emperors of the west, his friend. The 17th ode of his second book,
and the successors of Arcadius,who sat on the which was written during tlie last illness of
throne of Constantinople, were distinguished Mecccnas, is too serious to be considered as a
by the name of emperors of the eastern man
Ro- poetical rhapsody,or unmeaning effusion, and,
empire. This division of power proved indeed;the poet survived the patrononly three
fatal to both empires,and they soon looked w^eeks, and ordered his bones to be buried
upon one another with indifference, contempt, near those of his friend. He leftall his pos- sessions
and jealousy. to Augustus. The poetry of Horace,

HoRA, a goddessat Rome, supposedto be so much commended for its eleganceand

Hersilia,who married Romulus. She was sweetness, is deservedlycensured for the li-
centious
said to presideover beauty. Ovid. Met. 14, expressions and indelicate thoughts
V. 851.
which he too frequently introduces. In his
HoRACiTiE, a peoplenearlllyricum. odes he has imitated Pindar and Anacreon ;
HoRAPOLi.o, a Greek writer,whose age is and if he has confessed himself to be inferior
unknown. His Hieroglyp/iica, a curious and to the former, he has shown that he bears the
book, has been edited by Corn. palm over the latter by his more ingenious
entertaining
de Pauw, 4to. Ultraj. 1727. and refined sentiments,by the ease and me-
lody

HoR.E, three sisters,daughtersof Jupiter of his expressions, and by the pleasing

and Themis, accordingto Hesiod, called Eu- varietyof his numbers. In his satires and
nomia, Dice, and Irene. They were ihe same epistles,Horace displays much wit,and much
as the seasons who presidedoyer the spring,satirical humour, without much poetry, and
summer, and winter,and were represented by his style, simpleand unadorned,differs little
the poets as opening the gatesof heaven and from prosaicalcomposition. In his art of
of Olympus. Homer. II. 5, v. 749. Pans. 6, poetry he has shov;n much taste and judg-
" ment,
c. U." Hesiod. Theog.v. 902. and has rendered in Latin hexameters,
HoRATiA, the sister of the Horatii,killed what Aristotle had, some ages before, de-
livered
by her brother for mourning the death of the to his pupilsin Greek prose ; the poet
Curiatii. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 20. givesjudicious rules and usefulpreceptsto the
HoR.vTius CocLEs. Viii. Cocles." Q. "
.
most powerful and opulentcitizens of Rome,.
 HO HY
who, in the midst of peace and enjoyment, presided over youth,and patronized allexhor-
tations
wished to cultivate poetry and court the to virtue and honourable deeds. She
muses. The best editions of Horace will be is the same as Herselia.

found to be that of Basil,fol. 1580, illustrated HoRTA or HoRTiNUM, a town of the Sabines,
by eightycommentators ; that of Baxter's,on the confluence of the Nar and the Tiber.
edited by Gesner, 8vo. Lips.1752; and that of Virg. JEn. 7, v. 716.
Glasgow, 12rao. 1744. Suet, in Jiug. 0^-id. Q. Hortensius, a celebrated orator, who
"

Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 49. Three brave mans, began to distinguish

Ro- himself by his eloquence,
born at the same birth, who fought in the Roman forum, at the age of nineteen.
againstthe three Curiatii,about 667 years His friend and successor Cicero speakswith
before Christ. This celebrated fight was greateulogium of his oratorical powers, and
fought between the hostile camps of the mentions the uncommon extent of his memo-
ry.
peopleof Alba and Rome, and on their suc- cess The affected actions of Hortensius at the
depended the victory.In the first at- tack bar, procuredhim the ridiculous surname of
two of the Horatii were killed, and the Dionysia,a celebrated stage-dancerat that
only survivingbrother, by joiningartificeto time. He was praetorand consul,and died 50
valour, obtained an honourable trophy:by years before Christ,in his 63d year. His ora- tions

pretendingto llyfrom the field of battle,he are not extant. Quintilian mentions them
easilyseparatedhis antagonists, and, in at- as undeserving
tacking the greatcommendations which
them one by one, he was enabled to Cicero had so liberally bestowed upon them.
conquer them all. As he returned victorious Hortensius was very rich,and not less than
to Rome, his sister reproached him with the 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in
mm'der of one of the Curiatii, to whom she his cellar after his death. He had written
was promisedin marriage. He was incensed piecesof amorous poetry,and annals,alllost.
at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This vio- lence Cic. in JBriit.ad Mtic. de Oraf. "lc. rarro "

raised the indignation of the people; he de R.R. 3, c. 5. Corbio, a grandsonof the

was tried and capitally condemned. nent orator of the same
His emi- name, famous for hislasci-
services,however, pleadedin his favour ; viousness. A rich Roman, who asked the
the sentence of death was exchanged for a elder Cato for his wife,to procreatechildren.
more moderate but more ment, Cato gave his wife to his friend,and took her
ignominiouspunish-
and be was onlycompelledto pass un-
der againafter his death. This behaviour of Cato
the yoke. A trophy was raised in the was highlycensured at Rome, and it was ob- served,
Roman forum, on which he suspended the that Cato's wife had entered the house
vent.of Hortensius very poor, but that she returned
spoilsof the conquered Curiatii. Cic. de In-
2, c. Liv. 1, c. 24, ",c. Dionys.to the bed of Cato in the greatestopulence.
26. " "

Hal. 3, c. 3, A Roman consul, who feated

de- Plut. in Cat. A Roman, slain by Antony on
" "

the Sabines. A consul,who dedica-

ted his brother's tomb. Id. A praetorwho gave
the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.Dur-
ing up Macedonia to Brutus. Id. One of S)'!-
the ceremony he was informed of the la's lieutenants. Id. A Roman, the first
death of his son, but he did not forget the sa-
cred who introduced the eatingof peacocks at
character he then bore for the feelings of Rome. This was at the feast he gave when he
a parent, and ccutiniied the dedication after was created augur.
orderingthe body to be buried. Liv. 2. HoRTONA, a town of Italy, on the confines of
HoRciAs, the generalof 3000 Macedonians, the JEqm. Liv. 3, c. 30.
who revolted from Antigonusin Capnadocia. HoRus, a son of Isis,one of the deities of
Polymi.4. the Egyptians. A king of Assyria.
HoRMisDAS, a name which some of the HospiTALi.s,a surname of Jupiteramong
Persian kingsbore in the reignof the Roman the Romans, as the god of hospitality.
emperors. HosTiLiA LEX was cuactcd A. U. C, 583.
HoRKSTi, people of Britain,supposed to By it such as were
a among the enemies of the
be tlieinhabitants of Eskdale now in Scotland. republic, or absent when the state required
Tacit. Ai;.38. tbeir assistance,were guiltyof rapine.
HoRKATUs, a Macedonian soldier, who HosTiLiA, a largetown on the Po. Tacil.
foughtwith another privatesoldier in sightof Mn. 2, c. 40." P/m. 21, c. 12.
the whole army of Alexander.
Curt. 9, c. 7. HosTius HosTiLius, a warlike Roman, pre-
sented
HoRTKNsiA, a lady,
celebrated
Roman with a crown of boughsby Romulus,
daughterof the orator Hortensius,whose elo- quencefor his intrepid behaviour in a battle. Dionys.
she had inherited in the most eminent Hal. A consul. A Latin poet,in the age
degree. When the triumvirs had obliged of J. Cccsar, who composed a poem on the
14,000 women to giveupon oath an account wars of Istria. Macrob. Sat. 6, c. 3 and 5.
of their possessions,to defra}'the expenses ot HuA'Ni, a peopleof Sarmatia,v. ho invaded
the state, Hortensia undertook to pleadtheir the emj)ire of Rome in the fifthcentury, and
cause, and was so successful in her attempt, settled in Pannonia, to which theygave the
that 1000 of her female fellow-sufterers es- caped name of Hungary.
from the avarice of the triumvirate. Hyacxnthia, an annual solemnityat Aray-
To/. .Wax. 8, c. 3. cla",in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus and
HoRTFNsiA L"X, by Q. Hortensius, the dic-
tator,Apollo. It continued for three days,during
A. U. C. 867. It ordered the whole body which time the grief of the people was so

of the Roman peopleto pay implicit obedience great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they
to whatever was enacted by the commons. did not adorn their hair with garlands during
The nobility, before this law was enacted,had their festivals, nor eat bread,but fed onlyupon
claimed an absoluteexemption. sweetmeats. They did not even singpaeans in
HoRTA, a among the Romans, who
divinity honour of Apollo,or observe aqy of the so*
 HY HY
lemnltieswhich were usual at other sacrifices. Hyantis, an ancient name of Boeotia.
On tbe second day of the festivalthere were a Hyarbita, a man who endeavoured to
number of diflferentexhibitions. Youths,with imitate Timogenes, ".c. Horat. 1, ep. 19,
their garments girtabout them, entertained V. 15.
the spectators,by playing sometimes upon the Hyas, a son of Atlas,of Mauritania, by
flute, or upon the harp, and by singing anapestic/Ethra. His extreme fondness for shooting
songs, in loud echoingvoices, in honour of provedfatalto him, and, in his attemptsto rob
Apollo. Others passed across the theatre a lioness of her whelps,he w^a3 killed by the
mounted upon horses richlyadorned, and at enragedanimal. Some say that he died by
the same time, choirs of young men came the bite of a serpent, and others that he was
on
up-
the stagesinging their uncouth rustic songs, killed by a wild boar. His sistersmourned his
and accompanied by persons who danced at death with such constant lamentations, that
the sound of vocal and instrumental music, Jupiter, in compassionto their sorrow, chan-
ged
accordingto the ancientcustom. Some virgins them into stars. [Vid. Hyades.j Hygin.
were also introduced in chariots of wood, cov-ered tab. 192." Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 170.
at the top, and magnificently adorned. Hybla, a mountain in Sicily,called after-
wards
Others appearedin race chariots. The citybe- gan Megara,where thyme and odoriferous
then to be filledwith joy, and immense flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is
numbers of victims were offered on the altai-s famous for its honey. There is,at the foot of
of Apollo,and the votaries liberally ed
entertain- the mountain, a town of the same name.
their friends and slaves. During this latter There is also another near mount .3:tna, close
partof the festivity, all were sent to Catana.
eager to be pre- Paus. 5, c. 2S."Strab. 6."Melay
at the games, and the citywas almost de- 2,c. 7. Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, 1.5, c. 25."SiL
solate, "

and without inhabitants. Athen.

4. 14,V. 2Q."Stat. 14,v. 201.
"
A cityof Atti-
ca
Ovid. Met. 10,v. 219." Paws. 3, c. 1 and 19. bears also the name of Hybla.
HvACiNTHus, a son of Amyclas and Dio- Hybreas, an orator of Caria,";c. Strah. 13.
mede, greatlylaeloved by Apolloand Zephy- Hybrianes, a peoplenear Thrace.
rus. He returned the former's love,and Ze- Hyccaron, (plur. a,)a town of Sicily,the
phyrus,incensed at his coldness and indiffer-
ence, native placeof Lais.
resolved to punishhis rival. As Apollo, Hyda and Hyde, a town of Lydia,under
who was intrusted with the education of Hy- mount Tmolus, which some suppose to be the
acinthus,once played at quoitwith his pupil,same as Sardes.
Zephyrus blew the quoit,as soon as it was HYDARA,atown of Armenia. Strah. 12.
thrown by Apollo,upon the head of Hyacin- Hydarnes, one of the seven noble Persians
thus,and he was killed by the blow. Apollo who conspiredto destroythe usurper Smer
was so disconsolate at the death of Hyacinthus,dis,Sic. Herodot. 3 and 6. Strab. 1 1. "

that he changed his blood into a flower,which Hydaspes, a river of Asia,flowingby Su-
bore his name, and placedhis body among the ssL." Virg.G. 4, v. 211. Another in India,
constellations. The Spartans also established now Behut or Chelum, the boundaries of
yearlyfestivalsin honour of the nephew of Alexander's conquestsin the east. It fallsinto
their king. {Vid.Hyacinthia.] Paus. 3, c. the Indus. Curt. 5, c. 2. Lucan. 8, v. 227. "

19. " Ovid. Met. 10, v. 185, "c. Jipollod.

" "Horat. 1, od. 22, v. 7." Strab. 15. A
3, "c. friend of .iJ^neas,
killed in the Rutulian war.
Hyades, five daughtersof Atlas king of Virg.M,n. 10,v. 747.
Mauritania,who were so disconsolate at the Hydra, a celebrated monster, which fested
in-
death of their brother Hyas, who had been the
neighbourhoodof the lake Lerna
"liilledby a wild in Peloponnesus. It was
boar, that they pinedaway the fruitof Echid-
na's
and died. They became stars afterdeath,and union with Typhon. It had an hundred
were placednear Taurus, one of the 12 signsheads accordingto Diodonis ; fifty, according
of the Zodiac. They received the name of to Simonides ; and nine,according to the more
Hyades from their brother Hyas. Their received opinionof Apollodorus, Hyginus,"c-
names are Phaola, Ambrosiat Eudora, Coro- As soon as one of these heads was cut oft",
two
nis, and Polyxo. To these some have addedimmediatelygrew up, if the wound was not
Thione and Prodice, and they maintained, stoppedby fire. It was one of the labours of
that they were daughtersof Hyas and iEthra, Hercules to destroythisdreadful monster, and
one of the Oceanides. Euripidescalls them this he easilyettected with the assistance of
daughters of Erechtheus. The posed lolaus,who
ancients sup- applieda burning iron to the
that the rising and setting of the Hyades wounds as soon as one head was cut ofl^.
was alwaysattended with much rain,whence While Hercules was destroyingthe hydra,
the name Q'^pluo.)Ovid. Fad. 5, v. 165. " Juno, jealousof his glory, sent a sea crab to
llygin. fab. 182. Eurip.in Ion.
" bite his fool. This new enemy was soon patched
dis-
Hy.\GMs, a Phrygian,father of Marsyas. ; and Juno, unable to succeed in her
He invented the flule. Plut. de Mrisic. attemptsto lessen the fame of Hercules,pla- ced
Hyai.a, a cityat the mouth of the Indus^ the crab among tlieconslellalions, where
where the govert)ment isthe same ta. it is now
as at Spar- called the Cancer. The conqueror
One of Diana's attendant nvmphs. dippedhis arrows in the gall of the hydra,
Ovid. and, from that circumstance, all tliewounds
Hyampolis, cityof Phocis,on the Cephi-
a which
he gave proved incurable and mortal.
sus, founded by the Hyauthes. Herodvt. 8. Hesiod. Tfieog.Jipollod. 2, c. 5. Pans. 5, c.
" "

HvANTHi:s, the ancient name of the inha-

bitants 17." Ovid. Met. 9, v. 69."Hurat. 4. od. 4, v.
of Bu'Otia, from kingHyas. Cadmus 61." Virg. JKn. ", v. 276, 1.7, v. 658.
is sometimes called Hyanthius,because hi; is Hydraotes, a river of India, crossed by
king of Ru^oii?. Odd. Md. 8. v. 147. Alexander.
 HY HY
HydropIhoria, a festivalobserved at A- carried on board the shipArgo to Colchis. Ont
thens,called aj^' "u l^-^e,
(5"3""v from carrying
iva- the Asiatic coast the
Argonautslanded to tak"
ter. It was celebrated in commemoration of a supplyof fresh water, and Hylas,following
those who perished in the deluge of Deuca-
lion the example of his companions, went to the
and Ogyges. fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water
HvDRUNTUM and Hydrus, a city of Cala-bria, and was drowned. The poets have embellish-
ed
50 miles south of Brundusium. As the this tragical story, by saying,that the
distance from thence to Greece was only 60 nymphs of the river,enamoured of the beau-
tiful
miles, Pyrrhus,and afterwards Varro, Pom- Hylas, carried him away ; and that Her- cules,
pey'slieutenant,meditated the building here disconsolate at the loss of his favourite
abridge across the Adriatic. Though so fa- vourably
youth, filledthe woods and mountains with
situated,Hydrus, now called Otranto, his complaints, and, at last,abandoned the
is but an insignificanttown, scarce containingArgonauticexpeditionto go and seek him,
3000 inhabitants. Plin. 3, c. 1 l.~Cic. 15,Alt. Jlpollod. 1, c. 9."Hygin. fab. 14, 211." Virg.
21, 1. 16,ep. 5. Lucan. 5, v. 375.
"
Eel. 6.^ Propert.1,el. 20.
"
A river of Bi-
Hydrusa, a town of Attica. Strab. 9. thynia. Plin. 5, c. 32.
Hyela, a town of Lucania. Strab. 6. Hylax, a dog mentioned in Virg.Eel. 8.
Hyempsal, a son of Micipsa,brother to Hylias, a river of Magna Graecia.
Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha,after the Hyllaicus, a part of Peloponnesus, near
death of his father. Sallust de Jug. Bell. Messenia.
Hyettus, a town of Bceotia. Pans. 9, c. Hyllus, a son of Hercules and Dejanira,
24. who, soon after his father's death, married
Hygeia Hygiea, the goddessof health,lole. He, as well as his father,
or was ted
persecu-
of ^sculapius,
daughter held in greatvenera-
tion by the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to
among the ancients. sented flyfrom the Peloponnesus. The
Her statues repre- Athenians
her with a veil, and the matrons usuallygave a kind receptionto Hyllusand the rest
consecrated their locks to her. She was also of the Heraclidae,and marched against Eu-
rystheus.
represented on monuments as a young woman Hyllusobtained a victory over his
holding a serpentin one hand, and in the other enemies, and killed with his own hand Eu-
rystheus,
a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes and sent his head to Alcraena, his
drank. Accordingto some authors,Hygeia is grandmother. Sometime after he attempted
the same as Minerva, who received that name to recover the Peloponnesuswith the Hera-
clidae,
from Pericles, who erected her a statue,be- cause and was killed in singlecombat by
in a dream she had told him the means Echemus, kingof Arcadia. [Vid.Heraclidae,
of curing an architect, whose assistance he Hercules.] Herodot. 7, c. 204, "c. "
Strab.
Wanted to build a temple. Pint, in Pericl. " 9."Diod. 4." Ovid. Met. 9, v. 279. A
Pans. 1,c. 23. river of Lydia,Tlowinginto the Hermus. It
Hygiana, a town of Peloponnesus. iscalled also Phryx. Liv. 37, c. 38. "Herodot.
C. Jul. Hy.unus, a grammarian, one of 1, c. 180.
the freedmen of Augustus. He was a native Hylonome, the wife of Cyllaras, who kill-
ed
of Alexandria ; or, accordingto some, he was herself the moment her husband wa"

a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was murdered by the Lapithae.Ovid. Met. 12, v
appointedlibrarian to the library of mount 405.
Palatine, and he was able to maintain himself Hyloph.Xgi, a peopleof ^Ethiopia. Diod. 3.
by the liberality of C. Licinius. He wrote a HymenjEus and HyiMen, the god of mar- riage

mythological history, which he called fables, among the Greeks, v/as son of Bacchus
and Poeticon ^5/7-onowtcon,besides treatises on and Venus, or, accordingto others,of Apollo
the citiesof Italy, on such Roman families as and one of the muses. Hymenaeus,according
were descended from the Trojans,a book on to the more received opinions, was a young
agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives Athenian of extraordinary beauty,but ignoble
of greatmen, he. now lost. The best edition origin.He became enamoured of the daugh-
ter
of Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols. 8vo. of one of the richest and noblest of his
Amst. 1681. These compositions have been countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of
greatlymutilated,and their incorrectness and his mistress removed him from her presence
their bad Latinity, have induced some pose and conversation,he contented himself to fol-
to sup- low
that they are spurious. Sutton, de Gram. her wherever she went. In a certain pro-
cession,
Hyla and Hylas, a riv^erof Mysia,where in which all the matrons of Athens
Hylas was drowned. Virg.Q. 3, v. 6. A went to Eleusis, Hymenreus,to accompany his
colony of Phocis. mistress,disguised himself in woman's clothes,
Hylactor, one of Actagon's dogs, from his and joinedthe religious troop. His youth,and
barking(uXc"/.too latro.)Ovid. Met. 3. the fairness of his features,favoured his dis- guise.
Hylje, asmall town of Bojotia. Plin.4, c.7. A greatpart of the procession was ed
seiz-
Hyla'.us,a name given to some centaurs, by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and
one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount Hymen teus, who shared the captivity of his
Pholoe. Virg.Mn. 8, v. 294. Another by mistress,encouragedhis female com])anions,
Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Stat. and assassinated their ravishers while they
Th. 7, v. 267." Ovid. Met. 12, v. 378. were asleep. Immediatelyafter this,Hyme- naeus
Another killed by Bacchus. 67a/. Th. 6, v. repairedto Athens, and promisedto re- store
530." r/rg.G. 2, v. 457. A fourth killed to liberty the matrons who had been en- slaved,

by Atalaiita. ^9poUod.o. Oneof Actajon's providedhe was allowed to marry one

dogs. among them who was the object of his passion.
Hylas, a son of Thiodamas,king of Mysia The Athenians consented,and Hymenaeus ex- perienced

and Menodice,stolen away by Hercules;and so much felicity in his marriage

 HY HY
slate,that the peopleof Athens institutedfes-
tivals
Slrah. 9. Another in Messenia,in Pelo-
ponnesus.
in his honour, and solemnlyinvoked him Flacc. l,v. 375.
at their nuptials, as the Latins did their Tha- Hyperesia, a town of Achaia. Strab. 8.
lassius. Hymen was generally represented as Hyperides, an Athenian
orator, disciple
crowned with flowers, chiefly with mai'joram to Plato and Socrates,and
long the rival of
or roses, aad holdinga burningtorch in one Demosthenes. His father'sname was Glau-
hand, andin the other a vest of a purplecolour. cippus. He distinguished himself by his elo-quence,
it was supposed that he always attended at and the active part he took in the
nuptials if
; for, not, matrimonial connexions of the Athenian republic.Af-
management ter
were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful ca-
lamities; the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was
and hence peopleran about, callingtaken alive,and, that he
mightnot be com- pelled
aloud. Hymen! Hymen! ";c. Ovid. Medea. to betraythe secrets of his
countiy,he
Met. 12,V. 21b."Virg.JEn. 1,"c." Caf u/Z.ep. cutoflfhis
tongue. He was put to death by
62. order of Antipater, B. C. 322. Only one
Hymettus, a mountain of Attica,about 22 of his numerous orations remains, admired
miles in circumference, and about two miles for the sweetness and eleganceof his style.
from Athens,stillfamous for its bees and ex- cellent It is said,that Hyperidesonce defended the
honey. There was also a quarry of courtezan Phryne, w^ho was accused of im- piety,
marble there. Jupiterhad there a temple; and that,when he saw his eloquence
whence he is called Hymettius. Strab. 9. ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom
"

of his
Jtal 2, V. 228, 1. 14,v. 200." P/in. 36, c. 3." client, upon which the judges, influenced by
HoraL 2, od. 18,v. 3, 1.2, Sat. 2, v. 15." Cic. the sight of her
beauty,acquitted Plut. her.
%fm. 34. inDemost."Cic. in Or at. l,"ic."Quiniil.
10,"c.
Hypjepa or Ipep^, now Berki, a town of Hyperion, a son of Ccelus and Terra, who
Lydia,sacred to Venus, between mount Tmo- married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the
lus and the Caystrus. Strab. 13. Ovid. sun and moon.
"
Hyperion is often taken by
Met. 11,V. 152. the poets for the sun itself. Hesiod. Theog.
"

'
Hypjesia, a countiy of Peloponnesus. Apollod.1,c. 1 and 2. "
Homer, hymn, ad Ap.
Hypanis, a river ot European Scythia,now A son of Priam. Jipollod. 1,c. 2. "

called Bog,which fallsinto the Borysthenes, Hypermnestra, one of the fifty daughters
and with it into the Euxine. Herodot. 4, c. 52, of Danaus, who married Lynceus, son of
Uc. Odd. Met. 15, v. 285. A river of In-
dia. ^Egyptus. She disobeyedher father's
bloody
Another of Pontus. Cic. Tusc. 2, c. commands, who had ordered her to murder
39. A Trojanwho joinedhimself to ^neas, her husband the firstnightof her nuptials, and
and was killed by his own people,who took suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the
bim for one of the enemy in the night that bridal bed. Her father summoned her to ap-
pear
Troy was burned by the Greeks. Virg.JE71. before a tribunal for her disobedience,
% v. 428. but the peopleacquitted her,and Danaus was
HypARiuus, a son of Dion, who reigned at reconciled to her and her husband,to whora
Syracusefor two yeare after his father. he left his kingdom at his death. Some
say,
The father of Dion. that Lynceus returned to Argos with an
army,
Hypates, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. and that he conqueredand put to death his
Ital. 14,V. 231. father-in-law, and usurpedhis crown. Vid,
Hypatha, atown of Thessaly. Liy.41,c. 25. Danaides. Paus. 2, c. 19. Apollod. 2, c. 1. "
"

Hypatia, a native of Alexandria, celebra-

ted Ovid. Heroid. 14. A daughter of Thestius.
for her beauty, her virtues, and her great Apollod.
erudition. She was assassinated 415 A. I). Hyperochus, a man who wrote a poetical
Hypenor, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at history of Cuma. Pans. 10, c. 12.
Troy. Homer. II. 5, v. 144. Hyph^us, a mountain of Campania. Plut.
Hyperbatus, a prastorof the Achasans, in Syll.
B. C. 224. Hypsa, now Belid, a river of Sicily, fall-
ing
Hyperbius, a son of iEgyptus. Apollod. into the Crinisus, and then into the Medi-
terranean
HvPERBOREi, nation in the northern parts
a near Selinus. Ital. 14,v. 228.
of Europe and Asia,who were said to live to Hypsea, a Roman matron, of the family
an incredible age, even to a thousand years, of the Plautii. She was blind, accordingt9
and in the enjoyment of all possible felicity.Horace ; or, perhaps,was partial to some
The sun was said to rise and set to them but lover,who was recommended neither by per-
sonal
once a year, and therefore perhaps they are or mental excellence. Ilorat. 1, sat. 2t
placedby Virgil under the nortii pole. The V. 91.
word signifies /"eo/?/eloho inhabit beyond the Hypsenor, a priest of the Scamander,kill-ed
wind Boreas. Thrace was the residence of duringthe Trojanwar. Homer. II.5.
Bore.is,according to the ancients. Whenever Hypseus, a sou of the river Peneus. A
the Hyperboreansmade ofterings, theyalways pleaderat the Roman bar before the
age of
sent them towards the south,and the people Cicero. Cic. de Orat. 1,c. 36,
of Dodona were the firstof the Greeks who Hypsigratea, the wife of Mithridalea,
received them. The word Hyperboreans i- who accompanied her husband in man's
applied, in general, to all those who inhabit clothes,when he fled before Pompey. Plat,
any cold climate. Plin. 4, c. 12, 1, 6, c. 17. in Pomp.
"

Mela,3, c. 5." Virg.G.l,v. 240, 1.3, v. 169 and Hypsicrates, a Phoenician, who wrote au
'SSl."ilerodol. 4, c. 13,"LC."Cic. JV. D. 3, c. of
history his country, in the Phoenician guage.
lan-
23, 1.4, c. 12. This historywas saved from the
Hyperea
and Hyperia, a fountain of flames of Carthage,
whetj that city was taken
Thossttly,
with a town of the same name. by Scipio,
and translatedinto Greek
43
 HY HY

Hypsipides, a Macedonian in Alexander's name. It is more probably situate near

army, famous for his for Menede-

friendship Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie?
mus, "LC. Curt. 7, c. 7. a woman who wept so much for the loss oif
HypsiPYLE, a queen of Lemnos, daughter her son, that she was changed into a tain.
foun-
of Thoas and Myrine. her reign, Ovid. 7, v. 372. Htrodot.
Met. 7, c-
During "

Venus, whose altars had been universally 170. A town of Isauria,on the Calycadnus.
slighted,punished the Lemnian women, and Hyrieus and Hvkkus, a peasant, or, as
rendered their mouths and breath so tremely some
ex- aprince of Tanagra, son of Nep-
tune
say,
offensive smell, to the that their hus-
bands and Alcyone, who kindly entertained
abandoned
them, and gave themselves Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when velling
tra-

up to some female slaves, whom they had ta-

ken over Bceotia. Being childless,he asked
in the war This contempt of the gods give him without his
againstThrace. to a son rying,
mar-

was highlyresented by all the women of Lein- as he promised his Vrife,who was ly
late-

nos, and
they resolved on and all dead, and whom he
tenderly loved, that
revenge,
unanimously put to death their male relations, he never would marry again. Tiie gods, to
Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made water
of her father Thoas, Soon after this cruel in the hide of a bull,which had been sacrificed

murder, theArgonauts landed at Lemnos, in the day before to their divinity,and they or- dered

their expedition to Colchis, and remained for him to wrap it up and bury it in the
some time in the island. During their stay the ground for nine montlis. At the expiration
rendered the Lemnian of the nine months, Hyreus opened the earth,
Argonauts women

mothers, and Jason, the chief of the Argonau- and found a beautiful child in the bull's hide,
tic expedition,left Hypsipyle pregnant at his whom he called Orion. Firf. Orion.

departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hyrmina, a town of Eiis, in Peloponnesus.

Hypsipyle brought twins, Euneus and Nebro- Strab. 8.

phonus, whom some have called Deiphilusor Hyrneto and Hyrnetho, a daughter of
Thoas. Jason forgothis vows and promises to Temenus, king of Argos, who married Dey-
Hypsipyle, and the unfortunate was phon, son of Celeus. She was the favourite of
queen
soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the her father, who greatlyenriched her husband.
Lemnian women, who conspired against her Jipollod. 2, c. Q."Paus. 2, c. 19.
life,still mindful that Thoas had been Hyrnithium, a plain of Argos, near Epi-
ved
preser-
by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in daurus, fertilein olives. Strab. 6.
her flight, was seized by pirates,and sold to Hyrtacus, a Trojan of mount Ida, father
Lycurgus, king of Nemaea. She was ted
intrus- to Nisus, one of the companions of ^neas.
with the care of Archemorus, the son of Virg.JEn. 9, v. 177 and 406. Hence tlie pa-
tronymic
Lycurgus ; and, when the Argives march-ed of Hyrlacides is applied to Nisus. It

againstThebes, they met Hypsipyle, and is also applied to Hippocoon. Id. 5, v. 492.

obligedher to show them a fountain, where Hysia, a town of Bceotia, built by Nycteus,
they might quench their thirst. To do this Antiope's father. A villageof Argos.
more expeditiously,she laid down the child on A city of Arcadia The royal residence of
the grass, and in her absence he was killed by the king of Parthia.
" serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge Hyspa, a river of Sicily. Ital. 14, v. 228.
tlie death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screen Hyssus and Hyssi, a port and river of
ed from his resentment by Adrastus, the lead- er Cappadocia, on the Euxine sea.

of the Argives. Ovid. Heroid. 6. Apol- Hystaspes, a noble "

Persian, of the family
lon. I." Stat. 6."Theb."Flac. ^."Apollod. of the Achffimenides, His father's name wat

1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 6. Hyghi. fab. 15, 74, ",c. Arsames.

" His son Darius reigned in Persia
Vid. Archemorus. after the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It
Hyrcania, a large country of Asia, at is said, by Ctesias, that he wished to be ried
car-

the north of Parthia, and at the west of dia,

Me- to see the royal monument which his son

abounding serpents, wild beasts, Lc. It had

in priests built between two mountains. The
is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing carried
who him, as rejiorted,slipped the
a cavalry in order of battle. Virg. JEn. 4, cord with which he was suspended in ascend-
ing
V. 367." Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 45."Strab. 2 and the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hys-
taspes
11. A town of Lydia, destroyed by a vio-
lent was the first who inU'oduced the learii-
earthquake in the age of Tiberius. LiiK ing and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans "

37, c. 3S. into Persia, and to his researches in India the

Hvrcanum mare, a large sea, called also sciences greatly indebted, particularly
were in
Cfispian. Vid. Cespium mare. Persia. Darius is called Hystaspes,or son of
Hyrcanus, a name common to some of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal
the high priestsof Judea. Josephus. successors of the same name. Herodot. 1, r
Hyria, a country of Bceotia, near Aulis, 209, 1. 5, c. S3." Ctesias Fragm.
with a lake, river, and town of the. same HysTiEUs. Vid. Histiseus.
 JA JA
the daughterof Midas, who married of Apollo,according He came
1A"
Atys,".C.
son
to
to some.
Italy,where he planteda colonyand built
Iacchus, a surname of Bacchus, ab ""%"i',a small town on the river Tiber, which he
from the noise and shouts which the bacchanals called Janiculum. Some authors make him
raised at the festivalsof this deity. Virg.Eel. son of Ccelus and Hecate ; and others make,
6, G. 1, V. IQd."Odd. Met. 4, 15. Some him a native of Athens. During his reign,
of Ceres ; because in Saturn,driven from heaven by his son Jupiter,
suppose him to be a son
the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, came to Italy,where Janus received him
the word Iacchus was frequently repeated,with much hospitality, and made him his col-league
Herodot. 8, c. 65." Pans. 1, c. 2. on the throne. Janus is represented
Iader, a river of Dalmatia. with two faces,because he was acquainted
Ialemus, a wretched singer, son of the muse with the pastand the future ; or, accordingto
Calliope.Mhen.l4. others,because he was taken for the sun, who
Ialmknus, a son of Mars and Astyoche,who opens the day at his rising, and shuts it at his
went to the Trojanwar with his brother Asca- setting.Some statues represented Janus with,
bitantsfour heads.
laphus,with 30 ships,at the head of the inha- He sometimes appeared with a
of Orchomenos and Aspledon, in beard, and sometimes without. In religious,
Boeotia. Pans. 9, c. ST." Homer. II.2, v. 19. ceremonies,his name was always invoked the
Ialysus, a town of Rhodes, built by lalysus,first, because he presides
over all gates and
of whom Protogenes was making a beautiful avenues, and it is through him only that,
paintingwhen Demetrius Poliorcetes took prayers can reach the immortal gods. Fronoi
Rhodes. The Telchines were born there. that circumstance he often appears with a
Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9."Plin. 35, c. d."Cic. 2, key in his righthand, and a rod in his left.
ad Attic, ep. 21. Plut. in Dem.
"
Mlian. 12, Sometimes
"
he holds the number 300 in one
G. 5. hand, and in the other 65, to show that he
Iambe, a servant maid of Metanira, wife presidesover the year, of which the first
of Celeus, kingof Eleusis,who tried to ex- month bears his name. Some suppose that he
hilirate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica is the same as the world, or Ccelus ; and from
in quest of her daughterProserpine.From that circumstance, they call him Eajius,aU.
the and stories which she made
jokes use of, eundo, because of the revolution of the hea-
vens.
free and satirical
verses have been called Iam-
bics. He was called by different names, sucli.
Apollod1,0.5, as Consivius a
consorendo,because he presided
Iajwbliccs, a Greek author^ who wrote over generation;Quirinusor Martialis,be-
cause
the life of Pythagoras,and the history of his he presided over war. He is also called.
followers, an exhortation to philosophy,a Palulcius ^ Clausius, because the gatesof his
treatise against teries templeswere
Porphyry'sletter on the mys- opened duringthe time of war^.
of the Egyptians, fee. He was a great and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly
favourite of the emperor Julian,and died A. worshippedamong the Romans, where he had
D. 363. many temples, some erected to Janus Bi-
Iamenus, a Trojan, killed by Leonteus. frons,others to Janus Quadrifons, The tem-
ples
Homer. II. 12, v. 139 and 193. of Quadrifons were built with four equal
lAMiDiE, certain prophetsamong the Greeks, sides,with a door and three windows on each
descended from lamus, a son of Apollo,who side. The four doors were the emblems of the
received the gift o f prophecy from his father,four seasons of the year, and the three windows
which remained among his posterity. Pans. in each of the sides tlie three months in each
6, c. 2. season, and a.11 together, the twelve months of
Janiculum and Janicularius mons, one of the year, Janus was generally represented in
the seven hills at Rome, joinedto the cityby statues as ayoungman. Afterdeath Janus was
Ancus Martins,and made a kind of citadel, to ranked among the gods,for his popularity,and
invasion. This thecivilizationwhich he had introduced among
protectthe place against an

hill,{Vid.Janus) which was on the oppositethe wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple,which
shore of the Tiber,was joinedto the cityby was always open in time of war, was shut only
the bridgeSublicius,the'first ever built across three times during above 700 years, under
that river, and perhaps in Italy. It was less Numa, 234 B. C. and under Augustus;and
inhabited than the other partsof the city,on duringtljatlongperiodof time, the Romans
account of the grossness of the air,though were continually employed in war. Ovid.
from its top, the eye could have a command-
ing Fast. 1, v. 65, he" Virg.^n. 7, v. 607."
view of tliewhole city. It is famous for Varro de L. L. 1, Macrob. Sat. 1.
" A street

the burial of king Nuraa and the poet Itali- at Rome, near the temple of Janus. It was
cus. Porsenna, king of Etruria, pitchedhis frequentedby
generally usurers and money-
camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators brokers,and booksellers also kepttheir shops
took refugethei-e in the civil wars, to avoid there. Horat. 1,ep. 1,
the resentment of Octavius. Liv. 1,c. 33, he. Japetjdes, a musician at the nuptials of
"Dio. 47." Ovid. 1, Fast. v. 246." Virg.8, v. Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v.
358." Mart. 4, ep. 64, 1. 7, ep. 16. 111.
lAriiRA, one of the Nereides. JAPiiTus,a son of Goelus or Titan,by Ter-ra,
LvNTiiE,a girlof Crete, who married Iphis. who married Asia,or, accordingto others,
{Vid.Ii)his.) Ovid. Met. 9, v. 714, ",c. Clymene, by whom he had Atlas,Menoetius,
Ianthea, one of the Oceanides. One of Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks
the Nereides. Pans. 4, c. 30. "Homer. II. 8, looked upon him as the fatherof all mankind,
"

V. 47. and therefore from his antiquityold men were

Janus, the most ancient king who reigned frequerjtiy called Japeti. His sons received
native of Thessaly,and the of lapelionidfs.
patronymic Ovid. Met. 4,
in Italy, He was a
 JA JA
V. 6^1." 136 and
Hesiod. Tlieog. 508."^pollod.
was usurped
by Pelias,and iEson the lawful
1,c. 1. successor was driven to retirement and obscu-
rity.
Iapis; an iEtolian,who founded a cityupon The education of young Jason was trusted
in-
the banks of the Timavus. Virg.G. 3, v. 475. to the care of the centaur Chiron,and
of Apollo,from whora he he
A Trojan,favourite was removed from the presence of the
received the knowledge of the power of me-
dicinal usurper, who had been inform.ed by an oracle
herbs. Id. JEn. 12, v. 391. that one of the descendants of ^olus would
Iapydia, a district of Illyricura,now Car- dethrone him. After he had made the most
niola, Liv. 43, c. b."Tyhull.4, v. 109." Cic. rapid progress
in every branch of science,
Balb. 14. leftthe centaur, and by his advice went
Jason
Iapvgia, a country on the confines of Italyto consult the oracle. He was ordered to go
in the form of the peninsula between Taren- to lolchos his native country, covered with
tum and Brundusiura. It is called by some the spoilsof a leopard,and dressed in the
Messapia, Peucetia,and Saleniinum. Plin. 3, garments of a Magnesian. In his journey he
c. 1 1." Strah. 6. was stoppedby the inundation of the river
Iapyx, a son of Daedalus,who conquereda Evenus or Enipeus,over which he was ried
car-

part of Italy, which he called Japygia. Ovid. by Juno, who had changed herself into
Met. 14,V. 458. A wind which blows from an old woman. In crossingthe streams he
Apulia,and is favourable to such as sailed lost one of his sandals,and at his arrival at
from Italy towards Greece. It was nearlythe lolchos, the singularity of his dress and the
same as the Caurus of the Greeks. Horal. 1, fairnessof his complexion, attracted the notice
od. 3, V. 4, L 3, od. 7, v. 20. of the people,and drew a crowd around him
Iarbas, a son of Jupiterand Garamantis in the market place. Pelias came to see him
kingof Gaetulia,from whom Dido boughtland with the rest, and as he had been w arned by
to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the the oracle to beware of a man who should "

arrival of jEneas preventedhis success, and appear at lolchos with one foot bare, and the
the queen, rather than marry Iarbas,destroyedother shod, the appearance of Ja.son,who
herself. Vid. Dido. Virg.Mn. 4, v. 36, ",c. had lost one of his sandals,alarmed him. His
Justin. 18, c. Q."Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 552. terrors were soon aftj^raugmented. Jason,
Iaechas and Jarchas, a celebrated Indian accompanied by his friends,repairedto the
philosopher. His seven ringsare famous for palaceof Pelias, and boldlydemanded the
their power of restoring old men to the bloom kingdom which he had unjustly usurped.The
and vigourof youth,accordingto the tradi- tions boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated
of P/iilostr.in "poll. Pelias ; he was unwillingto abdicate the
Iardanus, a Lydian, father of Oraphale,crown, and yet he feared the resentment of
the mistress of Hercules. Herodot. 1, c. 7. his adversary. As Jason was young and am- bitious

A river of Arcadia. Another in Crete. of glory,Pelias, at once to remove

Homer. 11. 7. his immediate claims to the crown, reminded
Iasides,a patronymicgivento Palinurusas him that JEetes king of Colchis had severely
descended from a person of the name of treated and inhumanlymurdered their com-
mon

Jasius. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 843. Also of Ja- relation Phryxus. He observed that

"us. Id. 12, V. 392. such a treatment called aloud for punishment,
Iasion and Iasius,a son of Jupiterand and that the undertaking would be accom-
panied
Electra, one of the Atlantides,who reigned with much gloryand fame. He far- ther
over part of Arcadia,where he diligently plied
ap- added, that his old age had prevented
himself to agriculture. He married the him from avengingthe death of Phryxas,and
goddess Cybele,or Ceres, and all the gods that ifJason would undertake the expedition,
were present at the celebration of his nuptials. he would resign to him the crown of lolchos
He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and when he returned victorious from Colchis.
Plutus, to whom some have added a third,Jason readily accepted a proposal which seem-
ed

Corybas, ^vho introduced the worship and to promise such military fame. His in-
tended
mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had expeditionwas made known in every
also a daughter,whom he exposed as soon part of Greece, and the youngest and bravest
as born, sayingthat he would raise only male of the Greeks assembled to accompany him,
chilriien. The child,who was suckled by a and share his toils and glory.They embarked
she-bear and preserved, rendered herself fa-mous on board a ship called Argo, and after a
afterwards under the name of Atalanta. series of adventures, they arrived at Colchis.
Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Ju- piter,(Vid.Argonauta?.)JEeles promised to re- store

and ranked among the gods after death, the goldenfleece,which was the cause
by the inhabitantsof Arcadia. Hesiod. Theog. of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage
970." Virg.JEn. 3, v. l6S.--Hygin.Poet. of the Argonauts, providedthey submitted to
2, c. 4. his conditions
to tame Jason was
bulls who
Iasis,a name given to Atalanta,daughterbreathed llames, had feet and horns
and who
of lasius. of brass,and to plough with them a field
Iasius,a son of Abas, king of Argos. A sacred to JMars. After this he was to sow
son of Jupiter. Vid. Iasion. in the ground the teeth of a serpent from
Jason, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede, which armed men would arise,whose fury
daughterof Phylacus,by ili^son the son of would be converted against him who ploughed
Crelheus, and Tyro the daughterof Salmo- (he field. He was also to kill a monstrous
neus. Tyro, before her connexion with Cre- dragon who watched night and day at the
theus the son of iEoIus, had two sons, Pe-' foot of the tree on which the jroldenfleece
lias and Neleus, by Neptune. JKson was! was suspended. All were concerned for the
)dngof lolchos,and at his death the throne jfale
of the Argonauts-,but Juno, who watched
 JA IB
with an anxious eye over the safety of Ja-
son, in Med. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 2, 3, "c. Dtod.
" "

extricated them from all these difficul-

ties. 4." Pans. 2 and 3.""pollod. 1, c. 9." Cic. dt
Medea, the king'sdaughter,fellin love ^'at.^."Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 9."Strab. 7."
with Jason, and as her knowledge of herbs, ^poll. Place. "

Hygin.5,kc. Pindar. 3,A'em.

" "

enchaiitments,and incantation was mon,

uncom- Justin. 42, c. 2, iic.
"
Senec. in Med. Tslez.
"
"

she pledged herselfto deliver her lover ad Lycophr.175,",c. Athen. 13. A native
"

from all his dangersif he promisedher ^er- of Argos, who wrote an history of Greece in
^r-
nal fidelity. Jason, not insensible t 1%^
^
four books, which ended at the death of Alex-
ander.
charms and to her promise,vowed eternal He lived in the age of Adrian. A
fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and ceived tyrantof Thessaly
re- who made an alliancewith
from Medea whatever instruments the Spartans,and cultivated the friendship of
and herbs could protect him againstthe ap- Timotheus.
proaching Trallianus,a man who wrote
dangers. He appeared in the field tragedies, and gainedthe esteem of the kings
of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, of Parthia. Polycen. 7.
ploughed the plain, and sowed the dmgon's Jasonid.s:, a patronymic of Thoas and
teeth. Immediatelyan army of men sprang Euneus, sons of Jason and Hipsipyle.
from tlie field,and ran towards Jason. He Iasus, a kingof Argos, Avho succeeded his
threw a stone amoug them, and they fell one father Triopas. Paus. 2, c. 16. A son of
upon the otiier tillall were totally destroyed.Ai-gus father of Agenor. A son of Argus
The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep and Ismena. A son of Lycurgusof Arcadia.

by the power of berbs,and Jason took from the An island w ith a town of the same name
tree the celebrated golden fleece,which was on the coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was
the sole objectof his voyage. These actions called lasius sinus. Plin. 5, c. 28. Liv. 32, c. "

were all performedin the presence of ^etes 33, 1. 37, c. 17.

and his people,who were all equally ed
astonish- Iaxartes, now "Siror Sihon,a river of
Sog-
at the boldness and success of Jason. After diana,mistaken by Alexander for the Tanais.
this celebrated conquest, Jason immediately It fahs into the east of the Caspiansea. Curt.
set sailfor Europe witkMedea, who had been 6 and 7. Plin. 6, c. 16.
"
Arrian. 4, c. 15."

so instrumental in his Aservation. Upon this Iaziges, a peopleon the borders of the Pa- ins
iEetes, desirous to revPigethe perfidyof his Mseotis. Tacit. A. 12, c. 29." Ovid. Trist,
daughterMedea, sent bis son Absyrtusto pur- sue 2, V. 191. Pon^. 4, el. 7,V. 9.
the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, Ibkria, a country of Asia between Colchis
and strewed his limbs in her father's way, that on the west, and Albania on the east, governed
she might more easilyescape, while he was by kings. Pompey invaded it,and made great
employed in collecting the mangled body of slaughter of the inhabitants, and obligedthem
his son. (Vid.Absyrtus.)The return of the to surrender by setting fireto the woods where
Argorjautsin Thessalyw as celebrated with uni- versalthey had fled for safety.It is now called
festivity; but ^son, Jason's father, was Georgia. Plut. in Luc. Jinton. ";c. Dio. 36. "
"

unable to attend on account of the infirmities Flor. 3. Place. 5, v. 166.

"

Appian. Parth. c. "

of old age. This obstruction was removed, and An ancient name of Spain,derived from
Medea, at the requestof her husband, restored the river Iberus. Lucan. 6, v. 258. " Horat. 4,
iKson to the of youth. od. 14, V.
vigourand sprightliness 50.
(Vid./Eson.) Telias the usurper of the crown a river of Spain,now
Iberus, called Ebro,
of loiciios wished also to see himself restored after the conclusion of the Punic
which war,
to \he (iort-erof youth,and his daughters, per- separatedthe Roman from the Carthaginian
suaoed by Medea, who wished to avenge her possessions in that countrv. Lucan. 4, v. 335.
husband's wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and Plin. 3, c. 3." Horat. 4, od. 14, v. 50. A
placeahis limbs in a caldron of boilingwater. river of Iberia in Asia, flowingfrom mount
The/: j.puulity was severelypunished. Me- dea Caucasus into tlieCyrus. Sirab. 3. A fab-
ulous
salr-reJ the flesh to be consumed to the king of Spain.
bor.es, uiid Felias was never restored to life^Ibi,an Indian nation.
This inhuman action drew the resentment of Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in
the po^-ulace upon Medea, and she fled to Co- rinth which he bitterly satirises the ingratitude of
with her husband Jason, where theylived his pupilthe poet Apollonius.Ovid has also
in perfect union and love duringten successive written a poem v.hich bears the same name,
years. Jason's partialilyfor Glance, the daugh-
ter and which, in the same satirical language,
of the king of the country,afterwards dis- seems, accordingto the 0])inion of some, to in-
veigh
turb(;d Liicirmatrimonial happiness, and Medea bitterly againstHyginus, the supposed
was divorced that Jason might more freelyin-
dulgehero of the composition. Suidas.
his amorous propensities. This infidel-
ity Ibvcus, a lyric poet of Rhegium about 540
was severelyrevenged by Medea, {Vid. years before Chri.-(. He was murdered by
Glauce) who destroyed her children in the robbers, and at the moment of death he
presence of their fatlier. (Vid. Medea.) Af-
ter imploredthe assistance of some cranes which
from Medea, Juson lived an
his separation at that moment flew over his head. Some
unsettled and melancholylife. A? he was one lime aflej-,as the nmrderers "vere in the mar-
ket

day reposinghimself by the side of the ship place,one of them observed some cranes
which had carried liim to Colchis, a beam fell in the uir,and said to his companions,a- I^um*
lie was crushed to death. 1 5"xc" -ajs."r"" , there are
upon his head, and the birds that arc con-
scious

This tragical event iiad been predicted to him of the death of Ibycus. These words
before by Medea, accordingto the relation of and the recent murder of Ibycusraised suspi-
cions
same authors. Some say that he afterwards in the people: the assassins were seized
returned to Colchis,where he seized the king-
dom, and tortured, and thev confessed their guilt.
and reignedin great security.Eurip. Cic. Tunc. 4, c. 43.-^vi:/"o;j. V. IL The
 IC m
hujsband of Chloris whom Horace ridicules,
3, IcKN^, a towH of Macedonia, whence The*
od. 15. mis and Nemesis are called Ichnae. Homer
IcADius, a robber killed by a stone, "c. in Jipoll.
Cic. Fat. 3. IcHNusA, an ancient name of Sardinia,
IcARiA, a small island in the ^gean sea, which it received from itslikeness to a humaa
between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where foot. Pans. 10, c. 11." Hal 12, v. 358."
the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, Plin. 3, c. 7.
and buried by Hercules. Ptol. 5, c. 2. Mela, " IcHONOPHis, a priest of Heliopolis,at whose
house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt
2, c. I."Strab. 10 and 14.
IcARis and Icariotis, a name given to with Plato. Diog.
Penelopeas daughterof Icarius. IcHTHYOPHAGi, a pcoplcof .Ethiopia, who
received this name from their eatingfishes.
IcARiuM MARE, a part of the -SIgeansea
near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. Vid. There was also an Indian nation of the same
Icarus. name, who made their houses with the bones

Icarius, an Athenian, father of Erigone.of fishes. Diod. S."Strab. 2 and 15." Plin.
He gave wine to some peasants, who drank it 6, c. 23, 1. 16,c. 7.
with the greatestavidity, ignorantof itsintox-
icating IcHTHYs, a promontory of Elis in Achaia.
nature. They were soon deprivedof Strab. 11.
their reason, and the furyand resentment of L. IciLius,a tribune of the people who
their friends and neighbours made a law A. U. C. 397, by which mount
were immediately
turned upon Icarius,who perishedby their Aventine was givento the Roman peopleto
hands. After death he was honoured with build houses upon. Lit. 3, c. 54. A tri-
bune
festivals, and his led to who made a law A. U. C. 261, that for-
bade
public daughterwas

discover the placeof his burial by means of his any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune

faithful dog Mcera. Erigone hung herself in while he was speakingin an assembly.Liv. 2,
A tribune who himself by
despair, and was changedinto a constellation c. 58. signalized
called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the his inveterate enmity against the Roman nate.
se-

star Bootes, and the dog Mcera into the star He took an actuae partin the manage- ment
Canis. Hygin.fab. 130." jSpollod. 3, c. 14. of affaii'safter fce 'murder of Virgi- nia,
A son of ffibalusof Lacedaemon. He gave his ".C. W

daughterPenelopein marriageto Ulyssesking leius,a harbour in Gaul, on the modem

of Ithaca, but he was so tenderlyattached to
straits of Dover, from which Caesar crossed
her, that he wished her husband to settle at into Britain.
IcoNiuM, the capital of Lycaonia,now Ko'
Lacedaemon. Ulyssesrefused,and when he
the earnest of Icarius, he told niech. Plin. 5, c. 27.
saw petitions
Penelope,as they were goingto eml"ark,that Icos,a small island near Euboea. Strab. 9.
she mightchoose freely either to follow him IcTiNcs,a celebrated architect,430 before
to Ithaca, or to remain with her father. Pe- Christ. He built a famous templeto Minerva
nelope
blushed in the deepestsilence,and at Athens, "c.
covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon Ictumulort7m vicus, a place at the foot of
this permittedhis daughterto go to Ithaca, the Alpsaboundingin goldmines.
and immediatelyerected a templeto the god- dess IcuLisMA,a town of Gaul,now Angoulesme,
of modesty,on the spot where Penelope on the Charcnte.
had covered her blushes with her veil. Ho- mer. Ida, a nymph of Crete who went into Phry-
Od. 16, V. 433. gia,where she gave her name to a mountain

IcAnus, a son of Dsp.dalus, who, with his of that country. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 177. The
father, fied with wings from Crete to escape mother of Minos 2d. A celebrated moun-tain,

the resentment of i\Iinos. His flight beingtoo or more properlya ridgeof mountains
highproved fatal lo him, the sun melted the in Troas, chieflyin the neighbourhoodof
wax wliich cemented his wings,and he fell Troy. The abundance of its waters became
into that pail of the ^^gean sea which was
the source of many rivers,and particularly of
called after his name. [Fit/. Diedalus.] Ovid. the Simois, Scamander, yEsepus, Granicus,
Mel. 8, V. 178,he. A mountain of Attica. k.c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd
of Paris adjudged the prizeof beautyto the god- dess
Iccius, a lieutenant Agrippa in Sicily.
Horace writes to him, 1 od. 29, and ridicules Venus. It was covered with green wood,
him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophyand the elevation of itstop opened a fine ex- tensive

and the muses, for military view of the Hellespontand the adja- cent
employments.
One of the Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cae-
sar. countries, from whicli reason the poets
C("s. B. G. 2, c. 3. say that it was frequented by the godsdaring
IcKLos, one of the sons of Somnus, who tlie Trojan war. Strab. 13. Me-la,1, c. 18.
"

chanp;cd himself into all sorts of animals, -Homer II. 14, v. 283." Fir^.^En. 3, 5, "c.
whence the name {^fixoi si?nilis). Ovid. Met. "Olid. Fast. 4, v. 19."Horut. 3, od. 11.
11, V. 640. A mountain of Crete,the highest in the island,
IcTNi, a peopleof Britain,who submitted where it is reported that Jupiter was educated
to tlie Roman power. They inhabited the by the Coiybantes,who, on that account,
modern counties of Suffolk,Norfolk, Cam- bridge, were called Idaji. Strab. 10.
"i.c. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 31. "
C(ES. G. Id^a, the surname of Cybele, because
she was worshippedon mount Ida. Lucret.
6, c. 21.
IcETAS, a man who obtained the supreme 2, V. 611.
at Syracuse after the death of Dion. Id^tas,a surname of Jupiter. An arm-
power
He attemptedto assassinate Timoleon, for bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed
which he was conquered,fcc. B. C. 340. C. duringthe Trojan war. Virg.w5Rn. 6, v. 487.
One of the attendants of Ascanius. /rf
Akp. in Tim.
P, V. 500.
 ID JE
iuALiSjthecountiyround mount Ida. Lu- iDofliiiNE, of Pheres,who
a daughter ed
marri-
can. 3,V. 204. Amythaon. JipoUod.1,c. 9.
Idalus, a mountain of Cypms, at the foot Idomeneus, succeeded his father Deuca-
lion
of which is Idalium,a with a grove sa-
town cred on the throne of Crete,and accompanied
to Venus, who was called Idaloea. Virg.the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of
Mn. 1,V. QSb."Catull. 37 and 62." Proper^2, IK)ships.During this celebrated war he ren- dered

el. 13. himself famous by his valour,and slaugh-tered

loANTHYRSUs, a powcrful king of Scythia, many of the enemy. At his return he
who refu;sed to givehis daughterin marriage made a vow to Neptune in a dangeroustem- pest,
to Dariu3 the 1st, king of Persia. This refu-
sal that ifhe escapedfrom the furyof the seas
was the cause of a war between the two na-
tions, and storms he would offer to the god whatever
aud Darius marched againstIdanthyr-living creature firstpresented itself to his eye
3us, at the head of 700,000 meij. He was feated
de- on the Cretan shore. This was no other than
and retired to Persia,afteran inglorious his son, who came to congratulate his fatherup-on
campaign. Slrab. 13. his safe return. Idomeneus performedhis
Idarnes, an officer of Darius, by whose promise to tlie god,and the inhumanityand
negligencethe Macedonians took Miletus. rashness of his sacrificerendered him so odious
Curt. 4, c. 5. in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete,
Idas, a son of Aphareusand Arane, famous and migratedin quest of a settlement. He
for his valour and military glory. He was came to Italy, and founded a city on the coast
among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa, of Calabria,which he called Salentum. He
the daughterof Evenus kingof ^tolia. Mar-
pessa died in an extreme old age, after he had had
was carried away by Apollo,and Idas the satisfactionof seeinghis nevy kingdom
pursuedhis wife's ravisher with bows and ar- rows, flourish, and his subjects happy. According
and obliged him to restore her. [Vid. to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, v. 1217,
Marpessa.] Accordingto ApoHodorus,Idas Idomeneus, duringhis absence in the Trojan
with his brother Lynceus associated with Pol-
lux war, intrusted the management of his king-
dom
and Castor to carry away some flocks ; but to Leucos, to whom he promised his
ivhen theyhad obtiaintt a sufficient quantitydaughterClisithere in marriage at his return.
of plunder, theyrefusSto divide it into equal Leucos at firstgoverned with moderation;
shares. This provokedthe sons of Leda ; Lyn- but he was persuadedby Nauplius,kingof
eeus was killed by Castor,and Idas,to revenge Eubcea, to put to death Meda the wife of his
his brother's death,immediately killed Castor, master, with her daughterClisithere, and to
and in his turn perishedby the hand of Pol- lux. seize the kingdom. After these violent mea-sures,
According to Ovid and Pausanias,the he strengthened himself on the throne
quarrelbetween the sons of Leda and those of Crete ; and Idomeneus, at his return,
of Aphareusarose from a more tender cause : found it impossibleto expelthe usurper. Ovid.
Idas and Lynceus,as they say, were goingto Met. 13,v. 358." Hygin. 92." Homer. II. II,
with Phoebe
celebrate their nuptials and Hi- he. Od. 19." Fans. 5, c. 25." Virg. JEn. 3, y.
laira,thetwo daughters of Leucippus; but Cas-
tor 122. A son of Priam. A Greek rian
histo-
and Pollux, who had been invited to.par-take of Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus.
the common festivity,offered violence to He wrote an histoiyof Samothrace,the life
the brides and carried them away. Idas and of Socrates,"c.
Lynceus fell in the attempt to recover their Idothea, a daughterof Proetus,king of
wives. Homer. II. 9. Hygin.fab. 14,100,".c.
"

Argos. She was restored to her senses with

"Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 700." .^poUod. 1 and 3." her by Melampus. \yid.Prcetides.]
sisters,
Pans. 4, c. 2, and 1. 6, c. 18. A son of Homer. Od. 11, A daughterof Proteus,
"ffigyptus.-A Trojan killed by Turnus, the god who told Menelaus how he could turn
re-

Virg.JEu. 9, V. 575. to his country in safety.

Homer. Od. 4,
Idea or Id^ea, a daughter of Dardanus, V. 363. One of the nymphs who educated
who became the second wife of Phineus king Jupiter.
of Bithynia, and abused the confidence repo-
sed Idrieus, the son of Euromus of Caria,
in her by her husband, Vid. Phineus. brother of Artemisia, who succeeded to Mau-
The mother of Teucer by Scamander. Apol- solus,and invaded Cyprus. Diod. 16. Po- "

lod. tycEn. 7.
Idessa,a town of Iberia on the confines of Idubeda, a river and mountain of Spain.
Colchis. Slrab. 11. Strab. 3.
Idex, a small river of Italy, now Jdice, near Idume and Idumea, a country of Sjnria,
Bononia. famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital,
Idistavisus, a plain,now Hasteubach, where Cambyses depositedhis riches,jjishe
where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near was going to Egypt. Lucan. 3, v. 216, Sil. "

Oldendorpon the Weser in Westphalia. Ta- cit. 5, V. 600." Virg.G. 3, v. 12.

A 2, c. IG. Idya, one of the Oceanides,who married
Idmon, son of Apollo and Asteria,or as ^etes king of Colchis, by whom she had Me-
dea,
some say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the he. Hygin. Hesiod. Cic. de J\at. D. 3.
"
"

Argonauts. He was killed iu huntinga wild Jknisus, a town of Syria. Herodot. 3, c. 5.

boar in Bithynia, where his body received J ERA, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 18.
a magnificent funeral. He had predicted tlie JerYciio,a cityof Palestine,besiegedand
time and marmer of his death, ApoUod. 1, c. taken by tlieRomans, under Vespasianand
9."

Orpheus. A dyer of Colophon,father Titus. Plin. 5, c. \A." Strab.

to Arachne. Ovid. j\lel.6, v. 8. A man Jerne, a name of Ireland. Strab. 1.
of Cyaicus, killed by Hercules,^c. Flacc. 3. Jeromus and Jkronymus, a Greek of
A son of .^gyplus,. killedby hi,swife, Vid. Cardia, who wrote an hisioiy of Alexander.
Danaides.
 IL IL
A native of Rhodies,
disciple of Aristotle, Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by
of whose compositionssome few historical Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates
fragments remain. Dionys.Hal. 1, the wrdth of Achilles,and all the calamities
Jerusalem, the capitalof Judea. Vid. Hie- which befell the Greeks, from the refusal of
rosolyma. that hero to appear in the iield of battle. It
Jet^, a placeof Sicily. Hal. 14, v. 272. finishes at the death of Hector, w hom Achil-
les
Igeni, a people of Britain. Tacit. 12 and bad sacrificed to the shades of his friend
Ann. Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. Vid.
Igilidm, now Giglio, an island of the Medi- Homerus.
terranean, A surname of Minerva, from a
on the coast of Tuscany. Mela, 2, temple which she had at Daulis in Phocis.
". 7." Ccw.B. C. 1, c. 34. InENSEs, a peopleof Sardinia. Liv. 40, c.
Ignatius, an officer of Crassus in his Par-thian 19, 1.41, c. t" and 12.
expedition. A bishop of Antioch, InoN, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, c.
torn to piecesin the amphitheatreat Rome, 27." "Vid. Ilium.
fey lions during a persecution, A. D. 107. Ilione, the eldest daughterof Priam, wh"
His writingswere letters to the Ephesians,married Polymnestor, kingof Thrace. Virg.
Romans, he. and lie supportedthe divinity of JEn. 1,V. 657.
Christ,and the propriety of the episcopalor-
der, Ilioneus, a Trojan,son of Phorbas. He
as superior to priests and deacons. The came into Italy with ^i^neas.Virg. ^n. 1,v.
best edition of his works is that of Oxon, in 525. A son of Artabanus, made prisoner
"vo. 1708. by Parmenio, near Damascus. Curt, 3, c. 13-
Iguvium, a town of Urabria, on the via One of Niobe's sons. Ovid. Met. 6,
Flaminia, now Gubio. Cic. ad M. 7, ep. 13. fab. 6.
"Sil. 8, V. 460. Ilipa, a town of Bajtica. Liv. 35, c. 1.
daughter of Leucippus,carried
Ilaira, a Inssus, a small river of Attica,falling into
away with her sister Phcebe, by the sons of the sea neai* the Pirasus. There was a ple
tem-
Leda, as she was goingto be married, he. on its banks, sacred to the Muses. Stat.
Ilea, more properlyIlva,an island of the Theb. 4, y. 62. V .

Tyrrhenesea, two miles from the continent. Ilithyia, a goddeAclHed

also Juno Lu-
Virg.JEn. 10, v. 173. cina. Some sup[)ose ^ierto be the same as

Ilecaones and Ilecaonenses,a peopleof Diana. She presidedover the travails of wo-
men

Spain. Liv. 22, c. 2 1 . ; and in her temple, at Rome, it was usual

Ilerda, now Lerida,a town of Spain,the to carry a small pieceof money as an ofi'ering.
capital of the Ilirgetes,on an eminence on the This custom was firstestablished by Servius
rightbanks of the river Sicoris in Catalonia. Tullius,who by enfoi'cing it,was enabled to
Liv. 21, c. 23, 1.22, c. 2h"Lucan. 4, v. 13. know the exact number of the Roman people.
Ilergetes. Vid. Ilerda. Hedod. Tk. 450." Homer. [1.11,od. 19." 4?o/-
Ilia, or Rhea, a daughterof Numitor, lod. 1 and 2. Horat. cami. " s"zcul. Oxnd. Met. "

kingof Alba, censecrated by her uncle Amu- 9, V. 283.

lius to the service of Vesta, which required Ilium or Ilion, a citadel of Troy, built by
perpetual chastity,that she might not become Ilus,one of the Trojankings,from whom it
a mother to dispossess him of his crown. He received its name. It is generallytaken for
was however disappointed ;violence was ed
offer- Troy itself; and some have supposedthat the
to Ilia,and she broughtforth Romulus and town was called Ilium,and the adjacent try
coun-
Remus, who drove the usurper from his Troja. [J^id. Troja.] Liv. 35, c. 43, 1.
throne,and restored the crown father 37, c. 9 and '"il."Virg.
to their grand- JEn. 1, hc."Strab.
Numitor, itslawful possessor. Ilia was 13." Ovid. Met. 13, v. 505." Horat. 3, od. 3."
buried alive by Amulius for violatingthe Justin. 11,c. 5, 1. 31, c. 8.
laws of Vesta ; and because her tomb was near Illiberis,a town of Gaul, through which
the Tiber, some suppose that she married the Annibal passed, as he marched into Italy.
god of that river, Horat. 1,od. 2. Virg.Mn. "
Illice,now Elche,a town of Spain with a
1,V. 277." Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 598. A wife of harbour and bay, Sinus ^ Portus Illicilanus,
Sylla.^ now Alicant. Flin. 3, c. 3.
Iliaci ludi, games instituted by Augustus, Illipula, two towns of Spain,one of which
in commemoration of the victory he had ob- is called Major,and the other Minor.
tained
over Antony and Cleopatra. They Illiturgis, Iliturgis, or Iliroia, a city
are supposed to be the same as the Trojani of Spain, near tlie modern Andujar on the
ludi and the Jlclia; and Virgilsays they were river d
Baetis, estroyedby Scipio,for having
celebrated by .ffineas, not only because they revolted to the Carthaginians. Liv. 23, c. 49,
were instituted at the time when he wrote 1.24.C.41,1.26, c. 17.
his poem, but because he wished to compli-
ment Ilorcis, now Lorca, a town of Spain.
Augustus,by making the founder of Plin. 3, c. 3.
Lavinium solemnize games on
which was, many
the very spot
centuries after,to be im-
by
Illyricum, Illyris, and Illyria, a coun-
bordering
mortalized on
try
the Adriatic sea, opposite
whose
boundaries have been different at
*
the trophiesof his patron. Italy,
During these games, were dift'erenttimes. It became a Roman
exhibited horse province,
races and gymnasticexercises. Virg.JEn. 3, after Gentius its kinghad been conqueredby
V. 280. the preetorAnicius ; and it now forms part of
Iliacus, an epithet long Croatia,Bosnia,and Sclavonia.
appliedto such as be- Strab. 2 and
to Troy. Virg.jEn. 1,v. 101. 7." Pans. 4, c.So.-Mcla,2, c.2, kc."Flor. 1,
Iliaetes,a surname givento Romulus, as 2, "ic.
."on of Ilia. Ovid. A name given to the Illvricus sinus, that part of the Adriatic,
Trojanwomen. JEn. 1, v.
Virg. 484. which is on the coast of lUyricum.
 IM IN
Illvrius,a son of Cadmus and Hermione, I LvACHi,a namegiven to the Greeks,par-
ticularly
from whom Illyricumreceived its name. the Argives,from kingInachus.
Apollod. Inachia, a name given to Peloponnesus,
Ilca, now Elba, an island in the Tyrdiene from the river Inachus. A festivalin Crete

S"a, between Ualyand Corsica,celebrated for in honour of Inachus ; or, accordingto others,
its iron mines. The peopleare called Iluates. of Ino's misfortunes. A courtezan in the
Liv. 30, c.39.~Virg.Mn. 10, nS."Plin.
v. age of Horace. Epod. 12.
3, c. 6, 1.34, c. 14. Inachidj;, the name of the eightfirstsuc-
cessors

Iluro, now Oleron, a town of Gascony in of Inachus,on the throne of Argos.

France. iNACHiDES, a patronymic of Epaphus, as
Ilus, the 4th kingof Troy, was son of Tros grandsonof Inachus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 704.
by Callirhoe. He married Eurydicethe daugh-
ter And of Perseus,descended from Inachus.
of Adrastus,by whom he had Themis, Id. 4, fab. 11.
who married Capys,and Laomedon the father Inachis, a patronymicof lo, as daughter
"f Priam. He built,or rather embellished, of Inachus. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 454.
the cityof Ilium, called also Troy from his Inachium, a town of Peloponnesus.
lather Tros. Jui)iter gave him the Palladium, Inachus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys,
a celebrated statue of Minerva, and promised fatherof lo, and also of Phoroneus and ^gia-
that as longas it remained in Troy, so long leus. He founded the kingdom of Argos,and
would the town remain impregnable.When was succeeded by Phoroneus, B. C. 1807, and
the temple of Minerva w^as in flames, Ilus gave his name to a river of Argos, of which he
rushed into the middle of the fire to save the became the tutelar deity. He reignedCt)
Palladium,for w-hich action he was deprivedyears. Virg.G. 3, v. 151." .^pollod. 2, c. 3."
of his sight by the goddess, thoughhe recover-
ed Paus. 2, c. 15. A river of Argos. ther
Ano-
it some time after. Hovier. II. Strab. 13.
" in Epirus.
"Apollod.3, c. 12." Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33, 1. Inamames, a river in the east of Asia,as
6, v. 419 A name of Ascanins, while he far as which Semiramis extended her empire.
was at Troy. Virg.^n. 1, v, 272 A Polycen. 8.
friend of Turnus, killed by Pallas. Virg.^n. Inarime, an island near Campania,with a
10,v. 400. \ mountain, under Avhich Jupiterconfined the
Jlyrgis,a town of Hispania Bsetica,now giantTyphoeus. It is now called Ischia,and
Ilora. Polyb. is remarkable for its fertility and population.
Imanuentius, a king of part of Britain,There was formerly a volcano in the middle
killedby Cassivelaunus, ".c. Cces.Bell. G. 5. of the island. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 716.
Imaus, a largemountain of Scythia,which InIrus,a town of Egypt, in whose neigh- bourhood
is partof mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, the town of T^aucratis was built by
which is generally called Intra Imaum, and the Milesians. A tyrant of Egypt, who
Extra Imaum. It extends,accordingto some, died B. C. 456.
as far as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. Incitatus, a horse of the emperor Cali- gula,
Plin. 6, c. n." Strab. 1. made highpriest.
Imbarus, a part of mount Taurus in Ar-
menia. Indathyrsus. Vid. Idanthyrsus.
India,the most celebrated and opulentof
Imbracides, a patronymicgiven to Asius, allthe countries of Asia, bounded on one side
as son of Imbracus. Virg.Mji. 10, v. 123. by the Indus,from which it derives its name.
Imbrasides, a patronymicgiven to Glau- It is situate at the south of the kingdom of
cus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. Virg.Persia,Parthia,",c. alongthe maritime coasts.
,En. 12, v. 343. It has always been reckoned famous for the
Imbrasus, or Parthenius, a river of Samos. riches it contains; and so persuadedwere the
.luno,who was worshippedon the banks, re- ceived ancients of its wealth,that theysupposed that
the surname of Inibrasia. Paus. 7, c. itsvery sands were gold. It contained 9000
4. The father of Pirns, the leader of the dilTercnt nations,and 5000 remarkable cities,
Thracians duringthe Trojanwar. Virg.J"n. according to geographers.Bacchus was the
10 and \'l." Homer. It. 4, v. 520. firstwho conqueredit. In more recent ages,
Imbreus, one of the Centaurs, killed by partof it was tributary to the power of Persia.
Dryas,at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. Alexander invaded it;but his conquest wa""
12, v. 310. checked by the valour of Porus, one of the
Imbrex, C. Licinius, a poet. Vid. Licinius. kingsof the country,and the Macedonian rior
war-

Imbrius, a Trojankilled by Teucer, son of was unwilling or afraid to engage another.

Mentor. He had married Medesicaste, Pri-
am's Semiramis also extended her empire far in
daughter. Homer. II. 13. India. The Romans knew littleof the coun-
try,

Imerivum, a placeof Samuium. yet their power was so universally ed,

dread-
Imbros, now Embro, an island of the ^- that the Indians paidhomage by their am- bassadors

gean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samo- to the emjteror Antoniiujs,Trajan,
ihrace, with a small river and town of the he. India is divided into several provinces.
same name. Imbros was governedfor some There is an India extra Gangem, an India ?'//-
time by itsown laws, but afterwards subjectedira Gangem, 'dnd mi lnd\a propria ; but thes^i
to the power of Persia,Athens, Macedonia, divisions are not particularly noticed bythfr
and tlie kingsof Pergamus. It afterwards be- came ancients, who, even in the age of Augustus,
a Roman province. The divinities par- gave the name
ticularly of Indians to the ^.thioplan tions.
na-

worship|"edthere were Ceres and Diod. 1. Strab. 1, kc.

"

Mela, 3, r
"

Mercury. T/iu"ijd. 8. Plin. 4, c. 12. //o- l.-Plin.

"
5, c. 28." Cur/. 8, c. 10." Justin. 1,
"/i*r. //. 13." ^/ra6. 2." Mela, 2, c. l."Ovid. c. 2, 1. 12, c. 7.

frist. 10,v. 18. Indibius, a princessof Spain,betrothrt^

41 to Albutius.
 IN 10
Ind^gktes,a name givento those deities and theircountrybecame a province,where
who were only in some
worshipped particular
the modern and Pavia
towns of Milan
were

places,
or who become
were gods from men, built. Strab. 5." Tacit, ^nn. 11, c. 23." P/in.
as Hercules, Bacchus, "c. Some derive the 3, c. n."Liv. 5, c. S4."Ptol. 3, c. 1.
word from inde 4^geniti, born at the same Intaphernes, one of the seven Persian
place where they received their worship.noblemen who conspired against Smerdis,who
riVg.G. 1, v. 498." Ovid. Met. 14,v. 608. usurpedthe crown of Persia. He was so appointed
dis-
Indigeti, a people of Spain. for not obtaining the crown, that he
Indus, now Sinde, a largeriver of Asia, fomented seditions againstDarius,who had
from which the adjacent country has received been raised to the throne after the death of the
the name of India. It falls into the Indian usurper. When the king had ordered him
ocean by two mouths. Accordingto Plato, it and all his familyto be put to death,his wife,
was largerthan the Nile ; and Plinysays that by frequently the palace,excited the
visiting
19 rivers dischargethemselves into it,before compassionof Darius,who pardoned her,and
it fallsinto the sea. Cic. JY. D. 2, c. 52." permittedher to redeem from death any one
"Strab. 15." Curt, 8, c.9."Diod.2."Ovid. of her relations whom she pleased. She ob-
tained
Fast. 3, v. 720." P/w. 6, c. 20. A river of
her brother ; and when the king ex-
pressed

Caria. Liv. 38, c. 14. his astonishment, because she prefer-

red
Indutiomarus, a Gaul conquered by him to her husband and children,she re- plied,

Caesar, kc. CcBsar. B. G. that she could procure another husband,

Inferum mare, the Tuscan sea. and children likewise;but that she could ne-ver

Ino, a daughterof Cadmus and Harmonia, have another brother, as her father and
who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas, mother were dead. Intapherneswas put to
king of Thebes, after he had divorced Ne- death. Herodot. 3.
phele,by whom he had two children,Phryxus Intemelium, a town at the west of Ligu-
and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta ria,on the sea-shore. Cic. Div. 8, c. 14.
and Learchus,and soon conceived an implaca-
ble Interamna, an ancient city of Umbria,
hatred againstthe children of Nephele, the birth placeof the historian Tacitus, and
because they were to ascend the throne in of the emperor of the same name. It is situ-
ate
preference
to her own. and Helle
Phryxus between two branches of the Nar, (inter:
were informed of Ino's machinations,and they amnes) whence its name. Varro. L. L. 4, c.
escapedto Colchis on a golden ram, [Vid. 5. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 64. " A colony on the
Phryxus.] Juno, jealousof Ino's prosperity,confines of Samnium, on the Liris.
resolved disturb her peace ; and more
to Intercatia, a town of Spain.
particularly,because she was of the descend-
ants Interrex, a supreme magistrate at Rome,
of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisi- who was intrusted with the care of the govern-
ment
phone was sent by ovdev of the goddess to afterthe death of a king,till the elec-
tion
the house of Athamas ; and she filledthe whole of another. This office was exercised by
palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking the senators alone, and none continued in
Ino to be lioness,and her children whelps, power longerthan five days, or, accordingto
a

pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus Plutarch,only 12 hours. The first interrex
againsta wall. Ino escapedfrom furyof mentioned in Roman history,
the is afterthe death
her husband, and from a high rock
she threw of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled
herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her with the Sabines concerningthe choice of a
arms. The gods pitied her fate,and Neptune king. There was sometimes an interrex dur-
ing
made her a sea deity,which was afterwards the consular government ; but this hap- pened
called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a only to hold assemblies in the absence
sea god, known by the name of Pala^mon. of the magistrates, or when the election of
Homer. Od. 5. Cic. Tusc. de A'ut. D.S,c.
any of the actingofficers was disputed, Liv.
"

48." Plut. Sipnp.5." Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13, 1, c. 17. Dionys. 2, c. 15.
"

";c. Pans. 1,2, ",c. Jipotlod. 2, c. A."Hy- Inui castrum. [Vid. Castrum Inui.] It
gin.fab. 12, 14, and 15. received its name from Inuus, a divinity posed
sup-
Inoa, festivalsin memory of Ino, celebrated to be the same as the Faunus of the
yearlywith sportsand sacrifices at Corinth. Latins,and worshippedin this city.
An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to Invcus,a cityof Sicily.Herodot.
Ino at Megara,where she was firstAvorship- Id,daughterof Inachus, or, according to
ped, under the name of Leucothoe. ther
Ano- others,of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess to
in Laconia, in honour of the same. It .luno at Argos. Jupiterbecame enamoured
usual at the celebration to throw cakes of of her of his intrigues, covered
dis-
was
; baitJuno, jealous
ilour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were the objectof his affection,and sur- prised

presages of prosperity ; but if they swam on him in the company of lo, though he
the surface of the waters, theywere cious had shrouded himself in all the obscurityof
inauspi-
and very unlucky. clouds and thick mists. his
Jupiterchanged
Inous, a patronymicgiven to the god Pa- mistress into a beautiful heifer ; and the god-
dess,
leemon, as son of Ino. Virg.JEa. 5, v. 823. who well knew the fraud,obtained from
Inopus, a river of Delos, which tlieinha-
bitantsher husband the animal,whose beauty she had
suppose to be the Nile,coming from condescended to commend, .luno command-
ed
Egypt under the sea. near It
its banks
was the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the
thatApolloand Diana born. PLia. 2, c. heifer;
were but Jupiter,anxious for the situation
103." F/acc. 5, v. \Qb." Strab. 6." Pans. 2, c. 4. of lo,sent Mercury to destroyArgus, and to
lNsi;BRES, the inhabitants of Insubvia,a restore her to liberty. [Vid. Argus.] lo,
country near the Po, supposedto be of Gallic freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now

origin.They were conqueredby the Romans, presecutedby Juno ; who sent one of the
 10 10
furies,or rather a malicious insect, to toi*ment Phocis,where lovei'sused to go and bind them"
her. She wandered over the greatest part of selves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity,
the earth,and crossed over the sea, tillat last consideringthe place as sacred to love and
she stoppedon the banks of the Nile, still friendship. According to Diodorus and Pau-
exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno's sanias,lolas died and was buried in Sardinia,
insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore where he had gone to make a settlement at
her to her ancient form ; and when the god the head of the sons of Hercules by the fifty
had changed her from a heifer into a woman, daughters of Thespius. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 399.
she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards Apollod.
"
2, c. 4. Paus. 10,c. 17.
" A com-
piler
she married Telagonus king of Egypt, or of a Phoenician history. A friend of
Osiris, accordingto others,and she treated iEneas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian wars.
her subjectswith such mildness and humani-
ty, Virg.JEn. 1 1, v. 640. A son of Antipater,
that,afterdeath, she received divine hon-
ours, cup-bearerto Alexander. Plut.
and was worshippedunder the name of loLcnos,a town, of Magnesiaabove Deme-
Isis. Accordingto Herodotus,lo was carried trias,where Jason was hoi-n. It was founded
away by Phoenician merchants, who wished by Cretheus, son of .^olus and Enaretta.
to make reprisals for Europa,who had been Mela mentions it as at some distance from the
stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose sea, thoughall the other ancient geogi*aphers
that lo never came to Egypt. She is some- times place it on the sea shore. Paus. 4, c, 2. "

called Phoronis,from her brother Pho- Apollod.1, c.Q."StTah.S."Mela, % c. 3."

roneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 748. " Paus. 1, c. Lucan, 3, v. 192.
25, 1. 3, c. 18. Moschus. Apollod.
" "
2, c. 1."
loLE,a daughterof Eurytus, kingof C!ic]ia-
Virg.Mn. 7, v. 789." Hygin.fab. 145. lia. Her father promised her in man-iageto
loEATES and Jobates, a king of Lycia, Hercules,but he refused to performhis engage- ments,
father of Stenobffia, the wife of Proetu^s, king and lole Avas carried away by force.
of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne [Vid. Eurytus.] It was to extinguish the love
by Bellerophon, to whom she had givenone of of Hercules for lole,that Dejanirasent him
her daughters, called Philonoe, in marriage.the poisonedtunic,which caused his death.
"

[Vid.Bellerophon.] Apollod. 2, c. 2, Hy- [Vid. Hercules

" and Dejanira.] After the
gin fab. 57. death of Hercules, lole married his son Hyl-
loBEs, a son of Hercules by a daughterof lus,by Dejanira.Apollod. 2, c. 7.---Ovid. Met.
Thespius.He diedin his youth."pollod.2,c.7^ 9, v- 279.
JocASTA, a daughterof Menceceus, who Ion, a sonofXuthusandCreusa, daughterof
married Laius,kingof Thebes, by whom she Erechtheus, who married Helice,the daugh-ter
had (Edipus.She afterwards married her son of Selinus,kingof .^giale.He succeeded
(Edipus,without knowing who he was, and on the throne of his father-in-law, and built a
had by him iEteocles, Polynices, ".c. [Vid. city, which he called Helice,on account of his
Laius,GEdipus.]When she discovered that wife. His subjects from him received the
she had married her own son, and had been name'of lonians, and the country that of Ionia.
guilty of incest,she hanged herself in despair. [Vid.lones and Ionia.]Apollod. 1, c. 7. "

She is called Epicasta by some mythologists. Paus. 7, c. l."Strab. 7."Herodot. 7, c. 94, 1.

Stat. Theb. 8, v. 42. "
Senec. and Sophocl. in 8, c. 44, A tragic poet of Chios,whose tra- gedies,
(Edip. Apollod.
"

3, c. 5. Hygin.fab. 66, he.

" when represented at Athens, met with
" Homer. Od. 11. universal applause. He is mentioned and
loLAiA, a festivalat Thebes, the same as greatly commended by Aristophanesand
that called Heracleia. It was Institutedin Athenasus, "c. Mien. 10, he. A native of
honour of Hercules and his friend Tolas, who Ephesus,introduced in Plato's dialoguesas
assisted him in conqueringthe hydra. It con- tinued reasoning witli Socrates.
duringseveral days, on the first of loNE, one of the Nereides.
which were offered solemn sacrifices. The loNEs, a name originally givento the sub-
jects
next day horse races and athletic exercises of Ion,who dwelt at Helice^ In the age
were ex^hibited. The followingday was set of Ion the Athenians made a war against the
apartfor wrestling ; the victors were crowned peopleof Eleusis,and imploredhis aid against
with garlands of myrtle, generally used at fu-neral their enemies. Ion conquered the Eleusin-
solemnities. They were sometimes re- warded ians and Eumolpus, who was at their head;
with tripodsof brass. The place and the Athenians, sensible of his services,in- vited
where the exercises were exhibited was called him to come and settle among them;
lolaion,where there were to be seen the mo-
nument and the more strongly to show their affection,
of Amphitryon, and the cenataphof they assumed the name of lonians. Some
lolas,who was buried in Sardinia. These suppose that, after this victory, Ion passed
monuments were strewed with garlands and into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony.
flowers on the day of the festival. When the Acha^ans were driven from Pelo-
ponnesus
loi.AS or lor.AUs,a .son of Iphiclus, king by the Heraclidic, eightyyears after
of Thessaly,who assisted Hercules in con- quering the Trojan war,, they came to settle among
the hydra,and burnt with a hot iron the lonians, who were then masters of Mgx-
the placewhere the heads had been cut off,alus. They were soon dispossessed of their
to prevent the growth of others. dra.]territoriesby the Acha3aus,and went to Atti-
[Vid. Hy- ca,
He was restored to his youth and vig- our where they met with a cordial reception.
by Hebe, at the requestof his friend Her- cules. Their migrationfrom Greece to Asia Minor
Some time afterwards,lolas assisted about 60 after tha return of the
was years
the Heraclida3 against Eurystheus,and killed B. C. 1044, and
Ileraclida?, aftertlie
80 years
the tyrantwith his own hand. Accordingto departureof the j^:olians ; and theytherefore
VIntarch, lolas had a monument in BfPotia and settled themselves,after a wandering
finally
lifeof about 30 year*:.
 10 IP
IusiA,"acountry of Asia Minoir,bounded JosEPHUs Flavids, a celebrated .few,
the north by JEoWa, on the west by the born in Jerusalem,who his military
ou
signalized
Mgenu and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, abilitiesin
supportinga siegeof forty-seven
and on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. daysagainst
Vespasian and Titos, in a small
It was founded by colonies from Greece, and town of Judaea. When the citysurrendered
particularly Attica, by the lonians,or subjectsthere were not found less than 40,000 Jews
of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, slain,and the number of captives amounted ti"
w hich formed a celebrated confederacy, often 1,200. Josephussaved his lifeby ffying into a
mentioned by the ancients. These twelve cave, where 40 of his had als"
countrymen
states were,Priene, Miletus,Colophon, Cla- taken refuge. He dissuaded them from com- mitting

zomeH"e, Ephesus,Lebedos, Teos, PhocaDa, suicide, and when they had all dravvn
Krythrae, Smyrna, and the capitalsof Samos lots to kill one another, Josephusfortunately
and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a remained the last, and surrendered himself to^
temple,which they called Pan Ionium, from Vespasian.He gainedthe conqueror'sesteem
the concourse of people that
flock there by foretelling that he would become one day
from every part of Ionia. After they had the master of the Roman empire. Josephus
enjoyed for time their freedom and in-
dependence,
some was presentat the siegeof Jerusalem by Ti-
tus,
they were made tributary to the and received all the sacred books whicU
power of Lydia by Cra"8us. The Athenians itcontained from the conqueror's hands. He
assisted them to shake ott'the slavery of the came to Rome with Titus, where he was hon-
Asiatic monarchs ; but they soon forgot their ouied with the name and yuivileges of a Ro-
man
duty and relation to their mother country, citizen. Here he made himself esteemed
and joinedXerxes when he invaded Greece. by the emperors Vespasianand Titus, and
*

They were delivered from the Persian yoke dedicated his time to
study. He wrote the
by Alexander, and restored to their originalhistory of the wars of the Jews, firstin Syriac"
independence. They were reduced by the and afterwards translated itinto Greek. This
Romans under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has
compositionso pleasedTitus,that he authen- ticated
been alwayscelebrated for the salubrity of the it by placing his signature upon it,and
climate, the fruitfulnessof the ground,and by preserving it in one of the public libraries.
the geniusof itsinhabitants. Hcrodot. 1,c. 6 He finished another work, which he divided
and 28. Strab. 14. Mela, 1,c, 2, he. Pans. into the history of
" " "

twenty books, containing

7, c. 1 An ancient name given to Hellas, the Jewish anl'^uities, in some placessubver-
sive
or Achaia, because it was for some time the of the authority and miracles mentioned
residence of the lonians. in the scriptures. He also wrote two books to
Ionium mare, a part of the Mediterra-
nean defend the Jews against Apion, their greatest
sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic,ly- ing enemy ; besides an account of his own life, ".c.
between Sicily and Greece. That part of Josephushas been admired for his livelyand
the ^gean sea which lies on the coasts of animated the bold propriety of his ex-
style, pressions,
Ionia, in Asia,is called the sea of Ionia,and the exactness of his descriptions,
not the Ionian sea. According to some thors, and the
au-
persuasiveeloquenceof his orations.
the Ionian sea receives its name from He has been called the Livy of the Greeks.
lo, who swam across there, after she had Though, in some cases, inimical to the chris-
tians,
been metamorphosed into a heifer. Strab. 1,
yet be has commended our Saviour so
he. Diqnys. Perieg. that St. Jerome calls him a christian
"

warmly,
loPAS,a kingof Africa,among the suitors of writer.
Josephus died A. D. 93, in the 56th
Dido. He excellent musician,poet,
year of his age. The best editions of his works
was an

and philosopher, and he exhibited his superiorare Hudson's,2 vols. fol.Oxon. 1720, and Ha-
abilitiesat the entertainment which Dido gave 2 vols. fol.Amst. 1726, Sueton. in
vercamp's,
10 jEneas. Virg.M.n. 1, v. 744. Vcsp.he.
laPE and JoppA, now Jafa,a famous town JoviANus Flavius Claudius, a native of
of Phojnicia,more ancient than the deluge,Pannonia, elected
emperor of Rome by the
accordingto some traditions. It was about soldiers afterthe death of Julian. He at first
fortymiles from the capital of Judaea, and was refused to be invested with the imperial pur-
ple,
remarkable for a sea-port much frequented, because his subjects followed the religious
thoughvery dangerous, on account of the great
principles of the late emperor ; but theyre- moved
rocks that lie before it. Strab. 16, he. "

his groundlessappreT)ensions.and,when
Propert.2, el. 28, v. 51. A daughterof they assured him that they were warm for
Iphiclesj who married Theseus. Plut. he accepted the crown. He made
Christianity,
loPHON, a son of Sophocles,who accused a disadvantageous
treaty with the Persians,
his father of imprudence in the management
againstwhom Julian was marchingwith a vic- torious
of his affairs,he. Lncian. de Macrob. A Jovian died seven months and
army.
poet of Gnossus, in Crete. Paus. 1, c. 34. twenty daysafterhis ascension, and was found
JoRDANEs, a river of Judaea, illustrious in his bed suffocated by the
vapours of char-
coal,
in sacred history.It rises near mount Liba- which had been lighted in his room, A. D.
nus, and after runningthroughthe lake Sa- 364. attribute his death to intempe-
Some rance,
raachonites,and that of Tiberias, it falls,after and say that he was the son of a baker.
a course of 150 miles, into the Dead sea. He burned a celebrated library at Antioch.
Slrab. l(n. MarctUin.
JoRNANDEs, an historianwho wrote on the of Prcetus, kingof
IrniANAssA, a daughter
Goths. He
died A. D. 552.
Argos,who, with her sisters Iphinoeand Ly-
los, now Aio, an island in the Myrtoan sea, Vid.Ptai.WAes.
sippe,ridiculed Juno, he.
at the south of iSaxos, celebrated, as some The wife of Ejidymion.
say,
for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of hik
JrniLi.cs,or Iphicles, a son ef Amphi-
xiiuLlicr.Pliii.4, c. 12.
 IP IP

tryonand Alctnena,borii at
same birth took the knife in his hand, and, as he waa
the
withHercules. As these
children were
two goingto strike the fatalblow, Iphigenia sud-
denly
togetherin the cradle,Juno, jealousof cules,
Her- disappeared, and a goat of uncoramoa
sent two largeserpentsto destroyhim. size and beautywas found in her placefor the
At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed sacrifice. This supernatural changeanimated
the house ; but Hercules, though not a year the Greeks, the wind suddenly became fa- vourable,
old, boldlyseized them, one in each hand, and the combined fleetset sailfrom
and squeezedthem to death. ApoUod. 2, c. Aulis. Iphigenia's innocence had raised the
4." Theocrit. 'A kingof Phylace, in Phthio- compassionof the goddesson whose altar she
tis,son of Phylacusand Clymene. He had was goingto be sacrificed, and she carried
bulls famous for their bigness,and the mon-
ster herto Taurica, where she intrusted her with
which keptthem. Melampus, at the re-
quest the care of her temple. In this sacred office
of his brother,[Fid.Melampus] attempt-
ed Iphigenia was obliged,by the command of
to steal them away, but he was caughtin Diana, to sacrifice all the strangerswhich
the fact,and imprisoned.Iphiclussoon ceived came
re- into that country. Many had already
some advantagesfrom the propheticalbeen offered as victims on the bloody altar,
knowledge of his prisoner, and not only re- stored when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica.
him to liberty, but also presented him Their mutual and unparalleledfriendship,
with the oxen. Iphiclus, who was childless,[Fi(i. Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphi-
genia
learned from the soothsayer how to become a that one of the strangers whom she was
father. He had married Automedusa, and goingto sacrifice was her brother ; and, upon
afterwards a daughterof Creon, kingof The- bes. this, she conspired with the two friends to
He was father to Podarce and Protesi- flyfrom the barbarous country, and carry
laus. Homer. Od. 11,//. 13." ,^pollod. 1, c. 9. away the statue of the goddess. They suc- cessfully

"Pans. 4, c. 36. A son of Thestius,king effected their enterprise, and mur-

dered

of Pleuron. Apollod. 2, c. 1. Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifi- ces.

Iphicrates, a celebrated general of Athena, Accordingto some authors,the Iphigenia
w^ho, though son of a shoemaker, rose from who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter
the lowest station to the highestoffices in the of Agamemnon, but a daughterof Helen by
state. He made war againstthe Thracians, Theseus. Homer does not speakof the sacri-fice
obtained some victories over the Spartans, of Iphigenia, though very minute in the
and assisted the Persian king against Egypt. description of the Grecian forces,adventures,
He changed the dress and arms of his sol-
diers, "c. The statue of Diana, which Iphigenia
and rendered them more alert and ex- broughtaway, was afterwards placedin the
peditious

in using their w-eapons. He marri-

ed grove of Aricia in Italy.Paus. 2, c. 22, 1.3,
a daughter of Cotys,king of Thrace, by c. \Q."Ovid. Met. 12, v. 3\."Virg.JEn. 2, v.
whom he had a son called Mnestheus, and 1 IG.
"

JEschyl.Euripid.
"

died 380 B. C. When he was once ed

reproach- IpHiMEDiA, a daughter of Triopas,who
of the meanness of his origin, he observed, married the giantAlceus. She fled from her
that he would be the firstof his family,but husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephial-
that his detractor would be the lastof his own. tes, by Neptune, her father's father. Homer.
C. J^tp.in Iphic. A sculptor of Athens Od. 11, V. 124." Paw*. 9, c. 22." "pollod.
An Athenian, sent to Darius the third, king of 1, c. 7.
Persia,"c. Cur^3, c. 13. Iphimedon, a son of Eurystheus,killed
IpniDAAius, aof Antenor
son and Theano, in a w^ar againstthe Athenians and Heracli-
killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11. dst. ApoUod.
Ipiuoemia, a Thessalian woman, ravished IpHijiKDusA, one of the daughters of Dana-
by the Naxians, he. us, who married Euchenor. Vid. Danaides.
Iphigknia, a daughterof Agamemnon and Iphinok, one of the principal women of
Clytemnestra.When the Greeks, going to Lemnos, who conspiredto destroyall the
the Trojan war, were detained by contrary males of the island after their return from a
winds at Aulis,they were informed by one Thraeian expedition. Flacc. 2, v. 163.
of the soothsayers,
that,to appease gods, One of the daughters
the of Proitus. She died of
they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon's a disease while under the care of Melampus.
daughter,to Diana. [Vid. Agamemnon.] Fid. Prffitides.
The father,who had provokedthe goddessby IpHiNous, one of the centaurs. Ovid.
killing her favourite stag,heard this with the Iphis, son of Alector, succeeded his father
greatesthorror and indignation, and rather on the throne of Argos. He advised Polyni-
than to shed the blood of his daughter,he ces, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the
commanded one of his heralds, as chief of Theban war, to bribe his wife Erij)hyle, by
the Grecian forces,to order all the assembly giving her the goldencollarof Harmonia. This
to departeach to his respective home. ses succeeded,and Eriphyle
Ulys- betrayedher husband.
and the other generals interfered,and Aga- Apollod.
memnon 3. Flacc. 1,3, and 7.
" A beautiful
consented to immolate his daughter youth of Salamis, of ignoblebirth. He be- came
for the common cause of Greece. As genia
Iphi- enamoured of Anaxarete, and the cold-
ness
was tei\derly loved by her mother, the and contempt he met with rendered him
Greeks sent for Imm' on pretence of givingher so desperate that he hung himself. Anaxarete
in marriageto Achilles. Clytemnestra gladlysaw him carried to his grave without emotion,
l)ermilted her departine, and Iphigenia came and was instantly changed into a stone. Ovid.
to Aulis : here slie saw the bloody prepara-
tions Md. 14, V. 703. A daughter of Thespius.
for the sacrifice ; she implor";d the for- JlpuUod. A mistress ol Patroclns,given
y;ivcnessand protectionof her father, but him by Achilles. Homtr. II. 9. A daugh-
ter
cars and ejitreaticswere unavailing. Calchas of Ligdusand Tclcthusa, of Crete. Whe-n
 IP IS
Telethusa was pregnant,Ligdusordered her Ika, a cityof Messenia, which Agamem-
non
to destroyher child if itproved a daughter, promisedto Achilles,if he would resume
because his poverty could not afford to main- tain his arms to fight against the Trojans. This
an useless charge. The severe orders of placeis famous in history as havingsupported
her hysband alarmed Telethusa, and she would a siege of eleven years against the Lacedcemo-
have obeyed,had not Isis commanded her in nians. Its capture,B. C. 671, put an end to
a dream to spare the lifeof her child. thusa the second Messenian
Tele- war. Horn. II.9,v. 150
broughtforth a daughter,which was and 292." Strah. 7.
givento a nurse, and passedfor a boy under Iren^us, a native of Greece, disciple of
the name of Iphis.Ligduscontinued ignorantPolycarp, and bishopof Lyons in France. He
of the deceit,and, when Iphiswas come to wrote on different subjects ; but, as what re- mains
the years of puberty,her father resolved to is in Latin, some suppose he composed
^ive her in marriageto lanthe, the beautiful in that language,and not in Greek. ments
Frag-
daughterof Telestes. A day to celebrate the of his works in Greek are however served,
pre-
nuptials was appointed, but Telethusa and her which prove that his style was simple,
daughterwere equallyanxious to put off the thoughclear and often animated. His opin-
ions
marriage; and, when all was unavailing, they concerningthe soul are curious. He
implored the assistance of Isis, by whose ad- vice suffered martyrdom,A. D. 202. The best edi-tion
the lifeof Iphishad been preserved. The of his works is that of Grabe^ Oxon. fol.
goddess was moved, she changed the sex of 1702.
Iphis, and, on the morrow, the nuptials were Irene, a daughterof Cratinus the painter.
consummated with the greatestrejoicings. Plin. 35, c. 11. One of the seasons among
Ovid. Met. 9, v. 666, ";c. the Greeks, called by the moderns Hora.
IpHiTioN, an allyof the Trojans,son of Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all
Otryntheusand'Nais, killed by Achilles. Ho- mer. daughters of Jupiter and Themis. JlpoUod.1,
II. 20, V. 382. c. 8.

Iphitus, a son of Eurytus,kingof (Echa- Iresus,a delightful spotin Libya,near Gy- rene,
lia. When his father had promisedhis daugh- ter where Battus fixed his residence. The
lole to him who could overcome him or Egyptianswere once defeated there by the in- habitants
his sons in drawingthe bow, Hercules accept- ed of Gyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 158, he.
the challenge and came off victorious. Eu- rytus Iris,a daughterof Thaumas and Electra,
refused his daughterto the conqueror, one of the Oceanides,messenger of the gods,
observingthat Hercules had killed one of his and more particularly of Juno. Her office
wives in a fury,and that loIe mightperhaps was to cut the thread which seemed to detain
share the same fate. Some time after,Auto- the soul in the body of those that were ing.
expir-
lycusstole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Her-
cules She isthe same as the rainbow,and, from

was suspected of the theft. Iphitus was that circumstance, she is representedwith
sent in quest of the oxen, and, in his search, wings with all the variegatedand beautiful
he met with Hercules,whose good favours he colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting hind
be-
had gained by advising Eurytusto givelole to Juno, ready to execute her commands.
tiie conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in She is likewise described as supplyingthe
seekingthe lost animals; but when he recol- lected clouds with water to delugethe world. Hesiod.
the ingratitude of Eurytus,he killed Thcog.V. 266. "
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 271 and seq.
Iphitus by throwinghim down from the walls 1. 4, V. 481, 1. 10, V. 5S5." Virg. JEn. 4,
ofTirynthus. Homer. Od. 21. JlpoUod.%c. V. 694.
" A river of Asia Minor, risingin
6. A Trojan,who survived the ruin of his Cappadocia,and falling into the Euxine sea.
country,and fled with /Eneas to Italy. Virg.Flacc. 5, v. 121. A river of Pontus.
JEn. 2, v. 340, fcc. A king of Elis,son of Irus, a beggarof Ithaca,who executed the
Praxonides,in the age of Lycurgus. He re- commissions
established of Penelope'ssuitors. When
the Olympic games 338 years after Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar's
their institution by Hercules, or about 884 dress,Irus hindered him from enteringthe
years before the christian era. This epoch is gates, and even challengedhim. Ulysses
famous in chronological history, as every thing brought him to the ground with a blow, and
previousto it seems involved in fabulous ob- draggedhim out of the house. From his po-
scurity. verty
Paterc. 1, c. 3. Pans. 5, c. 4.
"

originates the pi'oveib Iro pmiperior.

Iphthike, a sister of Penelope,who mar- ried Homer. Od. 8, v. land 35. "
Ovid. 2'rist. 3, el.
Eumeliis.^ She appeared,by the power 7, V. 42. A mountain of India.
of Minerva, to her sisterin a dream, to com- fort Is, a small river falling into the Euphrates.
her in the absence of her son Telema- Its waters abound with bitumen. Herodot. 1,
chus. Horn. Od. 4, v. 795. c. 179. A small town on the river of the
Ipsea, the mother of iMedea. Ovid. Heroid. same name. Id. ib.
17, V. 232. IsADAS, a Spartan,who, upon seeingthe
Ipsus, a place of Phrygia,celebrated for Thebans enteringthe city,strippedhimself
a battle which was fought there about 301 naked, and, with a spear and sword, engaged
years before the Christian era, between Anti- the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown
i'onus and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, for his valour. Plut.
Lysimachus, and Cassander. The former led IsjEA,one of the Nereides.
into the held an army of above 70,000foot and IsiEus, an orator of Galchis,in Eubcca,who
10,000 horse,with 15 elephants.The latter's came to Athens, and became there the pupil
ibrces consisted of 64,0"X) infantry, besides of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demos- thenes.
10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed Some suppose that he reformed the
riiariots. Antigonusand his iou were defeated. dissipation
riut.in Dcf:tetr.
and imprudenceof his earlyyears
and temperance, Demosthenes
by frugulity fi
 IS IS
imitated him in preference causeremain,written in Greek, with conciseness and
to Isocrates, be-
he studied force and energy of expres-
sion elegance. The best edition is that of Paris,
rather than floridness of style. Ten of his fol. 1638. A Christian Greek writer,who
sixty-four orations are extant. Juv. 3, v. 74. flourished in the 7th century. He issurnamed
" Flat. "le 10 Oral. Dem. Another Greek Hispalensis. His works have been edited, fol.
orator, who came to Rome A. D. 17. He is de Bruel,Paris 1601.
greatlyrecommended by Plinythe younger, Isis,a celebrated deityof the Egyptians^
who observes, that he always spoke extem- pore, daughter of Saturn and Rhea, accordingto
and wrote with elegance,unlaboured Diodorus of Sicily.Some suppose her to be
ease, and greatcorrectness. the same aslo, who was changed into a cow,
IsAMUs, a river of India. and restored to her human form in Egypt,
IsANDER, a son of Bellerophon,killed in where she taughtagi-iculture, and gov^erned
"he war which his fathei'made against
the So- the peoplewith mildness and equity,for which
lymni. Homer //. 6. reasons she received
divine honours after
IsAPis, a river of Umbria. Lucan. 2, v. death. Accordingto
traditions mention-
ed some

406. by Plutarch,Isis married her brother Osi- ris,

IsAR and IsARA, tlie Isore, a river of Gaul, and was pregnant b^ him even before she
where Fabius routed the Allobroges.It ses ri- had left her mother's womb. These two an-cient

at the east of Savoy, and falls into the deities,as some authors observe,com-
prehended

Rhone near Valence. Plin. 3, c. 4. Lucan.

" all nature and all the gods of the
1, V. 399. Another, called theOyse,which heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus,the
fallsinto the Seine below Paris. Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of the Phry- gians,
IsAR and IsjEus, a river of Vindelicia. the Ceres of Eleusis,the Proserpine
Slrab. 4. of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of
IsARCHUs, an Athenian archon, B. C. 424. the Romans, ".c, Osiris and Isis reignedcon- jointly

IsAURA, (cE,or orum,) the chief town of in Egj'pt, but the rebellion of Typhon,
Isaura. Plin. 5, c. 27. the brother of Osiris,proved fatal to this
IsAURiA, a country of Asia Minor, near sovereign.[Vid.Osiris and Typhon] The
mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and
and warlike. The Roman emperors, particu-
larly Isis, because these deities, while on earth,had
Probus and Gallus, made war againstdiligently appliedthemselves in cultivating the
them and conquered them. Flor. 3, c. 6. earth.
"
[Vid.Apis.] As Isis was supposed
Slrab." Cic. 15. Fam. 2. to be the moon and Osiris the sun, she was
IsADRicus, a surname of P. Servilius,from represented as holding a globein her hand,
his conquests over the Tsaurians. Ovid. 1. with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyp-
tians
Fa^. 594." Cic. 6, Mt. 21. believed that the yearlyand regular inun-
dations
IsuARus, a river of Umbria, falling into the of the Nile proceededfrom the abund-
ant
Adriatic. Another in Magna Graecia. Lu- can. tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris,
2, v. 406. whom Typhon bad basely murdered. The
IscHENiA, an festival at Olympia, word Isis,
annual accordingto some, signifies ancientf
in honour of Ischenus, the grandsonof Mer-
cury and, on that account, the inscriptions on the
and Hierea, who, in a time of famine, statues of the goddess were often in these
devoted himself for his country,and was oured words : / am all that has been, that shall bet
hon-
with a monument near Olympia. and none among mortals has hitherto taken off
IscHOLAUS, a brave and prudent generalmy veil. The worshipof Isiswas universal in
of Sparta, he. Polycen.. Egypt ; the priests were obligedto observe
IscHOMACHUs, a uoble athlete of Crotona, perpetualchastity, their head was closely
about the consulship of M. Valerius and P. shaved, and they always walked barefooted,
Posthumius. and clothed themselves in linen garments.They
IscHOPOLis, a town of Pontus. never eat onions,they abstained from saltwith
IsciA. Vid. (Enotrides. their meat, and were forbidden to eat the flesh
IsDEGERDF.s, a king of Persia,appointed,of sheepand of hogs. During the nightthey
by the will of Arcadius, guardianto Theodo- were employed in continual devotion near the
sius the Second. He died in hfe 31st year, statue of the goddess. Cleopatra, the beauti-
ful
A. D. 408. queen of Egypt,was wont to dress herself
IsiA,certain festivals observed in honour of like this goddess,and affected to be called a
Isis,whicli continued nine days. It was usual second Isis. Cic. de Div. 1, Plut. de Isid. "

to carry vessels full of wheat and barley,4" Osirid. Diod. 1. Dionys.Hal. 1. Hero-
" " "

as the goddesswas supposed to be the first dot. 2, c. b9." Lucan. 1, v. 831.

who taughtmankind the use of corn. These IsM.iRus, (IsMARA,plur.)a rugged moun- tain
festivalswere adoptedby the Romans, among of Thrace, covered with vines and olives,
wiioia they soon degeneratedinto licentious-
ness. near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name.
They were abolished by a decree of Itswines are excellent. The word Ismarius is
the senate, A. U. C. G96. They were indiscriminately
troduced
in- used for Thracian. Homer.
again,about 200 years after,by Od.9." Virg.G. 2, v. 37. JEn. 10, v. 351.
'Comiriodiis. A Theban, son of Astacus. A son of
IsiAcuKUM TORTUS, a harbour on the shore Eumolpus. Apollod. A Lydian who companied
ac-

of the Euxin^, near Dacia. i'Encas to Italy,and fought with

IsinoRUs, a native of Charax, in tlie age of great vigouragainstthe Rutuli. Virg.JEn.
Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical 10, v. 139.
treatises, besides a description of Parthia. IsMENE, a daughterof (Edipusand Jocasta,
A discipleof Chrysostom, called Pelusiota,who, when hersi.ster Antigonehad been con-
demned

om in Egypt. Of his epistles

his living 2012 to be bTiriod aliveby Creon, for giv-
 IS IS

ing burial to her brother Polynicesagainst the about 338 years before Christ, Isocrates he?
tyrant'spositiveorders, declared herself as alwaysbeen much admired for the sweetness
guiltyas her sister,and insisted upon being and graceful simplicity of his style, for the
equallypunishedwith her. This instance of harmony of his expressions, and the dignity of
generosity was strongly opposedby Antigone,his language. The remains of his orations ex- tant

who wished not to see her sister involved in inspire the world with the highestvene- ration

her calamities. Sophocl. in Antig. Jlpollod. 3, " for his abilities,as a moralist, an orator,
c. 5. A daughterof the river Asopus, who and, above all,as a man. His merit, how-
ever,
married the hundred-eyed Argos,by whom is lessened by those who accuse him of
she had Jasus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. plagiarismfrom the works of Thucydides,
IsMENTAs,a celebrated musician of Thebes. Lysias,and others, seen particularly in his
When he was taken prisoner l)ythe Scythi-
ans, panegyric. He was so studious of correctness
Atheas,the kingof the country, observ-
ed, that his lines are sometimes poetry. The
that he liked the music of Ismenias better severe conduct of the Athenians againstSo-crates
than the brayingof aji ass. Pint, in Apoph. highlydispleased him, and, in sphe of
A Tbeban, bribed by Timocrates of all the undeserved impopularity of that great
Rhodes, that he mightuse his influence to pre-vent philosopher, he put on mourning tlie day of
the Athenians and some other Grecian his death. About 31 of his orations are tant,
ex-

statesfrom assisting
Laceda:mon, againstwhich Isocrates was honoured after death with
Xerxes was engaged in a war. Paus. 3, c. 9. a brazen statue by Tiraotheus, one of his
Theban
A general,sent to Persia with an and Aphareus,his adopted son.
pupils, The
embassy by his countrymen. As none were best editions of Isocrates are that of Battle,2
admitted into the king's tratingvols. 8vo. Cantab. 1729, and that of Auger, 3
presence without pros-
themselves at his feet,Ismenias had vols. 8vo. Paris, 1782. Pint, de 10 Orat. kc"
recourse to artifice to a^")id doing an action Cic. Orat. 20 de Jnv. 2, c. 126. in Brut. c. 15.
which would prove disgraceful to his coun-
try. de Orat. 2, c. 6." Qum/t7. 2, Uc."Pattrc. 1,
When he was introduced he droppedhis c. 16. One of the officers of the Pelopon-
ring,and the motion he made to recover it nesian fleet, "c. Thucyd. One of the dis-
ciples
from the ground was mistaken for the most of Isocrates. A rhetorician of Syria^
submissive homage, and Ismenias had a satis- factoryenemy to the Romans, he.
audience of the monarch. A river IssA, now Lissa,an island in the Adriatic
of Bceotia, falling into the Euripus,where sea, on the coast of Dalmatia. A town of
Apollohad a temple,from which he was called Illyricum. Melaf 2, c. 7. Strab. 1, he. " "

Ismenius. A youth was yearlychosen by the Marcell. 26, c. 25.

Boeotians to be the priest of the god,an office IssE, a daughterof Macareus, the son of
to which Hercules was once appointed. Paus. Lycaon. She was beloved by Ajrollo,who to
9, c. 10." Ovid. Met. 2."Strab. 9. obtain her confidence changed himself into
IsMENiDES, an epithetappliedto the The- ban (he form of a shepherdto whom she was tached.
at-

women, as beingnear the Ismenus, a river This metamorphosisof Apollowas

of Bceotia. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 31. representedon the web of Arachne. Ovid.
IsMF.Nius, a surname of Apollo,at Thebes, Met. 6, V. 124.
where he had a temple on the borders of the Issus,now
Aisse,a town of Cilicia, on the
Ismenus. confines of Syria,famous for a battle fought
Ismenus,a son of Apolloand Melia, one of there between Alexander the Great and the
the Nereides,who gave his name to the La- Persians under Darius their king,in October,
don, a river of Bceotia,near Thebes, falling B. C. 333, in consequence of which itwas ed
call-
into the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. Nicopolis.In this battle the Persians lost,
Paus. 9, c. 10. A son tope. in the field of battle,100,000 foot and 10,000
of Asopus and Me-
Apollod.S, c. 12. A son of Amphion horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot
and Niobe, killed by Apollo. Id. 3, c. 5. and 150 horse, accordingto Diodorus
"
Sicu-
Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. lus. The Persian army, accordingto Justin,
Isoc RATES, a celebrated orator, son of consisted of40(.M"00 foot and 100,(K)0horse,
Theodorus, a rich musical instrument maker and 61,(X)0 of the former and 10,000 of the
at Athens. He was taughtin the schools of latter, were left dead on (he spot, and 40,000
Gorgiasand Prodicus, but his oratorical abi- lities
were taken prisoners.The loss of the Ma- cedonians,
were never displayedin public,and as he farther adds, was no more

I."K)crates was f)revented by an unconquerablethan 130 foot and 150 horse. According to
timidity from speakingin the popularassem- blies. Curtius,the Persians slain amounted to 100;000
He opened a school of eloquenceal foot andlO,000 horse;andlhoseof Alexander
Atliens,where he distinguished himself by the to 32 foot, and 150 horse killed,and 504
number, character,and fame of his pupils,wounded. This spot is likewise famous for
and by the immense riches which he amassed. the defeat of Niger by Severus, A. D. 194. J

He was intimate with Philipof Macedon, and Pint, in Alex. "Justin 11, c. 9." Curt. 3, r. |
regularly correspondedwith him ; and to his l."Arrian.-Diod. n."Cic. 6, Atl. 20. Fam.
familiarity with that monarch the Athenians 2, ep. 10.
Mere indebted for some of the few peaceful IsTER and IsTRus,an historian, disciple tf"
years which theypassed. The aspiring am-
bition Calimachus. Diug. A largeriver of Eu-rope,
of Philip,however, displeased Isocrates, falling into the Euxine sea, called also
and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronasa the Danube. [Vid. Danubius.] A son of
had such an etlect upon his spirit', that he did yEgyptus. Apollod.
not survive the disgraceof his i^otinfiy, but IsTHMiA, sacred games among the Greeks,
ilied, afterhe had been four day^ a tak- which received their name from the isthmus of
in"r Mriv^ nlirnrrif. in the 99tli vca. ul liii age, Corinth,where they were observed. Thev
 IT IT
%vere celebrated in commemoration of Me- 1in that part of Europe. The boundaries of
licerta,who was changed into a sea deity,|Italyappearedto have been formed by nature
when his mother
Ino had thrown herself into itself, which seems to have been particularly
the sea with him
in her arms. The body of 1careful in supplyingthis country with what-
Melicerta,accordingto some traditions,
when ever may contribute not only to the support,
cast upon the sea-shore,received an honour-
able but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life.
burial,in memory of which the Isthmian It has been called the gardenof Europe ; and
games were instituted, B. C. 132d. They the panegyricswhich Pliny bestows upon it
were interrupted after they had been cele-
brated seem not in any degreeexaggerated.The an- cient
with great regularityduring some inhabitants called themselves Aborigines ,

years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them offspring of the soil, and the country was soon,
in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly led after peopledby colonies from Greece.
cal- The
his father. These games were observed Pelasgiand the Arcadians made settlements
every third,or rather fifthyear, and held so there,and the whole country was divided into
sacred and inviolable,that even a public as many different governments as there were
calamity could not prevent the celebration. towns, tillthe rapid increase of the Roman
When Corinth was destroyedby Mummius, power [Hrf. Roma] changed the face of Italy,
the Roman general, they were observed with and united all its states in support of one
the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were common cause. Italyhas been the mother of
intrusted with the superintendence, which arts as well as of arms, and the immortal
had been before one of the privileges of the monuments which remain of the eloquence
ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind and poeticalabilities of its inhabitants are
were exhibited,and the victors were reward- ed universally known. It was divided into ele-
ven
with garlands of pine leaves. Sometime small provinces or regionsby Augustus,

afterthe custom was changed, and the victor though sometimes known under the three
received a crown of diy and withered parsley. greaterdivisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy perly
pro-
The years were reckoned by the celebration so called,and Magna Grecia. The sea
of the Isthmian games, as among mans above
the Ro- was called Superum, and that at the
from the consular government. Paus. south Inferum. Plol. 3, c. 1. Dionys.Hat. "

1, c. 44, 1.2, c. 1 and 2." P/m. 4, c. b."Plut. Diod. 4. Justin. 4, fee. C. Kep. in Dion.
" "
"

in Thes. Mcib. he. Liv. 1, c. 2, he.

" Varro de R, "

IsTHMics, a king of Messenia, ".c. Paus. R. 2, c. 1 and 5."Virg. ^n. 1, hc."Polyb.

4, c. 3. 2."Flor. 2."JElian. V. H. 1, c. \Q." Lucan.
Isthmus, a small neck of land which 2, V. 397, he." Plin. 3, c. 5 and 8.
joinsone country to another, and prevents Italica, a town of Italy,called also Cor-
the sea from making them separate,such as finium. A town of Spain, now Sevilla la
that oi Corinth, called often the Isthmus by Vitja, built by Scipiofor the accommodation
way of eminence, which joinsPeloponnesus of his wounded soldiers. Gdl. 16, c. 13. " "

to Greece. Nero attemptedto cut it across, Appian Hisp.

and make a communication between the two Italicus,a poet. Vid. Silius.
seas, but in vain. It is now called Hexamili. Italus, a son of Telegonus. Hygin. fab.
Strab. 1. Mela, 2,c. 2. Plin. 4, c. 4. Lucan.
"
" " Arcadian
127. An prince,who came to
1, V. 101. where
he established a kingdom, called
Italy,
IsTi^oTis,a country of Greece, near Ossa. after him. It is supposed that he received
Vid. Histiseotis. divine honours after death,as iEneas calls up-
on
IsTRiA,a provinceat the west of Illyricum, him amongthe deities to whom he paidhis
at the top of fhe Adriatic sea, whose tants
inhabi- adoration when he entered Italy. Virg.^n.
were originally pirates,and lived on 7,V. 178. A princewhose daughterRoma,
plunder. They were not subjected to Rome by his wife Leucaria,is said to have married
till six centuries after the foundation of that ^neas or Ascanius. Plut. in Rom. A king
city. Strah. l."Mela, 2, c. 3."Liv. 10, ",c. of the Cherusci, ".c. Tadt. Ann. 1, c. 16.
"Plin. 3, c. 19." Justin. 9, c. 2. Itargris, a river of Germany.
IsTROPOMs, a city of Thrace, near the Itea, a daughterof Danaus. Hygin. fab.
mouth of the Ister, founded by a Milesian ony.
col- 170.
Plin. 4, c. 11. Itemales, an old man who exposed
Isus and Antiphus, sons of Priam, the (Edipus on mount Cithseron, he. Hygin.
latter by Hecuba, and the former by a concu-
bine. fab. 65.
They were seized by Achilles,as they a celebrated
Ithaca, island in the Ionian
fed their father's flocks om mount Ida; they sea, on the western parts of Greece, with a
were redeemed by Priam, and fought againstcityof the same name, famous for beingpart
^he Greeks. They were both killed by Aga- of the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky
memnon.
Homer. II.11. A cityof Rceotia. and mountainous, measures about 25 miles
Strab. 9. in circumference, and is now known by the
Italia, a celebrated country of Europe, name of Isola del Compare, or Thiuchi. mer.
Ho-
bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene seas, II. 2, V. 139. Od. 1, V. 186, 1. 4, v.
and by the Alpine mountains. It has been 601, 1. 9, V. 20." Strab. 1 and 8, Mela, 2,
compared, and with some similitude,to a c. 7.
man's leg. It has borne, at different periods, IxHACtsiyE, three islands oppositeVibo,
the different namesof Saturnia,(Enotria,Hes- the coast of the Brutii.
on Baiae was led
cal-
iieria,
Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and itreceived also Ithacesia,because built by Bajusthe
!ie name of Italy either from Italus,a king of pilot of Ulysses. Sil.8, v. 540, 1. 12, v. 113.
"lie country, or from Italos,a Greek word Ithobalus, a king of Tyre, who died B.
'
hich signifitjs
an o.x, an animal very common C. 595. Josfphu"
 JU JU
Ithome, a town of Phthiotis, Homer.
IL and conferring upon him the title of king,
% Another of Messenia, which surren-
dered, and making him master of all the territories
after ten years siege,to Lacedaemon, which his lather once possessed.His popu-
larity
724 years before the Christian era. Jupiter was so great, that the Mauritanians
was called Ithomates,from a templewhich he rewarded his benevolence by making him
had there,where games were also celebrated,one of their gods. The Athenians raised
and thes conqueror rewarded with an oaken him a statue, and the ^Ethiopians worshipped
crown. Pans. 4, c. 32." Slat. Theh. 4, v. 179. him as a deity. Juba wrote an historyof
"Strab.8. Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and
Ithomaia, a festival in whicli musicians commended by the ancients,but of which only
contended, observed at Ithome, in honour of a few
fragments remain. He on also wrote
who
Jupiter, had been nursed by the nymphs the history of Arabia, and the antiquities of
Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave Assyria,chiefly collected from Berosus. sides
Be-
her name to a city,and the latter to a river. these,he composed some treatises upon
Ithyphallus, an obscene name of Priapus.the drama, Roman antiquities,the nature of
Columell. 10." Diod. 1. animals, painting,grammar, ".c. now lost.
Itius Porutus, a town of Gaul, now Wet- Strab. 17." Suet, in Cal. 2Q."Plin. 5, c. 25
sand, or Boulogne in Picardy. Caesar set sail and 32. Dion. 51, "ic. "

from thence his passage into Britain. Cors.

on JuDAciLius, a native of Asculem, brated
cele-
G.4, c. 21,1.5, c. 2 and 5. in the age of Pom-
for his patriotism, pey,
Itonia, a surname of Minerva, from a place "c.
in Boeotia,where she was worshipped. JuD^A, a famous country of Syria,bound-
ed
Itonus, a king of Thessaly,son of Deuca-
lion, by Arabia,Egypt, Phoenicia,the ranean
Mediter-
who firstinvented the manner of polish-
ing sea, and part of Syria. The tants,
inhabi-
metals. Lucan. 6, v. 402. whose historyis best collected from the
Itdna, a river of Britain,now Eden in Holy Scriptures,
were governed,after
chiefly
Cumberland. the Babylonish captivity,by the highpriests,
IxuuiEA, a country of Palestine,whose in-
habitants
who raised themselves to the rank of princes,
were in drawingthe bow.
very skilful B. C. 153, and continued in the enjoyment of
Lucan. 7, v. 230 and 514." Firg.G. 2, v. 448. regalpower tillthe age of Augustus. Plut.
"Strab. 17. de Osir. " Strab. 16. " Dion. 36. " Tacit. Hist.
IxtjRUM,a town of Umbria. 5, c. 6. Lucan. 2, v. 693. "

ItyliJs,a son of Zetheus and ^don, killed JuGALis, a surname of Juno, because she
by his mother. [Vid.ui^don.]Homer. Od. presidedover marriage. Festiis.de V. Sig.
19,v. 462. JuGANTEs, a peopleof Britain. Tacit. Ann.
IxYRJEi,a peopleof Palestine. Vid. Ituraea, 12,c. 32.
Itys, a son of Tereus king of Thrace, by JuGARius, a street in Rome below the
Procne, a daughter of Pandion, kingof Athens. capitol.
He was killed by his mother when he was JuGURTHA, the illegitimate son of Mana-
about six years old, and served up as meat fore stabal,the brother of Micipsa. Micipsaand
be-
his father. He was changedinto a pheas-
ant, Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa, king
his mother into a swallow, and his father ofNumidia. Micipsa, who had inherited his
into owl.
an [Vid.Philomela.] Ovid. Met. father's kingdom,educated his nephew with
6, V. 620. Amor. 2, el. 14, v. 29."Harat. 4, his two sons Adherbal and
Hiempsal; but as
od. 12. A Trojan, who came to Italywith he was of an aspiring he sent him
disposition,
iEneas,and was killedby Turnus. Virg.JEn. body of troops to the assistance of
with a
9, V. 574. Scipio, who was besieging hoping
IS'uraantia,
JuBA, a king of Numidla and Mauritania, to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to
who succeeded his father Hiempsal,and fa-
voured
threaten the tranquillity of his children.
the cause of Pompey againstJ. Caj- His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed
sar. He defeated Curio, whom Cajsar had
himself brave and active,and endeared self
him-
sent to Africa,and after the battle of Phar-
to the Roman general. Micipsa ap- pointed
salia he joined his forces to those of Scipio. him successor to his kingdomwith
He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, his two sons, but the kindness of the father
and totally abandoned by his subjects.He l)roved fatal to the children. Jugurtha de- stroyed
killed himself with Petreius,who had shared Hiempsal,and stripped Adheibal of
his good fortune and his adversity. His his possession, and obliged him to flyto
kingdom became a Roman province, of Rome for safety.The Romans listened to
which Sallust was the firstgovernor. Flat, the well-grounded complaintsof Adherbal,but
in Pomp. ^ C'ces. Flor. 4, c. 12. Suet, in Jugurtha's
"
"

gold prevailedamong the sena-

tors,

C(Es. c. 35. Dion. 41. Afela,1,c. 6. Lucan.

"
"
"

and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in

3, kc."CcEsar. de Bell. Civ. 2."Paterc. 2, c. his distress, perishedby the snares of his ene- my.

64. The second of that name was the son Ca^^ciliusMetellus was at last sent against
of Juba the First. He was led among the Jugurtha, and his firmness and success soon duced
re-

captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to
Ceesar. His cajjtivity was the source of the llyamong his savage neighboursfor support.
to study Marius
greatesthonours, and his application and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and
him
procured more he could have
glorythan fought with equal success. Jugurthawas at
obt"uned from the inheritance of a kingdom. last betrayedby his father-in-law Bocchus,
He gainedthe heart of the Romans by the from whom he claimed assistance,and he wa?
courteousness of his manners, and Augustus delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carry-
ing
rewarded his fidelity by givinghim in mar-
riage on a war of five years. He was exposedto
Cleopatra, of Antony,'
the 'daughter the view of the Roman and draggedin
people,,
 JU JIJ
chains to adorn tbetriumph of Marius. He libertini,or children of those that had been
was where
afterwards put in a prison, he died liberti,
or servants manumitted. Horace ludes
al-
six days after of hunger, B. C. 106. The to it when he speaksof lex marita. .

name and the of Jugurtha

wars have been im-
mortalized
Another^ de majestate, by J. Ca3sar. It pun-ished
by the pen of Sallust. Sallust. in with aquce ^ ignis interdicHo all such as
Jug."Flor.3, c. l"Paterc. 2, c. 10, "c." were found guiltyof the crimen majestatis, of
Flut. in Mar. and Syll. Eutrop.4,
" c. 3. treason against the state.
Julia lex, prima de provinciis, by J. Julia, a daughterof J. Caesar,by Cor- nelia,
Caesar,A. U. C, 691. It confirmed the free- dom famous for her personalcharms and
of all Greece ; it ordained that the Ro-man for her virtues. She married Corn. Cae-
magistrates should act there as judges,pio,whom her father obligedher to divorce to
and that the towns and villages throughwhich marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable dis- position
the Romanmagistrates and ambassadors passed more strongly cemented the friend-
ship
should maintain them duringtheir stay ; that of the father and of the sonrin-law; but
the governors, at the expiration of theiroffice,her sudden death in child-bed,B. C. 53, broke
should leave a scheme oftheiraccountsintwo all ties of intimacyand relationship, and soon
cities of their province, and deliver a copy of produceda civil war. Pint..
The mother
it at the that the provincial
publictreasury; ofM. Antony,whose humanity is greatly cele-
brated
governors should not acceptof a goldencrown in savingher brother-in-law J. Caisar
unless they were honoured with a triumphby from the cruel prosecutions of her son. An
the senate ; that n". supreme commander aunt of J. Caesar,who married C. Marius.
should go out of his province, nions, Her funeral oratioa was
enter any domi- publicly pronounced
lead an army, or engage in a war, with-
out by her nephew. The only daughterof the
the previous approbation and command of emperor Augustus, remarkable for her beauty,
the Roman senate and people. Another, genius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly
de Sumplibus,m the age of Augustus. It li- mited
loved by her father, who gave her in marriage
the expense of provisions on the dies to Marcellus ; afterwhose death she was en
giv-
profesti,or days appointed for the transaction to Agrippa, by whom she had five children.
of business,to 200 sesterces ; on common cal- She became a second time a widow, and was
endarfestivalsto 300 ; and on all extraordi-
nary married to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and
occasions,such as marriages, births,k,c. debaucheries so disgustedher husband, that
to 1000. Another, de provinciis, by J. Ca;- he retired from the court of the emperor;
sar. Dictator. It ordained,that no pretorianand Augustus,informed of her lustfulpropen-
sities
provinceshould be held more than one year, and infamy,banished her from his sight,
and a consular provincemore than two years. and confined her in a small island on the coast
Another, called also Campana agraria,of Campania. She was starved to death,A.
by the same, A. U. C. 69L It requiredthat D. 14, by order of Tiberius,who had suc-
ceeded

allthe lands of Campania,formerlyrented ac- cording to- Augustus as emperor of Rome.

to the estimation of the state, should Pint. A daughter of the emperor Titus,
be divided among the plebeians,and that all the who prostituted herselfto her brother Domi-
tian.
members of the senate should bind themselves ^A daughter of Julia,the wife of
by an confirm, and
oath to establish, protect, Agrippa,who married Lepidus,and was nished
ba-
that law. by L, J.
Another, de civitate, for her lixientiousness. A daughter
Caesar, A. U. C. 664. It rewarded with the of Germanicus and Agrippina,born in the
name and
privileges of citizens of Rome all island of Lesbos, A. D. 17. She married a se- nator

such as, duringthe civil wars, had remained called M. Vinucius,at the age of 16,and
the constant friends of the republican liberty. enjoyedthe most unbounded favours in the
When that civilwar was at an end, allthe Ital-
ians court of her brother Caligula,who is ac-
cused

were admitted as free denizens,and com-posed of being her firstseducer. She was

eightnew tribes. Another, dcjudici-banished by Caligula, on siispicionof con-

spiracy.

bus,by J. Cassar. It confirmed the Pompeian Claudius recalled her; but she was
law in a certain manner, requiring the judges soon after banislied by the powerful in- trigues
to be chosen from the richest peoplein every of Messalina,and put to death aboufe^
century,allowingthe senators and knightsin the 24th year of her age. She was no

the number, and excluding the tribuni ara- strangerto the debaucheries of the age, and
rii. xVnother, de ambitu, by Augustus. It she prostituted herself as freelyto the mean-
est

restrained the illicitmeasures used at elec-

tions, of the peopleas to the nobler companions
and restored to the comitia theirancient of her brother's extravagance. Seneca, as.

privileges, which had been destroyedby the some suppose, was banished to Corsica for
ambition and briberyof J. Caesar.- ther, havingseduced her.
Ano- A celebrated woman,
by Augustus,de adulterio and pudicitid. born in Phcnnicia. She is also called Domna.
It punishedadultery with death. It was wards She appliedherself to the study,
after- of geometry
confu'med and enforced by Domitian,. and philosophy, and rendered.herselfcon-
",^c. spicuous,

Juvenal. Sat.2, v. 30,alludes to it. Another, as much by her mental as by her per-sonal
called also,Papia, or Papia Popp(Ba,which charms* She came to Rome, where her "

was the same as the following, only enlargedlearning recommended her to all the literati,
by the consuls Papins and Poppaeus, A. U. C. of the age. She married SeptimiusSeverus,
792. Another, (/e maritanJis orditiibus, by who, twenty years afterthis matrimonial con- nexion,

Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as en-

gaged was invested with the imperialpur
in matrimony, of a pai'ticulac tion. pie.Severus was guidedby the prudence arid
descrip-
Itinflicted punishmenton ceUbacy,and advice of Julia, but he was blind to her foibles,
permittedthe patricians, the senators and sons and often punishedwith the greatest severity
of senators excepted,to intermarrywith the those vices which were enormous in the "ful-
 JU 5\J
said to have conspired
met with from
opposition weak and indi-
gent
press. She is even no a

againstthe emperor, but she resolved to blot, enemy ; but the country of Assyriahad
by patronizing literature,the spots which her been desolate by the Persians,and Julian ^
debauchery and extravagance bad rendered without corn or provisions, was obligedto re-
tire.

indelible iu the eyes of virtue. Her influence, As he could not convey his fleet again
after the death of Severus, was for some time over the streams of the Tigris, he took the
productive of tranquillity and cordial union resolution of marching up the sources of the
between his tsvo sons and successors. Geta river,and imitate the bold return of the ten
at last,however, fell a sacrifice to his brother thousand Greeks. As he advanced through the
Caracalla,and Julia was even wounded in the country he defeated the officers of Sapor,the
arm while she attemptedto screen her favour-
ite kingot Persia;but an engagement proved fa- tal
son from his brother's d-agger.According to him, and he received a deadly wound a"

to some, Julia committed incest with her sou he animated his soldiers to battle. He expired
Caracalla, and publiclymarried him. She the following night,the 27th of June, A. D.
starved herself when her ambitious views were 363, in the 32d year of his age. His last mo- ments

defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to tbe em-

pire were spentin a conversation with a phi-
losopher
in preference to her, after the death of about the immortalityof the soul,
Caracalla. A town of Gallia Togata. and he breathed his last without expressing
JuLiAcuMj a town of Germany, now Juliers. the least sorrow for his fate,or the suddenness

JuLiANUs, a son of Julius Constantius,the of his death. Julian's character has been ad- mired
brctlier of Constantine the Great, born at by some, and censured by others,but
Constantinople.The massacre which attend-
ed the malevolence of his enemies arises from
the elevation of the sons of Constantine the his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he
Great to the throne, nearlyproved fatal to demands our warmest commendation ; but we
Julian and to his brother Galius. The two must blame his idolatry, and despise his bigot-
brothers were privatelyeducated together,ted principles. He was moderate in his suc-
cesses,

and taughtthe doctrines of the Christian reli-gion, merciful to his enemies,and amiable in
and exhorted to be modest, temperate, his character. He abolished the luxuries which
and to despisethe gratification of all sensual reignedin the court of Constantinople, ^d
pleasures.Galius received the instruction of dismissed with contempt the numerous officers
bis piousteachers with deference and submis-
sion, which waited upon Constantiu.?, to anoint his
but Julian showed his dislike for Chris-
tianity head or perfumehis body. He was frugal in
by secretly cherishing a desire to be-
come his meals,and slept little,reposinghimself on
one of the votaries of Paganism. He a skin spreadon the ground. He awoke at

gave sufi"cient proofs of this propensity when midnight, and spent the rest of the night in
he went to Athens in the 24lh year of his age, readingor writing, and issued early from his
where himself
he applied to the studyof magic
tent to pay his daily visitsto the guardsaround
and astrology.He was time after ap-
some the camp.
pointed He was not fond of publicamuse-
ments,

over Gaul, with the titleof Caesar,by but rather dedicated his time to study
Constans, and there he showed himself worthy and solitude. When he passedthrough An-
of the imperial dignityby his prudence,va- lour, tioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabitants
and the numerous victories he obtained of the place, offended at his religious ments,
senti-
over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Ger-
many. ridiculed his person, and lampooned
His mildness,as well as his conde-scension,him in satiricalverses. The emperor made
gainedhim the hearts of his soldiers;use of the same arms for his defence,and ra- ther

and when Constans, to whom Julian was come

be- than destroyhis enemies by the sword,
suspected, ordered him to send him part he condescended to expose them to derision,
of his forces to go into the east,the array im- and unveil their folliesand debaucheries in an
mediately
mutinied,and promisedimmortal fi- delity
humorous work, which he called Misopogon,
to their leader,by refusing to obey the or btard hater. He imitated the virtuous ex- ample

orders of Constans. They even compelledJu- lian, of Scipioand Alexander, and laid no
by threats and entreaties, to accept of the temptation for his virtue by visiting some male
fe-
titleof independent emperor and of Augustus; captives that had fallen into his hands,
and the death of Constans, which soon after In his matrimonial connexions, Julian rather
lefthim
happened, sole master of theRoman pire,
em- consulted policythan inclination,and his mar- riage

A. D. 361. Julian then disclosed his reli-

gious with the sisterof Constantius arose from
sentiments, and publicly disavowed the his unwillingness to offend his benefactor, ther
ra-

doctrines of Christianity, and oifered solemn than to obey the laws of nature. He
sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This was buried at Tarsus,and afterwards his body
change of religious opinionwas attributed to was conveyed to Constantinople.He distin- guished
the austerity with which he received the pre- cepts himself by his writings, as well as by
of Christianity, or, according to others, his militarycharacter. Besides his Misopo-
gon,
to the literary conversation and persuasive quence
elo- he wrote the historyof Gaul. He also
of some of the Athenian philosophers. wrote two letters to the Athenians; and be- sides,
From this circumstance, therefore, Julian has there are now extant sixty-four letters
been called Jipostale. After he had made his on various subjects.His Caesars is the most
publicentry at Constantinople, he determined famous of all his compositions, being a satire
to continue the Persian war, and check those upon all the Roman from J. Ceesar
emperors
barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the to Constantine. It is written in the form of a
indolence of the Roman emperors. When he dialogue, in which the author severely attacks
had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet, and the venerable character of M. Aurelius, whom
advanced with boldness into the enemy's coun- try. he had projiosed to himself as a pattern,and
His march was that of a cofiqueror, he speaksin a scurrilous and abusive languageof
 JU JU
his relationConstantine. It has been observed dictator. He died as he was on his
putting
ot Julian,that,like Caesar, he could employ shoes. Celsus, a tribune imprisonedfor
at the same time his hand to write, his ear to conspiring
againstTiberius. Tacit. Aim. 6, c.
listen,his eyes to read, and his mind to dic-
tate. 14. Maximinus, a Thracian, who, from a
The best edition of his works isthat of shepherd,became an emperor of Rome. {^Vid.
Spanheim. fol.Lips.1696; and of the Caesars, Maximinus.]
that of Heusinger, 8vo. Gothae, 1741. Julian. luLus, the name of Ascanius, the son of
"
Sficrat. Eutrop. Ainm.
"
Liban, k.c.
" " JEneas. [Vid.Ascanius.] A son of Asca-nius,
A of Constantine.
son maternal Auncle born in Lavinium. In the succession of
of the emperor Julian. Roman ror.A
empe- the kingdom of Alba, ^neas Sylvius,the son
[Vid.Didius.] A Roman, who pro- of iEneas and Lavinia, was
claimed preferred to him.
himself emperor in Italyduringthe He was, however, made chief priest.Dionys.
reign of Diocletian, fee. A governor of 1. Virg.JEn. 1, V. 271.
" A son of Antony
Africa. A counsellor rian.of the emperor
Ad- the triumvir and Fulvia. {Vid.Antonius Ju- lius.]
A general in Dacia, in Domitian's
reign. JCnia lex Sacrata-,by L. Junius Brutus,
J^Lii,a familyof Alba,broughtto Rome by the firsttribune of the people,A. U. C. 260.
Romulus, where they soon rose to the great-
est It ordained that the person of the tribune
honours of the state. J. Caesar and Au-
gustusshould be held sacred and inviolable ; that
were of this family; and it was from the consuls to
said, an appeal might be made
that
perhaps through flattery, li- the tribune;and that no senator
neally they were should be
descended from .dEneas, the founder of able to exercise the office of a tribune.
Laviniura. Another, A. U. C. 627, which excluded all
JuLioMAGus, a cityof Gaul, now Angersin foreigners from enjoying the privileges or

Anjou. names of Roman citizens.

JuLiopoLis, ato^vn of Bithynia, supposedby JuNL\, a niece of Cato of Utica, who
some to be the same as Tarsus of Cilicia. married Cassius, and died 64 years after her
JuLis, a town of the island of Cos, which husband had killed himself at the battle of

gave birth to Simonides, ":c. The Avails

of Philippi. Calvina,a beautifulRoman lady,
the citywere all marble, and there are now accused of incest with her brother Silanus.
some pieces remaining entire, above 12 feet She was descended from Augustus. She was
in height,as the monuments of its ancient banished by Claudius,and recalled by Nero.
splendour. Plin. 4, c. 12. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4.
Julius Cesar. [Vid. Caesar.] Agri- Junius Blaesus, a proconsul of Africa under
cola, a governor of Britain,A. C. SO, who the emperors. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 35. pus,
Lu-
firstdiscovered that Britain was an island by a senator who accused Vitellius of aspi-
ring
sailing round it. His son-in-law, the historian to the sovereignty, fcc. Tacit. Ann. 12,
Tacitus, has written an account of his life.c. 42. D. Silanus,a Roman who commit-
ted
Tacit in Agric. Obsequens, a Latin writ- adultery with Julia,the grand-daughter of
fer, who flourished A. D. 214. The best edi-
tion Augustus, "c. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 24. tus.
"Bru- "

of his book dt prodigiis is that of Ouden- [Vid.Brutus.]

dorp. 8vo. L. Bat. 1720. S. apra-tor,",c. Juno, a celebrated deityamong the an-
cients,

Cic. ad Her. 2, c. 13. Agrippa,banished daughterof Saturn and Ops. She was
from Rome by Nero, after the discoveryof sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune,Vesta, Ce-
res,
the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. "c. She was born at Argos,or, accord-
ing
71. "Solinus, a writer
'"

"
{Vid.Solinus.] to others,in Samos, and was intrusted to
Titianus,a writer in the age of Diocletian. His the care of the Seasons,or, as Homer and
son became famous for his oratorical po^^ers,Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tethys.Some
and was made preceptorin the familyof Max- of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed,that
iminus. Julius wrote a history of allthe pro-
vincesshe had been brought up by the three daugh-
ters
of the Roman empire,greatlycom-
mended of the river Asterion ; and the peopleof
by the ancients. He also wrote some Stymphalus,in Arcadia, maintained,that she
letters,in which he happilyimitated the stylehad been educated under the care of Temenus,
and eleganceof Cicero,for which he was led the son of Pelasgus. Juno was
cal- devoured by
the ape of his age. Africanus, chro-
Saturn,accordingto some
a mythologists ; and,
nologer,who flourished A. D. 220. accordingto ApoUodorus, she was again re-
Con- stored

stantius,the father of the emperor Julian,was to the world by means of a potionwhich

killed at the accession of the sons of Constan-
tine Metis gave to Saturn, to make him give up
to the throne, and his son nearlyshared the stone which his wife had given him to
his fate. Pollux, a grammarian of Nau- swallow instead of Jupiter.[Vid.Saturnus.]
j)actus,in Egypt. [Vid.Pollux.] Canus, Jupiterwas not insensible to the charms of his
a celebrated Roman, put to death by order of sister ; and the more powerfullyto gain her
Caracalla. He bore the undeserved ment
punish- confidence,he changed himself into a cuckoo,
inflicted on him with the greatestresig-
nation,and raised a great storm, and made' the air
and even pleasure. Proculus,a Ro- man, unusually chill and cold. Under this form he
who solemtdy declared to his country-
men, went to the goddess, all shivering.Jinio
after Romulus had disappeared, that he pitiedthe cuckoo, and took him into her
I'.adseen him above an human shape,and that bosom. When .Jupiter had gainedthese ad-vantages,
he had ordered him to tell the Romans to he resumed his original form, and
honour him as a god. Julius was believed. obtained the gratification of his desires, after
Vial, in Rom." Odd. Florus. [Vid."\o- he had made a solemn promiseof marriage to
rus ] L. CiE.sar,a Roman consul, uncle to his sister. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno
Antony, the triumvir,the father of Ca.*sar tlie were celebrated with the "ri*^atest solemnity;
 JV JU
tlicgods,all mankind, and all the brutetion,
crea- into Egypt in their war with the giants.
attended. Chelone, a young woman, Among the birds,the hawk, tiie goose, and
was the only one who refused to eome, and particularly the peacock, often called Junonia
who derided the ceremony. For this impie-
ty, aviSf[Fid. Argus,]were sacred to her. The
Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and dittany, the poppy, and the Tily, were her fa-
vourite
condemned her to perpetual silence ; from flowers. The latterflower was ally
origin-
which circumstance the tortoise has always of the colour of the crocus ; but,when
been used as a symbol of silence among the Jupiter placedHercules to the breasts of Juno
ancients, By her marriagewith Jupiter, Juno while asleep, some of her milk felldown upon
became the queen of allthe gods,and mistress earth,and changedthe colour of the lilies from
of heaven and earth. Her conjugalhap- purpleto a beautiful white. Some of the milk
piness,
however, Avas frequently disturbed by also droppedin that partof the heavens which^
the numerous amours of her husband, and she from its whiteness, stillretains the name of
showed herself jealousand inexorable in the the milky way, lacteavia. As Juno's power
highest degree. Her severity to the mistres-
ses was extended over allthe gods,she often made
and illegitimate children of her husband use of the goddessMinerva as her messenger,

w^as unparalleled. She persecutedHercules and even had the privilege of hurling the thun-
der
and his descendants with the most inveterate of Jupiter when she pleased.Her temples
fury; and her resentment against Paris,who were numerous, the most famous of which
had giventhe goldenapple to Venus in pre-
ference
were at Argos, Olympia, ",c. At Rome no

to herself,
was the of the Tro-
cause jan woman of debauched character was permitted
war, and of allthe miseries which happen-
ed to enter her templeor even to touch it. The
to the unfortunate house of Priam, Her surnames of Juno are various, they are de-
rived
severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Seraele, either from the function or things over

".C. are also well known. Juno had some dren which she presided,
chil- or from the placeswhere
by Jupiter.According to Hesiod, she her worship was established. She was the
was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithya, or
queen of the heavBns; she protected ness,
cleanli-
Lucina ; and besides these,she broughtforth and presided over marriageand child-
birth,
Vulcan, without havingany commerce with and particularly patronizedthe most
the other sex, but only by smellinga certain faithfuland virtuous of the sex, and severely
plant. This was in imitation of Jupiter, who punishedincontinence and lewdness in ma- trons.

had producedMinerva from his brain. Ac- cording She was the goddess of all power and
to others, it was not Vulcan, but empire, and she was also tlie patroness of
Mars, or Hebe, whom she broughtforth in riches. She is represented sitting on a throne

this manner, and this was after eatingsome with a diadem on her head, and a goldenscep- tre
lettuces at the table of Apollo. The dailyand in her righthand. Some peacocksgen- erally
repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last pro-
voked sat by her,and a cuckoo often perched
Juno to such a degree, that she retired on her sceptre, while Irisbehind her displayed
to Eubffia,and resolved for ever to forsake his the thousand colours of her beautifulrainbow.
bed. Jupiterproduceda reconciliation, after She is sometimes carried through the air in a
he had appliedto Citha3ron for advice, and rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman
afterhe had obtained forgiveness by fraud and consuls,when they entered upon office,were
artifice. [Ttf?. Daedal a.] This reconciliation, alwaysobligedto offer her a solemn sacrifice.
however cordial it might appear, was soon The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona
dissolved by new offences;and, to stop the or Romana. She was generally represented
complaintsof the jealousJuno, Jupiterhad as veiled from head to foot,and the Roman
often recourse to violence and blows. He matrons alwaysimitated this manner of dres-
sing
even punishedthe cruelties which she had ex- ercised themselves, and deemed it indecent in
upon his son Hercules, by suspendingany married woman to leave any part of her
her from the heavens by a goldenchain, and body but her face uncovered. She has receiv-
ed
tyinga heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was the surname of Olympia,Samia, Lacedaj-
punishedfor assisting his mother in this de-
grading monia, Argiva,Telchinia,Candrena, Rescin-
situation, and he was kicked down thes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithaero-
from heaven by his father,and broke his leg neia,Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Mi-
by the fall. This punishmentrather irritated gale, Gemelia, Tropeia,Boopis, Parthenos,
than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge Teleia,Zera, Egophage,Hyperchinia, Juga,
it, and she engagedsome of the gods to con-
spire Ilithyia, Lucinia, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena,
against Jupiterand to imprisonhim, but Pupulonia,Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis,
Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by Doniiduca, Februa, Opigenia,".c. Cic. de
bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. A'at. D. 2."Paus. 2, kc."JlpoUod.1,2, 3."
Apollo and Neptune were banished from ApoUon. 1. Argon. Horn. II. 1, ".c. Virg.
" " "

heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though JEn. 1, Lc."Herodot. 1, 2, 4, hc."Sii. I."
some attribute their exile to different causes. Dionys.Hal.i."Liv. 23, 24, 21,"LC.~0vid.
The worshipof Juno was universal,and even Met. 1, "c. Fast. 5, Plut. qiioest.
" Rom. "

more than that of Jupiter, accordingto some Tilmll. 4, el. 13." Atfien. lo."Plin. 34.
authors. Her sacrificeswere offered with the "TuNON.YLiA and Junoni.\, festivals at Rome
greatest solemnity. She was particularly in honour of .Juno, the same as the He-
worshippedat Argos,Samos, Carthage,and rasa of the Greeks. [Vid.Herxdi.] Liv. 27 ",

afterwards at Rome. The ancients generallyc. 37.

offieredon her altars an ewe lamb and a sow JuNuxKs, a name of the protecting genii
the firstday of every montii. IS'ocows were of the women among the Romans. They gen-
erally
ever immolated to her, because she assumed swore by them, as the men by their ge- nii.
the nature of that animal \a hen the godsfled There were altars often erected to thei*
honour. Flin. 2, c. 7. "
Seneca, ep. 110.
 JU JU
to be among
supposed
JuNONiA,two islands, of aflame of fire. He assumed the habitof
the Fortunate islands. A name which Diana to and became
corruptCalisto, tryon
Amphi-
Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with to gainthe affections of Alcmena. His
"000 Romans to rebuild it. children were also numerous as well as his
JuNONiGENA, a sumame of Vulcan as son mistresses. According to Apollodorus, 1,c.
of Juno. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 173. 3, he was father of the Seasons,Irene,Euno-
JuNUNis PROMONTORiuM, a promoutory of mia, the Fates,Clotho,Lachesis, and AtropoSj
Peloponnesus. Laciniae templum, a tem- ple by Themis ; of Venus, by Dione ; of the Gra-
ces,
of Juno in Italy,between Grotona and the Aglaia,Euphrosyne, and Thalia,by Eu-
Licinian promontory. rynome, the daughterof Oceanus ; of Proser-
pine,
Jupiter, the most powerfulof all the gods by Styx; of the nine Muses, by Mnem-
osyne,
of the ancients. According to Varro, there ".C. IVid.Niobe,Laodamia, Pyrrha,
were no less than 300 persons of that name ; Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Semele, he.} The
Diodorus mentions two ; and Cicero three,two worshipof Jupiterwas universal ; he was the
of Arcadia,and one of Crete. To that of Ci"ete, Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of Baby-
lon,
\vho passedfor the son of Saturn and Ops,the the Osiris of Egypt,"-c. His surnames
actionsof the rest have been attributed. Ac- cording were numerous, many of which he received
to the opinionof the mythologists, piterfrom the placeor function over
Ju- which he pre-sided.
was saved from destruction by his mother He was severally called Jupiter Fere-
and intrusted to the care of the Corybantes trius,Inventor,Elicius,CapitoKnus, Latialis,
Saturn, who had received the kingdom of the Pistor,Sponsor, Herceus, Anxurus, Victor,
world from his brother Titan on condition of Maximus, Optimus, Olympius,Fluvialis, ";c.
not raisingmale children,devoured all his The worshipof Jupitersurpassed that of the
sons as soon as born ; but Ops,offended at her other godsin solemnity. His altars were not
husband's cruelty, secreted Jupiter and gave like those of Saturn and Diana, stained With
a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the the blood of human victims,but he was de- lighted
supposition that it was a male child. Jupiter with the sacrifice of goats,sheep, and
was educated in a cave on mount Ida,in Crete, white bulls. The oak was sacred to him,be- cause
and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthaea, he firsttaughtmankind to live upon
or upon honey accordingto others. He re- ceived acorns. He is generally represented as sitting
the name of Jupiter, quasijuvanspa- ter. upon a goldenor ivorythrone,holding, in one
His cries were drowned by the noise of hand, thunderbolts, justready to be hurled,
cymbalsand drums, which the Corybantes and, in the other,a sceptre of cypress. His
beat at the express command of Ops. [Fi'd. looks express majesty, his beard flows longand
Coiybantes.] As soon as he was a year old, neglected, and the eaglestands with expand-
ed
Jupiter found himself sufficiently strong to wingsat his feet. He is sometimes repre- sented
make war against the Titans,who had impris-
oned with the upper parts of his body na- ked,

his father because he had broughtup and those below the waist carefully ed,
cover-
male children. The Titans were conquered, as ifto show that he is visible to the gods
and Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his above, but that he is concealed from the sight
son. Saturn,however, soon after, apprehen- of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiterhad
sive
of the power of Jupiter, conspired againstseveral oracles,the most celebrated of which
his life,and was, for this treachery, driven were at Dodona, and Ammon in Libya. As
from his kingdom and obliged to flyfor safetyJupiter was the king and father of gods and
into Latium. Jupiter,now become the sole men, his power was extended over the deities,
master of the empire of the world, divided it and every thing was subservient to his will,
with his brothers* He reserved for himself except the Fates. From him mankind re- ceived
the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empireof their blessings and their miseries, and
the sea to Neptune,and that of the infernalre- gions they looked upon him as acquaintedwith
to Pluto. The peaceful beginningof every thingpast,present,and future. He
his reignwas soon interrupted by the rebel-
lion was represented at Olympia with a crown like
of the giants, who were sons of the earth, olive branches, his mantle was variegated with
and who wibhed to revenge the death of their different flowers,particularly by the lily,^and
relations the Titans. They were so powerful the eagleperchedon the top of the sceptre
that theyhurled rocks,and heaped up moun- tains which he held in his hand. The Cretans
upon mountains, to scale heaven,so that represented Jupiterwithout ears, to signify
all the godsto avoid their furyfled to Egypt, that the sovereign master of the world ought
where they escapedfrom the dangerby as- suming not to givea partial ear to any particular son,
per-
the form of ditterent animals. Jupiter, but be equallycandid and propitious to
however, animated them, and by the assistance all. At LacedaBmon he appeared with four
of Hercules, he totally overpowered the heads,that he mightseem to hear with greater
giganticrace, which had proved such tre- mendous readiness the differentprayers and solicitations
enemies. [Vid. Gigantes.]Jupi- ter, which were dailypoured to him from every
now freed from every apprehension, part of the earth. It is said that Minerva
gave himself up to the pursuitot" pleasures. came all armed from his brains when he
He married Metes, Themis, Euronyme, Ce- res, ordered Vulcan to open his head. Paus. 1,2,
Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. [Vid. Ju- no.] k.c. Liv. 1, 4, 5, "c.
"
Diod. 1 and 3."
"

He became a Proteus to gratify sions.Homer. Id. 1,5, ".c. Od. 1, 4, ",c. Ifymn.
his pas- "

He introduced himself to Danae in a ad. Jov. Orpheus. Callimac. Jov. Pitidur.

"
"
"

shower of gold; he corruptedAntiopein the Olynip.1, 3, 5. Apollon.1, ".c. Htsiod. " "

form of a satyr,and Leda in tlie form of a Theog. in Scul. Here. "

Oper. et Dies. "

^;vvan; he became a bull to seduce Europa,and Lycophron.in Cass. Virg.JEn. 1, 2, ^c. "

X In enjoyedthe company of iEginain the form G.?i."Ovid..\hi. l,fab. \\kc.--Horat. 3. od.

1, kr..
 JU iX
Jura, a highridgeof mountains separatingadversaries, and whatever displeased or offen-
ded
the Helvetii from the Sequani,or Switzerland him was exposedto his severest censure"
from Burgundy. Cas. G. 1, c. 2. It is to be acknowledged, that Juvenal is far
JusTiNus M. JuNiANus, a Latin historian more correct than his contemporaries,a cir- cumstance
in the age of Antoninus, who epitomizedthe which some have attributedto his
historyof Trogus Pompeius. This epitome,judgment and experience, which were monly
uncom-
accordingto some traditions,
was the cause mature, as his satires were the produc-
tions
that the comprehensivework of Trogus was of old age. He may be called, and with
lost. It comprehends the history of the As-
syrian, reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets.
Persian, Grecian, Macedonian, and After him poetry decayed,and nothing more

Roman enipires, he. in a neat and elegant claims our attention as a perfect poetical com-
position.

style. It is repletewith many judiciousre- flections The best editions are those of Ca-
and animated harangues; but the au-
thor saubon, 4to. L. Bat. 1695, with Persius,and
is often too credulous, and sometimes amines of Hawkey, Dublin, 12rao. 1746,and
ex- of Gra;-
events too minutely,while others are vius cum notis varioruin, 8vo. L. Bat. 1684.
related only in a few words too often obscure. JuvENTAs or JuvENTus, a goddessat Rome,

The indecency of many of his expressions who presidedover youth and vigour. She is
is deservedlycensured. The best editions the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and
resented
rep-
of Justin are that of Ab. Gronovius, 8vo. L. as a beautiful nymph, arrayedin va- riegated

Bat. 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo. Oxon. 1703, garments. Liv. 5, c. 54j 1. 21, c. 62,
and that of Barbou, 12mo. Paris,1770. 1.36, c. 36. Ovid, ex Pont. 1,ep. 9, v. 12,
"

Martyr,a Greek father,formerly a Platonic JuvERNA, or HiBEKNiA, an island at the

philosopher,born in Palestine. He died west of Britain, now called Ireland. Juv. 2,
in Egypt, and wrote two apologiesfor the V. 160.
besides his dialogue
Christians, with a Jew, IxiBATiE,a peopleof Pontus.
two fee. in a plain and unadorned
treatises, IxioN,a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas,
style. The best editions of Justin Martyr or, accordingto Hyginus,of Leontes, or, ac- cording

are that of Paris, fol. 1636. Of his a])ologies, to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela
logue daughterof Amythaon.
2 vols. 8vo. 1700 and 1703, and Jebb's dia- He mm-ried Dia,
with Trypho, publishedin London, daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and
sed
promi-
1722. An emperor of the east who reigned his father-in-lawa valuable present for the
nine years, and died A. D. 526. Another choice he had made of him to be his daughter's
who died A. D. 564, after a reignof 38 years. husband. His unwillingness, however,to ful-
fil
Another, who died 577 A, D. aftera reign his promises, obligedDeioneus to have re-course

of 13 years. to violence to obtain it,and he stole

JuTURNA, a sister of Turnus, king of the away some of his horses. Ixion concealed his
Rutuli. She heard with contempt the ad- resentment
dresses under the mask of friendship ; he
of Jupiter, or, accordingto others, she invited his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa,
was not unfavourable to his passion, so that the the capital of his kingdom,and when Deione-
us
god rewarded her love with Immortality.She was come accordingto the appointment,
lie
was afterwards changedinto a fountain of the threw him into a pitwhich he bad previously
same name near the Numicus, falling into the filled with woodand burning coals. This
Tiber. The waters of that fountain were used premeditatedtreachery so irritated the neigh-
bouring
in sacrifices,
and particularly in those of Vesta. princesthat all of them refused to
They had the power to heal diseases. Varro performthe usual ceremony, by which a man
de L. L. 1,c. \Q."Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 708, 1. 2, v. was then purified of murder, and Ixion was
bSb." Virg.Mn. 12, v. 139." Cic. Cluent. 36. shunned and despisedby all mankind. ter
Jupi-
Juvenilis, Decius Junius, a poet born at had compassionupon him, and he car- ried

Aquinum in Italy. He came earlyto Rome, him to heaven, and introduced him at
and passed some time in declaiming;after the tables of the gods. Such a favour, which
which he appliedhimself to write satires, 16 oughtto have awakened gratitudein Ixion,
of which are extant. He spoke with virulence served only to inflame his lust ; he became
againstthe partiality of Nero for the panto- enamoured of Juno, and attempted to se-
mime duce

Paris, and though all his satire and de-clamation her. Juno was willingto gratify the pas-
sion
were pointedagainstthis rulingfa- vourite of Ixion,thoughaccordingto othei-sshe
of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived in informed Jupiterof the attempts which had
security duringthe reign of Nero. After the been made upon her virtue. Jupitermade a
death of Nero, the effects of the resentment cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to
of Paris were severelyfelt,and the satirist the placewhere Ixion had appointedto meet
was sent by Domitian as governor on tiers Juno.
the fron- Ixion was caught in the snare, and
of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the 80th from his embrace with the cloud, he had the
year of his age, and he suffered much from Centaurs,or according
to others Centaurus.
the trouble which attended his office,or ther
ra- [Vid. Centauri.] Jupiter,displeasedwith
his exile. He returned,however, to Rome the insolence of Ixion, banished him from
after the death of Paris,and died in the reign heaven ; but when he heard that he had sedu-
ced
of Trajan,A. D. 128. His writingsare fiery Juno, the god struck him with his thun- der,
and animated,and they abound with humour. and ordered Mercury to tie him to a
He is particularly wheel in hell which continually
severe upon the vice and dis-
sipation whirls round.
of the age he lived in ; but the gross The wheel was perpetually in motion, there-
fore
and indecent manner in which he exposes to the punishment of Ixion was eternal.
ridicule the folliesof mankind, rather encour-
ages Diod. 4."Hi/gi7i. fab. 62." Pindar. 2. Pylk.2.
than disarms the debauched and licen-
tious. "

Virg.G. 4, V. AHA."JEn. 6, v. m\."Ovid.

He wrote with acrimony against all his Met. 12,y. 210 and '^m."PhHoslr. Ic, 2. c. a ""
 IX IX
Laetant. iyi Tli.2. One of the Heraclidae IxioNiDES the patronymic of Pirithotisson
who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. of Ixion. Propert.
2, el. 1,v. 3S.
He was son of Alethes.

LA LA
youth,brother to Nicocra- 1, V. 4. Crudum manduces Priamum, Pria-
LAANDER, a

les, tyrant of Cyrene,"-c. Polycen. 8. mique Pisinnos.

Laarchus, the guardianof Battus of Cy- rene. Laberius, .r.Decimus, a Roman knight mous
fa-
He usurped the sovereignpower for for his poetical
talents in writingpanto-
mimes.
some time, and endeavoured to marry the .T.Caesar compelledhim to act one of
mother of Battus, the better to establish his his characters on the stage. The poet consent-
ed
tyranny. The queen gave him a friendlyin- vitation,
with greatreluctance, buthe showed hisre-
sentment
and caused him to be assassinated, duringthe actingof the piece,by
and restored the power to Battus. Polyan. throwingsevere aspersions upon J. Caesar,by
Labaris, a kingof Egypt after Sesostris. warningthe audience against his tyranny, and
Labda, daughterof Amphion, one of the by drawingupon him the
eyes of the whole
Bacchiadse,born lame. She married Ection, theatre. Ceesar,however, restored him to the
by whom she had a son whom she called Cyp- rank of knight, which he had lost by appearing
selus,because she saved his life in a coffer. on the stage; but to his mortification, when he
\yid. Cypselus.]This coffer was ved
preser- went to take bis seat
among the knights, no one
at Olympia. Herodot. 5, c. 92. Arisiot. offered to make room
"

for him, and even his

PoliL 5. friend Cicero said,Recepissem te nisi anguste
Labdacides, a name given to (Edipus,
Laberius was
as sederem.
offended at the affec-
tation
descended from Labdacus. and insolence of Cicero, and reflected
Labdacus, a son of Polydonisby Nycteis,upon his unsettled and pusillanimous beha-
viour
the daughter of Nycteus,king of Thebes. duringthe civil wars of Caesar and Pom-
His father and mother died during his child-
hood, pey,bythe replyoiMirumsi angustesedes, quiso-
les
and he was left to the care of Nycteus, duabmsellissedere.Laberius died ten months
who at Ihsdeath lefthis kingdom in the hands afterthe murder of J. Caesar. Some
fragments
of Lycus,with orders tg restore it to Labda-
cus remain of his Macrob. sat. 3 poetry. 2, c,
as soon as of age. He'vvas father to Laius.
and 7. Horat. 1,sat. 10. Senec. de Controv. "
"

It is unknown wJii"ther he ever the

18. Suet, in Cces.39.
sat qn Q. Durus, a tribune of
"

throne of Thebes.* According to St"W(fs,%his the soldiers in Caesar'slegions,killed in Bri-

tain.
father's name was Phoenix.
"

His C(Bs.Bell. G. (^cen-

dants were 'calted%abdacidesTx Slat. ^Theb. LabI'cum, now Colonna,a town of Italy,
6, v. 451. ApoJfod.
"
3,"" 5. Paus. 2, c. 6, called also Lavicum, between Gabii and Tuscu-
"

"
L9,c.5. 4"- ^^ lum, which became a Roman colony about
Labdalon, a promontory of Sicily,
near four centuries B. C. Mn.
Virg. 7,v. 796. " Liv.
Syracuse. Diod. 13. 2, c. 39, 1.4, c. 47.
Labealis, a lake in Dalmatia, now ri,
Scuta-
Labienus, an officer of Caesar in the wars
of which the neighbouring
inhabitants
of Gaul. He deserted to Pompey, and was
were led
kil-
called Labeates. Liv. 44, c. 31, 1.45, c. 26. at the battle of Munda. Ccrs. Bell. G. 6,
L(beo, Antistius, a celebrated lawyer in ".C. Lucan. 5, v. 346. A Roman
"

who lowed
fol-
the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, the interest of Brutus andCassius,and
and whose offers of the consulship he refused. became general oftheParthiansagainst Rome.
His works are lost He was wont to enjoy the He was conqueredby the officersof Augustus.
company and conversation of the learned for Slrab. 12 and 14." i)io.48.
Titus, an rian
histo-
six months, and the rest of the year was spent and orator at Rome in the age of Augus-
tus,
in writingand composing. His father, of the who admired his own with
compositions
same name, was one of Cassar's murderers. all the prideof superior geniusand incompar-
able
He killed himself at the battle of Philippi. excellence. The senate ordered his papers
Horace 1, Sat. 3, v. 32,has unjustly taxed him to be burnt on account of their seditious con-
tents
with insanity, because no doubt he inveighed ; and Labienus,unable to survive the loss
against his patrons.Appian.Alex. 4. Suet, in of his writings,
"

destroyed himself. Suet, in,

Aug. 45. A tribune of the peopleat Rome, Cal. 16. Seneca. "

who condemned the censor Metellus to be Labinetus or Labynetus, a

king of Baby-
lon,
thrown down from the Tarpeianrock,because kc. Herodot. 1,c. 74.
he had expelledhim from the senate. This Labotas, a river near Antioch in Syiia.
rigorous
sentence was stoppedby the interfe-
rence Strab. 16. A son of Echestratus,
who made
of another of the tribunes. Q. Fabius, war againstArgos,".c.
a Roman consul,A. U. C. 571,who obtained a Labradeus, a surname of Jupiterin Ca-
naval victoryover the fleetof the Cretans. He ria. The word is derived from labrys, ^vhich
assisted Terence in composing his comedies, in the languageof the
country an :jigniiies
according
to some. Actius,anobscure poet hatchet, which Jupiter's
statue held in its
who recommended himself to the favour of hand. Plut.
Nero by an incorrect translation of Homer into Labron, a part of Italyon the Mediter-
ranean,
Latin. The work islost, and only this curious supposedto be Leghorn. Cic.3, ad
line is preservedby an old scholiast; Perseus Ifra 6,
46
 LA LA
Labyrinthus, a buildingwhose numerous king. His descendants, 13 in number, reign-
ed
render the
passages and perplexingwindings successively after him, tillthe reignof the
and almost imprac-
escape from it difficult, ticable.sons of Orestes,when the Heraclidae recover- ed
There were four very famous among the Peloponnesus, about 80 years after the
the ancients,one near the cityof Crocodiles or Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the
Arsinoe, another in Crete, a third at Lemnos, descendants of the Heraclidae,enjoyed the
and a fourth in Italy, built by Porsenna. That crown together,and after them itwas decreed
of Egypt was the most ancient,and Herodo- tus, that the two familiesshould alwayssit on the
who saw it,declares that the beautyand throne together. \_Vid.Eurysthenes.] These
the art of the buildingwere almost beyond two brothers began to reignB. C. 1102; their
belief. It was built by twelve kingswho at successors in the family of Procles were called
one time reignedin Egypt,and it was ed
intend- ProclidcE,and afterwards Eurypontidm,and
for the placeof their burial, and to comme-
morate those of Eurysthenes, Eurysthenida, and after-
wards
the actions of their reign. It was vided
di- "gid(B. The successors of Procles
into 12 halls, or, according to Pliny, into on the throne began to reignin the following
16, or as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls order : Sous, 1060 B. C. after his father had
were vaulted according to the relation of He- rodotus.
reigned42 years : Eurypon, 1028 : Prytanis,
They had each six doors,openingto 1021: Eunomus, 986: Polydectes,907: Ly-
the north,and the same number to the south, curgus, 898 : Charilaus,873 : Nicander, 809 :
all surrounded by one wall. The edifice con- tained Theopompus,770 : Zeuxidamus, 723 : Anax-
3000 chambers, 1500 in the upper part, idamus, 690: Archidamus, 651: AgasicleSy
and the same number below. The chambers 605 : Ariston, 564 : Demaratus, 526 : Leoty-
above were seen by Herodotus, and astonished chides, 491 : Archidamus, 469 : Agis, 427 :
him beyondconception, but he was not permit-
ted Agesilaus, 397: Archidamus, 361: Agis 2d,
to see those below, where were buried the 338: Eudamidas, 330: Archidamus, 295:
holycrocodiles and the monarchs whose muni- ficence Eudamidas 2d, 268 : Agis,244 : Archidamus,
had raised the edifice. The roofs and 230; Euclidas, 225: Lycurgus, 219 :" The
wall were incrusted with marble, and adorned successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059 :
with sculptured figures.The halls were rounded Echestratus,
sur- 1058 : Labotas, 1023 : Doryssus,
with stately and polishedpillars of 986: Agesilaus, 957: Archelaus, 913: Tele-
whits stone, and accordingto some authors, clus,853: Alcamenes, 813: Polydorus,776:
the openingof the doors was artfully attended Eurycrates, 724 : Anaxander, 687 : Eurjxra-
with a terrible noise,like peals of thunder. tes 2d, 644 : Leon, 607 : Anaxandrides, 563 :
The labyrinth of Crete was built by Daedalus, Cleomenes, 530: Leonidas,491 : Plistarchus,
in imitation of that of Egypt,and itis the most under guardianship of Pausanias,480 : Plis-
famous of all in classicalhistory.It was the toanax, 466 : Pausanias,408 : Agesipolis, 397:
placeof confinement for Daedalus himself,and Cleombrotus, 380 : Agesiptolis 2d, 371 : Cleo-
the prisonof the Minotaur. According to meHe|!2d, 370: Aretus or Areus,309: Acro-
Plinythe labyrinth of Lemnos surpassedthe tatus,4265: Areus 2d, 264 ;^Leonidas, 257: '

others in grandeurand magnificence.It was Cleombrotus? 243: Leonidas. restored,241:

supportedby fortycolumns of uncommon Cleomenes, 235 : A^fipolis, :il9. Under the
height and thickness,and equallyadmirable two last kings, Lycurgus and'A^sipolis, the
for theirbeauty and splendour. Modern monarchical
vellers
tra- power was abolished,thoughMa-
arestillastonished at the noble and chanidas the t}Tant made himself absolute,
ruins
magnificent which appear of the Egyp-
tian B. C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In
labyrinth, at the south of the lake Moeris, the year 191, B. C. Lacedaemon joined the
about 30 miles from the ruins of Arsinoe. Achgean league, and about three years after
.Mela,1, c. 9."Plin. 36, c. 13." Strab. 10." the walls were demolished by order of Philo-
JJiod. h"Herodot. 2, c. 148.~Virg. JEn. poemen. The territories of Laconia shared
6, v. 588. the fate of the Acbajan confedei-acy, and the
Lacuna, an epithetappliedto a female whole was conqueredby Mummius, 147 B.
native of Laconia, and, among others,to He- len. C. and converted into a Roman province.
Virg.JEn. 6, v. 511. The inhabitants of Lacedaemon have rendered
Lackd^mon, a son of Jupiterand Tay- themselves illustriousfor their courage and in-trepidity,
geta the daughterof Atlas, who married for their love of honour and liberty,
Spartathe daughterof Eurotas,by whom he and for their aversion to sloth and luxury.
had Amyclas and Eurydicethe wife of Acri- They were inured from their youth to labour,
sius. He was the first who introduced
the and their laws commanded them to make war

worshipof the Graces in Laconia, and

who their profession. They appliedthem-
never selves
firstbuilt them a temple. From Lacedaemon to any trade, but their only employ-
ment
and his wife,the capital of Laconia was called was arms, and theyleft every thingelse
Lacedaemon and Sparta. Jpollod. 3, c. 10. " to the cai'e of their slaves. [Vid.Helotae.]
Hygin. fab. 155. Fans. 3, c. 1.
" A noble They hardened their body by stripes and
ciiyof Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia, other manly exercises ; and accustomed them-
^
CEdled also Sparta, and now known by the selves to undergo hardships, and even to die "
uame of Misilra. It has been severallywithout fear or regret. From their valour in "

known by the name of Lelegia, from the Le- the field, and their moderation and temper-
ance
leges, the i st inhabitants of the country, or at home, they were courted and revered '

from Lclex, one of their kings; and Qilbalia, by all the neighbouringprinces,and tiieir
from (Ebalus, the sixth king from Eurotas. It assistance was severally imploredto protect
was also called Hecaiompolis, from the hundred the Sicilians, Carthaginians,Thracians, Egyp-
tians,
cities which the whole provinceonce contain-
ed. Cyreneans,kc. They were forbidden,
Lelex is supposedto have been the first by the laws of their countiy, [Vid.Lycurgus,]
 LA LA
to visit foreign
states,lest theirmorals should Laches, an Athenian generalin the age of
be corrupted
by an intercourse with effeminate Epaminondas. Diod. 12. An Athenian
nations. The austere manner in which their sent witli Caiias at the head of a fleet in the
children were educated, rendered them un- daunted firstexpedition undertaken against Sicilyin
in the field of battle, and from this the Peloponnesianwar. Justin. 4, c. 3.
circumstance,Leonidas with a small band was An artistwho finished the Colossus of Rhodes.
enabled to resistthe millions of the army of Lachesis, one of the Parcae, whose name
Xerxes at Thermopylae. The women were as is derived from "^-xa*v,to measure out by lot.
courageous as the men, and many a mother She presidedover futurity, and was sented
repre-
has celebrated with festivalsthe death of her as spinning the thread of life, or, ac-
cording
son who had fallenin battle,or has coolyput to others,holding the .spindle. She
him to death if by shameful flight or loss of generallyappeared covered with a garment
his arms, he broughtdisgrace upon his coun-
try. variegated with stars,and holdingspindles ia
As to domestic manners, the Lacedeemo- her hand. [Vid.Parcae.] Stat. Theb, 2, v.
nians as widelydiffered from their neighbours249." Martial. 4, ep. 64.
as in political concerns, and their noblest wo- men L^ciDAs, a Greek philosopherof Cyrene,
were not ashamed to appear on the stage who flourished B. C. 241. His father's name
hired for money. In the affairsof Greece, the was Alexander. He was discipleof Arcesilaus,
interestof the Lacedaemonians was often pow-
erful, whom he succeeded in the government of the
and obtained the superiority for 500 second academy. He was greatly esteemed
years. Their jealousy ness by kingAttains,
of the power and great- who gave him a gardenwhere
of the Athenians is well known. The he spent his hours in study. He taught his dis-
ciples
authority of their monarchs was checked by to suspend their judgment, and never
the watchful eye of the Ephori,who had the speakdecisively. He disgraced himself by the
power of imprisoning the kings themselves if magnificent funeral with which he honoured
guilty of misdemeanors. [Firf.Ephori.]The a favourite goose. He died throughexcess of
Lacedaemonians are remarkable for the honour drinking.Diog.4.
and reverence which they paid to old age. Lacides, a village near Athens, which de- rived
The namesof Lactdxmon and Spartaare pro- miscuously its name from Lacius, an Athenian
appliedto the capital of Laconia, hero, whose exploitsare unknown. Here
and often confounded together.The latter Zephyrus had an altar sacred to him, and like- wise
was appliedto the metropolis, and the former Ceres and Proserpinea temple. Pans.
was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs, 1,c. 37.
or rather of the country contiguousto the Lacinia, a surname of Juno from her
walls of the city.This propriety of distinction temple at Lacinium in Italy,which the Cro-
was originally observed, but in process of time tonians held in great veneration, and where
it was totallylost,and both appellatives were there was a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis.
soon synonymous and indiscriminately applied[Vid.Zeuxis.] On an altar near the door
to the city and country. [Vid.Sparta,Laco- nia.] were ashes, which the wind could not blow
The placewhere the citystood is now away. Fulvius Flaccus took away a marble
called Paleo Chori, (the old town,) and the piecefrom this sacred placeto finish a temple
ne^vone erected on itsruins at some distance that he was buildingat Rome to Fortune
on the west is called Misatra. Liv. 34, c. 33, Equestris ; and it is said,that for this sacri-
lege
I 45, c. 28."Strab. 8."Thucyd. l."Paus. 3. he afterwards led a miserable life, and
" Justin. 2, 3, fcc. Herodot. 1, he.
"
Plut. in died in the greatest
"

agonies. Strab. 6. Ovid, "

Lye. he. Diod. Mela, 2.

" " There were 15. Met. V. 12 aud702."Liy. 42,6.3." Fa/.
some festivalscelebrated at Lacedaemon, the Max. 1,c. 1.
names of which are not known. It was tomary
cus- Laciniensis,a peopleof Liburnia.
for the women to drag all the old Lacinium, a promontory of Magna Grae-
bachelors round the altarsand beat them with cia,now cape Colonna,the southern boundary
their that the shame
fists, and ignominy to of Tarentum in Italy,where Juno
Lacinia had
which they were exposed might induce them a temple,held in greatveneration.
It receiv-
ed
to marry, he. Athen. 13. its name from Lacinius,a famous robber
LACKDiEMoNii and Lacedjemones, the killedthere by Hercules. Liv. 24, c. 3, 1.37,
inhabitants of Lacedaemon. [Vid.Lacedae- c. 6, 1.30, c. '20.~Virg. Mn. 3, v. 522.
mon.] LACMo^f, a part of mount Pindus where the
LacedjEmokius, a son of Cimon by Clito- Inachus flows. Herodot. 9, c. 93.
ria. He received this name from his father's Laco, a favourite of Galba, mean and cow-
ardly

regardfor the Lacedaemonians. Plut. in his character. He was put to death.

Lacerta, a soothsayer in Domitian's age, An inhabitant of Laconia or Lacedaemon.
who acquired immense riches by his art. Juv. Lacobrica, a cityof Spainwhere Sertorius
7, V. 114. was besiegedby Metellus.
Lacetania, a districtat the north of Spain. Laconia, Laco.vica, and Laced^.mon, a
Liv. 21, c. 23. country on the southern parts of Peloponne-
sus,
Lachakes, a man who seized the supreme havingArgos and Arcadia on the north,
power at Athens when the citywas in discord,Messenia on the west, the Mediterranean on

and was banished B. C. 296. Polyctn.4. the south, and the bay of Argos at the east.
An Athenian three times taken prisoner. He Its extent from north to south was about 60
deceived keepers,and escaped,".c. Id. miles. It is watered by the river Eurotas.
his
3. A son of AlithridatPs king of Bospho- The capital is called Sparta,or Lacedcemon.
rus. He was received into alliance by Lucul- The inhabitants never went on an expedition
lus. .\ robber condemned by M. Antony. or engaged an enemy but at the full moon.
An Egyptianburied in the labyrinth near [Vid.Laceda-'mon.] The brevity with which
Arsiiioe.
theyalways expressedthemselves is now come Africanus the elder in his campaigns
be- in Spaie
and by the epithet
proverbial, of Laco-
nic and Africa. Archelaus,a famous gramma-
rian.
we understand whatever is concise and not Suet.
loaded with unnecessary words. The word and Le^na, the mistress of Har-
L^NA
Laconicum is appliedto some hot baths used and Arlstogiton.Being tortured be-
modius cause
among the ancients,and firstinvented at La- she refused to discover the conspirators,
cedffimon. Cic. 4, M. 10." Slrab. l."Ptol. she bit off her tongue, totally to frustrate the
3, c. 16." Mela, 2, c. 3. violent efforts of her executioners. A maa
Lac RATES, a Theban generalof a ment
detach- who was acquaintedwith the conspiracyform-
ed
by Artaxerxes
sent to the assistance of against
Cassar.
the Egyptians. Diod. 16. a surname of the Popiliiat Rome.
LjEnas,
Lacrines, a Lacedagmonian ambassador to a river of Crete, where L^neus,
Jupiter
Cyrus. Herodot. 1,c. 152. broughtthe ravished Europa. Strab.
Lactantius, a celebrated Christian ter,
wri- L^PA Magna, a town of Spain. Mela, 3.
whose principalworks
are de ird divind, c. 1.
de Dei divine institutions, Laertes,
operibus,and his a king of Ithaca,son of Arce
in seven books, in which he proves the ti'uth sius and Chalcomedusa, who married Anti-
of the Christian religion, refutes the objec-
tions, clea, the daughterof Autolycus. Anticlea ,

and attacks the illusions and absurdities was pregnant by Sisyphuswhen she married
of Paganism. The expressive elegance,Laertes,and eightmonths afterher union with
purity,
and energy of his stylehave gained him the the king of Ithaca she brought forth a son
name of the Christian Cicero. He died A. D. called Ulysses.[Firf. Anticlea.]Ulysseswas
325. The best editions of his works are treated with paternal care by Laertes,though
that of Sparke, 8vo. Oxon. 1684, that of not reallyhis son, and Laertes ceded to him
Biineman, 2 vols, 8vo. Lips.1739, and that of his crown and retired into the country,where
Du Fresnoy, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1748. he spent his time in gardening. He Avas found
Lacter, a promontory of the island of Cos. in this mean employmentby his son at his re-
turn

Lacydes, a philosopher. Lacidas.]

\^Vid. from the Trojan war, after 20 years ab-
sence,
Lacydus, an effeminate king of Argos. and Ulysses,at the sight of his father,
Ladas, a celebrated courier of Alexander, whose dress and old age declared his sorrow,
born at Sicyon. He was honoured with a zen
bra- long hesitated whether he should suddenlyin-
troduce
statue,and obtained a cro^vn at Olympia. himself as his son, or whether he
Martial. 10, ep. lO."Juv. 13, v. 97. should,as
stranger,gradually
a awaken the
Lade, an island of the ^gean sea, on the paternal of Laertes,who had believed
feelings
coast of Asia minor, where was a naval battle that his son was no more. This last measure
between the Persians and lonians. Herodot. was preferred, and when Laertes had burst in- to
6, c. 7. Paus. 1,c. 35. Strab. 17.
" "
tears at the mention which was made of his
Lades, a son of Imbrasas,killedby Tarnus. son, Ulysses threw himself on his neck, ex- claiming,

Virg.JEn. 12,v. 343. " 0 father, lam he ivhom you tceep."

Ladocea, a village of Arcadia. Paus. This welcome declaration was followed by a
Ladon, a river of Arcadia falling into the recital of all the hardships which Ulysseshad
Alpheus. The metamorphosisof Daphne into suffered,and immediately after the father and
a laurel, and into a reed, hap-
of penedson repaired
Syrinx to the palaceof Penelopethe wife
near its banks. Strab. 1. Mela, 2, of Ulysses,whence "
all the suitoi*swho daily
c. ^."Paus. 8, c. 25." Ouirf. Met. 1, v. 659. importunedthe princess, were forcibly ved.
remo-

An Arcadian who followed .^neas into Laertes was one of the Argonauts, accor-
ding

Italy,where he was killed. Virg../En. 10, to Jlpollodorus, 1, c. 9. Homer. Od. 11 "

V. 413. One of ActEeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. and 24." Ovid. Met. 13, v. 32."Heroid. 1, v.
3, V. 216. 98. A cityof Cilicia which gave birth to
L^LAPS, of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met.
one Diogenes, surnamed Latrtius from the place
3. Thedog of Cephalus,^ven him by of his birth.
Frocris. [Hrf.Lelaps,",c.] Id. Met. T. Laertius Diogenes, a writer born at Laer-
tes.
La:LiA, a vestal virgin. [Vid.Diogenes.]
L^LiANus, a general,proclaimedemperor LjEstrygones, the most ancient inhabitants
in Gaul by his soldiers,A. D. 268, after the of Sicily.Some suppose them to be the same
death of Gallienus. His triumph was short;as the peopleof Leontium, and to have been
he was conqueredand put to death aftera few neighboursto the Cyclops. They fed on hu- man
months reignby another generalcalled Post- flesh,and when Ulyssescame on their
humus, who aspired to the imperial puipleas coasts, they sunk his shipsand devoured his
"well as himself. companions. [Fiti. Antiphates ] They were
C. La:lius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. of a gigantic stature,accordingto Homer, who
614, surnamed Sapiens,so intimate with Af- however does not mention their country,but
ricanus the younger, that Cicero represents onlyspeaksof Lamus as their capital. A colo-
ny
him in his treatise De Amkitia, as explain-
ing of them, as some suppose, passedover into
the real nature of friendship, with its at- tendantItaly,with Lamus at their head, where they
pleasures.He made war with suc-
cess bnilt the town of Formiae, whence the epithet
againstViriathus. It is said,that he as- sisted of L("strygonia is often used for that oi For-
Terence in the compositionof his co- medies. miana. Plin. 3, c. 5." Ovid. Met. 14, v. 233,
His modesty,humanity,and the man- ner "c. Fast. 4. ex Pont. 4, ep. 10. Tzetz. in "

in which he patronized letters,are lebratedLtjcophr.

as ce- V. 662 and 818." Homer. Od. 10,v.
as his greatness of mind and integrity 81." 5i/.7,V. 276.
in tliecharacter of a statesman. Cic. de Oral. La:ta, the wife of the emperor Gratian.
Another consul who accompanied Scipiocelebrated for her humanity and generoua
sentiments.
 LA LA

LiETORiA LEX Ordered that proper per- sons allglowedwith indignation. Ptolemy praised
should be appointed to providefor the the humour of the grammarian, and showed
of such as were his moderation and the mildness of his tem-
per,
securityand the possessions
insane or squandered away their estates. It by taking him under his patronage. Pans.
made it a high crime to abuse the weakness Attic. Justin. 33.
" "Curt. 4. Pint, de ird
"

of persons under such circumstances. Cic. de cohib."Lucan. 1, v. %M."Ital. 1,v. 196.

A Rutulian, killed by Pallas son of Evander.
Offic. 3.
La:Tus, a Roman whom Commodus demned
con- Virg.JEn. 10,v. 381.
to be put to death. This violence Lagusa, an island in the Pamphylian sea-
raised Laetus againstCommodus; he con-
spired Another near Crete. Strab. 10. Plin.
"

h im, and raised Pertinax to the 5, c. 31.

against
throne. A general of the emperor Severus, Lagyra, a cityof Taurica Chersonesus.
put to death for bis treachery to the emperor ; Laiaues, a patronymic of "Edipusson of
or according to others on account of hispopu- Laius. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 18.
3arity. Laias, a king of Arcadia who succeeded
Lisvi, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia his father Cypselus,",c. Paus. 8, c. 5.-" "A
Transpadana. kingof Elis,he.
L^viNus, aRoman consul sent against Lais, a celebrated courtezan, daughterof
Pyrrhus,A. U. C. 474. He informed the Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, born
monarch that the Romans would not accept at Hyccara in Sicily.She was carried away
him as an arbitrator in the war with Taren- from her native country into Greece, when
He Nicias the Athenian generalinvaded Sicily.
tum, and feared him not as an enemy.
was defeated by Pyrrhus. P. Val. a man She first began to sell her favours at Corinth
despised at Rome, because he was ed for 10,000 drachmas, and the immense
distinguish- ber
num-

HoraL 1, Sat. 6, v.
by no good quality. 12. of princes,
noblemen, philosophers,
tors,
ora-

Lagaria., atownof Lucania. and plebeians,who courted her em-

braces,

Lagia, a name of the island Delos. Vid. show how much commendation is
Delos. owed to her personalcharms. The expenses
Lagides, Vid. Lagus. which attended her pleasures,
gave rise to
Laginia, a town of Caria. the proverb of J^fon cuivis homini contingit
Lagus, a Macedonian of mean extraction. adire Corinthum. Even Demosthenes himself
He received in marriageArsinoe the daughter visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but
of Meleager, who was then pregnant of king when he was informed by the courtezan,
that
Philip,and beingwilling to hide the disgraceadmittance to her bed was to be boughtat
of his wife,he exposedthe child in the v/oods. the enormous sum of about 2001. English
An eaglepreserved the life of the infant, fed money, the orator departed,and observed,
him with her prey, and sheltered him with that he would not buy repentance at so dear
her wingsagainstthe inclemency of the air. a price. The charms which had attracted
This uncommon preservation was divulgedby Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence
Lagus, who adoptedthe child as his own, and upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the phi-
losopher
called him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his unmoved by her beauty,she visited
lifehad been so miraculously preserved,his his house herself; but there she had no rea- son

days would be spentin grandeurand affluence. to boast of the licentiousness or easy sub- mission
This Ptolemy became king of Egypt after the of Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic
death of Alexander. According to other ac- counts, was one of her warmest admirers,and though
Arsinoe was nearly related to Philipfilthy in his dress and manners, yet he gained
king of Macedonia, and her marriage with her heart and enjoyed her most unbounded
Lagus was not considered as dishonourable,favours. The sculptorMycon also solicited
because he was opulentand powerful. The the favours of Lais, but he met with cold- ness;
first of the Ptolemies is called Lagus, to dis- tinguish he, however, attributed the cause of
him from his successors of the same his illreceptionto the whiteness of his hair,
name. Ptolemy, the firstof the Macedonian and dyed it of a brown colour,but to no
kingsof Egypt, wished it to be believed that purpose : Fool that thou art, said the cour- tezan,
he was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he to ask what I refusedyesterday to thy
preferred the name of Lagidesto all other ap- father. Lais ridiculed the austerity
pellations. of phi-
losophers,
It is even said that he established and laughed at the weakness of
a military order in Alexandria,which was ed
call- those who pretendedto have gaineda superi- ority
Lageion. The surname of Lagides was over their passions, by observingthat the
transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyp- tian sages and philosophers of the age were not
throne tillthe reignof Cleopatra, ny's
Anto- above the rest of mankind, for she found them
mistress. Plutarch mentions an anecdote, at her door as often as the rest of the Atheni- ans.
which serves to show how far the legitimacy The success which her debaucheriea
of Ptolemy was believed in his age. A pedan-
tic met at Corinth encouragedLais to pass into
grammarian, says the historian, once playing
dis- Thessal}^ and more jiarticularly to enjoy the
his great knowledge of antiquity in company of a favourite youth called Hippo-
the presence of Ptolemy,the kingsuddenlyin- terrupted
stratus, She was however disappointed; the
him with the question of. Pray, tell women of the place,jealousof her charms,
vie, sir,ivho was the fatherof Peleus? Tell tne, and apprehensive of her corru])ting the fidelity
repliedthe grammarian, without hesitation,of their husbands, assassinated her in the tem- ple
tellme, if you can, 0 king! who the fatherof of Venus, about 340 years before the
Lagus was? This reflection on the meanness Christian era. Some suppose that tiiere were
of the monarch's birth did not in the least two persons of this name, a mother and her
irritatehis resfutment; though the courtiers 1daughter. Cic. ad Vam. y, cp. 26. Ovid
"
 LA LA
^imor. 1, el.5. Plut. in Alcih. Fans. 2, c.
" " 2.
appointedcommander of a numerous forcfj
Laius, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to and marched against Antipater, who then pre-
sided
the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather over Macedonia. Antipaterentered
Nycteus had leftto the care of his brother Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600
Lycus,tillhis grandson came of age. He was horse, and was beaten, by the superiorforce
driven from his kingdom by Araphion and of the Athenians and of their Greek confede- rates.
Zethus,who were incensed against Lycus for Antipaterafterthis blow fled to La- mia,
the indignities which Antiope had suffered. B. C. 323, where he resolved with all
He was afterwards restored, and married the courage and sagacity of a careful gene-
ral,
Jocasta the daughterof Creon. An oracle in-
formed to maintain a siegewith about the 8 or
him that he should ["erish by the hand 9000 men that had escaped from the field of
of his son, and in consequence of this dread-
ful battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the city
intelligence he resolved never to approach by storm, began to make a regular siege.His
his wife. A day spentin debauch and intox- ication operations were delayedby the frequent lies
sal-
made him violate his vow, and Jocasta of Antipater ; and Leosthenes beingkilled
broughtforth a son. The child as soon as born by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his es- cape
was givento a servant, with orders to put him out of Lamia, and soon after,with the
to death. The servant was moved with assistance of the army of Craterus broughtfrom
compassion,and only exposedhim on mount Asia,he gave the Athenians battle near Cra-
Cithaeron,where his life was preservedby non, and thoughonly 500 of their men were

a shepherd.The child called (Edipuswas slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they
educated in the court of Polybus,and an un- sued for peace from the conqueror.
fortunate ter
Antipa-
meetingwith his father in a narrow at last with difficulty consented, provided
road proved his ruin. (Edipusordered his theyraised taxes in the usual manner, received
fiatherto make way for him without knowing a Macedonian garrison,defrayedthe expenses
who he was ; Laius refused, and was instantly of the war, and lastly delivered into his hands
murdered by his irritated son. His arm-bearer Demosthenes and Hyperides,the two orators
or charioteer shared his fate. [Vid.(Edipus.] whose prevailing eloquencehad excited their
Sophod. in CEdip. Hygin.9 and 66. Diod. countrymen against
" "
him. These disadvanta-
geous
4."Apollod. 3, c. b."Paus. 9, c. 5 and 26." terms were acceptedby the Athenians,
Plut. de Curios. yet Demosthenes had time to escape and son
poi-
Lalage, one of Horace's favourite mistres-
ses. himself Hyperideswas carried before
Horat. 1, od. 23, ".c. Propert. 4, el. Antipater,
"
who ordered his tongue to be cut
7. A woman censured for her cruelty. off,and afterwards put him to death. Plut.
Martial. 2,ep. 66. in Demost. Diod. 17. Justin. 11, "c. " "

Lalassis, a river of Isauria. lilmiJE,small islands of the ..^gean, oppo-

site
Lamaciius, a son of Xenophanes, sent Troas. Plin. 5, c. 31. A celebrated
into Sicilywith Nicias. He was killed B. C. familyat Rome, descended from Lamus.
414, before Syracuse,where he displayedCertain monsters of Africa,who had the face
much courage and intrepidity.Plut. in Alcib. and breast of a woman, and the rest of the
A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, who body like that of a serpent. They allured
betrayed his trust to Mithridates,after he strangersto come to them, that theymight
had invited all the inhabitantsto a sumptuous devour them, and though they were not en-
dowed

feast. with the faculty of speech,yet their

Lamalmon, a large mountain of Ethi-
opia. hissings
were pleasing Some
and agreeable.
to be witches,or rather evil
believe them
Lambrani, a peopleof Italynear the Lam- under the form of a beautiful
Avho,
spirits,
brus. Suet, in Cces. woman, enticed young children and devoured
Lambrus, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling them. According to some, the fable of the
into the Po. Lamiae is derived from the amours of Jupiter
Lamia, a town of Thessalyat the bottom with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia,
of the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, and north whom the jealousy of Juno rendered deform-
ed,
of the river Sperchius, famous for a siegeit and whose children she destroyed ; upon
supportedafterAlexander's death. [F"rf. La- which Lamia became insane, and so despe-
rate
miacum.] Diod. 16, ",c. Paus. 7, c. 6. " A that she eat up allthe children (hat came
river of Greece, oppositemount (Eta. A in her way. They are also called Leniures.
daughterof Neptune, mother of Hierophile,[Vid. Lemures.] Philoslr.in Ap. Horat. Art. "

jin ancient Sibyl,by Jupiter.Paus. 10, c. Poet. V. 340." Plut. de Curios." Dion.
12. A famous courtezan, mistress to De- metrius Lamias yEnus, a governor of Syria un-
der

Poliorcetes. Plut. in Dem. Allien. Tiberius.

" He was honoured with a

n."JFAian. V. H. 13, c. 9. publicfuneral by the senate ; and as having

Lamia and Auxesia, two deities of been a respectable and useful citizen, Horace
Crete, whose worship was the same as at has dedicated his 26 od. lib. 1, to his praises,
Eleusis. The Epidauriansmade them two as also 3 od. 17. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 37. "

statues of an olive tree giventhem by the Another, duringthe reignof Doraitian,put to

Athenians, providedthey came to offer a death,",c.
sacrifice to Minerva at Athens. Paus. 2, c. Lamirus, a son of Hercules by lole.
30, "c. Lampedo, a woman of Lacedaemon, who
Lamiacum Beli.um happened after the was daughter,wife, sister, and^raother of a
death of Alexander, when the Greeks, and king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades.
particularly the Athenians, incited by their Agrippina,the mother of Claudius, could
orators, resolved to free Greece from the gar- risonsboast the same honours. Tacit. Ann. 12, c.
of the Macedonians. Leoslhe.n"s was 22 and ST." Plut. in Age.." Plato in 1,Ale"
P/m.7,c. 41.
 LA LA
Lampktia, a of Apolloand
daughter Neae- and received the name of Lampsacus, from
a king of
xa. She, with her sister Phaetusa, guardedLampsace,a daughterof Mandron,
her father's flocks in Sicilywhen Ulyssesar-
rived Phrygia, who gave information to some Pho-
on the coasts of that island. These ceans who dwelt there,that the rest of the in-
habitants
flocks were fourteen in number, seven herds had conspiredagainst their life.This
of oxen and seven flocks of sheep,consisting timelyinformation saved them from destruc-
tion.
each of fifty.They fed by nightas well as by The cityafterwards bore the name of
day, and it was deemed unlawful and sacrile-gious their preserver. The wine of Lampsacus was
to touch them. The companions of Ulys-ses, famous,and therefore a tribute of wine was
impelledby hunger, paidno regard to grantedfrom the cityby Xerxes to maintain
their sanctity, or to the threats and entreaties the table of Themistocles. Mela, 1, c. 19. "

of their chief;but they carried away and kil- led Strab. 13." Pans. 9, c. 31." Herodot. 5, c.
some oxen. The watchful keepers 117.
of the C. J\'ep. in Themist. c. 10. Ovid. 1.
"
"

complainedto their father,and Jupiter,at the Trist. 9, v. 26. Fast. 8, v. 345." Liv. 33, c.

requestof Apollo,punishedthe oftence of the 38, 1.35, c. 42." Martial. 11, ep. 17,52.
Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to Lamptera, a town of Phocaea in Ionia.
walk, and the flesh which was roasting by the Lti;.37,c.31.
firebegan to bellow,and nothingwas heard but Lampteria, afestivalatPellene in Achaia,
dreadful noises and loud lowings. The com-
panions in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed
of Ulyssesembarked on board their Lampter from t^stpt^av, to shine, because ring
du-
ships,but here the resentment of Jupiter lowed
fol- this solemnity,which was observed in the
them. A storm arose, and theyall per-
ished night,the worshippers went to the temple of

except Ulysses,who saved himself

with lightedtorches in their hands.
on Bacchus
the broken pieceof a mast. also customary to place vessels full of
Homer. Od. 12, It was
V. 119. " el. 12.
Propert.3, According to wine in several partsof every street in the city.
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 349, Lampetia is one of the Pans. 4, c. 21.
Heliades, who was changed into a poplartree Lampus, a son of .-S^gyptus. A man of
at the death of her brother Phaeton. Elis. A son of Prolaus.
Lampeto and Lampedo, a queen of the Lamus, a king of the Laestrygones, who is
Amazons, who boasted herself to be the daugh-
ter supposedby some to have founded Formise in
of Mars. She gained many conquestsin Italy. The familyof the Lamise at Rome was,
Asia,where she founded several cities. She accordingto the opinionof some, descended
was surprised afterwards by a band of barba-
rians, from him. Horat. 3, od. 17. A son of Her-
cules
and destroyed with her female attend-
ants. and Omphale,who succeeded his mother
Justin. 2, c. 4. on the throne of Lydia. Ovid. Heroid. 9, v.
Lampeus and Lampia, a mountain of Ar-
cadia.
54. A Latin chief killed by Nisus. Virg.
Stat. 8. JEa. 9, v. 334, A river of Boeotia. Paris.
Lampon, or Lampus, one
Lampos, of the 9, c. 31. A Spartangeneralhired by JVec-
horses of
Diomedes. Of Hector. Of tanebuskingof Egypt. Diod. 16. A city
Aurora. Homer. II. 8, Od. 23. A son of of Cilicia. A town near Formia;, built by
Laomedon father of Dolops. A soothsayerthe Lasstrygones.
of Athens in the age of Socrates. Plut. in Lamvrus, buffoon, a surname of one of the
Pericl. Ptolemies. One of the auxiliaries of Tur-
Lamponia and Lamponium, a cityof Troas. nus killed by Nisus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 334.
Herodot. 5, c. 26. An island on the coast L.\NASSA, a daughter of Cleodaeus, who
of Thrace. Strab. 13. married Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles,by
Lamponius, an Athenian generalsent by whom she had eightchildren. Plut. in Pyrr.
his countrymen to attempt the conquestof Justin. 17, c. 3. A "

daughterof Agatho-
Sicily.Justin. 4, c. 3. cles,who mai'ried Pyn'hus,whom she soon
Lampridius JElius,a Latin historian in afterforsook for Demetrius. Plut.
the fourth centuiy, who wrote the livesof some Lancea., a fountain,
"c. Paus.
of the Roman emperors. His styleis inele-
gant, Lancia, a town of Lusitania. Flor. 4, c. 12.
and his His
arrangement injudicious. Landi, a peopleof Germemy conqueredby
lifeof Commodus,Heliogabalus, Alexander Se- Caesar.
verus,".C. isstillextant, and to be found in the
Langia, a river of Peloponnesus,falling
works of the Historice, Augusta Scriptores.into the bay of Corinth.
Lamprus, a celebrated musician, "lc. C. Langobardi, a warlike nation of Germany,
"

JVep.in Epain. alongthe Sprhe,called improperlyLombards

Lampsacus and Lampsacum, now Lamsaki, by some. Tacit. An. 2, c. 45, G. 40.
a town of Asia Minor on the borders of the Langrobriga, a town of Lusitania.
Propontisat the north of Abydos. Priapus Lanuvium, a town of Latiuni, about 16
was the chief deityof the place, of which he miles from Rome on the Appian road. Juno
was by some the founder. His tem-
reckoned ple had there a celebrated templewhich was quented
fre-
there the asylum of lewdness and de-
was bauchery, by the inhabitants of Italy,
and parti-
cularly
and exhibited scenes of the most by the Romans, whose consuls on first
unnatural lust, and hence the epithetLamp- entering upon office offered sacrifices lo the
sacius is used to express immodesty and wan-
tonness. goddess. The statue of the goddesswas vered
co-
Alexander resolved to destroythe with a goat'sskin, and armed with a
cityon account of the vices of its inhabitants,buckler and spear, and wore shoes which were
or more properlyfor its firm adherence to the turned upwards in the form of a cone. Cic.
interest of Persia. It was, however, saved pro Miir. de JVat. D. 1, c. 29. pro Milan. 10.
from ruin by the artificeof Anaximenes. [Firf."Liv. 8, c. 14."Ital. 13, v. 3(H.
Anaximenes.]It was formerly called Pityusa, Laobotas, or Labotas, a Spartan king,
 LA LA
of the family who succeeded his againsthis own
of the Agidae, breast and killed himselC
father Echestratus, B. C. 1023. Duringhis Justin. 28, c. 3.
reign war was Laodice, a daughter
declared againstArgos,by of Priam and Hecuba,
became
the throne for 37 years, and who
enamoured of Acamas, son of
Sparta.He sat on

was succeeded byDoryssus his son. PaM5.3,c.2.Theseus,when he came with Diomedes from
Laocoon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, the Greeks to Troy with an embassyto de- mand
according to others,of Antenor,or of Capys. the restoration of Helen. She obtained
As beingpriest of ApoHo, he was ed
commission- an interview and the gratification of her desires
by the Trojansto offer a bullock to Nep-
tune at the house of Philebia, the wife of a gover-
nor
to render him propitious. During the of a small town of Troas,which the Greek
sacrificetwo enormous serpentsissiiedfrom ambassador had visited. She had a son by Aca- mas,
the sea, and attacked Laocoon's two. sons whom she called Munitus. She after-
wards
who stood next to the altar. The father im- mediately married Helicaon son of Antenor, and
attemptedto defend his sons, but Telephuskingof Mysia. Some call her Asty-
oche. Accordingto the Greek scholiast of Ly-
the serpents falling upon him squeezedhim in
their complicated wreaths,so that he died in cophron, Laodice threw herself down from the
the greatest agonies.This punishmentwas in- top of a tower and was killed when Troy was
flicted
sacked by the Greeks. Dictys. Cret. 1. Paus.
upon him for his temerity in dissuading "

the Trojansto bringinto the citythe fatal 13,c. 26." Homer. II.3 and 6. One of the
wooden horse which the Greeks had consecra- ted Oceanides. A daughter of Cinyras,by
to Minerva,as also for his impietyin hurl- ing whom Elatus had some children. ApoUod.3,
a javelin against the sides of the horse as it c. 14. A daughter of Agamemnon, called
entered within the walls. Hyginus attributes also Electra. Homer. II.9. A sisterof Mi-
thisto Illsmarriage against the consent of Apol-lo, thridateswho married Ariarathes kingofCap-
or, according to others, for his polluting the padocia, and afterwards her own brother Mi-
temple,by his commerce with his wife Anti- thridates. Duringthe secret absence of Mi-
JEn. 2, thridates, she prostituted herself to her ser-
ope, before the statue of the god. Virg.
vants,

V. 41 and 201." Hygin.fab. 135. in hopesthat her husband was dead ;

Laodamas, a son of Alcinous,king of the but when she saw her expectations frustrated,
Phaeacians, who offered to wrestle with Ulys- ses, she attempted to poison Mithridates,for which
while at his father'scourt. Ulysses, ful
mind- she was put to death. A queen of Cappa-
of the hospitality of Alcinous,refused the docia,put to death by her subjects forpoison-
ing
of Laodamas. Homer. Od. 7, v. 170. five of her children. -A sisterand wife
challenge
A son of Eteocles, kingof Thebes. Pans. of Antiochus 2d. She put to death Berenice,
15. whom her husband had married. [Ftrf. ochus
Anti-
9, c.

Laodamia, a daughter of Acastus and As- 2d.] She was murdered by order of
tydamia,who married Protesilaus,the son of PtolemyEvergetes, B. C. 246. A daughter
of The parture
de- of Demetrius shamefully put to death by Ara-
Iphiclus king of a part Thessaly.
of her husband for the Trojanwar was raonius the tyrannical minister of the vicious
the source o( grief to her,but when she heard Alexander Bala,kingof Syria. A daughter
that he had fallen by the hand of Hector her of Seleucus. The mother of Seleucus.
son*ow was increased. To keep alive the Nine months before she broughtforth,she
she had tenderlydreamt that Apollo had introduced himself into
niemoiy of a husband whom
statue to be made her bed,and had presented her with a precious
loved, she ordered a wooden
her bed. This stone, on which was engraved the figure of an
and regularly placed in was

seen by one of her servants, who informed anchor,commanding her to deliver it to her
Iphiclus, that liisdaughter's bed was daily led
defi- son as soon as born. This dream appeared
unknown I phiclus watched the more wonderful, when in the morningshe
by an stranger.
his daughter, and when he found that the intel- ligencediscovered in her bed a ringansweringthe
was false, he ordered the wooden image same description. Not onlythe son that she
his daugh- brought forth, called Seleucus,but also all his
to be burned,in hopesof dissipating ter's
had
grief.He did not succeed. Laodamia successors ofof the house of tiie Seleucidae,
threw herself into the flames with the image, the mark an anchor upon their thigh.Jas-
and perished. This circumstance has givenoc-tin. Appian.in Syr.mentions
" this anchor,
casion to fabulous traditions related by the thoughin a differentmanner.
poets,which mention,that Protesilaus was re- stored LAooicEA, now Ladik,a cityof Asia,on the
to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, borders of Caria,Phrygia, and Lydia, ted
celebra-
the for its commerce, and the fine softand
and that when he was obliged t o return to
infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to ac- companyblack wool
of itssheep. It was originally led
cal-
Diospolis, and afterwards RJioas;and re-
him. Virg.JEn. 6, v. 447. Ovid. "
ceived

1, el. the name of Laodiceain honour of La- odice,

Her. ep. 13. Hygin.fab. 104. Propert.
"
"

19. A daughterof Bellerophonby Achc- the wife of Antiochus. Plin. 5, c. 29.

"

mone the daughter of king lobates. She had Sirab, 12. Mela, I,c. 15. Cic. 5, Alt. 15.pro
" "

called Sarpedon. cated Flacc.

She dedi- Another in Media destroyed by an
a son by Jupiter,
herselfto the service of Diana, and hun- ted earthquakein the age of Nero. Another
with her, but her haughtiness provedfatal in Syria,called by way of distinction Laodi-
to her, and she perished by the arrows of the cea Cabiosa, or ad Libanum. Another on
Homer. II. 6, 12 and 16. A ter
daugh- the borders of Ccelosyria. Strab.
goddess. which re-
a provinceof Syria,
of Alexander,kingof Epirus, by Olympia L.\6dicenk, ceives

the daughter of Fyrrhus. She was ted

assassina- itsname from Laodicea,its capital.
in the templeof Diana,where she had fled Laodocus, a son of Antenor, whose form
sedition. Her murderer, Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to
for safety during a

after turned his break the treaty which subsistedbetween the

railed MiJo, soon dagger
 LA LA
Greeks and Trojans.Homer. II.4. An at- the
tendant Trojansfrom Laomedon their king. Virg.
of Antilochus. A son of Priam. JEn. 3, 24S.
V.

JpoUod. 3, c. 12. A son of Apollo and Laonome, the wife of Polyphemus, one of
Phthia. Id. 1; c. 7. the Argonauts.
LaogS-Vus, a son of Bias, brother to Dar- Laonomene, a daughter of Thespius,by
danus, killed by Achilles at the siegeof Troy. whom Hercules had two sons. Teles and Me-
Horn. II. 20, v. 461. A priestof Jupiter,nippides,and two daughters, Lysidiceand
killed by Merion in the Trojan war. Homer. Stentedice. Apollod.2, c. 7.
II. 16, V. 604. Laothoe, a daughterof Altes, a king of
Laogoras, a king of the Dryopes, who the Leleges, who married Priam, and became
accustomed his subjects to become robbers. mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. Homer.
He plundered the templeof Apolloat Delphi,II. 21, V. 85. One of the daughters of
and was killed by Hercules. ApoUod.2,c. 7. Thespius,mother of Antidus, by Hercules.
"Diod. 4. Apollod.
2, c. 7.
Laogore, a daughterof Cinyrasand Me- Laous, a river of Lacedasmon.
tharme, daughterof Pygmalion. She died in Lapathus, a cityof Cypi-us.
14. Laphria, a surname of Diana at Patrze in
Egypt. Apollod.
3, c.
Laomedon, son king of Troy,mar-
of Ilus ried Achaia,where she had a templev.'itha statue
Strymo,called by some Placia, or Leu- of gold and ivoiy,which represented her in
whom he had Podarces, afterwards the habit of a huntress. The statue was made
cippe,by
known by the name of Priam, and Hesione. by Menechm js and Soidas,two artistsof ce-lebrity.

He built the walls of Troy,and was assisted This name was givento the goddess
by Apolloand Neptune, whom Jupiterhad from Laphirus, the son of Delphus,who con-secrated

banished from heaven, and condemned to be the statue to her. There was a tival
fes-
subservient to the will of Laomedon for one of the goddessthere,called also Laphria,
When the walls were don
Laome-
finished, of which Paus. 7, c. 18, givesan account.
year.
refused to reward the labours of the gods, Laphystium, a mountain of Boeotia,where
and soon afterhis territorieswere laid waste Jupiterhad a temple,whence he was called
Laphystius.It was here that Athamas
by the god of the sea, and his subjects were pared
pre-
visitedby a pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacri-
fices to immolate Phryxus and Helle,whom
were offered to the offended divinities, Jupiter saved by sendingthem a golden ram,
but the calamities of the Trojans increased, whence the surname and the homage paid to
and nothingcould appease the godsaccordingthe god. Paus. 9, c. 34.
to the words of the oracle,but annually to ex-
pose Lapideus, a surname of Jupiteramong
to a sea monster a Trojanvirgin. ever
When- the Romans.
the monster appeared the marriageable LapIth^, a people of Thessaly.[Vid.
maidens were assembled, and the lot decided Lapithus. ]
which of them was doomed to death for the Lapitho, a cityof Cyprus.
good of her country. When this calamity had Lapithus, a son of Apollo,by Stilbe. He
continued for five or six years, the lot fellupon was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsi-
Hesione, Laomedon's daughter.The kingwas nome, daaghterof Eiironymus,by whom he
unwillingto part with a daughterwhom he had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of
loved with uncommon his Lapilhcc
tenderness, but was given to the numerous children
refusalwould irritatemore strongly the wrath of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the in- habitants
of the gods. In the midst of his fears and of the country of which they had
hesitation,Hercules came and offered to de-
liverobtained the sovereignty. The chief of the
the Trojansfrom this publiccalamity,Lapithai assembled to celebrate the nuptials of
if I,aomedon promisedto reward him with Pirithous,one of their number, and among
a number of line horses. The king consent-
ed them were Theseus, Dryas,Hopleus,Mop-
the monster destroyed, he sus, Phalerus,Exadius,Proiochus, Titaresius,
; but when was

refused to fulfilhis engagements, and Her- cules ".C. The Centaurs v. ere also invited to par-take
was obligedto besiegeTroy, and take the common festivity, and the amuse-
ments

it by force of arms. Laomedon was put to would have been harmless and innocent,
death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs offer- ed
Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, violence to Hippodamia,the wife of Pirith- ous.
one of the conqueror's attendants, and Podar-
ces The Lapithse resented the injury, and
was ransomed by the Trojans, and placed the Centaurs supported their companions,up- on
According to Hy- which the quaiTcl became universal, and
upon his father's throne.
gin'.if, the wrath of Neptune and Apollowas ended in blows and slaughter.Many of the
kindied againstLaomedon, because he re-
fused Centaurs were slain,and they at last were
to offer on Iheir altars,as a sacrifice, all obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapi-
thse
the firstborn of his cattle, accordingto a showed himself brave and intrepid in sup-
porting
vow he had made. Homer. II.21. Virg.JEn. "
the cause of his friends,and Nestor al-
so
2 and 9." OyiV/. Met. 11, fab. Q."Apollod.2, was not lessactive in the protection of chas-
tity
c. 6." Pans. 7, c. 20."Horat. 3, od. 3."Hy- and innocence. This quarrelarose from
giyi. 89. A demagogue of i\Iessana in Si- cily.the resentment of Mars, whom Pirithous for-
got
A satrap of Phoenicia, Lc. Curt. 10, or neglectedto invite among the other
c. 10. An Athenian, k,c. Plui. An gods,at the celebration of his nuptials, and
Orchomeuian. Id. thereforethe divinitypunished the insult by
L.^oMiiDONTEUs, an epithet appliedto thf' sowing dissention among the festiveassembly.
Trojans from their kii^
Laomedon. Firg.[yid.Centauri.]Hesiod has described the
JEn. 4,v. 542, 1. 7, v. 105,1.8, v. 18. battle of the Centaurs and Lapilhae, as also

LioMEDOMiAD;*:, a patronymic given to Ovidj in a more copiousmanner. The inven

47
 LA LA
iton of bitsand bridles for horses is attributed into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were led
cal-
to the Lapithae.Virg.G. 3, v. 115. ^n. 6,v. Larinates. Ital. 15,v. 565. Cic. Clu. 63, "

601, 1. 7, V. 305." Ovid. Met. 12, v. 530, 1. 14, 4. Mt. 12,1. 7, ep. 13." Liv. 22, c. 18,1.27, c.
V. 670. Hesiod. in Scut. Diod. 4. Find. 2.
" " " 40." CcB^. a 1, c. 23.
"Pylh. "Strab.9."Slat. Thth. 7, v. 304. Larissa, a daughterof Pelasgus,
who gave
LAPiTHiEUM, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 3, her name to cities in Greece.
some Paus. 2,
c. 20. c. 23. A citybetween Palestine and Egypt,
Lailv or Laranda, one of the Naiads, where Porapey was murdered and buried ac-
cording

daughterof the river Almon in Latium, fa-

mous to some accounts. A largecityoa
for her beautyand her loquacity,which the banks ofthe Tigris.It had a small pyra-
mid
her parentslong endeavoured to correct,but near inferior to those of Egypt-
it,greatly
in vain. She revealed to Juno the amours of A cityof Asia Minor, on the southern
her husband Jupiterwith Juturna, for which confines of Troas. Strab. 13. Another in
the god cut oft"her tongue, and ordered Mer- cury iEolia,70 stadia from Cyme. It is suruamed
to conduct her to the infernal regions. Phriconis by Strabo, by way of distinction.
The messenger of the gods fell in love with Strab. 13." Homer. II. 2, v. 640. Another
ber by the way, and gratified his passion. La- nearEphesus.
ra Another on the borders of
became mother of two children, to whom the Peneus in Thessaly, also called Cremastty
the Romans have paiddivine honours accord-
ing from itssituation, (PeiisUis,) the most famous
to the opinion of some, under the name of of all the citiesof that name. It was here that
Lares. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 599, Acrisius was inadvertently killed by his grand-
son
Larentia and Laurentia, a courtezan of Perseus. Jupiter had there a famous tem- ple,
the firstages of Rome. [Vid.Acca.] on account of which he is called Laris-
Lares, gods of inferior power at Rome, sceus. The same epithetis also appliedto
who presided over houses and families. They Achilles, who reignedthere. It is stillextant,
were two in number, sons of Mercury by and bears the same name. Ovid. Met. 2, v.
Lara. IVid.Lara.] In process of time their 642." Virg. JEn. 2,v. 197." Lztcan 6." Lip.31,
power was extended not onlyover houses,but c. 46, 1.42, c. 56. A citadelof Argosbuilt
also over the country and sea, and we find by Danaus.
Lares Urbani to preside over the cities,Fami- Lariss^us. [Vid.Larissa.]
Hares over houses,Rustici over the country, Larissus,a river of Peloponnesusflowing
Compitales over cross roads, Marini over the between El is and Achaia. Strab. 8. Liv. "

sea, Viales over the roads, Patellarii, he. 27, c. 31." Paus. 8, c. 43.
According to the opinionof some, the wor- ship Larius, a lai'ge lake of CisalpineGaul,
of the gods Lares,who are supposedto throughwhich the Addua runs in its way into
be the same the manes,
as arises from the an-cient the Po, above Cremona. Virg.G. 2, v. 159.
custom among the Romans and other Larnos, a small desolate island on the coast
nations of buryingtheir dead in their houses, of Thrace.
and from their belief that their spirits ually
contin- Laronia, a shameless courtezan in Juve-
nal's
hovered over the houses, for the protec-
tion age. Jul'. 2, V. 86.
ofits inhabitants. The statues ofthe Lares, Lars Tolumnius, a kingof the Veientes,
resemblingmonkies, and covered with the conqueredby the Romans, and put to death,
skin of a dog, were placed in a nich behind A. U. C. 329. Liv. 4, c. 17 and 19.
the doors ofthe houses,or around the hearths. T. Lartius Florus, a consul,who
ed
appeas-
At the feet of the Lares was the figureof a a sedition raised by the poorer citizens,
dog barking,to intimate their care and vigi- lance. and was the first dictator ever chosen at
Incense was burnt on their altars,Rome, B. C. 498. He made SpuriusCas-
and a sow was also otfered on particular days. sius his master of horse. Liv. 2, c. 18.""
Their festivals were observed at Rome in the Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone
'month of May, when their statues were withstood the furyof Porsenna's army at the
crowned with garlands of flowers,and ofter- head of a bridge, while the communication wa"
ings of fruit presented.The word Lares cuttingdown behind them. His compa-
nions
seems to be derived from the Etruscan word were Codes and Herminius. [Vid.
Lars, which signifies conductor or leader. Codes.] Liv. 2, c. 10 and 18. DionysHal.
Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 129." Juv. 8, v. 8."PluL in Val. Max. 3, c. 2.
"
The name of Lartius
QucEst. Rom. Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10. Horat. has been common
"
"
to many Romans.
3, od. 23." Plant, in jiul.^ Cist. Lartol^etani, a peopleof Spain.
Larga, a well known prostitute in Juve-
nal's Larv^, a name givento the wicked spirits
age. Juv. 4, v. 25. and apparitions which, accordingto the
Largus, a Latin poet who wrote a poem notions of the Romans, issued from their
on the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he graves in the night,and came to terrify the
built the town of Padua. He composed with world. As the word larva signifies amaskf
ease and elegance. Ovid, ex Font. 4, ep. 16, whose horrid and uncouth appearance often
V. 17. serves to frightenchildren,that name has
Larides, a son who been givento the ghostsor spectreswhich
of Daucus
Dauuus or

assisted Turnus againstjiEneas,and had his superstitionbelieves to hover around the

Land cut oft"w ith one blow, by Pallas the son graves ofthe dead. Some call them Lemures.
of Evander. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 391. Servius in Virg.JE7i. 5, v. 64, 1.v. 152.
L.viuNA, a virginof Italywho accompa-
nied Larymna, a town of Boeotia,where chus
Bac-
Camilla in her war againstJ:Ineas. Virg. had a temple and a statue. Another
JFm. 11, v. 655. in Caria. Strab. 9 and 16." Mela, 1,c. 16,1,
Larinum or Larina, now Larino,a of town c. 3.

the Frentani on the Tiferuus before itfalls Larvsium,a mountain of Laconia. Paus.
3, c. 22.
 LA LA
Lassia,an ancient name of Andros. 1itwas should
that the quarrel
agreed, be de*
Lassus or Lasus, a dithyrambicpoet 1cided by the two rivals, and Latinus promised
born at Hermione in Peloponnesus,about Ihis daughterto the conqueror. jJLneas ob-
600 years before Christ, and reckoned among I tained the victory, and married Lavinia. the
La-
wise men of Greece by some. He is tinus soon after died,and was succeeded by his
particularly known by the answer he gave son-in-law. Virg.JEn. 9, k.c. Ovid. Met. 13, "

to a man who asked him what could best he" Fast. 2, kc."Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 13."
render life pleasantand comfortable.' Ex- perience.
Liv. I, c. 1, "c. Jitslin.43, c. 1." A son
He was acquaintedwith music. of Sylvius^neas, surnamed also Sylvius.
Some fragmentsof his poetry are to be found He was the 5th king ef the Latins,and suc- ceeded

in Athenaeus. He wrote an ode upon the his father. He was father to Alba his
Centaurs, and an hymn to Ceres, without successor. Dionys.1, c. 15." -Lit'. 2, c. 3.
letter
insertingthe S in the Athtn.
composition. A son of Ulyssesand Circe also bore this
10. name.

Lasthenes, a governor of Olynthus cor- rupted Latium, a country of Italy near the river
A Tiber.
by Philipking of Macedonia. It was originallyvery circumscribed,
Cretan demagogue conquered by Metellus extendingonly from the Tiber to Circeii,
the Roman general. A cruel minister at but afterwards it comprehended the territo^
the court of the Seleucidae, kingsof Syria. ries of the Volsci,iEqui,Hernici, Ausones,
Lasthenia, a woman who disguisedher-
self Umbii, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants
to come and hear Plato's lessons. Diog. were called AborigineSf and received the
Latagus, a king of Pontus who assisted name of Latini from Latinus their king.
lEXes against the Argonauts, and was killed Accordingto others the word is derived from
Flacc. 5, 584. One of the lateo,to conceal,because Saturn concealed
by Darapes. v.

companions of -a:neas,killed by Mezentius. himself there when ilyingthe resentment of

Virg.JEn. 10,v. 697. his son Jupiter.Laurentum was the capital
Lateral OS Plautus, a Roman consul of the country in the reign of Latinus, La-
elect A. D. 65. A conspiracywith Piso vinium, under .^neas,and Alba under Asca-
againstthe emperor Nero proved fatal to nius. [Vid. Alba.] The Latins, though
him. He was led to execution,where he re- originally known only among their neigh-
bours,
fiisedto confess the associates of the conspira-
cy, soon rose in consequence when mulus
Ro-
and did not even frown at the executioner, had founded the cityof Rome in their
who was as guilty as himself; but when a first country. Virg.JEn. 7, v. 38, 1. 8, v. 322.
blow could not sever his head from his body, Strab. 5.
"

Dionys.Hal. Justin. 20, c. 1.

" "

he looked at the executioner, and shakinghis "Plut. in RomuL"Plin. 3, c. 12." Tactf. 4,

head, he returned it to the hatchet with the Ann. 5.
and it was cut off. There Latius, of Jupiterat Rome.
greatest
composure, a surname
exists now a celebrated palaceat Rome which Stat. 5."Sylv.2, v. 392.
derives its name from itsancient possessors, Latmus, a mountain of Caria near tus.
Mile-
the Laterani. It is famous for the residence of Endy-
Laterium, the villa of Q. Cicero at Arpi- mion, whom the Moon regularly visited in
num, near the Liris. Cic. ad Attic. 10, ep. 1. the night,whence he is often called Latmias
el. 4, ep. 7, adfr.3, ep. 1. Plin. 15,c, 15.
"
Heros. [Vid.Endymion.] Mela,.1, c. 17. "

Latialis, a surname of Jupiter,who was Ovid. Trist 2, v. 299. Art. Am. 3, v. SS," Plin,
worshippedby the inhabitants of Latium upon 4, c. 29." Strab. 14." Cic. 1, Tus. 28.
mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals Latobius, the god of heaUh among the
which were first institutedby Tarquin the Corinthians.
proud,lasted 15 days. Liv. 21. [Vid.Fe- Latoerigi, a peopleof BelgicGaul.
riee Latinae.] Latois, a name of Diana as being th"
LATiNi,the inhabitants of Latium.
[Vid. daughter of Latona. A country hous"
Latium.] near Ephesus.
Latin lus Latiaris, a celebrated informer, LatobUjE. [Vid.Latumia}.]
Stc. Tacit. Latona, a daughterof Cceus the Titan and
Latinus, a son of Faunus by Marica, king Phoebe, or, accordingto. Homer, of Saturn.
of the Aborigines, in Italy,who from him were She was admired for her beauty,and cele- brated
called Latini. He married Amata, by Avhom he for the favours which she grantedto
had a son and a daughter. The son died in his Jupiter. Juno,, always jealousof her hus- band's
infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia,was amours, made Latona the objectof
secretly promised in marriageby her mother her vengeance, and sent the serpentPython to
to Turnus king of the Rutuli,one of her most disturb her peace and persecuteher. Latona
powerfuladmirers. The gods opposed this wandered from place to place in the time
union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia of her pregnancy, continually alarmed for
must become the wife of a foreign prince.fear of Python. She was driven from heaven ,

The arrivalof i^^neas in Italy seemed able

favour- and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to
to this prediction, and Latinus,by ofter- give her a place where she might find rest
inghis daughterto the foreignprinceand ma- king and bringforth. Neptune,moved with com^
him his friend and ally, seemed to have passion, struck with his trident^ and made im-
moveable
the commands
fulfilled of the oracle. Tumus the island of Delos, which before
however disapproved of the conduct of Latinus, wandered in the ^gean, and appeared some-
times

he claimed Lavinia as his lawful wife, and above, and sometimes below, the surface
preparedto supporthis cause by arms. iEneas of the sea. Latona, changed into a quailby
took up arms in his own defence,and Latium Jupiter, came to Delos, w^here she resumed
was the seat of the war. After mutual losses her original shape,and gave birth to Apolli?^
 LA LA
and Diana, leaningagainst a palm tree or an Lavinium, or Lavinum, a town of Italy,
olive. Her repose was of short duration ; built by iEneas, and called by that name in
Juno discov^eredthe placeof her retreat,and honour of Lavinia,the founder's wife. It was
obligedher to flyfrorjiDelos. She wandered the capitalof Latiura during the
reign of
over the greatest part of the world, and in ^neas. Virg.Mi. 1, v. 262."Strab. 5."
Caria, where her fatigue compelled her to Dionys.Hal. 1. Liv. 1, c. 2. Justin. 43, " "

stop,she was insultedand ridiculed by peasants c. 2.

of Vfc'hom she asked for v.'ater, while they Laura, a placenear Alexandria in Egypt.
were weedinga marsh. Their refusaland in- solenceLaureacum, a town at the confluence of
piterthe Ens and the Danube, now
provoked her,and she entreated Ju- Lorch.
punish then* barbai-ity.
to Thpy \vere Laurentalia, certain festivalscelebrated
all changedinto frogs. She was exposedto at Rome in honour of Lamentia, on the
self last day of April and the 23d of December.
repeated insultsby Niobe, who boasted her-
greater than the nioiher.of Apollo aad They were, in process of time, part of the
Diana, and ridiculed the presentswhich the Saturnalia.
Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 57.
of her neighbours
piety had offered to Latona. Lacrentes
Agri, the country in the
fiVtd.
x'iobc.]Her beauty pi'oved fatal to neighbourhoodof Laurentum. Tibull. 2, el.
the giantTityus,
whom Apolloand Diana put 5, V. 41.
to death. [Vid.
Tityus.] At last,Latona, Laurentia. [Vid.Acca.'\
thoughpersecutedand exposed to the resent-
ment Laurentini, the inhabitants of Latium.
of Juno, became a powerful deity, and They received this name from the great num-
ber
saw her children receive divine honours. Her of laurels which in the
grew country.
worship was generally established where KingLatinus found one
iier of uncommon ness
large-
children received adoration, particularly
at and beauty, when he was goingto build
ArgosjDelos, "c. where she bad temples.She a templeto Apollo, and the tree was consecra-
ted
had an oracle in Egypt,celebrated for the true to the god,and preserved with the most
decisive answers which ii gave, Diod. 5. "

religious ceremonies. Virg.JEn. 7, v. 59.

Herodot^2,c. 155. Pans. 2 and 3. Homer.
"
Laurentius, belonging
"
to Laurentum or
11.21. Hymn in ^p. 8/- Dian. Hesiod. Theog. Latium.
"

Virg.JEn. 10,v. 709.

"
ApoUod.3, c. 5 and 10. Ovid. Met. 6, v. "
Laurentum, now Paterna^ the capital
im."Hygin. fab. 140. of the kingdom of Latium in the reignof La-
tinus.
Latopolis, a cityof Egypt. Strah. It is on the sea coast east of the Tiber.
Latous, a name givento Apolloas son of [Vid.Laurentini.]Strab. 5. Mela, 2, c. 4. "

Latona, Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9. Liv. 1,c. 1. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 171.

" "

Latreus, one of the Centaurs, who, after Laurion, a place of Attica, where were
Ivillius Halesus was himself slain by Cseneus, goldmines, from which the Athenians drew
Ovid. Xet. 12,V. 463. considerable revenues, and with which they
Laudamia, a daughter of Alexander king built their fleets by the advice of Themis-
of Epirusand Olympiasdaughterof Pyrrhus, tocles. These mines failed before the age
killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged of Strabo. Tliueyd.2. Pans. 1, c. 1." "

populace, Jmtin. 28, c. 3. The wife of Slrab. 9.

Protesilaus. [Vid.Laodamia.] Lauron, a town of Spain,where Pompey's
Laudjce. [Vid.Laodice.] son was conqueredby Ceesar's army.
L^verna, the goddessof thieves and dis- honest Laus, now Laino, a town on a river of the
persons at Rome. She did not only same name, which forms the southern bounda-
ry
presideover robbers,called from her Laver- of Lucania. Slrab. 6.
"niones. but she protectedsuch as deceived Laus Pompeia, a town of Italyfounded
others, or foi'raed their secret machinations in by a colonysent thither by Pompe}^
obscurity and silence. Her worshipwas very Lausus, a son of Numitor, and 'brotherof
popular,and the Romans raised her an altar Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle
near one of the gatesof the city, which, from Amulius, who usurped his father's throne.
that circumstance, was called the gate of La- Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 54. A son of Mezentius,
verna. She was generallyrepresented by a kingof the Tyrrhenians, killed by ^Eneas in
head without a body. Horat. 1, ep. 16, v. 60. the war which his father and Turnus made
" Varro de L. L. 4, A placementioned by against the Trojans. Virg.JEn. 7, v. 649, 1.
Plut. "c, 10,v. 426, "LC.
Lavernium, a temple of Laverna, near Lautium, a cityof Latiura,
Formiai. Cic. 7, M. 8. Lautumi/e or IuATo^ux, a prisonat Sy-racuse
Laufella, a wanton woman, "c. Juv. 6, cut out of the solid rock by Dionysius,
V. 319. and now converted into a subterraneous
den
gar-
Laviana, a provinceof Armenia Minor. tiiledwith numerous shrubs,flourishing in
Lavinia, a daughter of king Latiims and luxuriaut variety.Cic. Ver. 5, c. 27. Liv. 26, "

Areata. She was betrothed to her relation V. 27, 1.32, c. 26.

king Turnus, but because the oracle ordered of Astacus, who killedLeaues, a son
her father to marry her to a foreign piince,Eteoclus. Jipollod.
she was given to .^neas after the death of LF.iKi,a nation of Pffionia near Macedonia,
Turnus. [Vid.Latinus.] At her husband's Lk^na, an Athenian harlot. [Vid. Lana.]
death she was leftpregnant,and beingfearfid Leander, a youth of Abydos, famous for
of the tyranny of Ascanius her sonin-law, she his amours with Hero. [Vid.Hero.] A
fled into the woods, where she broughtforth a Milesian who wrote an historical commentary
t.on called ^Encas Sylvius.Dionys.Hal. 1. "
upon his country,
Virg.JEn. 6 and l."Orid. Met. 14,v, 507." Leandre, a daughterof Amyclas, who
Liv. 1,0. 1. raariied Areas. .ff/olUd.
 LE LE

Leajs'drias, a Lacedaemonian refugeeof two ancient poets,and probably invented since

Thebes, who declared,according to an ancient their age. ^pollod.1,c. 8, 1.3,c. 10. Ovid. "

oracle,thai Spartawouid lose the superiority Met. 6, V. 109." Hesiod. 17,v. 55." Hygin.fab.
over Greece when conqueredby the Thebans 77. Isocr.inHel. " " Homer. Od. 11. Eurip.in
"

at Leuctra. Diod. 15. Hel. A famous dancer in the age of Juvt-

Leanira, a daughterof Amyclas. [Vid. iial 6, V. 63.
Leandre.] LEDiEl, an epithet
givento Hermione, "c.
Learchcs, Athamas
a son and Ino, as related to Leda.
of Virg.JEn. 3, v. 328.
crushed to death against a wall by his father, Ledus, now Lez, a river of Gaul near the
in a fitof madness. [Tirf.Athamas.] Ovid. modern Montpelier. Mela, 2, c. 5.
Fast. 6, V. 490. Legio, a corps of soldiers in the Roman
Lebadea, now Lioadias,a town of Bceo- armies, whose numbers have been different
tia,near mount Helicon. It received this at different times. The legionunder Romu-
lus
name from the mother of Aspledou,and be- came consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse,and
famous for the oracle and cave of Tro- was soon after augmented to 4000, after
phonius. No moles could live there,accord-
ing the admission of the Sabines into the city.
to Pliny. Strab. g. Plin. 16, c. 36. When
" Annibal was in Italy
"
itconsisted of 6000
Pans. 9, c. 59. soldiers,and afterwards it decreased to 4000,
Leeedus or of Ionia, or 4500.
Lebedos, Marius made
a town it consist of 6200,
at the north of festivalswere besides 700 horse.
Colophon,where This was the periodof its
yearly observed in honour of Bacchus, and greatnessin numbers. Livy speaks of ten,
where Tropboniushad a cave and a temple. and even eighteen,legions kept at Rome. Du-
ring
Lysimachusdestroyedit,and carried part of the consular government it was usual to
the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been levy and fit up four legions, which were ded
divi-
founded by an Athenian colony,under one of between the two consuls. This number
the sons of Codrus. Strab. 14 Horat. 1, was however often increased,
"
as time and oc-
casion

ep. 11,V. 7. Herodot. 1,c. 142.

"
Cic. 1,Div. required.
"

Augustusmaintained a stand-
ing
33. army of twenty-threeor twenty-five le-
gions,
Lebena, a commercial town of Crete, and this number was seldom diminished.
with a temple sacred to ..Esculapius. Paas. In the reignof Tiberius there were 27 legions,
2, c. 26. and the peace establishment of Adrian main-tained
Lebinthos and Lebynthos, an island in the no less than 30 of these formidable bri-
gades.
JEgean sea, near Patmos. Strab. 10. "
Mela, They ^vere distributedover
the man Ro-
2; c. 7." Ovid. Met. 8, v. 222. empire,and their stations
settled were

Lech.eum, now Pelago,a port of Corinth and permanent. The peace of

Britain was
in the bay of Corinth. Stat. Thtb. 2, v. 381. protectedby three legions ; sixteen were tioned
sta-
" Lir. 32, c. 23. on the banks of the Rhine and Danube,
Lectum, a promontory, now cape Baba, se- viz. two
parating in Lower, and three in Upper Ger- many
Troas from iiiol'ia. Lix. 37, c. 37. ; one in Noricum, one in Rhaetia,three
Lecythus, a town of Eubcea. in Mcesia,four in Pannonia, and two in Dacia.
Leda, a daughter of king Thespiusand Eightwere stationed on the Euphrates, six of
Eurylhemis,who married Tyndarus,king of which remained in SjTia, and two in Cappado-
Sparta. She was seen bathingin the river cia, while the remote provincesof Egypt,
Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was some few Africa,and Spain,were guarded each by a
days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god, singlelegion. Besides these, the tranquillity
struck with her beauty,resolved to deceive of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who,
her. He persuadedVenus to changeherself under the titlesof citycohorts and of praetorian
into an eagle,while he assumed the form of guards,watched oter the safety of the mon-
arch
a swan ; and after this metamorphosis. Jupi and of the capital.The legionswere
ter, as if fearful of the tyrannical crueltyof distinguished by different appellations, and
the bird of prey, fled throughthe air into the generally borrowed their name from the order
arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the in A\ hich theywere firstraised, as prima, secun-

tremblingswan from the assaults of his supe-

rior da, tertia,quarta, k.c. Besides this distinc- tion,
enemy. The caresses with which the another more expressive was generally
naked Leda received the swan, enabled Jupi-
ter added, as from the name of the emperor who
to avail himself of his situation,and nine embodied them, as Jlugusta, Claudiana, Gal-
months after this adventure, the wife of Tyn- darusbiana,Flavia,Ulpia,Trajana,Aniomana, k,c.
broughtforth two eggs, of one of which from the provincesor quarters where they
Eprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other were stationed,as Britannica,Cyrenica, Gal-
Castor and Cl3'teranestra. The two former lica,he. from the provinceswhich had
were deemed the ofl'springof Jupiter, and the been subdued by their valour, as Parthica,
others claimed Tyndarus for their father. Scylhica, jlrabica, Jifricanc, kc. from the
Some mythologistsattribute this amour to names of the deities whom their generals
Nemesis, and not to Leda ; and they further particularly \\ orshipped, as Mincrvia, JpolU-
mention, that Leda was intrusted with the naris,Lc. or from more trifling accidents,as
education of the children which sprang from Martia, Fulminntrix,Rapa.v,Mjutrix, ".c.
the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. [Via. Each legionwas divided into ten cohorts, each
Helena.] To reconcile this diversity of opin-
ions, cohort into three manipuli, and every manipu-
others maintain that Leda received the lus into three centuries or ordines. The chief
name of Nemesis after death. Homer and commander of the legionwas called legcdus,
Hesiod make no mention of the metamorphosis lieutenant. The standards borne by the le-
of Jupiter into a swan, whence have im- gionswere various. In the fii'st ages of Rome
some

agineJ that tie fable was unknown to these ja wuii wa.? tliestandard,in honour of Romu-
 LE LE
lus ;afterthatahog,because that animal was ge- the proverb
nerally of Lemnian actiont, which is ap-
plied
sacrificedat the conclusion of a treaty, to all barbarous and inhuman deed*.
and therefore itindicated that war is underta-
ken The firstinhabitants of Lemnos were the Pe-
for the obtaining of peace. A minotaur lasgi,or rather the Thracians,w ho were dered
mur-

was sometimes the standard,to intimate the by their wives. After them came the
secrecy with which the generalwas to act, in children of the Lemnian widows by the Argo-
nauts,
commemoration of the labyrinth. Sometimes whose descendants were at last expelled
a horse or a boar was used,tillthe age of Ma-
rias, by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years before the
who changed all these for the eagle,be- ing christian era. Lemnos isabout 1 12 miles in cir-
cumference,
representation
a of that bird in silver,
hold-
ing according who says, that
to Pliny,
sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. itisoften shadowed by mount Athos,thoughat
The Roman eagleever after remained in use, the distance of 87 miles. It has been called
though Trajan made use of the dragon. Hipsipyle, from queen Hipsipyle.It is famous
Leitus, or Letus, a commander of the for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called
Boeotians at the siegeof Troy, He was saved terra Lemnia, or terra the from
sigillaia,
from the victorious hand of Hector and from seal or impressionwhich it can bear. As
death by Idomenus. Homer. II. 2, 6, and 17. the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets
One of the Argonauts,son of Alector. have taken occasion to fixthe forges
of Vulcan
Apollod.
2, c. 9. in that island,and to consecrate the whole
Lelaps, a that never
dog failed to seize country to his divinity.Lemnos is also cele-
brated
and conquer whatever animal he was ordered for a labyrinth, which, according to
to pursue. It was given to Pocris by Diana, some traditions,surpassed those of Crete and
and Pocris reconciled herself to her husband Egypt. Some remains of it were stillvisible
by presenting him with that valuable present.in the age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos,
According to some, Pocris had received it now called Slalimene,was reduced under the
from Minos, as a reward for the dangerous power of Athens by Miltiades,and the Ca-
wounds of which she had cured him. Hygin. rians,who then inhabited it,obligedto emi- grate.
fab. \2S."0vid: Met. 7, v. 771." Paiw. 9, c. Virg.JEn. 8, v. 454. Homer. 11. 1,v. "

19. One of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, 593." C. Mp. in Milt." Strab. 1,2, and 7."
V. 211. Herodot. 6, c. 140. Mela, 2, c. 7. Apollon.
"

1, "

Leleges, (a ^y, to gather) a ing

wander- arg."Flac.2, v. 18." Ovid. Art. Jm. 3, v. 672.
people,composed of different unconnect-
ed "Stat. 3. Theb. 274.
nations. They were originallyinhabitants Lemovices, a peopleof Gaul, now sin
Limou-
of Caria, and went to the Trojan war with ^ Limoges. Cces. G. 7, G. 4.
Altes their king. Achilles plunderedtheir Lemovii, a nation of Germany. Tacit,tic
country, andobligedthem to retire to the Germ.
neighbourhoodof Halicarnassus,where they Lebiures, the manes of the dead. The
fixed their habitation. The inhabitants of La- ancients supposedthat the souls,after death,
conia and Megara bore this name for some wandered all over the world, and disturbed
time, from Lelex, one of their kings. Strab. the peace of its inhabitants. The good spirits
7 and 8." Homer. II. 21, v. 85." Plin. 4, c. 7, weje called Lares familiares, and the evil
1. 5, c. 30." Virg.Mfi. 8, v. T26."raus. 3, ones were known by the name of Larva, or
e. 1. Lemures. They
terrified the good, and con-
tinually

Lelegeis, a name to Miletus,be-

applied haunted
the wicked and impious; and
eause once possessed by the Leleges. Plin. tiieRomans had the superstition to celebrate
5, c. 29. festivals in their honour, called Lemuria, or
Lelex, an Egyptian,who came with a co-
lony Lemuralia, in the month of May. They
to Megara, where he reignedabout 200 were first instituted by Romulus to appease
years before the Trojan war. His subjectsthe manes of his brother Remus, from whom
were called from him Leleges, and the place they were called Remuria, and, by corrup-
tion,
Lelegeia mcenia. Paus. 3, c. 1. A Greek, Lemuria. These solemnities continued
who was the firstkingof Laconia in Pelopon-
nesus. three nights, duringwhich the temples of the
His subjects were also called Leleges, gods were shut,and marriagesprohibited.It
and the country where he reignedLelegia. Id. was usual for the peopleto throw black beans
Le.manis, a placein Britain,where Caesar on the graves of the deceased,or to burn them,
is supposedto have firstlanded, and therefore as the smell was supposedto be insupportable
placedby some at Lime in Kent. to them. They also muttered magicalwords,
Lemannus, a lake in the country of the Al- and, by beatingkettles and drums, they be- lieved
lobroges, through which the Rhone flows by that the ghosts would depart,and no
Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva longercome to terrify their relations upon
or Lausanne. Lucan. 1, v. 396. Mela^ 2, c. 5. earth. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 421, he." Herat. 2j
"

tweenep. 2, v. 209." Persius 5, v. 185.

Lemnos, an island in the JEge^n sea, be-
Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It LisMURiA and Lemuralia. [Vid. Le-
mures.]
was sacred to Vulcan, called Lemnius pater,
who fellthere when kicked down from heaven LENiEus, a surname of Bacchus, from
by Jupiter.[Vid.Vulcanus.] It was brated Moi, a wine press.
cele- There was a festival
for two
horrible massacres, that of the called Lenaa, celebrated in his honour, in
Lemnian women murdering their husbands, which the ceremonies observed at the other
IVid.Hipsipyle,] and that of the Lemnians, festivalsof the god chiefly prevailed. There
or Pelasgl, in killing all the children they had were, besides, poetical contentions,he. Paus.
had by some Athenian women, whom they Virg. G. 2, v. 4. ^n. 4, v. 201." Ovid.
"

bad carried
away to become their wives. Met.4,v. 14. A leai'ned grammarian, or- dered

These two acts of*^ cruelty have given rise to by Pompey to translateinto Latin some
 LE LE
of the physicalmanuscripts of Mithridates, Leodamas, a son of Eteocles,one of the
kingof Fontus. seven Theban chiefs who defended the city
Lentolus, a celebrated familyat Rome, against the Argives. He killed ^gialeus,
and
which produced many greatmen in the monwealth. was
com- himself killed by Alcmaeon. A son of
The most illustrious were
L. Hector and Andromache. Dictys.
Crtt.
Corn. Lentulus,a consul,A. U. C. 427, who Leodocws, one of the Argonauts. Flacc.
dispersed some robbers who infested Umbria. an Athenian debauchee, wh"
Leogoras,
Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained the courtezan
maintained Myrrhina.
up some gladiatorsat Capua, which escaped Leon, a kingof Sparta. Herodot. 7, c. 204.
from his school. Corn. Lentulus,surnaraed A town of Sicily, near Syracuse. Liv. 24,
Suri. He joinedin Catihne's conspiracy, and c. 25.
assisted in corrupting the Allobroges.He was Leona, a courtezan, called also Lasna. Fit?.
convicted in full senate by Cicero, and put in Laena.
prison, and afterwards executed. A consul Leonatus, one of Alexander's generals.
who triumphed over the Samnites. Cn. His father'sname Eunus. He distinguish-
was ed
Lentulus,surnamed Gadulicus,was made con-
sul, himself in Alexander's conquest of Asia,^
A. D. 26, and was, some time after,put and once saved the king'slifein a dangerous
to death by Tiberius, who was jealousof his battle. After the death of Alexander, at the
greatpopularity.He wrote an history, tioned
men-
generaldivision of the provinces, he received
by Suetonius,and attemptedalso poe- try. for his that
portion of which bor-
part Phrygia ders
L. Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, the Hellespont. He was
on empowered
put to death in Africa. P. Corn. Lentulus, by Perdiccas to assistEumenes in making him-
self
a prcetor,defeated by the rebellious slaves master of the province of Cappadocia,
in Sicily. Lentulus Spinther,a senator, which had been allotted to him. Like the rest
kindlyused by J. Caesar,""c. A tribune at of the
generals of Alexander, he was ambitious
the battle of Cannae. P. Lentulus, a friend of and dominion. He
power aspiredto the
of Brutus,mentioned by Cicero (rfeOral. 1,c. sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly municated
com-
48,)as a greatand consummate statesman. "

to Eumenes the different planshe

Besides these, there are a few others,whose meant to pursue to execute his designs.He
name is only mentioned in history, and whose passedfrom Asia into Europe to assistAnti-
lifewas not marked by any uncommon event. the Athenians, and was
pater against killed
The consulship was in the familyof the Len- in a battle which was foughtsoon after his ar- rival.
luli in the yeai-s of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518, Historians have mentioned as an stance
in-
553, 555, 598, oic. Tacit. Ann. Liv. Flor. "
" "
of the luxuryof Leonalus, that he em-
ployed
Plin. Plut.
"

Eutrop,
"

a number of camels to procure some

Leo, a native of Byzantium,who flourished earth from Egypt to wrestle
upon, as, in his
350 years before the Christian era. His phi-
losophical
opinion,it seemed better calculated for that
and political talents endeared him Plut. in Alex. Curt. 3, c. 12,1. 6,
purpose. "

to his countrymen, and he was always sent c. 8." Justin. 13, c. 2. Diod. 18. C. JVep.in " "

upon every importantoccasion as ambassador Eum. A Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy

to Athens, or to the court of Philipking of against the Romans,
Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainted Leonidas, a celebrated
king of Lacedas-
with the abilitiesof Leo, was sensible that his mon, of the family of the Euristhenidas, sent
views and claims to Byzantium would never
by his countiymen to oppose Xerxes, king of
succeed while it was protectedby the vigi- lancePersia,who had invaded Greece with about
of such a patriotic citizen. To remove five millions of souls. He was offered the
him he had recourse to artificeand perfidy. A kingdom of Greece by the enemy, ifhe would
letter was forged,in W'hich Leo made solemn not oppose his views ; but Leonidas heard the
promises of betraying his country to the king proposalwith indignation, and observed, that
of Macedonia for money. This was no sooner he preferred death for his country,to an un- just
known than the people ran enraged to the though extensive dominion it. Be-
fore over
house of Leo, and the philosopher,
to avoid the
engagement Leonidas exhorted his
their fury,and without attemptinghis justifi-
cation,soldiers,
and told them all to dine heartily,
as
strangledhimself. He had written they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The
some treatises upon physic,andalso the his-
tory battle was
fought at Thermopylas, and the 300
of his country and the wars of Philip, in Spartans,who alone had refused to abandon the
%e\ex\ books, which have been lost. Flat. scene of action,withstood the enemy with
A Corinthian at Syracuse, ".c. A king such vigour, that they were obligedto retire,
of Sparta. A son of Eurycrates.Jllhen. wearied and
conquered,duringthree succes-
sive
12. Philostr.
"
An emperor of the east,sur- named
days,tillEphialtes, a Tracliinian, had the
the Thracian. He reigned 17 years, perfidy to conduct a detachment of Persians
and died A. D. 474, beingsucceeded by Leo by a secret path up the mountains, whence
the Second for 10 months, and afterwards by theysuddenlyfell
upon therear of the Spar-
tans,
Zeno. and crushed them to pieces. Only one es-caped
Leocorion", a monument and templeerect-
ed of the 300; he returned home, where
by the Athenians to Pasithea,Theope, and he was treated with insult and reproaches, for
Eubule, daughtersof Leos, who immolated Hyingingloriously from a battle in which hi?
themselves when an oracle had ordered that, brave companions,with their
royal leader,
to stop the ragingpestilence, some of the blood had perished. This celebrated battle,which
of the citizens must be shed. JElian. 12,c. happened 480
years before the Christian era,
28." Czc. JV.Z". 3, c. 19. taughtthe Greeks to despisethe number of
Leocrates, an Athenian general,who the Persians,and to rely upon their own
flourishedB. C. 460, ^c. Diod. U. strength and intrepidity. Temples were raised
 LE LE
to the fallen hero, and festivals, called Leo- Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his
rUdea, yearlycelebrated at Spai'ta, in.which body was pronounced at Athens by Hyperi-
free-born youthscontended. Leonides,as he des,in the absence of Demosthenes, who had
departedfor the battle from Lacedeemon, gave been lately banished for takinga bribe from
other injunctionto his wife, but,after his
no
Harpalus. [Vid.Lamiacum.] Diod. 17 and
death,to marry a man of virtue and honour, 18. Strab. 9. Another
generalof Athens, "
"

to raise from children deserving

her of the condemned on account of the bad success
name and greatnessof her firsthusband. He- which attended his arms against Peparethos.
rodot. 7, c. 120, he. C. Mp. in Them. "

Leotychides, a king of Sparta, son

"

of
Justin. 2. Val. Max.
"

1, c. 6. Paus. 3, c. 4. Menares, of the family

"

of the Proclidae. He
" Plut. in Lye.^ Cleom. A king of Sparta was set over the Grecian fleet, and by his cour-
age
after Areus II. 257 years before Christ. He and valour he put an end to the Persian
was driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus, war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said
his son-in-law,and afterwards re-established. that he cheered the spirits of his fellow sol-
diers
-A preceptor to Alexander the Great at Mycale, who were anxious for their
A friend of Parmenio, appointedcommander, countrymen in Greece, by raising a reportthat
by Alexander, of the soldiers who lamented a battle had been foughtat Plataea,in which
the death of Parmenio, and who formed a se- parate the barbarians had been defeated. This suc-
ceeded,
cohort. Curt. 7, c. 2. A learned and the information "was false,
though
man of Rhodes, commended
greatly by Stra-
yet a battle was
foughtat Phvta^a, in which the
bo, ",c. Greeks obtained the victory the same day that
Leontium and Leontini, a town of Sicily, the Persian fleet was destroyedat Mycale.
about five miles distant from the sea-shore. Leotychides was accused of a capital crime by
It was built by a colonyfrom Chalcis,in Eu- the Ephori, and, to avoid the
punishment
boea,and was, accordingto some accounts, which his guilt seemed to deserve, he fled to
the habitation of the Laestrigones, for the
once
temple of Minerva at Tegea, where he
which reason the neighbouring fieldsare often perishedB. C. 469, after a
reignof 22 years.
called L(Bsirigonii campi. The country was He was succeeded by his grandsonArchida-
extremelyfruitful, whence Cicero calls it the mus. Paus. 3, c. 7 and 8. Diod. 11. A son "

grand magazineof Sicily.The wine M^hich it of Agis,king of Sparta,by Timaea. Thejegi-

produced was the best of the island. The timacyof his birth was disputedby some, and
peopleof Leontium imploredthe assistance of it was believed that he was the generally son
the Athenians againstthe Syracusans,B. C. of Alcibiades. He was preventedfrom as-
cending
427. Thucyd. Q."Polyh. '7." Ovid. Fast. 4, the throne of Spartaby Lysander,
V. 467. Ital. 14, v. 126. Cic. in Verr. 5.
"

thoughAgishad declared him upon his death-

"

bed
Leoktium, a celebrated courtezan of Athens, his lawful son andheir,and Agesilauswas
who philosophyunder Epicurus,and ap-pointed
studied in his place. C. JVep.in Ages. "

became one of his most renowned pupils.Plut."Pavs. 3, c. 8.

She prostituted herself to the philosopher's
Lephyrium, a cityof Cilicia.
scholars,and even to Epicurushimself,if we Lepida, a noble woman, accused of at-
tempts
believe the reportswhich were raised by some to poison her husband, from whom
of his enemies. [Firf.Epicurus.] Metrodo- she had been separatedfor 20 years. She was
pusshared her favours in the most unbounded condemned under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 3, c.
manner, and by him she had a son, to whom 22. A woman who married Scipio.
Epicuruswas so partial, that he recommend-
ed Domitia, a daughter of Drusus and Antonia,
him to his executors his dyingbed. ontium
Le-
on
greatniece to Augustus,and aunt to the em- peror
not only professed herself a warm mirer
ad- Nero. She is described by Tacitus as a
and follower of the doctrines of Epicu-
rus, common infamous in her prostitute, manners,
but she even support of violent in her temper, and yet celebrated for
wrote a book in
them againstTheophrastus.This book was her beauty. She was put to death by means
valuable, if we believe the testimonyand of her rival Agvippina, Nero's mother. Tacit.
criticism of Cicero, who praisedthe purity A wife of Galba the emperor. A wife
and eleganceof its style, and the trulyAttic of Cassius,"-C.
turn of the expressions. Leontium had aiso LepYdus M. iEMiLins, a Roman, cele- brated
a daughter called Danae, who mairied So- as being one of the triumvirs with
phron. Cic. de J\'at.D. 1,c. 33. Augustus and Antony. He was of an illus- trious
Leontocephalus, a strongly fortifiedcity family, and, like the rest of his contem-
poraries,
of Phrygia. Plut. he was remarkable for his ambition,
Leonton, or Leontopolis, a town of Egypt to which was added a narrowness of mind,
where lions were worshipped.Mlian. U. An. and a of military
great deficiency abilities.
12, c. l."Plin. 5, c, 10. sent He
againstCaesar's murderers, and
was

Leontychides. Vid. Leotychides.

time afterhe leagued with M. Antony,
some

Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated who had gainedthe heart of his soldiers by ar-
his three daughtersfor the good of Athens. tilice, and that of their commander by his ad-
dress.
Vid. Leocorion. When his influence and |)Ower among
Leosthenes, an Athenian general, who, the soldiers had made him one of the trium- virs,
after Alexander's death, drove Antipaterto he showed his cruelty, like his colleagues,
Thessaly,where he besiegedhim in the town by his proscriptions, and even suffered his own
of Lamia. The success which for a while at- brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the
tended
his arms was soon changedby a fatal triumvirate. He received Africa as his por- tion
blow whichhe rcceivedfrom aelone thrown by in the division of the empire; but his in- dolence
the besieged, B, C. 323. The death of Leos-
thenes soon rendered him despicable in the
was followed bv a totaldefeat of the eyes of his soldi'jrs and of his colleagues ; and
 LE LE

Augustus,who was well acquaintedwith the jthat Hercules killedthe famous hydra. Virg.
unpopularityof Lepidus,went to his campion.6, v. 803, 1. 12, v. 517. Strah.^.-'M''lay "

and obliged him to resign the power to which -2, c. 3. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 597.
"
Lucret. 5. " "

he was entitled as beiug a triumvir. After Slat. Theb. 4, v. 638." Apollod. 2, c. 15.
this degradingevent, he suuk into obscurity, There was a festival, called Lerruza, cele-
brated
and retired, by order of Augustus, to Cerceii, there in honour of Bacchus, Proser-
pine,
a small town on the coast of Latium, where and Ceres. The Argivesused to cariy
he ended his days in peace, B. C. 13, and tire to this solemnityfrom a temple upon
where he was forgotten as soon as out of power. mount Crathis,dedicated to Diana. Paus.
Appiaa. Pint, in Aug. Fior. 4, c. 6 and 7.
"
"
Lero, a small island on the coast of Gaul,
" ^-A Roman consul, sent to be the guardiancalled also Lerina.
of young PtolemyEpiphanes, whom his father Leros. Vid. Leria.
had left to the care of the Roman people. Ta-
cit. Lesbos, a largeisland in the -(Egeansea,
Aim. 2, c. 67. Justin. 30, c. 3.
" A son now known by the name of Metelin,168
of Julia,the grand-daughter of Augustus. He miles in circumference. It has been severally
was intended by Caius as his successor in the called JEgira,Lasia,JEihiope, and Pelasgiay
Roman empire. He committed adultery with from the Pelasgi, by whom itwas firstpeopled;
Agrippina when young. Dion. 59. An Macaria, fi'om Macareus who settled in it,
orator mentioned by Cicero in Brut. A and Lesbos from the son-in-law and successor
censor, A. U. C. 734. of Macareus who bore the same name. The
LepinuS; a mountain of Italy. Colum. 10. chief towns of Lesbos were Methymna and
Lepontii, a people at the source of the Mitylene. Lesbos was originallygoverned
Rhine. Plin. 5, c. 20. by kings, but they were afterwards subjected
Lepreos, a son of Pyrgeus,who built a to the neighbouring powers. The wine which
town in Elis, which he called afterhis own it produced was greatlyesteemed by the an- cients,

name. He laid a wager that he would eat as and stillis in the same repute among
much as Hercules ; upon which he killed an the moderns. The Lesbians were celebrated
ox and eat it up. He afterwards challengedamong the ancients for their skillin music,and
Hercules to a trialof strength, and was killed. their women for their beauty; but the general
Paus. 5, c. 5. character of the peoplewas so debauched and
Leprium or Lepreos, a town of Elis. Cic. dissipate, that the epithet of Lesbian was often
6. Atl. 2." Plin. 4, c. 5. used to signify debaucheiyand extravagance.
Leptines, a general of Demetrius, who Lesbos has givenbirth to many illustriousper- sons,
ordered Cn. Octavius,one of the Roman bassadors,
am- such as Arion,Terpander, "c. The best
to be put to death. A son of verses w ere by way of eminence often called
Hermocrates, of Syracuse,brother to Dio- Leshoum carmen, from Alca^us and Sappho,
nysius. He was sent by his brother againstwho distinguished themselves for their poeti-cal
the Carthaginians, and experiencedso much compositions, and were also natives of the
success, that he sunk fifty of their ships. He place. Diod. b."Strab. 13." Virg.G. 2, v.
was afterwards defeated by Mago, and banish- ed 90." Horat. 1, ep. U." Herodot. l,c. 160.
by Dionysius.H" always continued a Lesbus or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas,
faithful friend to the interests of his brother, grandsonof ^olus, who married Methymna,
thoughnaturally an avowed enemy to tyranny daughterof Macareus. He succeeded his fa- ther-in-law,
and oppression. He was killed in a battle with and gave his name to the island
the Carthaginians. Diod. 15. A famous over which he reigned.
orator at Athens,who eudeavoured to unload Lesches, a Greek poet of Lesbos,who flour- ished
the peoplefrom oppressive taxes. He was posed
op- B. C. 600. Some suppose him to be the
by Demosthenes. A tyrantof Apol- author of the littleIliad,of which onlyfew
lonia,in Sicilv, who surrendered to Timoleon verses remain quotedby Paus. 10, c, 25.
Diod. 16. Lestrygones. Vid. Laestiygones.
Leptis, the name of two cities of Africa, Letanum, a town of Propontis, built by the
one of which, called Major,now" Lehida,was Athenians.
near the Syrtes,and had been built by a Ty- Leth^sus, a river of Lydia,flowing by Mag-
nesia
rian or Sidonian colony. The other, called into the Meander. Sfrab. 10, Lc.
Minor, now Lemta, was about eighteenRo- man Another of Macedonia. Of Crete.
miles from Adrumetum. It paidevery Lethe, one of the rivers of hell,whose wa- ters

day a talent to the republic of Carthage,by the souls of the dead drank after they had
way of tribute. Lucan. 2, v. 2o\."Plin. been confinedforacertain space of time in Tar- tarus.
5, c. 19. Sallust. in Jug. 77. Mela, 1, c. 8.
" "
It had the power of making them for- get
"Strab. 3, v. 257." Cce*. C. 2, c. 38." Cic. 5. whatever they had done, seen, or heard,
Verr. 59. before,as the name implies, oblivion.
^"iJ"i,
Lerja, an island in the ."gean sea, on the Lethe is a river of Africa,near the Syrtes,
coast of Caria, about eighteenmiles in cir- which runs
cumference, under the ground,and some time
peopled by a Milesian colony.after risesagain, whence the origin of the fable
Its inhabitants were very dishonest. Slrab. of the Lethean streams of oblivion. There
10." Herodot. 5, c. 125. is also a river of that name in Spain. other
An-
Lerina or Pl.\nasia, a small island in the in Boeotia, whose waters werednmkby
Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, at the those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius.
east of the Rhone. Tacit. Ann. 1,c. 3. Lucan. 9, v. 355. " Ovid. Trisi. 4, el. 1, v. 47.
Lerna, a country of Argolis,celebrated "

Virg.a. 4, V. 545. ^n. 6, v. 714." //"/. 1,

for a grove and a lake, where, accordingto V. 235, 1. 10,v. 655." Paus. 9, c. 39." Moral.
the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of 4, od. 7, v. 27.
^heirmurdered husbands. It was thpre al"o Lftu.?,a raounlaui of Liguria. Liv.41,c 18.
48
 LE LE
Levana, a goddess at Rome, who presided celebrate their nuptialswith Lyncus and
over the action of the person who took up from Idas. Ovid, Fast. 5, v. 101." Apollod. 3, c
the grounda newly born child,after it had 10, "c." PffW5. 3, 0. 17 and 26. A son of
been placed there by the midwife. This was Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon. He
done by the father, and so religiously became deeplyenamoured of one of his sisters,
generally
observed was this ceremony, that the legiti-
macy and when he was unable to check or restrain
of a child could be disputed without it. his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify
Leuca, a town of the Salentines near a cape it. He acquaintedhis mother witli it,and
of the same name in Italy.Lucan. 5, v. 376. threatened to murder himself if she attempted
""A town of Ionia of Crete of Ar- to oppose his views or remove his attection.
golis.Strab. 6, Sic. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she
LEUCASor Leucadia, an island of the Ionian tenderly loved, cherished his passion, and by
sea now called St. Maura, near the coast of her consent her daughteryieldedherself to
Epirus,famous for a promontoiy called Leu- the arms of her brother. Some time afterthe
cate, Leucas, or Leucates, where despondingfather resolved to give his daughterin mar-
lovers threw themselves into the sea. Sappho rieigeto a Lycian prince. The future hus- band
bad recourse to this leap to free herselffrom was informed that the daughterof Xan-
thus
the violent passionwhich she entertained for secretly entertained a lover,and he com-
municated

Phaon. The isderived from Ae^"c:j,

word while, the intelligence to the father.
on account of itsrocks. Apol-
of the whiteness lo Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daugh-
ter,
had a temple on the promontory, whence and when Leucippushad introduced him- self
he is often called Leucadius. The island was to her bed, the father,
in his eagerness to
formerlyjoinedto the continent by a narrow discover the seducer,occasioned a littlenoise
isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through in the room. The daughterwas alarmed, and
after the Pelopontiesian war. Ovid. Heroid. as she attemptedto escape she received a
15, V. m."Slrab. 6, kc."Ilal. 15, v. 302." mortal wound from her father,who took her
Virg.JEn. 3, v. 274, 1.8, v. 677. A town of to be the lover. Leucippus came to her as-
sistance,

rhoenicia. and stabbed his father in the dark,

Leucasion, a of
village Arcadia. Pans. 8, without knowing who he was. This accidental
C.25. obligedLeucippus to flyfrom his
parricide
Leccaspis, a Lycian, one of the compa-
nions country. He
came to Crete, where the in-
habitants
of yEneas, drowned in the Tyrrhenesea. refused to givehim an asylum,when
Virg.JEn. 6, v. 334. acquaintedwith the atrociousness of his crime,
Leucatje. Vid. Leucas. and he at last came to Ephesus,where he died
Leuce, a small island in the Euxine sea, of in the greatest miseryand remorse. Hermesi-
a triangular form; between the mouths of the anax apud Parthen. c. 5. A son of (Eno-
Danube and the Borysthenes.Accordingto maus, who became enamoured of Daphne, and
the poets,the souls oi the ancient heroes were to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a
placedthere as in the Elysianfields,Avhere female dress,and attended his mistress as a
they enjoyedperpetual and reapedthe companion. He
felicity, gained the affections of
repose to which their benevolence to kind,
man- Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention,
and their exploits duringlife,seemed to but his artificeat last proved fatal throughthe
entitle them. From that circumstance it has influence and jealousyof his rival Apollo; for
often been called the island of the blessed,k,c. when Daphne and her attendants were ing
bath-
Accordingto some accounts Achilles celebra-
ted in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was
there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather discovered,and he perishedby the darts of
Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place the females. Parthen. Erotic, c. 15. Pans. 8, "

with the manes of Ajax,he. Slrab. 2. "

Me-
la, c. 20. A son of Hercules by Marse, one of
2, c. I."Jlmmian. 22." Q. Calab. 3, v. 773. the daughters of Thespius. Apollod. 3, c. 7.
One of the Oceanides whom Pluto ried
car- Leucola, a part of Cyprus.
into his kingdom. Leucon, a tyrantof Bosphorus,who lived
Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the Mo-
selle in great intimacywith the Athenians. He
and the Maese. Their capital is nowled was
cal- a great patron of the useful arts, and
Toul Goes.B. G. 1, c. 40. Mountains greatly encouragedcommerce. Strab. Diod. "

on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance 14. A son of Athamas and Themisto.
like white clouds,whence the name. Pans. 6, c. 22. A kingof Pontus killedby
Leucippe, one of the Oceanides. his brother,whose bed he bad defiled. Ovid.
Leucippides, the daughters of Leucippus.in lb. 3. A town of Africa near Cyrene.
Vid. Leucippus. Herodot. 4, c. 160.
Leucippe, a celebrated philosopher of Leucone, a daughterof Aphidas,who gave
Abdcra, about 428 years before Christ,disci-
ple her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Pans.
to Zeno. He was the firstwho invented 8, c.44.
the famous system of atoms and of a vacuum, Leucones, a son of Hercules. J^pollod.
which was afterwards more fullyexplained by Leuconoe, a daughterof Lycambes. The
Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hy- potheses
Leuconoe to whom Horace addresses his 1 od.
have been adoptedby the moderns, 11, seems to be a fictitiousname.
with advantage. Diogenes has written bis life. Leucopetua, a placeon the isthmus of Co- rinth,
A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, where the Achaeans were defeated by
who married Philodice daughterof Inachus, the consul Mummius. A promontory six
hy whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and miles east from Khegium in Italy, where the
Plioibe,known pides. Appcninesterminate and sink iuto the sea.
by the patronymicof Leucip-
They were carried away by theircou- sins Leucopiirys, a temple of Diana, with a
Castor and PoUax, as they were goingto city of the same name, near the Maeander.
 LE LI
The goddess
was under
represented the figure
I Leuttchides, a Lacedaemonian, made kin*
of a woman many breasts, and crowned
with Iof Spartaon the expulsion of Demaratus. He-
with victory. An ancient name of Tenedos. [rodot. 6, c. 65, "c. Vid. Leotvchides. "

Pam. 10, c. U."Slrab. 13 and 14. Lexovii,a peopleof Gaul, at the mouth of
Leccopolis, a town of Caria. the Seine, conquered with great slaughter by
Leccos, a river of Macedonia near Pydna. a lieutenant of J. Cajsar. Cks. Bell. G.
A man, k,c. Vid. Idomeneus. LiBAMus, a celebrated sophistofAntioch,
Leucosia, a small island in the Tyrrhene in the age of the emperor Julian. He was
f^a. It received its name from one of the educated at Athens, and opened a school at
companions of iEneas, who was drowned Antioch,which producedsome of the best and
there,or from one of the Sirens, who was most of the literary
characters of the age.
thrown there by the sea. Strab. 5. " Ovid. Libanius was naturally
vain and arrogant, and
Met. 15, V. 708. he contemptuouslyrefused the offers of the
Leucosyrii, a peopleof Asia Minor, called emperor Julian, who wished to purchasehis
afterwards Cappadocians. Strab. 12. The friendship and intimacyby raising him to offi-
ces
same name is givento the inhabitants of Cili- of the greatest splendourand affluence in
,
cia where it borders on Cappadocia. C. JVep.the empire. When Julian had imprisoned
14, c. 1. the senators ofAntioch for their impertinence,
Leucothoa or Leucothea, the wife of Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow-
Athamas, changed into a sea deity. [Vid. citizens, and paid a visit to the emperor, in
Ino.] She was called Mutura by the Romans, which he astonished him by the boldness and
"who raised her a temple,where all the peo- ple, independenceof his expressions, and the firm-
ness
partfcularly women, offered vows for and resolution of his mind. Some of his
their brother's children. They did not entreat orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are tant;
ex-
the deityto protecttheir own children,be-cause they discover much affectation and ob- scurity
Ino had been unfortunate in her's. No of style, and we cannot perhapsmucli
female slaves were permittedto enter the regretthe loss of writingswhich afforded no- thing

temple, or iftheir curiosity tempted them to but a display of pedantry, and quotations
transgressthis rule,they were beaten away from Homer. Julian submitted his writings
with the greatest severity.To this supplica- ting to the judgment of Libanius with the greatest
for other people's children,Ovid alludes confidence,and the sophist freely rejectedor
in these lines : Fast. 6. approved,and showed that he was more tached
at-
JVon tamcn hanc,pro stripe tuupiamaieradorat, to the person than the fortune and
Ipsaparumfelixvisa fuisst pareiis. greatnessof bis prince. The time of his death
A daughterof king Orchamus by Eury- is unknown. The best edition of Libanius
nome. Apollobecame enamoured of her, and seems to be that of Paris,fol. 1606, with a se- cond

to introduce himself to her with greater facili- ty, volume published by Morell, 1627. His
he assumed the shape and features of her epistles have been edited by Wolf. fol. 1738.
mother. Their happiness was complete,when LiBANus, a high mountain of Syria, famous
Clytia, who tenderlyloved Apollo,and was for itscedars. Strab. 6.
jealousof his amours with Leucothoe, disco-vered LiBENTiNA, a surname of Venus, who had
the whole intrigue to her father, who a temple at Rome, where the young women

ordered his daughterto be buried alive. The used to dedicate the toys and childish amuse- ments

lover,unable to save her from death,sprinkled of their youth, when arrived at nubile
nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which pene-
trating years. Vairo. de L. L. 5, c. 6.
as far as the body,changed it into a LiBER, a surname of Bacchus, which fies
signi-
beautiful tree, which bears the frankincense. received this name from his de-
/ree. He
livering
Ovid. Met. 4, v, 196. An island in the Tyrr-
hene
some citiesof Bceotia from slavery, or

sea, near Capreae. A fountain of Sa- accordingto others,because wine, of which he

mos. A town of Eg;ypt of Arabia. was the patron,delivered mankind from their
Mda, 2, c. 7. A part of Asia which duces caresj and made them speakwith freedom and
pro-
frankincense. unconcern. The word is often used for wine
Leuctra, a villageof Bceotia, between itself. Senec. de tranq.anim.
Plata^a and Thespia,famous for the victory Libera, a goddess, the same as Proserpine.

which Epaminondas the Theban generalob- tainedCic. in Ver. 4, c. 48. A name given to
over the superiorforce of Cleombro- Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had
tus, kingof Sparta, on the 8th of July,B. C. married her. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 513.
371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans LiBERALiA, festivalsyearly celebrated in
were killed, with their kingCleombrotus, and honourof Bacchus the 17th of March. Slaves
no more than 300 Thebans. From that time were then permitted to speak with freedom,
the Spartans lost the empireof Greece, which and every thingbore the appearance of inde-
pendence.
they had obtained for near 500 years. Plui. They are much the same as the

in Pelop.8fAges. C. JVep.in Epatn. Justin. Dionysiaof the Greeks.

" " Varrc.
(y,c. 6. "

Xeiwphon.Hist. GrcBc. Diod. 15. "

LiBERTAS, a goddessof Rome, who liad a
"

Pans. Lacon. Cic. de offic.

"

1,c. 18. Tusc. 1, c. temple on mount Aventine, raised by T.

46. All. 6, ep. l."Strnb. 9. Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pol-
Leuctrum, a town of Laconia. Strnb. 8. lio with many elegant statues and orazen lumns,
co-

Leucds, one of the

com[)anionsof Ulysses, and a gallery in which were deposited
killed before Troy by Antiphusson of Priam. the public acts of the state. She was sented
repre-
Homer. It 4, v. 491. as a woman in a light dress,holdinga
Leucyanias, a river of Peloponnesus, flow- rod in one hand, and a cap in tlie other,both
ing
into the Aiphens. Pays. 6, c. 21. signsof independence, as *be former was use"l
Levinus. Vid. LxviDus. by the magistrates in the manumission of fiaver. ,
 LI LI
end the latter was worn by slaves who were !Libysis, Libycus,LibysUcus,LihyS'
Libystis,
soon be set at liberty.
to Sometimes a cat was |tinus,Libystceus. Virg.JEn. 4, v. 106,1.5, v
placed at her feet,as this animal is very fond 37. Lucan. 4. Sallust. he. " "

of liberty, and impatient when confined. Liv. LiBYcuM MARE, that part of the Mediter-
ranean,
24, c. it",1. 25, c. T."Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 1,v. which lies on the coast of Cyreue.
72." P/uf. in Grac."Dio. Cas. 44, Strab. 2.
LiBETHRA, a fountain of Magnesiain Thes- LiBYCus and Libystis. [Fid.Libya.]
saly,or of Boeotia accordingto some, sacred LiEYs, a sailor, ".c. Ovid. Met. 3.
to the Muses, who from thence are called LiBYSSA, a river of Bithynia,with a town
Libethrides. Virg.Ecl.l, v. 21." P/in. 4, c. of the same name, where was the tomb of
9." Mela, 2, c. S."Strab. 9 and 10. Annibal, stillextant in the age of Pliny.
LiBETHmDES, a name givento the Muses LicATEs, a peopleof Vindelicia.
from tlie fountain Libethra, or from mount LiCHA, a citynear Lycia,
Libethrus in Thrace. LicHARDEs, small islands near Caeneum, a
LiBici, LiBECii, or LiBRi, a peopleof Gaul promontory of Euboea, called from Lichas.
who passedinto Italy, A. U. C. 364. Liv. 5, c. [Vid. Lichas.J Ovid. Met. 9, v. 155, 218."
35, 1.21, c. 38." Flin. 3, c. V."Polyb. 2. Strab. 9.
at Rome
LiBiTiNA,a goddess who presided LicHAS, a
servant of Hercules,who brought
over funerals. According to some she is the him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He
same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius was thrown by his master into the sea with
TuUius first raised her a temple at Rome, greatviolence,and changed into a rock in the
where every thingnecessary for funerals were EuboEsan sea, by the compassion of the gods.
exposedto sale,and where the registers of Ovid.Met.9,v.'2U.
the dead were usuallykept. Dionys.Hal. 4. LicHES, an Arcadian, who found the
"Liv. 40, c. 19." Fa/. Max. 5, c. 2."Plut. bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, "c. He-
Quasi. Rom. rodot.
LiBo, a friend of Pompey, who watched LiciNiA LEX, was enacted by L. Licinius
over fleet,":c. Plut.
the A Roman zen, Crassus,and Q. Mutius, consuls,A. U. C. 657.
citi-
Horat. 1, ep. 19.
".C. A friend of the It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy to be en-
rolled

first triumvirate,who killed himself and was on the listof citizens in their respective
condemned after death. cities. Another by C. Licinius Crassus the
LiBON, Greek architect who built the fa-
a moustribune,A. U. C. 608. It transferredthe right
temple of JupiterOlympius. He flour-
ished of choosing priests from the collegeto the
about 450 years before the Christian people. It was proposed but did not pass.
era. Another, by C. Licinius Stolo the tribune.
LiBOPHOENicES, the inhabitants of the try
coun- It forbade any person to possess 500 acres of
near Carthage. land,or keep more than lOO head of large
LiBURNA, a town of Dalmatia. cattle, or 500 of small. Another by P. Lici-
nius
LiBURNiA, now Croatia, a country of Illyri- Varus, A. U. C. 545, to settle the day
cum, between Istriaand Dalmatia, whence a for the celebration of the Liidi ApoUhmris,
colony settle in Apulia,in Italy.
came to which was before uncertain. Another by
There were a number of men
at Rome whom P. Licinius Crassus Dives, B. C. 110. It was
the magistrates employed as publicheralds,the same as the Fannian law, and farther re-
quired

who were called Liburni,probablyfrom being that no more tiian 30 a^ts should be
originallyof Liburnian extraction. Some spent at any table on the calends, nones, or
shipsof a but with strong nundinae, and only three pounds of fresh and
construction
light
beaks also called Liburnian.
were Propert.one of salt meat, on ordinarydays. None of
a, el. 11, V. 44." Juv. 4, v. 15." Martial. 1, the fruits of the earth were forbidden.
ep. 50, V. 33. Horat. 1, od. 37, v. 30.
" Another de sodalitiis, by M. Licinius the con-
"
sul,

Epod. 1, V. 1. Lacan. 3, v. 534. Plin. 6,

" 690. "
It imposed a severe penaltyon par-
ty
ep. 16." Mela, 2, c. d."Strab. l."Ptol. 2, clubs,or societies assembled or frequented
c. 17. for election purposes, as coming under the
LiBURNiDES, an island on the coast of Li- definition of ambitus,and of olFering violence
burnia,in the Adriatic. Strab. 5. in some degreeto the freedom and indepen-
dence
LiBURNUM 3IARE, the sca wliJch borders on of the people. Another called also
the coasts of Liburnia. JEbulia,by Licinius and ^Ebutius the tribunes.
LiBURNUS, a mountain of Campania. It enacted, that when any law was preferred
Libya, a daughterof Epaphus and Cassi- with respectto any office or power, the per- son
opea, who became mother of Agenor and who proposedthe bill, as well as his col-
leagues
Belus by Neptune. ApoUod.2, c. 1, 1. 3, in office,his friends and relations,
c. 1. Pans. 1,44.
" A name givento Africa,should be declared incapableof be|||ig ed
invest-
one of the three granddivisions of the ancient with the said office or power.
globe. Libya, properlyspeaking,is only a LiciNiA, the wife of C. Gracchus, who
part of Africa,bounded on the east by Egypt, attemptedto dissuade her husband from his
and on the west by that part called by the seditious measnres by a patheticspeech. She
moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. Tlie an- cients, was der)rivedof her dowry after the death of
accordingto some traditions mention-
ed Caius. A vestal virginaccused of incon-
tinence,
by Herodotus, and others, sailed round but acquitted, A. U. C. 6li6.
Afiica,by steeringwestward from the Red Another vestal put to death for her lascivi-
Sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the ousness under Trejan. The wife of Mae-
cenas,
cohmms of Hercules,after a perilous tion
naviga- distinguished for conjugaltenderness.
of three years. From the word Libya, She was sisterto Proculeius, and bore also the
are derived the epithets of Uby^s,Libyssa,name of Terentia. Horat. 2, od. 12, v. 18,
 LI LI
C. LicT"ius,a tribune of the people cele-
brated rors, courted the favour of Licinius,
and made
for the consequence of his family, for his intimacymore durable by givinghim his
his intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian,sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 313. The
and was the first of that body who was continual successes of Licinius,particularly
raised to the office of a master of horse to the against Maximinus, increased his pride,anti
dictator. He was surnamed Stolo,or useless rendered him jealousof the greatnessof his
sprout,on account of the law which he had brother-in-law. The persecutions of the Chris-
tians,
enacted duringhis tribuneship. [Vid.Licinia whose doctrines Constantine followed,
lex by Stolo.]He afterwards made a law soon caused a rupture,and Licinius had the
xvhich permittedthe plebeiansto share the mortification to lose two battles, one in Pan-
consular dignitywith the patricians, A. U. C. nonia,and the other near Adrianopolis. Trea-
ties
388. He reapedthe benefits of this law, and of peace were made between the contend-
ing
was one of the firstplebeianconsuls. This powers, but the restless ambition of Lici-
nius
law was proposedand passed by Licinius,as soon broke them: aftermany engagements,
it is reported,atthe of his ambitious
instigation a decisive battlewas foughtnear Chalcedonia.
wife,who was jealousof her sister who had Illfortune againattended Licinius; he was quered,
con-

married a patrician, and who seemed to be of and fled to Nicomedia,where soon the
a higher dignityin beingthe wife of a consul. conqueror obliged him to surrender,and to re- sign

Liv. 6, c. 34. " Plut. C. Calvus,a celebra-

ted the imperialpurple. The tears of Con- stantia
orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He obtained forgiveness for her husband,
distinguished himself by his eloquencein the yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and ac- tive
forum, and his poetry,which some of the cients
an- enemy had falleninto his hands,therefore
have compared to Catullus. His ora- tions he ordered him to be strangled at Thessaloni-
are greatlycommended by Quintilian. ca, A. D. 324. His familywas involved in his
Some believe that he wrote annals quotedby ruin. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty
Dionysiusof Halicarnassus. He died in the of Licinius, are eis conspicuousas his misfor-
tunes.
30th year of his age. Quintil.Cic. in Brut.
" He Was an enemy to learning, and this
81. Macer, a Roman accused by Cicero aversion totally proceededfrom his ignorance
when praetor. He derided the power of his of letters and the rusticity of his education.
accuser, but when he saw himself condemned, His son byConstantia bore also the same name.

he grew so desperatethat he killed himself. He was honoured with the titleof Caesar when
Plut. P. Crassus, a Roman, sent againstscarce 20 months old. He was involved in his
Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at first father's ruin,and put to death by order of Con- stantine.
defeated,but afterwards repairedhis losses,
and obtained a completevictory,"c. A LiciNus, a barber and freedman of Au"
consul sent against Annibal. Another who gustus, raised by his master to the rank and
defeated the robbers that infested the Alps. dignity of a senator, merely because he hated
A highpriest. Caius Imbrex, a comic Pompey's family.Horat. Art. P. 301.
poet in the age of Africanus, preferred by some LicYMNiDS,a son of Electryonand brother
in merit to Ennius and Terence. His Naevia of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age,
and Ne2era are quotedby ancient authors,but that when he walked he was alwayssupported
of all his poetry onlytwo verses are preserved.by a slave. Triptolemus, son of Hercules,see-
ing
AuL Gel. A consul,".c. Lucullus. [Firf. the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a
Lucullus.] Crassus. [Vid, Crassus.] stick at him, which unfortunately killed Li-
Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the his- tory cymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. A-
and geographyof the eastern countries,pollod. 2, c. I."Diod. 5." Homer. II.2. Pind. "

often quotedby Pliny. He lived in the reign Olymp. 7.

of Vespasian. P. Tegula,a comic poet of LiD", a mountain of Caria. Herodot. 1,
Rome about 200 years before Christ. He is c. 105.
ranked as the fourth of the best comic poets Q. LiGARius, a Roman pro-consulof Afri-ca,
which Rome produced.Few lines of his com- positions afterConfidius. In the civil wars he fol-
lowed
are extant. He wrote an ode which the interests of Pompey, and was doned
par-
was sung allover the cityof Rome by nine vir-
gins when Caesar had conqueredhis enemies.
duringthe
Macedonian war. Liv. 31,c. 12. Caesar,hov/ever,and his adherents, were termined
de-
VarroMursena, a brother of Proculeius, upon the ruin of Ligarius; but Cice-
ro,
who conspiredagainstAugustus withFannius by an eloquentoration,stillextant,defeated
and
Cajpio, suffered for Jiis crime. Horace his accusers, and he was pardoned. He be- came
addressed his 2 orf.to him, and recomniend- afterwards one of Caesar's murderers.
ed equanimityin every situation. Dio. 54. Cic.pro leg. Plut. in Ccesar. "

C. Fiavius Valerianus,a celebrated Roman LiGEA, one of the Nereides. Virg.G. 4.

emperor. His father was a poor peasant of LiGER, a Rutulian killed by ^Eneas. Virg^.
Dalniatia, and himself a common soldier in the JEn. 10, v. 576.
Roman armies. His valour recommended him LiGER or LiGERis, uow La Loire, a large
to the notice of Galerius Maxiraianus,who had river of Gaul fallinginto the ocean near
once shared with him the inferior and subordi-
nate JNantes. Strab. 4.^Plin 4, c. 18." Ca*. G. 7.
ofHces of the army, and had lately been in- c. 55 and
vested 75.
with the imi)erial purpleby Diocletian. LigCkas, an officer of Antiochus king of
Galerius loved him for his friendly services,Syria,who took the town of Sardis by strata-
gem,
particularly during tliePersian war, and he fee.
showed his regardfor his merit by takinghim LiGuKKS, the inhabitantsof Liguria. Vio'.
as a colleague in the empire,and appointingLiguria.
him over the province of PannoniaandRhatia. LigiIria, a country at the west of Italy.,
who
Conslantiue, was also one of the enape- ,
bounded o" tireeast bv ;1ie jivcrMacra, ou
 LI LI
the south by partof the Mediterranean, called LiMNiACE, the daughterof the Ganges?
the Ligustic sea ; on the west by the Varus, mother of Atys. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 48.
and on the north by the Po. The commer-
cial LiMNowiA, one of the Nereides. Homer. II.
town of Genoa was anciently and is now 18.
the capitalof the country. The originof the LiMON, a place of Campania between Nea-
inhabitants is not known, though in their polis and Puteoli. Stat. 3. Sylv.1.
chai'acter theyare represented as vain,unpo-
lished, LiMONUM, a town of Gaul, afterwards
and addicted to falsehood. Accord-
ing Pictavi,Poictiers. Cms. G. 8, c. 26.
to some theywere descended from the an- cient LiMYRA, a town of Lycia at the mouth of
Gauls or Germans, or, as others sup- port, the Limyrus. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 645." Fe//.
they were of Greek origin, perhaps the 2, c. 102.
posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Hero-
dotus. LiNCASii, a peopleof Gaul Narbonensis.
Liguriawas subdued by the Romans, LiNDUM, a colony of Britain,now coln.
Lin-
and its chief harbour now bears the name
of Leghorn. Lucan. 1, v. 442. Mela, 2, c. "

LiNDus, a cityat the south east part of

J."Strab. 4, he"Tacit Hist. 2, c. 15." Rhodes, built by Cercaphusson of Sol and
Plin. 2, c. 6, kc."Liv. 5, c. 35, 1. 22, c. Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple
33, I. 39, c. 6, "LC."C. JVep.in Ann."Flor. to Minerva, and one of its colonies founded
2, c. 8. Gelain birth to Clebbulus,one
It gave
Sicily.
LiGURiNus, a poet. Martial.
3, ep. 50. of the seven and to Chares
wise men, and
A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, Laches, who were employedin making and
4, od. 1, V. 33. finishingthe famous Colossus of Rhodes. Strab.
LiGUS, a woman who inhabited the Alps. 14." Homer. II. 2." Mela, 2, c. 7." Plin. 34.
She concealed her son from the pursuit of Herodot. 7, c. 153.
"
A grandson of Apol-
lo.
Otho's soldiers, he. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 13. Cic. de JVat. D. 3.
LigusticjE Alpes, a part of the Alps LiNGoNEs, now Langres,a people of Gal- lia
which borders on Liguria, sometimes called Belgica, made tributary to Rome by J. Cae-
sar.
Maritimi. They passedinto Italy, where theymade
LiGusTicuM Mare, the north part of some settlement near the Alps,at the head of
the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulfof Genoa. the Adriatic. Tacit. H. 4, c. 55. Martial. 11,
"

Flin. 2, c. 47. ep. 57, V. 9, 1. 14,ep. 159. Lucan. 1, v. 398."

LiGYES, a peopleof Asia who inhabited the Cces.Bell. G. 1, c. 26.

"

country between Caucasus and the river Pha- LiNTERNA Palus, a lake of Campania.Ital.
sis. Some suppose them to be a colonyof the 7, V. 278.
Ligyes of Europe, more commonly called LixNTERNUM, a town of Campania at th"
Ligures. Herodot. 7, c. 72. Dionys.Hal. 1, mouth of the river Clanis,where
"

ScipioAfri-
c. \0."Strab. 4."Diod. 4. caniis died and was buried. Liv. 34, c. 45."

LiGYRGUM, a mountain of Arcadia. Sil. 6, V. 654, 1. 7, V. 278." Ctc. 10. Alt. 13."
LiL^A, a town in Achaianear the Cephi-Ovid. Met. \^,v.113.
sus. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 348. Linus. This name is common to diftierent
LilybjEum, now Boca, a promontory of persons whose history is confused, and who are
Sicily, with a town of the same name near often taken one for the other. One was son

the jEgates, now Marsella. The town was of Urania and Amphimarus the son of Nep-
tune.
strong and very considerable,and it main- tained Another was son of Apollo by P?am-
long siegesagainstthe Cartliaginians, mathe daughterof Crotopus king of Argos,
Romans, he. particularly one of ten years Martial mentions him in his 78 ep. 1. 9. The
against Rome in the first Punic war. It had third, son of Ismenius,and born at Thebes in
a port largeand capacious, which the Ro- mans, Bosotia, taughtmusic to Hercules,who in a fit
in the wars with Carthage,endeavour-
ed of anger, struck him on the head with his lyre
in vain to stop and fillup with stones, on and killed him. He was son of Mercury and
account of itsconvenience and vicinity to the Urania,according to Diogenes, who mentions
coast of Africa. Nothingnow remains of this some of his philosophicalcompositions,in which
once powerfulcitybut the ruins of temples he asserted that the world had been created in
and aqueducts, Virg.JEn. 3, v. 706. Mela, an instant. He was killed by Apollo,for pre-
"

suming
% c. 7. " Cic. in Verr. 5.
Strab. t". "
C(es. de "
to compare himself to him. Apollodo-
Bell. Afric."Diod. 22. rus, however, and Pansanias, mention that his
LiMiEA, a river of Lusitania. Strab. 3. ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in
Limenia, a town of Cyprus. Id. 14. holdingthe lyrewas fatal to him. Apollod. 2,
Limn.*, a fortified place on the borders of c. 4."Diog. h" Virg.Eel. 4." Pans. 2, c. 15,
Laconia and Messenia. Paus. 3, c. 14. I.9, C.20. A fountain in Arcadia, whose
A town of the Thracian Chereonesus. waters were said to prevent abortion. Plin.
LmsjEVM, a temple of Diana at Limnae, 31, c. S.
from which the goddesswas called Limnaea, LioDES, one of Penelope'ssuitors,killed
and worshipped under that appellationat by Ulysses.Homer. Od. 22, fcc.
Spartaand Achaia. The Spartanswished to LiPARA, the largest of the iEolian islands
fteize the templein the age of Tiberius,but on the coast of Sicily, now called the Ldpari.
the emperor interfered, and gave it to itslaw-
ful It had a cityof the same name, which accord-
ing
possessors, the Messenians. Paus. 3, c. 14, to Diodorus it received from Liparusthe
1.7, c. 20." 2'acit...^nn.4, c. 43. son of Auson, king of these islands,whose
LiMNATiDiA, a festival in honour of Diana, daughterCyane was married by his successor
?*urnamed Limnutis,from Limnae, a school of ^olus, accordingto Pliny. The inhabitants
exercise at Trozp.ne, where she was ped,
worship- of this island were powerfulby sea, and from
or from i^'f^v^;
ponds,because s})e pre^i-the greattributes which theypaidto Dionysiu."^,
ded over fishermen.
 LI LI
of
the tyrant Syracuse, theymay be calledvery daughter of L. Dfusus Calidianus. She mar- ried

opulent. The island was celebrated for the Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she
varietyof its fruits, and its raisins are stillin had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germa-
generalrepute. It had some convenient har-
bours,nicus. The attachment of her husband to the
and a fountain whose waters were much cause of Antony was the beginningof her
frequented on account of their medicinal pow-
ers. greatness. Augustussaw her as she fledfrom
Accordingto Diodorus,iEolus reignedat the dangerwhich threatened her husband,and
Liparabefore Liparis.Lvv. 5, c. 28. Plin. 3, he resolved to marry her,thoughshe was then
"

c. 9."ItaL 14,V. bl." Virg.JEn. 1,v. 56, 1.8, pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia,and,
V. A\l."Mtla, 2, c. I."Strah. 6. A town with the approbation of the augurs, he cele-
brated
of Etruria. his nuptials .with Livia. She now took
Liparis, a river of Cilicia, whose waters advantageof the passionof Augustus, in the
were like oil. Plin. 5, c. ^I." Vitruv. 8, c, 3. share that she enjoyed of his power and im- perial
LiPHLUM, a town of the -Squi,taken by the dignity.Her children by Drusus were
Romans. adoptedby the complyingemperor; and that
LiPODORUS, one of the Greeks settled in she might make the succession of her son
Asia by Alexander, "c. Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is
L1Q.UENTIA, now lAvenza, a river of Cisal-
pine accused of secretly involving in one common
Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Plin. ruin,the heirs and nearest relations of Augus-tus.
3, c. 18. Her crueltyand ingratitude are still
LiRc^us, a fountain near Nemaea. Stat. more strongly marked, when she is charged
Theb. 4, V. 711. with havingmurdered her own husband, to
LiRioPE, one of the Oceanides, mother of hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was
Narcissus by the Cephisus. Ovid. Met. 3, v, anxious for the aggrandizementof her son,
311. A fountain of Boeotia on the borders Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a wo-
man
of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned cording
ac- to whom he owed his life,his elevation,
to some accounts. and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th
year
LiRis, now Garigliano,a river of Campa-
nia, of her age, A. D. 29. Tiberius showed self
him-
which it separatesfrom Latium. It falls as undutiful afterher death as before, for
into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, 2, c. 4. he neglectedher funeral,and expressly
"

com-
Horat. 3, od. 17. Lucan. 2, v. 424.
" A war-
rior ralmded that no honours,either private or pub-
lic,
killed by Camilla,"-c. Virg.JEn. 11,v. should be paidto her memory. Tacit. Ann.
670. 1, c. 3. Suet, in Aug. ^ Tib. Dion. Cass. "

LisiNiAs,a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, c. Another. [Vid. Drusilla.] Another

14. called Horestilla, "c. She was debauched by
LissA, the name of a furywhom EuripidesGalba, as she was goingto marry Piso. Suet.
introduces on the stage as conducted by Iris,in Gal. 25. Another called also Ocellina.
at the command of Juno, to inspireHercu-
les She was Galba's step-mother, and committed
with that fatal ragewhich ended in his adultery with him. Id. lb. 3.
death. LiviA Lex, de soeiis, proposedto make all
LissoN, a river of Sicily. the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome.
Lissus, now Alessoi a town of Macedonia on M. Livius Drusus, who framed it,was found
the confines of lllyricum.Plin. 3, c. 2. Liv. murdered
" in his house before it passed
44, c. 10. Lucan. 5, v. 719.
" A river of Another by M. Livius Drusus the tribune, A.
Thrace, falling into the jEgeansea, between U. C. 662, which requiredthat the judicial
Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by power should be lodgedin the hands of an
the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. equalnumber of knightsand senators.
Strab. l."Herodot. 7, c. 109. LiviNEius, a friend of Pompey, "c. cit.
Ta-
LisTA, a town of the Sabines,whose inha- bitants Ann. 3, c. 11, "c.
are called Listini. LiviLLA, a daughterof Drusus. A sister
LiTABRUM, now Buitrago, a town of Spain of Caligula, ".c. Vid. Julia.
Tarraconensis. Liv. 32, c. 14, 1.35, c. 22. Livius Andronicus, a dramatic poet who
LiTANA, a wood in Gallia Togata. Liv. 23, flourished at Rome about 240 years before the
c. 24. Christian era. He was the firstwho ed
turn-
LiTAvicus, one of the ^dni, who sisted
as- the
personalsatires and fescennine v erses,
Caesar with 10,000 men. Cas. Bell. G. so long the admiration of the Romans, into
7, c. 37. the form of a proper dialogueand regular
LiTERNUM, a town of Campania. play. Though the character of a player,so
LiTHOBoLiA, a festivalcelebrated at Trce- valued and applaudedin Greece, was ed
reckon-
zene, in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who vile and despicableamong the Romans,
came from Crete, andwere sacrificed by the Andronicus acted a part in his dramatical
furyof the seditious populace,and stoned to compositions, and engaged the attention of his
death. Hence the name of the solemnity,audience,by repeating what he had laborious-
ly
u%?o:tx,lapidalion. formed after the manner of the Greeks.
LiTHRus, a town of Armenia Minor. Strab. Andronicus was the freedman of M. Livius
LiTHUBiuM, a town of Liguria. Liv. 32, c. Salinator,whose children he educated. His
29. poetry was grown obsolete in the age of Cice-
ro,
LiTVERSAS, an illegitimate
son of Midas wiiose nicetyand judgment wouldnoteven
king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare recommend the readingof it. Some few of
his harvest,and afterwards put them to death. his verses are preservedin the Corpus Poela-
He was at last killed by Hercules. Theocrit. rum. M. Salinator,a Roman consul sent
Id. 10. the Illyrians.
against The success with which
Liv/A Drusii.la, a celebrated Roman lady,he finished his campaign, and the victory
 LI LO
which some years afterhe obtained As- sisting
over of ten books. The firstdecade com- prehends
drubal,who was with
into Italy
passing rein-
forcement
a the history of 460 years. The se-
cond
for his brother Annibal, show how decade is lost,and the third compre-
hends
deservinghe was to be at the head of the Ro- man the historyof the second Punic war,
armies. Liv. Drusus, a tribune who which includes about 18 years. In the fourth
joinedthe patricians in opposingthe ambitious decade, Livy treats of the wars with Mace-
donia
views of C. Gracchus. Plut. in Grace. and Antiochus,which contain about 23
An uncle of Cato of Utica. Plut. Titus a years. For th" first five books of the fifth
native of Padua, celebrated-for his writings. decade, we are indebted to the researches
He passedthe greatest part of his life at Na-
ples of the moderns. They were found at Worms,
and Rome, but more particularly at the A. D. 1431. These are the books that re- main

court of Augustus,who liberally patronized of Livy'shistory,and the loss which

(he learned, and encouraged the progress of the celebrated work has sustained by the ra- vages
literature. Few particulars of his life are of time, has in some measure been
known, yet his fame was so universally spread,compensated by the labours of J. Freinshe-
even in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Ga- mius, who with great attention and industry
des traversed Spain,Gaul, and Italy, merely has made an epitomeof the Roman history,
to see the man whose writings had givenhim which is now incorporated with the remain-
ing
such pleasure and satisfactionin the perusal. books of Livy. The third decade seems
Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and ac- cording to be superior to the others, yet the author has
to some, on that same day Rome was not scrupled to cop}" from his contemporaries
also deprivedof another of itsbrightest ments
orna- and predecessors,, and we find many sages
pas-
by the death of the poet Ovid, A. D. 17. taken word for word from Polybius,
It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be in which the latter has shown himself more
the preceptor to young Claudius the brother informed in military affairs, and superiorto
of Germanicus, but death preventedthe his- torianhis imitator. The best editions of Livy will
from enjoyingan honour to which he be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols.
was particularly entitled by his learningand 12mo. London, 1722; of Drachenborch, 7
his universal knowledge. The name of Livy vols. 4to. Amst. 1731, and of Ruddiman, 4
is rendered immortal by his history of the Ro-
man vols. 12mo. Edin. 1751. A governor of Ta-
empire. Besides this he wrote some losophical
phi- rentum, who delivered his trust to Annibal,
treatises and dialogues, with a letter "c. A highpriest who devoted Decius to
addressed to his son,on the merit of authors, the Dii manes. A commander of a Ro-
man
which ought to be read by young men. This fleet sent againstAntiochus in the Helles-
pont.
letter is greatlycommended by Quintilian,
who expatiateswith great warmth on the Lixus, a river of Mauritania,with a cityof
judgmentand candour of the author. His the same name. Antaeus had a palacethere,
Roman historywas comprehended in 140 and accordingto some accounts it was in the
books, of which only35 are extant. It began neighbourhoodthat Hercules conqueredhim.
^vith the foimdation of Rome, and was con- Ital. 3, V. 25S." Mela, 3, c. }0."Strab.2. " "

inued tillthe death of Drusus in Germany. A son of iEgyptus. Jlpollod.

The merit of this history is \vell known, and LoBON, a native oi Argos, who wrote a

tiie highrank wiiich Livy holds among rians book concerningpoets. Diog.
histo-
will never be disputed.He is always LocEus, man who conspired
a against Alex-
ander
great,his style laboured
isclear and intelligible, Dymnus, ".c. Curt. 6, c. 7.
with
without atFectation, ditfusive without tedious- LocHA, a largecity of Africa,taken and
ness, and argumentative without pedantry.In soldiers.
plunderedby Scipio's
his harangueshe is bold and animated, and in Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt
his narrations and descriptions, he claims a de-
cidednear Alexandria.
superiority. He is always elegant, and LocRi, a town of Magna Graecia in Italyon
though many have branded his provincial the Adriatic,not far from Rhegium. It was
words with the name of Patavinily, yet the founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years
expressions, or rather the orthographyof before the Christian era, as some suppose.
words, which in Livy are supposed to distin-
guish The inhabitants were called Locri or Locrenses.
a native of a provinceof Italyfrom a Virg.JEn. 3, v. 399."Strab."Plin."Ltv. 22,
native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, c. 6, 1. 23, c. 30. A town of Locris in
and the perfect classic is as familiarly ed
acquaint- Greece.
with the one as with the other. Livy has LocRis, a country of Greece, whose habitants
in-
been censured, and perhaps with justice, for are known by the name of Ozolce,
beingtoo credulous,and burdeninghis histo- ry Epicnemidii, and Opuniii. The country of
witii vulgarnotions and superstitious tales. the Ozolae, called also Epizephyrii, from their
He may disgust when he mentions that milk westerlysituation,was at the north of the
and blood were rained from heaven, or that an bay of Corinth,and extended above 12 miles
ox spoke,or a woman changed her sex, yet he northward. On the west it was separated
candidlyconfesses that he recorded only what from -ffitolia by the Evenus, and it hali
made an indelible impression upon the minds Phocis at the east. The chief citywas called
of a credulous age. His candour has also been Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the
called in question,and he has sometimes north of the Ozolae,and had the bay of Malia
.7hown himself too partialto his countrymen, at the east, and OEta at the north. They re-
ceived

but every where he is the indefatigable porter

sup- their name from the situation of their
or the cause of justice and virtue. The residence near a mountain called Cnemis.
works of Livy have been divided by some They alone,of all the Locrians,had the privi- lege
of the moderns into 14 decades, eacii con- of sendingmembers to the council^of the
 LO LU
Amphictyons.The Opuntii,who received iders of the Volsci Liv. 2, c. 33 and 39,1. 9,
their name from their chief city,called Opus, c. 39.
were situated on the borders of the Euripus, LoNGUNTiCA, a maritime city of Spain
and near Phocis and Euboea. Plin. 3, c. 5. "
Tarraconensis. Liv. 22, c. 20.
Strah. 6, hc."Plol."Mela."Liv. 26, c. 26, 1. LoNGus, a Roman consul,".c. A Greek
28, c. Q."Paas. Ach. S^Pfwc. author who wrote a novel called the amours
LocusTA, a celebrated woman at Rome in of Daphnisand Chloe. The age in which he
the favour of Nero. She poisonedClaudius lived is not precisely known. The best edi- tions
and Britanicus, and at last attemptedto de- stroy of this pleasing writer are that of Paris,
Nero himself, for which she was ted.
execu- 4to. 1754, and that of Villoison, Svo. Paris.
Tacit. Ann. 12,c. 66, k.c."Sv"t. in JVer. 1778.
33. LoRDi, a peopleof Illyricum.
LocuTius. Vid. Aius. LoRYMA, a town of Doris. Liv. 37, c. 17.
LoLLiA Paulina, a beautifulwoman, ter
daugh- LoTis or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, daugh- ter
of M. LoUius, who married C. Memmius of Neptune. Priapusoffered her violence,
Regulus,and afterwards Caligula. She was vorced
di- and to save herself from his importunities she
and put to death by means of Agrippi-imploredthe gods, who changedher into a
na. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 1, he. tree called Lotus, consecrated to Venus and
LoLLiANus SpuRius, a generalproclaimedApollo. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 348.
emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon af- ter LoTOPHAGi, a peopleon the coast of Africa
murdered, k.c. A consul,he. near the Syrtes.They received this name
M. LoLLius, a companion and tutor of C. from their livingupon the lotus. Ulyssesvi- sited
Caesar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was sul,
con- their country at his return from the Tro- jan
and offended Augustusby his rapacity in war. Herodot. 4, c. m.Strah. 17."
the provinces,Horace has addressed two of Mela^ 1,c. I."Plin. 5, c. 7, 1. 13,c. 17.
bis epistles to him, ":c. Tacit. Ann. 3. Lous or Aousj a river of Macedonia near
LoNDisuM, the capital of Britain, founded ApoUonia.
as some suppose between the age of Julius LuA, a goddessat Rome, who presided over

Caesar and Nero. It has been severally called things which were purified by lustrations,
Londinium, Limdinum, he. Ammianus calls whence the name (a luendo.)She is supposed
it retustam oppidum. It is represented as a to be the same as Ops or Rhea.

considerable,opulent,and commercial town Luc A, now Lucca, a cityof Etraria on the

in the age of Nero. Tacit. Ann. 14,c. 33. "river Arnus, Liv. 21, c. 5, 1. 41, c. 13 Cic
Ammian. 13,fam.13.
LoNGiRENUs, a man guiltyof adultery LucAGus, one of the friends of Turnus kill- ed
with Fausta, Sylla's daughter. Herat. 1,Sat. by ^neas. Virg.JEn. 10,v. 575.
2, V. 67. LucANi, a people of Italy, descended from
LoNGiMANus, a surname of Artaxerxes, from the Samnites,or from the Brutii.
his iiaving one hand longer than the other. LucANiA, a country of Italy,between t'
The Greeks called him Macrochir. C. Aep. in Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded L
Picenum, Pucetia,and the country of the Bru- tii.
LoN'GiNus,DionysiiKCassius, a celebrated The country was famous for itsgrapes .

Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He Strah. 6." Plin. 3, c. 5." Mela, 2, c. 4."Liv 8,
was preceptorof the Greek language,and af- terwards
c. 17, 1.9, c. 20, 1. 10,c. U."Horat. 2, ep.
^ 2,
minister to Zenobia, the famous V. 178.
queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and Q. LucANius, a centurion in Caesar'sarmv,
spirited activity to her cause proved,at last,he. CcEsar.Bell. G. 5.
fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian LucANus, M. Ann^us, a native of Coi-
entered victorious the gatesof Palmyra, Lon- duba in Spain. He was earlyremoved to
ginuswas sacrificed to the furyof the Roman Rome, where his rising talents and more ticularly
par-
soldiers, A. D. 273. At the moment of death his lavished pi-aiseg and panegyrics -

he showed himself great and resolute,and recommended him to the emperor Nero
with a philosophical and unparalleled ness This intimacywas
firm- soon productive of honour,
of mind, lie even repressed the tears and and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an au-
gur

sighsof the spectatorswho pitied his miserable and qucestor before he had attained the
end. Longinus rendered his name immortal proper age. The poet had tlie imprudence
by his critical remarks on ancient authors. to enter the listsagainsthis imperial patron ;
His treatise on the sublime, givesthe world he chose for his subjectOrpheus,and Nero
reason to lament the loss of his other valuable took the tragical storyof Niobe. Lucan tained
ob-
compositions. The best editions of this author an easy victory, but Nero became jea- lous
are tiiatof ToUius,4to. Traj.adRhen. 1G94, of his poeticalreputation,and resolved
and that of Toup, Svo. Oxon. 1778. Cassius,upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan
a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring was dailyexposed,provoked at last his re- sentment,

the interest of J. Cajsar. He was made gover- nor and he joined Piso in a couspiracv
of Spainby Caisar,he. A governor of against the emperor. The whole was ered,
discov-
Judaea. A proconsul. A lawyer whom, and the poet had nothing left but to
though blind and respected, Nero ordered to choose the manner of his execution. He had
be put to death, because he had in his posses- sion his veins opened iu a warm bath, and as hr
a picture of Cassius one of Caesar's mur- derers. expiredhe pronounced with great energy the
Jav. 10, V. 6. lines which, in his Pharsalia,1. 3, v. 039
LoNGOBAUoi, a nation of Germany. Ta- 642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier,
: d. de Germ. who died in the same manner as himself.
LoNcijLA,a town of Latium on the bor- Some have accused him of pusillanimitviu tb""
49
 LU LU
moment of his death, and say that,to free LocERiA,atown of Apulia, famous for wool,
himself from the punishmentwhich threatened Liv. 9, c. 2 and 12,1. 10, c. 35." Horat. 3, od,
him, he accused his own mother, and involved 15, v. 14. Lucan. 2, v. 473.
"

her in the crime of which he was guilty.This LucERius, a surname of Jupiter, as the fa-
ther
circuaistance, which throws an indelible blot of light.
upon the character of Lucan, isnot mentioned LucETius, a Rutulian,killed by Ilioneus.
by some writers, who observe that he expiredVirg. Mn. 9, v" 570.
with all the firmness of a philosopher.He LuciANUs, a celebrated writer of Samo*
died in his 26th year, A. D. 65. Of all his sata. His father was poor in his circumstan-
ces,
compositions none but his Pharsalia remains. and Lucian was earlybound to one of his
This poem, which is an account of the civil uncles,who was a sculptor.This employ-
ment
wars of Cassar and Pompey, is unfinished. highly displeased him ; he made no pro-
ficiency
Opinionsare various as to the merit of the po- etry. in the art, and resolved to seek bis
It possesses neither the fire of Homer, livelihoodby better means. A dream in which
nor the melodious numbers of Virgil.If Lu-can Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to
had lived to a greaterage, his judgment promiselame and immortality, confirmed hia
and geniuswould have matured; and he might resolutions, and he began to Avrite. The arti-
fices
have claimed a more exalted rank among the and unfair dealings of a lawyer,a life
of the Augustanage. His expressions, which he had embraced, disgusted him, and he
Eoets
owever, are bold and animated, his poetry began to studyphilosophy and eloquence.He
entertaining, though his irregularities are merous, visited difterent places,
nu- and Antioch, Ionia,
and to use the words of Quintilian,Greece, Italy,Gaul, and more particularly
he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote Athens, became successively acquainted with
a poem upon the burningof Rome, now lost. the depthof his learningand the power of his
It is said that his wife Polla Argentara, not eloquence. The emperor M. Aurelius was
only assisted him in the compositionof his sensible of his merit, and appointedhim re- gister

poem, but even corrected it after his death. to the Roman governor of Egypt. He
Scaligersays, that Lucan rather barks than died A. D. 180, in his 90th yeai*, and some of
sings. The best editions of Lucan are those the moderns have asserted that he was torn
of Oudendorp, 4to. L. Bat. 1728, of Bent- to piecesby dogsfor his impiety,particularly
ley, 4to. printed 1760, for ridiculing
at Strawberry-hfll, the religion of Christ. The
and 1767.
of Barbou, 12mo. Pai'is, QuirUil.works of Lucian, which are numerous, and
10." Suet." Tacit. Ann. 15, he" Martial written in the Attic dialect,consist partly of
7, ep. 20. Ocellus or Ucellus,an ancient dialogues,in which he introduces different
Pythagorean philosopher, whose known. characters with
age is un- much dramatic propriety.
He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a His style is easy, simple,elegant, and anima-
ted,
book on the nature of the universe,which he and he has stored his compositions with
deemed eternal,and from it were drawn the many lively sentiments, and much of the true
systems adoptedby Aristotle,Plato,and Philo Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his
Judaeus. This work was firsttranslated into manner of exposingto ridiculenot only the
Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus religion of his country, but also that of every
on laws, written in the Doric dialect,was other nation, have deservedlydrawn upon
greatly esteemed by Archytas ment him the censure
and Plato,a frag- of every age, and brand- ed
of which has been preserved by Stobaeus, him with the appellation of atheist and
of which, however, Ocellus is disputed to be blasphemer. He also wrote the lifeof Sostra-
the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, tes, a philosopher of Bceotia,as also that of
with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. the philosopher Demonax. Some have also
Vizzanius,Bononise,1646, in 4to. attributed to him, with greatimpropriety, the
LucARiA or LucEaiA, festivals at Rome, lifeof ApolloniusThyaneus. The best edi- tions
celebrated in a largegrove between the Via of Lucian are that of Graevius,2 vols.
Salaria and the Tiber,where the Romans hid 8vo. Amst. 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols.
themselves when besieged by the Gauls. 4to. Amst. 1743.
Tacit. Ann. 1,c. 77. LxTciFER, the name of the planetVenus,
L. LuccEius, a celebrated historian, asked or morning star. It is called Lucifer, w hen

by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. appearingin the morning before the sun ; but
He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was terwards
af- w hen it follows it, and appears some time after
pardonedby J. Caisar. Cic. ad Fam. its setting, it is called Hesperus.According
5, ep. 12,Uc. to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Ju-
piter
LuccEius Albinds, a governor of Mauri- tania and Aurora. A Christian writer
after Galba's death, Lc. Tacit. Hist. whose work was edited by the Coleti, fo!.Ve-
2, c. 68. net. 1778.
LuGENTUM, (or ia)a town of Spain,now LuciFERi FANUM, a towu of Spain.
.iiirani. C. LuciLius, a Roman knightborn at Au-
LucERES, a body of horse composedof Ro- man runca, illustriousnot onlyfor the respectability
knights, firstestablished by Romulus and of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the
T"tius. It received its name either from Lu- uprightness and (he innocence of his own maculate
im-
cumo, an Etrurian who assisted the Romans character. He lived in the greatest in-
timacy
againstthe Sabines, or from lucus,a grove with Scipio the firstAfricanus, and even
where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a attended him in his firstwar against Numantia.
placeof refuge for all fugitives, cides, He islooked upon as the founder of satire,
slaves,homi- and
",c. that he mightpeoplehis city. The as the first great satirical writer among the^
Latereswere some of these men, and they Romans. He is superiorto his poetical pre-
were with the legions.
incorporated -decessors
Prap^rt. at Rome ; and thoughhe wrote with
"^
4, el. 1. v. 31.
 LU LU
great roughness and inelegance,but with [ians. A consul,he. A writer,calledby
much facility,
he gainedmany admirers, whose Isome Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in
praiseshave often been lavished with too libe-
ral IAfrica,on the borders of Nuraidia. He studied
a hand. Horace compares him to a river Ipoetry,music, geometiy, ",c. at Athens, and
which rolls upon its waters precioussand ac- warmly embraced the tenets of tliePlatonists.
companied

with mire and dirt. Of the thirtyHe cultivated magic,and some miracles are
satires which he wrote, nothingbut a few attributed to his knowledge of enchantments.
verses remain. He died at Naples,the 46th He wrote in Greek and Latin,with greatease
year of his age, B. C. 103. His fragments have and simplicity ; his style, however, is some-
times
been collected and publishedwith notes b}' affected,though his eloquence was
Fr. Dousa, 4to. L. Bat. 1697,and lastly by the greatly celebx-ated in his age. Some fragments
Vulpii, 8vo. Patav. 1735. quintil.10,c. 1." of his compositions are stillextant. He dour-
Cic. de Oral. 2. Horai.
"
Luclnus, a fa- mousished in the reignof M. Aurelius. A bro-
ther
Roman who fled with Brutus afterthe of Vitellius,"c. A sorr of Agrippa,
battle of Philippi.They were soon after adoptedby Augustus. A man put to death
overtaken by a party of horse, and Lucilius for his incontinence, ";c. The word Lucius
suftered himself to be severelywounded by is a praenomen common to many Romans, of
the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was whom an account is givenunder their family
Brutus. He was taken and carried to the con- querors, names.

whose clemencysparedhis life.Plut. LucRETiA, a celebrated Roman lady,daugh-

ter
A tribune who attemptedin vain to elect of Lucretius, and wife of TarquiniusCol-
Porapey to the dictatorship. A centurion, iatinus. Her accomplishmentsproved fatal
"c. A governor of Asia under Tiberius. to her, and the praiseswhich a number of
A friend of Tiberius.
"
young nobles at Ardea, among whom were

LuciLLA, a daughterof M. Aurelius,cele- bratedCollatlnus and the sons of Tarquin,bestowed

for the virtues of her youth,her beau- ty, upon the domestic virtues of their wives at
debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the home, were productive of a revolution in the
age of sixteen her father sent her to Syria to state. While every one was warm with the
marry the emperor Verus, who was then em- ployed idea, it was universally agreed to leave the
in a war with the Parthians and Arme- nians. camp and go to Rome, to ascertain the ve- racity
The conjugal virtues of Lucilla were of their respective assertions. Collati-
great at first, but when she saw Verus plunge nus had the pleasureto see his expectations
himself into debaucheryand dissipation, she fulfilled in the highest degree,and, while the
followed his example,and prostituted herself. wives of the other Romans were involved in
At her return to Rome she saw the incestuous the riot and dissipation of a feast, Lucretia was
commerce of her husband with her mother, found at home, employed in the midst of her
"c. and at lastpoisonedhim. She afterwards female servants, and easingtheir labour by
married an old but virtuous senator, by order sharing it herself The beautyand innocence
of her father,and was not ashamed soon to of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus,the
gratify the criminal sensualities of her brother son of Tarquin,who was a witness of her vir- tues
Coramodus. The coldness and indifterence and industry.He cherished his flame,
with which Comraodus treated her afterwards and he secretly retired from the camp, and
determined her on revenge, and she with came to the house of Lucretia, vvhere he met

many illustrious senators conspiredagainstwith a kind reception. He showed himself un-

worthy

his life, A. D. 185. The plotwas discovered, of such a treatment, and, in Vie dead
Lucilla was banished, and soon after put to of night,he introduced himself to Lucretia,
death by her brother,in the 38th year of her who refused to his entreaties what her Tear of
shame grantedto his threats She yielded to
LuciNA, a goddess, daughter of Jupiterand her ravisher when he threatened to murder
Juno, or, accordingto others,of Latona. As her,and to slayone of her slaves, and put him.
her mother brought her into the world with- out in her bed, that this apparent adultery might
pain,she became the goddesswhom wo- seem to have met with the punishment it de- served.
itien in labour invoked, and she presided Lucretia,in the morning,sent forher
over the birth of children. She receives this husband and her father,and, aftershe had
name either from lucus,or from lux^ as Ovid revealed to them the indignities she had suf-
fered
explains it: from the son of Tarquin,and entreated
Gratia Lucince, dedil hcec iibinomine lucus; them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed her- self
Aut quiaprincipium tu, Dea, luds habes. with a daggerwhich she had previously
Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and concealed under her clothes. This fatal
Juno, because these two goddesses were also blow was the sign of rebellion. The body
sometimes called Lucina, and presided over of the virtuous Lucretia was exposed to the
the labours of women. She is called Ilythia eyes of the senate, and the violence and bar- barity
by the Greeks. She had a famous templeat of Sextus,joinedwith the unpopularity
Rome, raised Varr. de L. L. 4. and oppressionof his father,
A. U. C. 396. so irritated the
" Cic. de JVal. D. 2, c. 27." Ovid. Fast. 2, v. Roman populace,that that moment they ex-
pelled
449. Horat. Carm. Stc.
"
the Tarquinafor ever from Rome.
Lucius, a Roman soldier killed at the siegeBrutus,who was presentat the tragical deatU.
of Jerusalem,by savingin his arms a man who of Lucretia,kindled the flames of rebellion*
jumpeddown from one of the walls. Joseph.and the republicanor consular government
A brother of M. Antony. [Fid.L. Anto- was established at Rome A. U. C. 244. Liv.
nius.] A Roman generalwho defeated the 1, c 57, he. Dionys.Hal. A. c. 15. Ovid."
"

Etrurians,
he. A relation of J. Cajsar. Fast. 2, V. lAl." Val.Max. 6, c. l."^/"^" " "

A Roman August.deCiv. D. 1, c. 19
ambassador, murdered by the Illyr- The wife oS
Numa. Plut.
 LU LU
LucRETiLis, now Libretti,
a mountain in and his history
of his consulship,
which he
ihe country of the Sabines,hanging over a wrote with greatveracity, convinces us of his
pleasant valley, near which the house and farm literary talents. That history is lost. Cic. da
of Horace was situate. Horaf. 1,od, 17,v. Orat. "
Varro de L. L. Flor. 2, c. 2.
"

C.
i."cic.7,m. 11. Catulus,a Roman consul,who destroyed the
T. Lucretius Carus, a celebrated Roman Carthaginian fleet. Vid. Catulus.
poet and philosopher, who was earlysent to LucuLLEA, a festival established by the
Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had behav-
ed
Phffidrus. The tenets of Epicurusand Em- with great prudenceand propriety in his
pedocles,which then prevailedat Athens, province.Plut. in Luc.
Mere warmly embraced by Lucretius, and LucuLLi HORATi, gardensof Lucullus situa- ted
when united with the infiniteof Anaxiraander, near Neapolis,"-c. Tacit. Ann. 11, c
and the atoms of Democritus, they were plained 1.
ex- Villa, a country seat near mount Mise-
and elucidated in a poem, in six books, nus, where Tiberius died. Tacit. Ann. 6,
which is called i)e reram nalurd. In this c. 50.
poem the masterly geniusand unaffected ele- gance Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, a Roman brated
cele-
of the poet are every where conspicu- ous for his fondness of luxuryand for his
; but the opinionsof the philosopher are military talents. He was born about 115 years
justlycensured,who givesno existence of before the Christian era, and soon distinguished
power to a supreme Being,but is the devoted himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts,
advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly particularly eloquenceand philosophy. His
endeavours to establish the mortality of the firstmilitary campaign was in the Marsian
soul This composition,
.
which has littleclaim war, where his valour and cool intrepidity commended
re-

to be called a heroic poem, was written and him to public itotice. His mild- ness
finished while the poetlaboured under a violent and constancygainedhim the admiration
delirium,occasioned by a philtre, which the and confidence of Sylla, aud from thisconnex-ion

jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia had hederived honour, and during his quaestor-
administered. Itissaid that he destroyed him- shipin Asia,and pretorship
self in Africa,he ren- dered

in the 44th year of his age, about 54 years himself more conspicuousby his justice,
before Christ. Cicero,after his death,revised moderation,and humanity. He was raised to
and corrected his poems, which had been part- ly the consulship A. U. C. 680, and intrusted with
written in the lucid intervals of reason and the care of the Mithridatic war, and firstdis- played
of sense. Lucretius, whose poem shows that his military talents in rescuing his col-
league
he wrote Latin better than any other man ever Cotta,whom the enemy had besieged
did,would have provedno mean rival of Virgil, in Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a
had he lived in the polished age of Augustus. celebrated victory over the forces of Mithri-
The best editions of his works are that of dates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by
Creech, 8vo. Oxon. 1695 ; that of Havercarap,the conquestof all Bithynia.His victories by
2 vols. 4to. Lug.Bat. 1725 ; and that of Glas- gow, sea were as greatas those by land,and Mith-
12mo. 1759. Paterc.2,c. 36. Quintil.
"
ridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos.
3, c. 1,1. 10,c. 1. Quintus, a Roman who Such considerable lossesweakened the enemy,
killed himself because the inhabitants of Sul- and Mithridates retired with precipitation wards
to-
rao, over which he was appointed with a gar-
rison, Armenia, to the court of kingTigranes,
seemed to favour the cause of J. Cssar. his father-in-law. His flight was perceived,
C("s. Bell. Civ. 1, c. 18. He is called Ves- and Lucullus crossed the Eu{)hrates with great
pillo. Sp.Tricipitinus, father of Lncretia,expedition, and gave battle to the numerous
wife of Collatinus,was made consul afterthe forces which Tigranes had alreadyassembled
death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. to support the cause of his son-in-law. Ac-
Horatius Pulvillus succeeded him. Liv. 1, c. cordingtotheexaggerated account of Plutarch,
58. Plut.in Pub.
" An interrex at Rome. no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000
A consul. Osella,a Roman, put to horse,of the Armenians, losttheir lives in that
death by Sylla because he had applied for the celebrated battle. All this carnage was made
consulship without his permission.Pint. by a Roman army amountingto no more thau
LucuiKUM, a town of Apulia. 18,000men, of whom onlyfive were killed and
LucRiNus, a small lake of Campania, op- posite 100 wounded duringthe combat. The taking
Puteoli. Some believe that itwas made of Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, was
by Hercules when he passedthroughItalythe consequence of thisimmortal victory, and
with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded with Lucullus there obtained the greatestpart of
excellent oysters, and was united by Augus-
tus the royaltreasures. This continual success,
to the Avernus, and a communication howcver,was attended with serious consequen- ces.
formed with the sea, near the harbour called The severity of Lucullus, and the haugh-
tiness
Julius Portus. The Lucrii^e lake disappeared of his commands, offended his soldiers,
on the 30th of September,153S, in a violent and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pom-
earthquake, which raised on the spota moun pey was soon aftersent to succeed him, and to
tain 4 miles in circumference, and about 1000 continue the Mithridatic war, and the inter- view
feet t igh, with a crater in the middle. Cic. 4. which he had with Lucullus began with
.^tl. lO."Strab. 5 and 6" Mela, 2, c. 4." acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most
Properl. 1, el. 11,v. lO."Virg.G. 2, v. 161. inveterate reproaches, and open enmity. Lu- cullus
"HoTui. 2, od. 15. was permittedto retire to Rome, and
C. LucTATius Catulus, a Roman consul only 1600 of the soldiers who had t-hared his
with Murius. He assisted his colleague in fortune and his glories were suffered to accom-
pany

conqueriiig the Cjtiibrians. \^Via. Cimbricum him. He was received with coldness at
bollum.] He was eloquentas well as valiant.Rome, and he obtained with difficuhy a tri-
 LU LU
deservedlyclaimed by his Batavorum, the Rhine, justas
umpb, which was a town on

fame,hissuccesses, and his victories. In this en-

ded itfalls into the ocean. It is now called Ley-
days of his glory;and he retired to the
the den,and is famous for its university. Con-
and at the foot of the Pyrennees,
enjoyment of ease and peacefulsociety, venarum, a town

no longerinterested himself in the commotions now St. Berlrand in Gascony.

whicii disturbed the tranquillityof Rome. He Luna, {the moon) was daughterof Hype-
rion
dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to and Terra, and was the
same, according
literary conversation. His house was enriched to some mythologists, as Diana. She was shipped
wor-
with a valuable library, which was opened for by the ancient inhabitants of the earth
the service of the curious,and of the learned. with many superstitiousforms and ceremo-
nies.

Lucullus fellinto a delirium in the last part It was supposedthat magiciansand en- chanters,

of his life,and died in the 67th or 68th year of particularlythose of Thessaly, had
his age. The peopleshowed their respectfor an uncontrollable power over the moon, and
his merit,by their wish to give him an ourablethat theycould draw her down
hon- from heaven
burial in the Campus Martius; but at pleasure by the mere force of their incan-
tations.
their oflferswere rejected, and he was ly
private- Her eclipses, accordingto their opi-
nion,
buried,by his brother,in his estate at Tus- proceeded from thence ; and, on that
culum. Lucullus has been admired for his account, it was usual to beat drums and cym-
bals,
many accomplishments, but he has been cen-
sured to ease her labours,and to render the
for his severity and extravagance. The power of magic less effectual. The dians
Arca-
expenses of his meals were immoderate, his believed that they were older than the
halls were distinguished by the different names moon. Olid. Met. 12, v. 263, hc."Tihull. 1,
of the gods; and when Cicero and Pompey at- el. 8, V. 2\."Uesiod.
tempted Theog." Virg.Ed. 8,
to surprisehim, theywere astonished V. 69. A maritime town of Etruria,fa-
mous
at the costliness of a supper which had been for the white marble which it produced,
had and called also Lunensis portus. It contained
prepared upon the word of Lucullus,who
merely said to his servant that he would sup in a fine capaciousharbour, and abounded in
the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus wine, cheese,"c. The inhabitants were turally
na-

was fond of artificial variety ; subterraneous givento augury, and the observation of
cav'es and passages were dug under the hillson uncommon phaenomena. Mela, 2, c. 4. Lu- "

the coast of Campania, and the sea water was can. 1, V. 596." P/"i. 14,c. 6." Lip. 34, c. 8.
conveyed round the house and pleasure"Sill. 8, V. 481.
grounds,where the fishesflocked in such abun-dance LuPA, (a she-wolf) was held in great ve-
neration

that not less than 25,000 pounds worth at Rome, because Romulus and Re-
mus,
were sold at his death. In his publiccharacter accordingto an ancient tradition, were

Lucullus was humane and compassionate, and suckled and preserved by one of these animals.
he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of hu-
man This fabulous storyarises from the surname of
affairsby shedding tears at the sightof one which was
Lupa,prostitute, givento the wife
of the citiesof Armenia, which his soldiers re- duced of the shepherdFaustulus,to whose care and
to ashes. He was a perfect master of humanitythese children owed their preserva-
tion.
the Greek and Latin languages,and he em- ployed Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 415. Plut. in RomuL
"

himself for some time to write a con-cise Lupercal, a place at the foot of mount
history of the Marsi in Greek hexameters. Aventine,sacred to Pan, where festivalscalled
Such are the striking characteristicsof a man Lupercalia were yearlycelebrated, and where
who meditated the conquest ofParthia, and for the she- wolf was said to have broughtup Ro-mulus
a while gainedthe admiration of allthe inhab-
itants and Remus. Virg.JEn. 8, v. 343.
of the east, by his justiceand modera-
tion, Lupercalia, a yearly festiv^alobserved at
and who might have disputed the empire Rome the loth of February, in honour of the
of the world with a Caesar or Pompey, had not, god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two
at last,his fondness for retii'ement withdrawn goatsand a dog, and to touch with a bloody
liim from the reach of ambition. Cic.pro ^rch. knife the forehead of two illustrious youths,
4. "
Qu("st.Ac. 2, c. 1. Plxd. in vita. Flor.
" " who always were
obligedto smile while they
3, c. 5. Strab. Jippian.
" " in Millir. ".c. Oro- "
touched. The blood was
were wiped away
sius 6, ".C. A consul who went to Spain, with soft wool dippedin milk. After thisthe
"c.- A Roman, put to death by Domitian. skins of the victims were cut in thongs, with
"A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant which whipswere made for the youths. With
under Sylla. A praetorof Macedonia. these whips the youths ran about the streets
LucuMO, the firstname of Tarquinius Pris- all naked except the middle, and whipped
cus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The freelyallthose they met. Women in particu-
lar
word is Etrurian,and signifies princeor chief. were fond of receiving the lashes,as they

Plut. in Rom. believed

superstitiously that they removed
Luc us, a king of ancient Gaul. A town barrenness,and eased the painsof child-birth.
Gaul, at the foot of the Alps.
','f This excursion in the streets of Rome was formed
per-
LuGDUNENSis Gallia, a part of Gaul, by naked youths,because Pan is waysal-
which received its name from Lugdununi,the represented naked, and a goat was sacri-
ficed,
cityof the province. It was anciently
capital because that deitywas supposedto have
called Celtica. H(/. Gallia. the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a ne-
cessary

LugdCxVum, of Gallia Celtica,built

a town and useful guardianof the shecpfold.
at the confluence of the Rhone and the Arar, This festival, as Plutarch mentions, was first
or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-
governor of the province. This town, now wolf which suckled Romulus and Remus. This
called Lyons,is the second cityof France in opinionis controverted by others, and Livy,
liniulof population.Jitv.l,v. 44. Strab. 4. w iiliDionysius
" of Halicai'unssus,observes,that
 LU LY
ihty were introducedinto Italy
by Evander. Lusius, a river of Arcadia. Cic. de .Va".
The name seems to beborrowed from the D. 3, c. 22.'-Paus. Arc. 28.
Greek name from kvxo;,a wolf; LusoNES, apeopleof Spain
of Pan, Lycceus, near the Ibe-
not only because these ceremonies were like rus,
the Lycasan festivalsobserved in Arcadia, but LusTRicus Brutianus, a Roman poet.
because Pan, as god of shepherds, protectedMartial. 4, ep. 23.
the sheep from the rapacityof the wolves. LuTATius Catulus, a Roman who shut
The priests who officiatedat the Lupercaliathe temple of Janus after peace had been
were called Lttpem. Augustus forbade any per-
son made with Carthage. Vid. Luctatius.
above the age of fourteen to appear naked, LuTERius, a general of the Gauls, de- feated
or to run about the streets duringthe Luper-
calia. by Caesar,".c.
Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches LuTETiA, a town of BelgicGaul, on the
Antony for havingdisgraced the dignity of the confluence of the rivers Sequana andMatrona,
consulship, by runningnaked, and armed with which received its name, as some suppose,
a whip, about the streets. It was duringthe from the quantityof clay,lutum, whicn is in
celebration of these festivalsthat Antony of- feredits neighbourhood.J. Caesar fortified and em-
bellished

a crown to J. Cassar,whicli the indigna-

tion it,from which circumstance some
of the populaceobliged him to refuse. authors call it Julii Civitas. Julian the apos- tate
Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 427." Farro L. L. 5, c. 3. resided there some time. It is now Parisj
LuPERci, a number of priests at Rome, who and isthe capital of France. C(es. de Bell. G.
assisted at the celebration of the Lupercalia, 6 and 7. " Strab. 4. Ammian. 20.
"

in honour of the god Pan, to whose service C. LuTORius Prjscus, a Roman knight,
they were dedicated. This order of priestsput to death by order of Tiberius,because
was the most ancient and respectable of all he had written a poem In which he had be- wailed
the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into the death of Germanicus, who then
two separate colleges,called Fabiani and laboured under a severe illness. Tacit.Ann.
Quintiliani, from Fabius and Quintilius, two 3, c. 49, kc.
of their highpriests.The former were tuted
insti- Ly^sus,a surname of Bacchus. It is de-
rived
in honour of .Romulus,and the latterof from "'W"i', solvere,because wine, over
Remus. To these two sacerdotnl bodies,J. which Bacchus presides, givesfreedom to the
Cassar added a third,called, from himself,the mind, and delivers it from ^11 cares and me-
lancholy.

Julii, and this action contributed not a littleto Horat. ep. 9. Lucan. 1,v. 675,
"

render his cause unpopular,and to betrayhis Lybas, one of the companionsof Ulys- ses,
aspiringand ambitious views. [Vid.Luper- calia.] "c.
Fans, in Rom. Dio. Cas. 48.
" "
Virg. Lybya or LvBissA, a small village of Bi-
JEn. 8, v. 663. thynia, where Annibal was buried.
LuPERcus, a grammarian in the reign of Lycabas, an Etrurian, who had been
the emperor Gallienus. He wrote some matical banished from his country for murder.
gram- He
pieces, which some have preferred to was one of those who offeredviolence to Bac-chus,
Herodian's compositions. and who were changedinto dolphins.
LupiAS or LupiA, now Lippe,a town of OijU Met. 4, v. 624. One of the Lapi-
Germany, with a small river of the same name, thae,who ran away from the battle which was
falling into the Rhine. Tacit. Ann. 1,"c. fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. Id. Met.
Lupus, a generalof the emperor Severus. 12, V. 302.
A governor of Britain. A quaestorin Lycabetus, a mountain of Attioa,near
the reignof Tiberius, ".c. A comic writer Athens. Stat.
of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Lycvea, festivals in Arcadia in honour of
Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the des- Pan, the god of shepherds.They are the
truction
of Troy. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep. 16, v. same as the Lupercaliaof the Romans.
26. P. Rut, a Roman, who, contraryto the A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo
omens, marched against the Marsi, and was Lycaeus,who delivered the Argivesfrom
killed with his army. He has been taxed with wolves, "c.
impiety,and was severely censured in the Au-gustan Lyceum, a celebrated place near the
age. Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 68. banks of the Ilissus, in Attica. It was in
LusiTANiA, a partof ancient Spain,whose this pleasantand salubrious spot that Aris- totle
extent and situation have not been accurate-
ly tatight philosophy,and as he generally
defined by the ancients. According to the instructed his pupilsin walking,they were
better descriptions, itextended from the Tagus called Peripatetics, a ambulo.
wi^tTrceTiu,, The
to the sea of Cantabria,and comprehended philosopher continued his instructionsfor 12
the modern kingdom of Portugal.The inha- bitantsyears, till, terrified by the false accusations of
were warlike,and were conqueredby Eurytoedon, he was obligedto flyto Chalcis.
the Roman army under Dolabella,B. C. 99, Lyc^us, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred
with great difficulty. They generallylived to Jupiter, where a templewas built in hon-
our
upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished of the god by Lycaon, the son of Pelas-
in their manners. It was usual among them also sacred to Pan, whose tivals,
fes-
gus. It was
to expose their sick in the high roads, that called Lycop.a, were celebrated there.
their diseases mightbe cured by the directions Virg.G. 1,V. 16. ^n. 8, v. 343.Strab. 8."
and advice of travellers. They were derate Horai. 1, od. 17,v. 2." Ovid. Met. 1,v. 698.
very mo-
in their meals,and never eat but of one Lycambes, the father of Neobule. He
dish. Their clothes were commonly black, promised his daughterin marriage to the
and they generally warmed themselves by poet Archilocus,and afterwards refused to
means of stone, heated in the fire. Stra^. 3. fulfil his engagement when she had been
"Mela, 2, c. 6, 1.3, c. l."Liv. 21, c. 43, 1. couited by a man whose opulence had more
7, G. 20.
 LY LY
influence than the fortune of the po"t. This Lyce, one of the Amazons, kc. Flaec. ".
irritatedArchilocus ; he wrote a bitter invec-
tive v. 374.
against Lycambes and his daughter,and Lyces, a town of Macedonia. Lii\ 31, c.

rendered them both so desperate by the satire

that they hanged them-
of his composition, selves. Lyceum. Vid. Lycaeum.
Horat. ep. 6,v. 13." Ovid, in lb. 52." Lychnidus, now Achridna,a citywith a
JriMot. Rhet. 3. lake of the same name, in lilyricum. Liv. 27,
Lycaon, the first king of Arcadia, son of c. 32, 1.44; c. 15.
Pelasgus and Melibcea. He built a town Lycia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded
called Lycosuraon the top of mount Lycseus,by the Mediterranean on the south,Caria on
in honour of Jupiter.He had many wives, the west, Pamphylia on the east,and Phrygia
whom he had a daughter, called Calisto,on the north. It was anciently called Milyas,
by
and fifty sons. He was succeeded oji the and Tremile,from the Milyae,or Solymi,a
throne by Nyctimus, the eldest of his sons. people of Crete, who came to settle there.
He lived about 1820 years before the Chris- tian The country received the name of Lyciafrom
era. Apollod.3. Hygin. fab. 176." Lycus, the son of Pandion, who established
"

Catul ep. IG."Paus. 8, c. 2, ",c." Ano-ther himself there. The inhabitants have been
kingof Arcadia,celebrated for his cruel- ties. greatlycommended by all the ancients,not
He was changed into a wolf by Ju- only for their sobriety
piter, and justice, but their
because he offered human victims on greatdexterity in the management of the bow.
the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute They were conqueredby Crcesus,kingof Ly-
this metamorphosis to another cause. The dia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they
sins of mankind, as they relate,were become were subject to the power of Persia, yet they
so enormous, that Jupiter visitedthe earth to were governedby Uieir own kings,and only
punish wickedness and impiety. He came paida yearlytribute to the Persian monarch.
to Arcadia, where he was announced as a They became partof the Macedonian empire
god, and the people began to pay proper when Alexander came into the east,and after-
wards
adoration to his divinity.Lycaon, however, were ceded to the house of the Seleucidse.
who used to sacrifice all strangers to his wan-
ton The country was reduced into a Roman vince
pro-
cruelty, laughed at the piousprayers of his by the emperor Claudius. Apollohad
subjects, and to try the divinity of the god, there his celebrated oracle at Patara, and the
he served up human fleshon his table. This epithet hybernais appliedto the country, be- cause
impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he diately
imme- the god was said to pass the winter in
destroyedthe house of Lycaon, and his temple. Virg.JEn. 4, v. 143 and 446, 1. 7,
changed him into a wolf. Ovid. Met. 1, v. v. 816." S^ra6. Theb. 6, v. ^Q."Herodot. 1,c.
198, kc. These two raonarchs are often n^."Slat. 13." Lw. 37, c. 16,1.38, c. 39.
confounded together, though it appears that Lycidas, a centaur killed by the Lapithae
they were two different characters,and that at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12,
no less than an age elapsed between their V. 310. A shepherd's name. Virg.Eel.
reigns. A son of Priam and Laothoe. He A beautiful youth, the admiration of
was taken by Achilles,and carried to Lemnos, Rome in the age of Horace. Horat. 1,od. 4,
whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed V. 19.
by Achilles in the Trojanwar. Homer. II.21, Lycimma, a town of Peloponnesus.
",c. The father of Pandarus, killed by Lycimnia, a .slave,mother of Helenor by a
Diomedes before Troy. A Gnossian artist,Lydian prince. Virg.M,n. 9, v. 446.
who made the sword which Ascanius gave to LYCisrus, an Athenian arch on.- """A Mes-
Euryalus. Tirg.^n. 9, v. 304. senian of the family of the .ffipytidae. When
Lycaonia, a country of Asia, between his daughterswere doomed by lot to be
Cappadocia,Pisidia,Pamphylia,and Phrygia,sacrificed for the good of their country, he
made a Roman province under Augustus. fled with them to Spai-ta, and Aristodemus
Iconium was the capital.Sirab. 10. Mela, upon this cheerfully
"
gave his own children,
1, c. 2."Liv. 27, c. 54, 1.38, c. 39. Arcadia and soon aftersucceeded to the throne. Paus.
bore also that name from Lycaon, one of 4, c. 9. A youth of whom Horace was
its kings. Dionys.Hal. An island in the enamoured.
Tiber. Lycius, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta.
Lycas, a priestof Apolloin the interest of A son of Lycaon. An epithet givento
Turnus. He was killed by jEneas. Virg.Apollofrom his temple in Lycia, where he
JEn. 10,v. 315. Another officer of Turnus. gave oracles,particularly
at Patara,where the
Id. 10, c. 561. appellation of Lycics,
sortes was givento his an-
swers,

Lycaste, an ancient town of Crete,whose and even to the will of the Fates. Virg
inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the JEn. 4, v. 346. A surname of Danaus.
Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. A daughterof Lycomedes, a kingof Scyros,an island in
Priam by a concubine. She married Polyda- the JEge"n sea, son of Apolloand Parthenope.
mas, the son of Antenor. A famous zan
courte- He was secretlyintrusted with the care of
of Drepanum, called Venus on account of young jvhora his mother
Achilles, Thetis had
her greatbeauty. She had a son called Eryx disguisedin woman's clothes,to remove him
by Butes, son of Amycus. from the Trojanwar, whei*e she knew he must
Lycastum, a town of Cappadocia. unavoidably perish.Lycomedes has rendered
Lycastus, of Minos L
a son He was fa-
therhimself famous for his treacheiy
to Theseus,
of Minos II. by Ida,the daughterof Co- who had imploredhis protection when driveji
rybas. Diod. 4. A son of Minos and Phi- from the throne of Athens by the usurper
lonome, daughterof Nyctimus. He succeed- Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported,
e d his father on the thfone of Ai'cadia. Ptius. eitherenvious of the fame of his illustrioif'
8, c. 3 and 4.
 LY LY
guest,or bribed by the emissaries of Mnee- 1596; and that of Potter, fol. Oxon. 17t".
fheus,led Theseus to an elevated place,on Ovid, in lb. 533." Stat. 5. Sylv.3.
pretence of showing him the extent of his do- Lycopolis, now Siut, a town of Egypt.
threw him
miniotis,and perfidiously down a It received this name on account of the im-
mense
precipice, where he was killed. Plut. in Thes. number of wolves, a-wo.,which repelled
"Pans. 1, c. 17,1. 7, c. 4."ApoUod. 3, c. 13. an army of Ethiopians, who had invaded
An Arcadian,wlio,with 500 chosen men, Egypt. Diod. l.Strab. 17.
put to flight 1000 Spartans, and 500 Argives, Lycopus, an Etolian who assisted the Cy-
"c, Diod. 15. A seditious person at Te- reneans against Ptolemy. Polycen. 8.
gea. A Mantinean general,"lc. An Lycorea, a town of Phocis at the top of
Athenian, the firstwho took one of the ene-
my Parnassus,where the people of Delphitook
's shipsat the battle of Salamis. Plat. refugeduringDeucalion's deluge,directed by
Lycon, a philosopher of Troas, son of As- the bowlings of wolves. Paus. Phoc. 6.
tyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was great-
ly LycoreuS; the supposedfounder of Lyco-
rea,
esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus,he. He on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo
died in the 74th year of his age. Diog.in vit. and Corycia. Hygin.fab. 161.
A man who wrote the lifeof Pythagoras. Lycorias, one of the attendant nymphs of
A poet. A writer of epigrams. A Cyrene. Virg.G. 4, v. 339.
player, greatlyesteemed by Alexander. 'A Lycoris, a freedwoman of the senator Vo-
Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion. lumnius, also called Cytheris, and Volumnia,
A peripatetic philosopher. from her master. She is celebrated for her
LycoNE,acity of Thrace. A mountain beauty and intrigues.The poet Gallus was
of Argolis.Paus. 2, c. 24. greatlyenamoured of her, and his friend Vir^
Lycophron, a son of Periander, king of gilcomforts him in his 10th eclogue,for the
Corinth. The murder of his mother Melis"^a,loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed
by his father,had such an effect upon him, M. Antony'scamp, and was become the As-
that he resolved never to speakto a man who pasiaof Rome. The charms of Cleopatra,
had been so wantonly cruel against his rela-
tions. however, prevailed
over those of Cytheris,and
This resolution was strengthenedby the unfortunate courtezan lost the favours of
the advice of Procles, his maternal uncle,and Antony and of all the world at the same time.
Periander at last banished to Corcyra a son Lycoriswas originallv a comedian. Vii^.Ed.
whose disobedience and obstinacy had render-
ed TlO." Ovid. ^.^.3, v. 537.
him odious. Cypselus,the eldest son of Lycormas, a river of Etolia, whose sands
Periander,beingincapableof reigning, phron were
Lyco- of a goldencolour. It was afterwards
was the onlysurviving child who had called Evenus from king Evenus, who threw
any claini to the crown of Corinth. But, when himself into it. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 245.
the infirmities of Periander obliged him to Lycortas, the father of Polybius,who
look for his successor, Lycophron refused to flourished B. C, 184. He was chosen general
come to Corinth while his father was there, of the Achaean league,and he revenged the
and he was induced to leave Corcyra,only on death of Philopcemen, fee. Plut.
promisethat Periander would come and dwell LycostJra, a citybuilt by Lycaon on mount
there while he remained master of Corinth. Lycaeusin Arcadia.
This exchange,however, was prevented.The Lyctus, a town of Crete, the country of
who
4;^ircyreans, were apprehensive of the ty- Idomeneus, whence he is often called Lyctius.
murdered Lycophron be- Virg.JEn.3,v.4Q\.
itanny of Periander,
lore he leftthat island. Herodul. 3. Arislot. "

Lycurgides, annual days of solemnityap- pointed

A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander, in honour of the lawgiverof Sparta.
tyrantof Pheras. He assisted his sisterin mur-
dering The patronymicof a son of Lycurgus. Ovid,
her husband, and he afterwards seized in lb. v. 503.
the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Phi-
lip Lycurgus, a king of Nemasa, in Pelopon-
nesus.
of Macedonia. Plut. Diod. 16.
"
A ge-
neral He was raised from the dead by Mi-
of Corinth killed by Nicias. Plut. in culapius. Stat. Theb. 5, v. 638. A giant
Mc. .A native of Cythera, son of Mastor. killed by Osiris in Thrace. Diod. 1. A
He went to the Trojan war with Ajax, the son king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been
of Telamon, afterthe accidental murder of one represented as cruel and impious, on account
of his citizens. He was killed,"c. Horner. II. of the violence which he offered to Bacchus.
15, V. 450. A famous Greek poet and gram- marian, He, accordingto the opinionof the mytholo-
born at Chalcis,in Euboia. He was gists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom,
one of the poetswho flourished under Ptolemy and abolished his worship,for which impiety
Philadelphus, and who, from their number, he was severelypunishedby the gods. He
obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died put his own son Dryas to death in a fury,and
by the wonnd of an arrow. He wrote he cutoff his own
gedies,
tra- legs,mistakingthem for
the titlesof twenty of which have been vine boughs. He was put to death in the great-
est
pre.served. The only remainingcomposition torments by his subjects, who had been in- formed
of this poet is called Cassandra,or Mexandra. by the oracle that theyshould not taste
It contains 14T4 verses, whose obscurityhas wine tillLycurguswas no more. This fable is
procuredthe epithetof Tenebrotus to its au- thor. explained by observing,that the aversion of
It is a mixture of prophetical effusions,Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus pre- sided,
which, as he supposes, were givenby Cassan-
dra arose from the filthinessand disgraceof
duringthe Trojan best editions intoxication,
war. The and therefore the monarch wisely
of Lycophronare that of Basil;1546, fol. en-
riched ordered all the vines of his dominions to be
with the Greek commentary of Tzet- cut down, that himself and his subjects might
zes; that of Canter, Bvo. apud.Commelin, be from
preserved the extravagance and de-
 LY LY
baucheiywhich are produced by too free an beiyor violence. All the citizensdined in com-
mon,
use of wine,Hygin. fab. 132. Homer. II. 6,
" and no one had greater claims to indul-
gence
V. 130." Apollod. 3, c. 5." Ovid. Met. 4, v. 22. or luxurythan another. The inter-
course
"^Virg.JEn. 3, v. U."Horat. 2, od. 19 of Spartawith other nations was bidden,
for-
A son of Hercules and Praxithea,daughterof and few were permitted to travel.
Thespius. ApoUod.2, c. 7. A son of Phe- The youthswere intrustedto the publicmas-
ter
res, the son of Cretheus. Id. I, c. 9." "An as soon as theyhad attained their seventh

orator of Athens? surnamed Ibis,in the age year, and their education was left to the wis-
dom
of Demosthenes, famous for his justiceand of the laws. They were taughtearlyto
when
impartiality at the head of the govern-
ment. think,
to answer in a short and laconic man- ner,
He was one of the thirty orators whom and to excel in sharp
repartee. They
the Athenians refused to deliver up to Alex- ander. were instructedand encouraged to carry things
Some of his orations are extant. He by surprise, but if ever the theftwas ed
discover-
died about 330 years before Christ. Diod. 16, they were subjected to a severe ment.
punish-
A king of Tegea,son of Aleus,by Neaera, Lycurguswas happyand successful in
the daughterof Pereus. He married Cleo- establishing and enforcing these laws, and by
phile, called also Eurynome, by whom he had his prudence and administration the face of
AmphidamaSj "c. Apollod.3, c. 9. Homer. affairsin Lacedaemon was totally
"

changed, and
II. 7. A celebrated lawgiverof Sparta;it gave rise to a set of men distinguished for
son of kingEunomus, and brother to Polydec- their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their mag- nanimity.
tes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan After this, Lycurgus retired from
throne ; but when he saw that the widow of Spartato Delphi,or accordingto others to
Polydecteswas pregnant, he kept the king- dom Crete,and before his departurehe bound all
not for himself,but till Charilaus, his the citizens of Lacedaemon by a solemn oath,
nephew, was arrived to years of maturity.He that neither they nor their posterity, would
had previously refused to marry his brother's alter, violate, or abolishthe laws which he had
widow, who wished to strengthen him on his establishedbefore his return. He soon after
throne by destroying her own son Charilaus,put himself to death,and he ordered his ashes
and leavinghim in the peaceful possession of to be thrown into the sea, fearfullest if they
the crown. The integrity with which he act- ed, were carried to Spartathe citizens should call
when guardianof his nephew Charilaus, themselves freed from the oath which they
united with the disappointment and the resent-
ment had taken,and empowered to make a revolu- tion.
of the queen, raised him many enemies, The wisdom and the good effectof the
and he at last yieldedto their satire and ma- laws of Lycurgus have been firmlydemon-
levolence,

and retired to Crete. He travelled trated at Sparta, where for 700 years they re- mained

like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt in fullforce, but the legislator has beea
without suffering himself to be corrupted by censured as cruel and impolitic.He has
the licentiousness and luxuiywhich prevailedshown himself inhumane in ordering mothers
there. The confusion which followed his de- parture to destroy such of theirchildren, whose feeble-
ness
from Sparta,now had made his pre- sence or deformity in their youth seemed to
promiseincapability of action in maturer
totally necessary, and he returned home years,
at the earnest solicitationsof his countrymen. and to become a burden to the state. His re-gulations

The disorder which reigned at Sparta, induced about marriagemust necessarily be

him to reform the government ; and the more censured,and no true conjugalfelicity can be
effectually to execute his undertaking, he had expected from the union of a man with a per-son
recourse to the oracle of Delphi.He was ceived
re- whom he perhapsnever knew before, and
by the priestess of the god with every whom he was compelledto choose in a dark
mark of honour, his intentions were warmly room, where all the marriageable women iii
approvedby the divinity, and he was called the state assembled on stated occasions. The
the friendof gods,and himself rather god than peculiar dress which was appointedifor tha
man. After such a receptionfrom the most females, might be termed improper; and the
celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgusfound law must, for ever, be called injudicious, which
no difficulty in reformingthe abuses of the ordered them to appear naked on certain days
state,and all were equallyanxious in promo- ting of festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly,
a revolution which had received the sanc-tion promiscuously with boys of equal age with
of heaven. This happened 884 years be- fore tliemselves. These tilings indeed contributed
the Christian era. Lycurgusfirstestab- lished as much to corruptthe morals of the Lacede- monians,
as the other regulations seemed to be
a senate, which was composed of 28
senators, whose authority preservedthe tran- quillitycalculated to banish dissipation, riot,and de- bauchery.
of the state,and maintained a due and Lycurgus has been compared to
justequilibrium between the kingsand the Solon,the celebrated legislator of Athens,and
people,by watchingover the intrusions of the ithas been judiciously observed thatthe former
former,and checkingthe seditious convulsions gave his citizens morals conformable to the
of the latter. All distinction was destroyed, laws which he had established, and that the
and by making an equaland impartial division latterhad giventhe Athenians laws which co- incided

of the land among the members of the com-

monwealth, with their customs and manners. The
Lycurgus banished luxury, and office of Lycurgusdemanded resolution,and
encouragedthe useful arts. The use of mo- ney, he showed himself inexorable and severe. In
either of goldor silver,
was totallyden,
forbid- Solon artificewas requisite,and he showed him-
self
and the introduction of heavy brass and mild and even voluptuous.The modera*
iron coin, brought no temptationto the dis- honest, tion of Lycurgusis greatly commended, par-
ticularly
and left every individual in the pos-
session when we recollect that he treated
of his effectswithout an v fearsof rob- with the irrcatest humanityand coufid"*n";e
50
 LY LY
Alcander,a youthwho had put out one of hisIOvid. Trist. I,el. 6. A woman in Domi-

eyesina seditious tumult. Lycurgushad a son jtian's

reign, who pretended
she could remove
called Antiorus,who leftno issue. The Lace- daemonians
barrenness by medicines. Juv. 2, v. 141.
showed theirrespectfortheir great LyoiA, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor,
le"^islatorby yearly celebrating a festival in his whose boundaries were differentat different
honour, calledLycurgidae or Lycurgides. The times. It was firstbounded by MysiaMajor,
introduction of money into Sparta in the reign Caria, PhrygiaMajor, and Ionia,but in its
of Agisthe son of Archidamus, was one of the more flourishingtimes itcontained the whole
principal causes which corruptedthe inno- cence country which liesbetween the Halysand the
of the Lacedaemonians, and rendered iEgean sea. It was anciently called Maonia,
them the prey of intrigue and of faction. The and received the name of Lydiafrom Lydus
laws of Lycurguswere abrogated by Philopce- one of itskings. It was governed by mo-
men,B. C. 188,but onlyfor a littletime,as they narchs who after the fabulous ages reigned
were soon afterre-established by the Romans. for249 years in the following order : Ardysus
Plut. in vita. Justin. 3, c. 2, kc.
"
" Strab. 8, began to reign, 797 B. C. Alyattes, 761 ; Me-
10, 15, "ic. Dionys.
" Hal. 2. Paus. 3, c. 2.
"
les,747 ; Candaules,735 ; Gyges,718 ; Ardy-sus
Lycus, a kingof Boeotia, successor to his 2d, 680; Sadyattes, 631 ; Alyattes 2d, 619,
brother Nycteus, who leftno male issue.He was and Croesus,562, who was conqueredby Cy- rus,
intrustedwith the governmentonlyduringthe B, C. 548, when the kingdom became a

minorityof Labdacus the son of the daughterprovinceof the Persian empire. There were
of Nycteus. He was farther enjoined to make three different races that reigned in Lydia,
war Epopeus,who
against had carried away by the Atyadae, Heraclidae, and Mermnadae. The
force Antiopethe daughterof Nycteus. He historyof the firstisobscure and fabulous; the
was successfulin this expedition,
Epopeus was Heraclidae began to reignabout the Trojan
and Lycusrecovered Antiopeand mar-
killed, ried war, and the crown remained in their family
herthoughshe was his niece. This new for about 505 years, and was alwaystransmit-
ted
connexion highly displeased wife Dirce,
his first from fatherto son. Candaules was the last
and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling of the Heraclidae; and Gyges the first, and
and tortured in the most cruel manner. Croesus the last of the Mermnadse. The Ly-
queen,
Antiope at last escaped,and entreated her dians were greatwarriors in the reignof the
sons, Zethus and Amphion, to avenge
her Mermnadae. They invented the art of coining
The children, incensed on account gold and silver,and were the firstwho exhibit-
ed
wrongs.
of the cruelties which their mother had suf-
fered, publicsports, ".c. Herodot. 1,c, 6, 1. 3, c.
besieged Thebes, killed Lycus,and tied 90, 1.7, c. 14." Strab. 2, 5, and \3."Mela, 1,
Dirce to the tailof a wild bull,who dragged c. 2. Plin 3, c. 5. Dionys.
" Hal. 1. Diod. 4.
" "

her tillshe died. Paus. 9, c. 5. JipoUod.

"
3. Justin. 13,c. 4." "A
"
mistress of Horace,
G. 5. A kingof Libya,who sacrificedwhat- ever he. 1, Od. 8.
strangerscame upon his coast. When LvDiAs, a river of Macedonia.
Diomedes at his return from the Trojanwar, Lydius, an epithetappliedto the Tiber
had been shipwrecked there,the tyrantseized because itpassednear Etruria,whose inhabi- tants
him and confined him. He, however, escaped were originally a Lydiancolony. Virg.

by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant's daughter, ^n.2,v. 781, 1.8, v.479.

who was enamoured of him, and who hung Lydus, a son of Atys and Callithea, kingof
herself when she saw herself deserted. A Maeonia,which from him received the name
eon of Neptune by Celaeno,made king of a of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenusled a colony
of Mysia by Hercules. He ottered vio- to Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to
f)art
ence to Megara, the wife of Hercules,for the settlement he made on the coast of the Me- diterranean.
which he was killed by the incensed hero. Herodot. 7, c. 74. An nuch,
eu-

Lycusgave a kind reception to the Argonauts. fcc.

Apollod. 3, c. W."Hygin. fab. 18,31, 32, 137. Lygdamis or Lygdamus, a man who made
A son of iEgyptus of Mars of Ly- made himself absolute at Naxos. Polycen.
caon, kingof Arcadia of Pandion, kingof A general of the Cimmerians who passedinto
Athens. The father of Arcecilaus. One Asia Minor, and took Sardis in the reignof
of the companions of iEneas. 2, c. 3. Ardyeskingof Lydia. Callim.
jSpollod. An athlete
" Paus. 1, "c. "

Virg.JEn. 1, ".c. Hygin. of Syracuse,the father of Artimisia the cele-

" brated
fab. 97 and 159. An officerof Alexander in queen of Halicarnassus. Herodot. 7,
the interest of Lysimachus.He made him- self c. 99. A servant of the poet Propertius, or
master of Ephesusby the treachery of of his mistress Cynthia.
Andron, ".c. Polyan.6. One of the cen Lygii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, dt
taurs. A son of Priam. A river of Germ. 42.
Phrygia,which disappears near Colosse,"nd Lygouesma, a surname of Diana at Sparta,
rises againat the distance of about four stadia,because her statue was broughtby Orestes
and at lastfallsinto the Majander. Ovid. Met. from Taurus, shielded round with osiers.
16,V. 273. A river of Sarmatia falling into Paus. 3, c. 16,
the Palus Maeotis. Another in Paphlagonia, Lygus. Vid. Ligus.
near Heraclea. Ovid. 4, ex Pont. el. 1,v. 47. Lymxre, a town of Lycia. Ovid. Met. fab.
Another in Assyria. Another in Ar-
menia,
12.
falling into the Euxine near the Phaois. Lymax, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 41.
Virg.G. 4, V. 367. One of the friends ol LvNciDEs, a man at the court of Cepheus.
^t^neas,killed by Turnus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 12.
545 A youthbeloved by Alcasus. Horat. LvNCEt?TiE, a noble family of Macedonia,
1, od. 32. A town of Crete. connected with the royalfamily.Justin. 11,
LvDE, the wile of the poetAntiinachus, Lc. c. 2; kc.

II
 LY LY
LvNCESTES, asoa of Amyntas, inthe army the neighbouring states. Lysanderwell knew
of Alexander, kc. Curt. 7, ".c. ander, how
Alex- to take advantage of his victory, and
a son-in-law of Antipater, who spired
con- the followingyear Athens, worn out by a

againstAlexander, and was put to long war of 27 years, and discouragedby its
death. Ibid. misfortunes, gave itselfup to the power of
Lyncestius, a river of Macedonia, whose the enemy, and consented to destroythe
waters were of an intoxicating quality. Ovid. Piraeus, to deliver up all itsships, except 13^
Met. 17, V. 329. to recall all those who had been banished,
Lynceus, son of Aphareus,was among the and in short to be submissive in every de-
hunters of the Calydonianboar,and one of the gi-ee to the power of Lacedaemon. Besides

Argonauts. He was so sharpsighted that, as these humiliating conditions, the government

it is reported, he could see through the earth; of Athens was totally changed,and 30 tyrants
and distinguish objectsat the distance of were set over it by Lysander. This glorious
above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his success, and the honour of having put an
brother Idas,and theywere both killed by Cas- tor end to the Peloponnesian war, increased the
and Pollux when they were brate prideof Lysander. He
goingto cele- had alreadybegun to
theirnuptials with the daughters of Leu- pave his way to universal power, by establish- ing

cippus.Mpollod.1 and 3. Hygin.fab. Pans.

" "
aristocracy in the Grecian cities of Asia,
4, c. 2." Ovid. Met. 3, v. 303." Apollon.Jirg.and now he attempted to make the crown of
1. A son of ^^gyptus, who married F'yperm-Spartaelective. In the pursuitof his ambi- tion
nestra, the daughterof Danaus, His lite was he used prudence and artifice; and as he
sparedby the love and humanity of his wife. could not easily abolish a form of government
[Firf. Danaides.] He made war againsthis which ages and popularity had confirmed,he
father-in-law, dethroned him and seized his had recourse to the assistance of the gods.His
crown. Some say that Lynceus was reconciled attempt, however, to corrupt the oracles of
to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after Delphi, Dodona, and JupiterAmmon, proved
his death,and reignedforty-one years. Apol- ineffectual, and he was even accused of using
lod. 2, c. \."Paus. 2, c. 16, 19, 25." Ovid. bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple.
Htroid. 14. One of the companionsof j^Eue- The sudden declaration of war againstthe
as killedby Turnus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 768. Thebans, saved him from the accusations of
Lyncus, Lynceus, or Lynx, a cruel king his adversaries,and he was sent, togetherwith
of Scythia, or accordingto others,of Sicily.Pausanias, againstthe enemy. The planof
He received,with Trip- his military
feignedhospitality, operations
was and the
discovered,
tolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the Haliartians, meditated,
whose ruin he secretly
world to teach mankind agriculture, and attacked him unexpectedly,and he was
as he was jealous of his commission he resolved killed in a bloody battle which ended in the
to murder this favourite of the godsin his sleep.defeat of his troops,394 years before Christ.
As he was goingto give the deadly blow to His body was recovered by his colleague Pau-
Triptolemus, he was suddenlychanged into a sanias,andhonoured witha magnificentfuneral.
of per- forhisbra very,
lynx,an animal which is the emblem fidy Lysanderhas been commended
and Ovid.
ingratitude. Met. 5, v. 650. but his ambition deserves the severest censure,
Lyncos, a town of Macedonia, of which and his crueltyand duplicityhave greatly
the inhabitants were called Lyncestae. Plin. stained his character. He was arrogant and
2, c. 103,1.4, c. 10. vain in his publicas well as privateconduct,
Lyndus, a town of Sicily. and he received and heard with the greatest
LYRCiE, a peopleof Scythia, who live upon avidity the hymns which his courtiers and flat-
terers
hunting. sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of
LYRca:us, a mountain of Arcadia. Vid. all his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he
tycasus. A fountain. Stat. Theb- 4, v. 711. died extremely poor, and his daughterswere
Lyrcea, a town of Peloponnesus,for-merly rejected by two opulentcitizens of Spartato
called Lyncea. Paus. 2, c. 35. whom they had been betrothed duringthe life
Lyrcus, a king of Caunus in Caria, he. of their father. This behaviour of the lovers
Parthen. severely
was punishedby the Lacedaemonians,
Lyrnessus, a city of Cilicia,the native who protected from injurythe children of a
country of Briseis,called from thence Lyr- man whom they hated for his sacrilege, his
nesseis. It was taken and plundered by contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The fa- ther
Achilles and the Greeks, at the time of the of Lysander,whose name was Aristoclites
Trojanwar, and the bootydivided among the or Aristocrates,was descended from Hercules,
conquerors. Homer. II. 2, v. 197. Ovid. though not reckoned
" of tjie race of the Hera-
Met. 12, V. 108." Heroid. 3, v. 5. Trist. 4, clidae. Plut. ^ C. JVep.invitd."Diod. 13."
el. l,v. 15. A Trojanchief, wounded by Ajax son of Tela-
Lysander, a celebrated general of Sparta,mon before Troy. Homer. It. 11,v. 491.
in the last years of the Peloponnesianwar.
" One of the Ephori in the reignof Agis,".c,
He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, Plut. A grandsonof the great Lysander.
and gainedthe friendship of Cyrus the young-
er. Paus.
He gave battle to the Athenian fleet, Lysandra, a daughterof Ptolemy Lagus,
consisting of 120 ships, at .^gospotamos,and who married Agathociesthe son of Lysima-
destroyed it all, except three ships,with chus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe,and
which the enemy's general fled to Evagoras fled to Seleucus for protection. Paus. 1, c"
king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle,9, ".C.
which happened 405 years before the Chris- tian Lysaniax, a man made kingof Itnrsea by
era, the Athenians lost 3000 men, and Antony, ",c.
with them their empire and inflnence among Lvsk, a daughterof Thespius.Jpollod
 LY LY
Lysiades, an Athenian, son of Phaedrus Callisthenes poison, to save his lifefrom igno-
miny
the philosopher, "c, Cic. Philip.5. An and insult ; and when the furiousanimal
Athenian archon. A tyrantof Megalopolis, darted upon him, he wrapped his hand in his
who died B. C. 226. Plat. mantle, and boldlythrust it into the lion's
LvsiANASSA, one of the Nereides. Apol- mouth, and by twisting his tongue, killed an
lod. 1, c. 2. A daughter of Epaphus,mo-
ther adversaryready to devour him. This act of
of Busiris. Id. 2, c. 5. courage in his self-defencerecommended him
Lysias, a celebrated orator, son of Cepha- to Alexander. He was pardoned,and ever af-
ter
lus,a native of Syracuse,His father leftSicily esteemed by the monarch. Justin. 15, c.
and went to Athens, where Lysias was born 3, "c. Diod. 19, ".C. Pans. 1,c. 10.
"
" Ara
and carefullyeducated. In his 15tb year he Acarnaian, preceptorto Alexander the Great.
accompanied the colony which the Athenians He used to call himself Phoenix, his pupil
sent to Thurium, and after a long residence Achilles,
and PhilipPeleus. Plut. in Mtx. "

there he returned home in his 47th year. He Justin. 15, c. 3. An historian of Alex-
andria.
distinguished himself by his eloquence, and by A son of Aristides, rewarded by
the simplicity, correctness, and purityof his the Athenians on account of the virtue of his
orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 father. A chief priestamong the Jews,
accordingto Plutarch,thoughthe number may about 204 years before Christ,he. Jose-
with more probability be reduced to 230. Of pfius. A physician greatlyattached to the
these 34 are extant, the best editions of which notions of Hippocrates. A governor of He-
are that of Taylor, 8vo. Cantab. 1740, and that raclea in Pontus, ".c.
of Auger,2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1783. He died in Lysimelia, a marsh of Sicily near cuse.
Syra-
the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the
Christian era. Plut. de Orat. Cic de Brut.
" Lysinoe, now Agassolon,a city of Asia,
de Orat. Quintil.3, k.c. Diog. 2.
" " An near Pamphylia. Liv. 38, c. 15.
Athenian general, ",c. A town of Phry- Lysippe, Prcetus.
a [Vid,
daughterof
gia. Strab. Another of Syria,now Ber- daughterof Thespius.
Prcetides.] A
siech near Emesa. A tyrant of Tarsus, Lysippus, a famous statuary of Sicyon.
B.C. 267. He was originallya white-smith,and wards
after-
LysrcLES, an Athenian sent with Chares appliedhimself to painting, till his
to stop the conquests of Philiptalents and
into Bceotia, inclination taugnt him that he
of Macedonia. He was conquered at Cha^- was born to excel in sculpture.He flour- ished
ronaea, and sentenced to death for his illcon-
duct about 325 yearsbefore the Christian
there. era, in the age of Alexander the Great. The
Lysidice, a daughterof Pelops and Hip- monarch was so partialto the aitist,that
podamia,who married Mastor the son of he forbade any sculptorbut Lysippus to
Perseus and Andromeda. Apollod.2, c. 4. make his statue. Lysippus excelled in ex-
pressing

" Paus. 8, c. 14. A daughterof Thespius. the hair, and he was the first who
Apollod. made and the
the head of his statues less large,
daughter of Abas the son body
Lysimeche, a smaller than usual, that they might
ofMelampus. Apollod.
1,c.9. A daughterappear taller. This was observed by one of
of Priam. Id. 3, c. 12. his friends, and the artist gave for answer,
Lysimachia, now Hexamili, a city on that his predecessors had represented men in
the Thracian Chersonesus. Paus. 1, c. 9. their natural form, but that he represented
A town of ^tolia, built by Lysimachus. them such as theyappeared. Lysippus made
Strab. 7 and 10. Another in ^olia. Mela, no less than 600 statues, the most admired
% c. 2. of which were those of Alexander;one of
Lysimachus, of Agathocles,who
a son Apolloof Tarentum, 40 cubits high; one of
was among the generals of Alexander. After a man coming out of a bath, with which
the death of that monarch, he made self Agrippaadorned his baths ; one
him- of Socrates ;
master of part of Thrace, where he and those of the 25 horsemen "who were
built a town which he called Lysimachia,drowned in the Granicus. These were so

He sided with Cassander and Seleucus againstvalued that in the age of Augustus,they
Antigonusand Demetrius, and fought with were bought for their weightin gold. Plut.
them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He in Alex. Cic. in Brut. c. 164. ad Her. 4, c.
"

afterwards seized Macedonia, after expelling148." P/in. 37, c. 7. Paierc. 1, c. 11."

Pyrrhus from the throne, B. C. 286; but Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 240. A comic poet,
his crueltyrendered him odious, and the some of whose playsare mentioned by Athe-
murder of his son Agathoclesso offended his naeus. Plin. 7, c. 37. A general of the
subjects, that the most opulentand powerfulAchaean league.
revolted from him, and abandoned the king-
dom. Lysis, a Pythagoreanphilosopher, ceptor
pre-
He pursued them to Asia, and de- clared to Epaminondas. He flourished about
war againstSeleucus, who had given 388 years before the Christian era. He is sup-
posed
them a kind reception.He was killed in a by some to be the author of the golden
bloody battle,281 years before Christ,in verses which are attributed to Pythagoras.
the 80th year of his age, and his body was C. A''ep.in Epam. 2.
found in the heapsof slain onlyby the fidelity Lysistratus, an Athenian parasite.
of a littledog,which had carefully watched A brother of Lysippus. He was the first ar-
tist

near it. It is said that the love and respectof who ever made a statue with wax. Plin.
Lysimachusfor his learned master Callisthenes 34, c. 8, 1.35,c. 12.
proved nearlyfatal to him. He. as .Justin Lysituous, a son of Priam. Apollod.
mentions, was i}iron\'ninto the den of a hungry Lyso, a friend of Cicero, o:c. Cie. 13,
by order of Alexander,for having given fam.
iion, 19.
 LY LY
LvsTRA, a town of Laconia. jdeath by the Athenians. Apollod.
JLvTiA, a daughterof Hyacinthus,
put to I Lyzanias, a kingof Chalcis,
ha.

MA MA
peopleof Arabia Felix. Mtla, 3, ded the throne 786 B. C. Thurimus,774, Per^
MAGiE, c. 8.
a

They are placedin Africa near the diccas 729, Argaeus678, Philip640, .^ropas
largerSyrtisby Herodot. 4, v. 175. Sil. 3, v. 602, Alcetas or Alectas 576, Amyntas 547, Al-
" exander
275, 1.5,v.i94. 497, Perdiccas 454, Archelaus 413,
Macar, a son of Criasius or Crinacus,the Amyntas 399, Pausanias 398, Amyntas 2d. 397,
firstGreek who led a colonyto Lesbos. His Argaeus the tyrant390, Amyntas restored 390,
four sons took possession of the four neigh-
bouring Alexander 2d. 371, Ptolemy Alorites 370, Per- diccas
islands,. Chios, Samos, Cos, and 3d. 366, Philip son of Amyntas 360, Al- exander
Rhodes, which were called the seats of the Ma- the Great 336, PhilipAridasus 323,
cares or the blessed ('/."""r, beatus.) Dionys. Hal. Cassander 316, Antipater and Alexander 298,
I." Homer. II. 24."Diod. 5." Mela, 2, c. 7. Demetrius king of Asia 294, Pyrrhus287, Ly-
Macareus, an ancient historian. A son simachus 286, Ptolemy Ceraunus 280, Melea-
of jSlolus, who debauched his sister Canace, Iger two months, Antipaterthe Etesian 45
and had a son by her. The father beingin- days,AntigonasGonatas 277, Demetrius,243,
formed
of the incest, ordered the child to be AntigonusDoson 232, Philip 221,Perseus 179,
exposed,and sent a sword to his daughter, and conqueredby the Romans 168 B. C. at Pydna.
commanded her to destroyherself reus
Maca- Macedonia has been severally called ^monia,
fled to Delphi,where he became priestMygdonia, Paeonia, Edonia, i^Emathia,"c.
of Apollo. Ovid. Met. mroid. U.in lb. 563. The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally
"One of the companions of Ulysses, leftat warlike,and thoughin the infancyof their em- pire

Caieta in Italy,where ^neas found him. theywere littleknown beyond the borders
Ovid. Met. 14,v, 159. A son of Lycaon. of their country, yet they signalized them-
selves
Jipollod. 3, c. Q."Paus. 8, c. 3. greatly in the reignof Philip, and added
Macaria, a daughterof Hercules and De- the kingdom of Asia to their European domi- nions
janira. After the death of Hercules, Eurys- by the valour of Alexander. The Ma-
cedonian
theus made war against the Heraclidae, whom phalanx,or body of soldiers,was
the Athenians supported,and the oracle de- clared,
always held in the highestrepute,and it re- sisted

that the descendants of Hercules should and subdued the repeatedattacks of the
obtain the victory, if any one of them devoted jbravest and most courageous enemies. Liv.
himself to death. This was cheerfully ed
accept- \44."Just. 6, c. 9, 1.7, c. 1,k,c.Strab. 7."Me-la,
by Macaria, who refused to endangerthe 1,c. 3,"c." P/wi. 4, c. 10,kc."Curt. 3 and
life of the children of Hercules by suffering 4. Pans. 8, c. 7.
"

the victim to be drawn by lot,and the Atheni-

ans Macedonicum bellum, was undertaken
obtained a victory. Great honours were by the Romans against Philipkingof Mace-donia,
paidto the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain some few months after the second
of Marathon was called by her name. Pans. Punic war, B. C. 200. The cause of this war
I, c. 32. An ancient name of Cyprus. originated in the hostilitieswhich Philip had
Macaris, an ancient name of Crete. exercised againstthe Achseans, the friends
Macednus, a son of Lycaon. Apollod. and allies of Rome. The consul Flaminius
Macedo, a son of Osiris,who had a share had the care of the war, and he conquered
in the divine honours which were paid to his Philipon the confines of Epirus,and after- wards
father. He was represented clothed in a wolf's in Thessaly. The Macedonian fleets
skin,for which reason the Egyptiansheld that were also defeated ; Eubcea was taken ; and
animal in great veneration. Diod. 1. Plut. Philip,
" after continual losses, sued for peace,
in Isid.et Os. A man who gave his name which was granted him in the fourth year
to Macedonia. Some supposedhim to be the of the war. The ambition and cruelty of Per-
seus,
same as the son or generalof Osiris,whilst the son and successor of Philip, soon tated
irri-
others considered him as the grandson of the Romans. Another war was ken,
underta-
Deucalion by the mother's side. Diod. 1. in which the Romans suffered two defeats.
Macedonia, a celebrated country, situated This,however, did not discourage them ; Pau-
between Thrace, Epirus,and Greece. Its lus iEmilius was chosen consul in the 60th year
boundaries have been different at different of his age, and intrusted with the care of the
periods.Philipincreased it by the conquest war. He came to a general engagement near
of Thessalyand of part of Thrace, and ac- cording the cityof Pydna. The victory sided with the
to Plinyit contained no less than 150 Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian diers
sol-
different nations. The kingdom of Macedo-
nia, were lefton the field of battle. This de- cisive
firstfounded B. C. 814, by Caranus, a de- scendant blow put an end to the war, which had
of Hercules, and a native of Argos, alreadycontinued for three years, 168 years
continued in existence 646 years, tillthe battle before the christian era. Perseus and his sons
of Pydna. The family of Caranus remained Philipand Alexander were taken prisoners,
in possession of the crown until the death of and carried to Rome to adorn the triumphof
Alexander the Great, and began to reignin the conqueror. About fifteenyears after, new
the following order: Caranus, after a reignof seditious were raised in Macedonia, and the
28 years,was succeeded by Ccenu.S; who ascen- falsepretensions of Aiidiiscus, who called him-
 MA MA
selfthe of Perseus,obliged
son the Romans to lienus,and put to death with his son, at his
send army
an to quellthe commotions. An- own expressive request,A. D.262.
driscus at firstobtained many considerable ad- vantagesMacrinus, M. OpiliusSeverus, a native
over the Roman forces, tillat last he of Africa, who rose from the most ignominious
was conquered and delivered to the consul Me- condition to the rank of praefect of the praeto-
rian
who carried him to Rome.
tellus, After these guards, and at last of emperor, afterthe
commotions, which are sometimes called the death of Caracalla, whom he inhumanly ficed
sacri-
third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally to his ambition,A. D. 217. The begin-
ning
reduced into a Roman province, and governed of his reignwas popular;the abolitionof
by a regularproconsul,about 148 years before the taxes, and an affable and complaisant haviour,
be-
the Christian era. endeared him to his
subjects. These
Macedonicus, a surname givento Metel- promisingappearances did not long continue,
lus,from hi" conquests in Macedonia. It was and the timiditywhich Macrinus betrayedin
also givento such as had obtained any victorybuying the peace of the Persians by a large
in that province. sum of money, soon rendered him odious j
Macella, a town of Sicily,taken by the and while he affected to imitate the virtuous
consul Duilius. Liv. 26, c. 21. Aurelius,without possessing the good qualities
Macer iEwYLius, a Latin poet of Verona, of his heart,he became contemptible and in-
significant.
intimate with TibuUus and Ovid, and com- mended This affectation irritated the
for his genius, his learning, and the minds of the populace, and when severe ishments
pun-
eleganceof his poetry. He wrote some poems had been inflicted on some of the dis-
orderly
upon serpents, plants,and birds, mentioned by soldiers,the whole army mutinied;
Ovid. He also composed a poem upon the and their tumult was increased by their con-
sciousness
ruins of Troy, to serve as a supplement to Ho-
mer's of their power and numbers, which
Iliad. His compositionsare now lost. Macrinus had the imprudence to betray,by
He died B. C. 16. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 10,v. 44. keepingalmost all the military force of Rom"
ex Pont. 2, ep. 10. Quintil. 10,c. 1.
" L. encamped together
in the plains
of Syria.He-
of Africa in the reignof liogabalus
Claudius,a pro-praetor was proclaimedemperor, and Ma-
crinus
Nero. He assumed the titleof emperor, and attempted to save his life by flight.
was put to deatliby order of Galba. He was, however, seized in Cappadocia,and
Mach^ba, a river of Africa. A
was com his head
cut oft'and sent to his successor,
mon crier at Rome. Juv. June seventh, A. D. 218.
7, v. 9. Macrinus reigned
Machanidas, a man who made himself about two months and three days. His son,
absolute at Sparta. He was killed by Philo- called Diadumenianus, shared his father'sfate.
poemen, afterbeingdefeated at Matinea, B. C. A friend of the poet Persius,to whom
208. Nabis succeeded him. Plut. Liv. 27, his second satire is inscribed.
"

C.30, 1.28,c. 5 and 7. Macro, a favourite of the emperor Tibe- rius,

Machaon, a celebrated physician, son of celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy,
.lisculapius, and brother to Podalu-us. He and cruelty. He destroyedSejanus, and
went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants raised himself upon the ruins of that unfor-
tunate
of Trica,Ithome, and CEchalia. According favourite. He was accessary to the
to some, he was king of Messenia. As phy- murder
sician of Tiberius,and conciliated the good
to the Greeks, he healed the wounds opinion of Caligula,by prostituting to him
which they received duringthe Trojan war, his own wife called Ennia. He soon after
and was one of those concealed
in the wooden became unpopular,and was obligedby Cali- gula
horse. Some suppose that he
killed be-
fore was to kill himself together with his wife,A.
Troy by Eurypylus the son of Telephus.D. 38.
He received divine honours after death, and Macrobii, a people of Ethiopia,cele- brated
had a temple in Messenia. Homer. II. 2, he. for their justice and the innocence of
" Ovid, ex Pont. 3, ep. 4. Quint.Smyr,6, v. their manners.
"

They generally lived to their

409." rirg.Mn, 2, v. 263 and 426. 120th year, some say to a thousand ; and,
Macra, a river flowing from the Apennines, indeed, from that longevitythey have tained
ob-
and dividing Liguriafrom Etruria. Lucan. 2, their name (/*"":eo;
^w;, long life)to
Y. 426." Liv. 39, c. 32." PZm. 3, c. 6. distinguish them more particularly from the
Macri campi, a plain in CisalpineGaul, other inhabitants of j^thiopia.Alter so long
near the river Gabellus. Liv. 41, c. 18,1.45, a periodspent in virtuous actions,and freed
c, 12. A plainnear Mutina bears the same from the indulgences of vice,and from mala-
dies,
name. Col. 7, c. 2. theydropped into the grave as to sleep,
tian without painand without terror. Orph.Ar-
Macrianus, Titus Fulvius Julius,an Egyp- gon.
of obscure birth,who, from a private dier,
sol- 1 105. Herodot. 3, c. IT." Mela, 3, c. 9.
"
"

rose command
to the highest in the array, Plin. 7, c. 48." Fa/. Max. 8, c. 3.
and proclaimedhimself emperor when rian
Vale- Macrobius, a Latin writer who died
had been made prisonerby the Persians, A. D. 415. Some suppose that he was cham- berlain
A. D. 260. His liberality supportedhis usur-
pation to the emperor Theodosius II. but
; his two sons, Macrianus and Quietus, this appears groundless,when we observe
were invested with the imperial purple,and that Macrobius was a follower of paganism,
the enemies of Rome were severely defeated and that none were admitted to the confidence
either by the emperors or their generals. of the emperor, or to the enjoyment of high
When he had supportedhis dignity for a year stations, except such as were of the Christian
in the eastern parts of the world, Macrianus religion.Macrobius has rendered himself
marched towards Rome, to crush Gallienus,famous for a composition called Saturnalia,a
who had been proclaimed emperor. He was miscellaneous collection of antiquities and
defeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of Gal- criticisms, supposedtQ have been the result
 MM
of tt conversationof of the learned Ro-
mans, the Taipeianrock, for aspiring
some to tyrannyat
duringthe celebration of the
Saturnalia. Rome, in the earlyages of the republic.
This was written for the use of his son, and the M^MACTERiA, sacrifices offered to Jupi- ter
bad latinity which the author has often intro-
duced, at Athens in the winter month Maemacte-

proves that he was not born in a part rion. The god surnamed Mamades was treated
en-
of the Roman empirewhere the Latin tongue to send mild and temperate weather,
was spoken,as he himself candidlyconfesses. as he presided over the seasons, and was the
The Saturnalia are useful for the learned re- god oi the air.
flections

for
they contain, and particularly MiENADEs, a name of the Bacchantes,or
curious observations on the two greatestpriestesses
some of Bacchus. The word is derived
epicpoetsof antiquity.Besides this,Macro- from /Mit^ofKu,to be furious, because in the cele-
bration
bius wrote a commentary on Cicero's somnium of the festivalstheir gesturesand ac-
tions

Scipionis, which is likewise composed for the were those of mad women. Ovid. Fast
improvement of the author's son, and dedica-
ted 4, V. 458.
to The best editions are
him. that of Mjsnala, a town of Spain.
Gronovius,8vo. L. Bat. 1670,and that of Lips. MiENALus, (plur. Maenala,;a mountain of
8vo. 1777. Arcadia sacred to the god Pan, and
greatly
Macrochir, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, frequented by shepherds. It received itsname
the same as Longimanus. This surname from Maenalus, a son of Lycaon. It was cov-
ered
arises from his having one hand longer than with pinetrees, whose echo and shade
the other. C. JVep. in Reg. have been greatly celebrated by allthe ancient
Macrones, a nation of Pontus, on the fines
con- poets. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 216. Virg.G. 1,v. "

of Colchis and Armenia. Flacc. 5, v. 17. Ed. 8, v. 24." Paw*. 8, c. S."Strab. 8."
153." Herodot. Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Arcadia. A
Mactorivm, a town at the south
of Sicily son of Lycaon. The father of Atalanta.
near Gela. MiENius,a Roman consul. A dictatorac-
cused
Maculonos, a rich and penuriousRoman, and honourablyacquitted,
"c.- A
he. Juv. 7,v. 40. spendthrift
at Rome. Horat. 1,ep. 15,v. 26.
Madaura, a town on the borders of Nu- M^NON, atyrantof Sicily, B. C. 285.
midia and Gajtulia,of which the inhabitants MvENus,a river of Germany, now called the
called Madaurensis. It was the native falling
were
Mayne^ into the Rhine at Mayence.
placeof Apuleius.^pul Met. 11. MiEoNiA, country of Asia
Minor, the a

Madestes, a town of Thrace. be observed,

same Lydia. It is to
that only
as

Madetes, a generalof Darius,who brave-

ly part of Lydia was known by the name of M"e-
defended a placeagainstAlexander. The onia, that is, the neighbourhoodof mount
conqueror resolved to put him to death,though Tmolus, and the country watered by the Pac-
thirtyorators pleadedfor his life. Sisygam- tolus. The rest on the sea coast was called
bis prevailed over the almost inexorable Alex-
ander, Lydia. Strab. 12." Ovid. M^t. The Etru-
rians,
and Madetes was pardoned. Curt. 6, as being descended from a Lydian colo-
ny,
C.3. are often called Moeonida. (Virg.JEn.
Maduateni, a peopleof Thrace. Liv. 38, 11,V. 769.)and even the lake Thrasymenus in
c. 40. their country is called Maonius lacus. SiL
Madyes, a Scythianprincewho pursued Ital. 15,v. 35.
the Cimmerians in Asia, and conqueredCy- MiEONiD-a:,a name givento the Muses, be- cause
axares, B. C. 623. He held for some time Homer, their greatestand worthiest fa- vourite,
the supreme power of Asia Minor. Herodot. was supposedto be a native of Mzeonia.
8, c. 103. MiEoNiDEs, a surname of Homer, because,
M/EANDER, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. accordingto the opinionof some writers,be
. A celebrated river of Asia Minor, risingwas born in Maeonia,or because his father's
near Ce\ieme, and flowingthroughCaria and name was Maeon. Ovid. The surname is
Ionia into the iEgeansea between Miletus and also applied to Bacchus,as he was
worshipped
Priene, after it has been increased by the in Majonia.
waters of the Marsyas, Lycus, Eudon, Le- MiEoNis, an epithet
appliedto Omphale as
thaeus,".c. It is celebrated the poets queen of Lydia or Masonia.
among Ovid. The epi-
thet
for itswindings, which amount to no less than is also appliedto Arachne as a native of
600, and from which all obliquities have re-
ceived Lydia. Id. Met. 6.

the name of Mizandtrs. It forms in M-KOTJE,a peopleof Asiatic Sarmatia

its course, accordingto the observations of MiEoTis Palus, a largelake, or part of
some travellers, the Greek letters " ? ^ r " "", the sea between Europe and Asia, at the
and from its windingsDaedalus had the first north of the Euxine, to which it communicates
idea of his famous labyrinth.Ovid. Met. 8, v, by the Cimmerian Bosphorus,now called the
145, he. Virg.JEn. 5, v. 254. Lucan. 5, v.
" "
sea of Azoph or Zaback. It was worshipped
208, 1.6, V. 411." Homer. II.2." Herodot. 2, c. as a deityby the Massagetae.It extends about
29." Cic. Pis. 22."Strab. 12,he" Mela, 1, c. 390 miles from south-west to north-east,and
17. isabout 600 miles in circumference. The zons
Ama-
M^ANDRiA, a cityof Epirus. are called Maotides, as livingin the
MiKATiE, a peopleat the south of Scotland. neighbourhood. Strah. Mela, 1, c. 1,"c. "
"

Dio. 76, c. 12. Justin. 2, c. 1. Curt. 6,c. 4. Lucan. 2, he. "

"
"

MiECENAS. Vid. Mecaenas. Ovid. Fast 3, el. 12. ep. Sab. 2, v. 9. Virs "

M^ui, a people of Mcedica, a districtof JEn. 6, V. 739.

Thrace near Rhodope. Liv. 26, c. 26, 1. 40, M^-.siA Sylva, a wood in Etruria, near tiie
("-. 21. mouth of the Tiber. Liv. I,c. 33.
MELIUS, a Roman, thrown do wo from MX.YIA, an immodest woman. Juv. 1,v. 23.
 MA MA
note in the say thatMagnes was a slave of Medea, whom
Mjevius, a poet of inferior
\ueustan age, who
made himself known by that enchantress changed into a magnet.
his illiberalattacks on the character of the Orph. de lapid.10. v. 7. A son of iEolus
of his time, as well as by his af-
fected
and Anaretta, who married Nais, by whom
firstwriters
His name would have he had Pierus, he. Apollod. 1, c. 7. A
compositions.
oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed poet and musician of Smyrna, in the age of
sunk in
and Horace in his Gyges kingof Lydia.
him in his third eclogue,
Magnesia, a town of Asia Minor on the
lOthepode. .

Magas, king of Cyrene m the age ot Mccander, about 15 miles from Ephesus,now
a
called Guzelhiser. It is celebrated for the
Ptolemy Philadelphus.He reigned50 years,
died B. C. 257. Polymn.2. death of Themistocles,and for a battle which
and
Magella, a town about the mid-
of Sicily dle was foughtthere 187 years before the Chris-
tian
of the island. era, between the Romans and Antiochus
Maget^;, a peopleof Africa. king of Syria. The forces of Antiochus

Magi, a religious sect among the eastern amounted to 70,000 men, accordingto Ap-
nations of the world, in Per-
and particularly sia. pian,or 70,000 foot and 12,000horse,accord-
ing
had in the politi-
cal
great influence to Livy,which have been exaggerated by
They
as well as religiousaflfairsof the state, Florus to 300,000 men ; the Romanarmy con-
sisted

and a monarch seldom ascended the throne of about 28, or 30,000 men, 2000 of
without their previousapprobation. aster which were
Zoro- employed in guarding the camp.
was founder of their sect. They paid The Syrianslost 50,000 foot and 4000 horse,
particular homage to fire,which they deemed and the Romans only300 killed with 25 horse.
in itself,and the purifier of It was founded by a colonyfrom Magnesia in
a deity, as pure
tenets they had Thessaly, and was commonly called Magnesia
all things.In their religious
good, the source of every ad Mceandrum, to distmguish it from another
two principles, one
from whenc6 called Magnesia ad Sipylum, in Lydia, at
thinggood; and the other evil,
of ills. Their professional the foot of mount Sipylus. This last was de- stroyed
sprung all manner
the mathematics and philosophy dered
ren- by an earthquake in the reignof Ti-berius.
skillin
to them, and from A country on the eastern partsof
every thingfamiliar
of the Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was
their knowledge of the phaenomena times
some-

the word Magi was applied to all called JEmonia and Magnus Campus.
heavens,
learned men; and in process of time, the The capital was also called I^lagnesia. A
from their experience and profession, promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. Liv.
Ma^i,
we?econfounded with the magicianswho 37. Flor. 2. Appian. "
"

and credulous. a Carthaginian generalsent against

impose upon the superstitious Mago,
the word Magi and magicians became Dionysiustyrant of Sicily. He obtained a
Hence
among the vulgar. Smerdis, victory, and grantedpeace to the conquered.
synonymous
of the Magi, usurped the crown of sia,
Per- In a battle, which soon after followed this
one
after the death of Cambyses, and the treaty of peace, Mago wa's killed. His son
not discoveredtillthe seven noble of the same name succeeded to Ihe command
fraud was
Persians conspired againstthe usurper, and of the Carthaginianarmy, but he disgraced
elected Darius king. From this circumstance himself by flyingat the approach of Timo-
a certain day on
which none of the leon, VN'hohad come to assistthe Syracusans.
there was
Magi were permitted
to appear in public,
as He was accused in the Carthaginian
senate,
the populace had the privilege of murdering and he preventedby suicide the execution of
of them they met. Strab."Cic. the sentence justly pronounced against him.
whomsoever
"c. His body was hung on a gibbet,and exposed
dc Div."Herodot 3, c. 62,
of Piso, he. A to publicignominy. A brother of Annibal
IVIagiiis, a lieutenant
man m the interest of Pompey, grandfather the Great. He was present at the battle of
to the historian
Velleius Paterculus,"c. Pa- Cannae, and was deputed by his brother to
carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated
terc.2,c.115. r-/
Magna Gb"cia, a part.
ofr Italy,
r* i
lid. victorywhich had been obtained over the
Graecia Magna. Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was
^

Magna Mater, agiven to Cybele.

name unexpected,and more powerfully to astonish
an ambitious Roman who his countrymen on account of the victory at
Magnentius,
himself by his cruelty and per-
fidy. Cannae, he emptied in the senate house the
distinguished
He conspired against the life of Con- three bushels of goldenringswhich had been
murdered him in his bed. This taken from the Roman knightsslain in battle.
stans, and
crueltywas highly resented by Constantius ; He was afterwards sent to Spain,where he de- feated
ry
fu-
and the assassinunable to escape from the the two Scipios, and was himself,in
of his antagonist, murdered his own ther
mo- another engagement, totally ruined. He re-
tired

and the rest of his relations,and after-

wards to the Baleares,which he conquered;
killed himself by falling upon a sword, and one of the citiesthere stillbears his name,
which he had thrust against a wall. He was and is called Portus Magonis, Port MaJion.
first of the followers of Christianity who After this he landed in Italy with an army,
the
ever murdered his lawful sovereign, A. D. and took possession of part of Insubria. He
was defeated in a battle by Quintilius Varus,
Magnes, a young man who found self
him- and died of a mortal wound 203 years before
detained by the iron nails which were the Christian era. Liv. 30, he. C. JVep.m
"

under bis shoes he walked

as over a stone Ann. 8, givesa very different account of his
mine. This was
no other than the magnet, death,and says, he either perishedin a ship-
wreck,
which received its name from the person who or was murdered by his servants. Per-
haps
had been first sensible of its power. Some Annibal bad two brothers of that name.
 MA MA
A Carthaginianmore known bythe excel-
lence neighbourhood some hot mineral waters whicl*
ploits. the poet Catullus has mentioned.
of his writingsthan by his militaryex- From lia,
Ma-
He wrote 28 volumes upon dry
husban- a gulf or small bayin the neighbourhood, at

; these were preservedby Scipioat the the western extremities ofthe island of Eubcea,
takingofCarthage, and presentedto the Ro- man has received the name ofthe gulfof Malia,
senate. They were translated into Greek Maiacum Fretum or Maliacus Sinus. Some
by Cassius Dionysiusof Utica,and into Latin call It the gulfof Lamia from itsvicinity to La-
mia
by order of the Roman senate, thoughCato It IS often taken for the Sinus Pelasgicits
had already written so copiously upon the sub-
ject
i^^^"cients. Paiis. 1, c. 4.~Herodot
has been obser- Malii, a peopleof Mesopotamia.
; and the Romans, as it
ved,consultedthe writings of Mago with great-
er Malis, a servant maid of Omphale,beloved
earnestness than the books of the Sibylline by Hercules.
verses. Columella. A Carthaginian sent MALiEA or Mallia aqua. Vid. Malia.
by his countrymen to assistthe Romans against Malleolus, a man who murdered his
Pyrrhusand the Tarentines, with a fleet of mother, ";c. Clc. ad Heren. 1,c. 13.
120 sail. This offer was politely refused by Mallius, a Roman consul defeatedby the
'
the Roman senate. This Mago was father of Gauls,kc.
Asdrubal and Hamilcar. Val. Max. MA;i.LOPHORA, (lanam ferens,) a surname

Magon, a river of India falling into the under which Ceres had a temple at Megara.
Ganges. Jlrrian. because she had taughtthe inhabitantsthe uti- lity
AlAGONTiACDM or Magontea, a large ot wool, and the means of tendingsheep
cityof Germany, now called Ments. Tacit. to advantage.This temple is represented as
4, Hist. 15 and 23. so old in the
age of Pausanias, that it was fai-
ling
Magus, an officer of Turous, killed by to decay. Paus. 1, c. 44.
JEneas. Virg.Mn. 10, v. 522. Mallos, a town of Cilicia. Lucan. 3, v.
Maherbal, a Carthaginianwho was at
the siegeof Saguntum,and who commanded Malthinus,a name under which Horace
the cavalryof Annibal at the battle of Canna. has lashed some of his friends or enemies. 1,
He advised the conqueror immediately to Sat. 2, v. 27.
march to Rome, but Annibal required time to Mamaus, a river of Peloponnesus.
consider on so bold a measure; upon which Mamercus, a tyrantof Catana, who sur- rendered
Maherbal observed,that Annibal knew how to to Timoleon. His attempts to speak
of ma publicassembly
conquer, but not how to make a proper use at Syracusewere received
victory. with groans and hisses, upon which he dashed
Maia, a daughterof Atlas and Pleione,his head againsta wall, and endeavoured to
mother of Mercury by Jupiter.She was one destroy himself. The blows were not fatal,
of the Pleiades,the most lu tinous of the se- ven and Mamercus was soon after put to death as
sisters. [Vid.Pleiades.] Apollod.3, c. a robber,B. C. 340. Polya^n. 5.~C. JVep. in
\0." Virg.M.n.1, v. 301. A surname of Tim. A dictator at Rome, B. C. 437.
Cybele. A consul with D. Brutus.
Majestas,a goddess among the Romans, Mamerthes, a Corinthian who killed his
daughterof Honour and Reverence. (J^id,
brother'sson in hopesof reigning
; upon which
he to piecesby his brother. Ovid.
6, Fast. 5, V. 25. \yastorn
Majorianus, Jul. Valerius, an emperor m lb.
of the western Roman empire, raised to the Mamertina, a town of Campania,famous
imperialthrone A. D. 457. He signalized tor Its wines. A name of Messana in Si-
himself by his private virtues. cily. Martial. 13,ep. Ul."Strab.l.
as well as public

He was massacred aftera reignof 87 years by Mamertini, a mercenary band of soldiers

one who envied in his master
of his generals, which passedfrom Campania into Sicily,at
the character of an and hu-
active, virtuous, mane the requestof Agathocles.When they were
emperor. in the service of Agathocles,theyclaimed the
Majorca, the greatestof the islandscalled privilege of votingat the election of magis-
trates
Baleares,on the coast of Spain,in the Medi-
terranean. at Syracuse,and had recourse to arms
Slrah. to support their unlawful demands. The se-
dition
Mala Fortuna, the goddess of evil for-
tune, was appeased by the authorityof some
was worshipped among the Romans. leadingmen, andthe Campanians were dered
or-
Cic. de JVat. D. 3. to leave Sicily.In
their way to the
Malea, a promontory of Lesbos. ther
Ano- coast theywere received with great kindness
in Peloponnesus, at the south of Laconia. by the people of Messana,and soon returned
The sea is so rough and boisterous there, that perfidy for hospitality. They conspired against
the dangerswhich attended a voyage round it the inhabitants, murdered all the males m the
gave rise to the proverb of Cum ad Maleam city,and married their wives and daughters
dejlexeris ohliviscert qua sunt domi. Strab. and rendered themselves masters of the place'
8 and 9."Lucan. 6, v. 58." Plut. in Arat." After this violence they assumed the name of
Vir"r.Mn.b,\.WS."Melay%c. 3.~Liv. 21, ivlamertini, and called their cityMamertina,
c. 44.-^0vid. Jim. 2, el. 16,v. 24, el. 11, v. 20 from a provincialword, which in theirIan-
"Paus. 3, c. 23. guage signified martial, or icarlike. The Ma
Maleventum, the ancient name of Be- mertines were afterwardsdefeated by Hiero
neventum. Liv. 9, c. 27. and totally disabled to repairtheir ruined at''
Malho or Matho, a generalof an army fairs. Plut. m Pyrrh.kc.
of Carthaginian mercenaries,268 B. C. Mamilia Lex de limitibus, by the tri-
bune
Malia, a city of Phthiotis near mount Mamilius. It ordained that in the
"Eta and Thermopyla?. There were in its boundaries ofthe lands fivegr six feetof land
6\
 MA MA
should be left uncultivated,which no general of Artaxerxes,
person
a Mandrocles,
could convert into privateproperty. It also
C.Mp.inDat. "c.
appointedcommissioners to see itcarried into
Mandron, a king of the Bebryces,",c.
execution. Poly(en. 8.
Mamilii, a plebeianfamilyat Rome, de- scended Mandubii, a peopleof Gaul, (now Bur- gundy)
from the Aborigines.They firstlived in Caesar's army, ".c. Cces. Bell. G.
at Tusculum, from whence they came to 7, c. 78.
Rome. Liv. 3, c. 29. Mandubratius, a young Briton who came

Mamilius Octavius, a son-in-law of Tar- over to Caesar in Gaul. His father, Im-
quin,who behaved with uncommon bravery manuentius, was kingin Britain, and had been
at the battle of Regillfe. He is also called put to death by order of Cassivelaunus. Cos.
Manilius. Vid. Maniiius. Bell. G. 5, c. 20.
Mammea, the mother of the emperor Se- a cityof Calabria, near
Manduria, Ta-
verus, who died A. D. 235. whose inhabitants were
rentum, famous for
Mamurius Veturics, a worker in brass in eatingdog'sflesh. Plin, 2, c. 103. Liv. 27, "

Numa's reign. He was ordered by the mo- narch c. 15.

to make a number of ancylia or shields, Manes, a son of Jupiterand Tellus,who

like that one which had fallen from heaven, reignedin Maeonia. He was father of Cotys
that it might be difficult to distinguish the by Callirhoe, the daughterof Oceanus.
true one from the others. He was very Manes, a name generallyappliedby the
successful in his undertaking, and he asked ancients to the souls when separated from the
for no other reward but that his name body. They were reckoned among the infer-
nal
might be frequently mentioned in the hymns deities, and generally supposedto preside
which were sung by the Salii in tiie feast over the buryingplaces, and the monuments
of the Ancylia. This request was ed.
grant- of the dead. They were worshippedwith great .

Gvid. Fast. 3, v. 392." Varro L. L. 5, solemnity, particularly by the Romans. The

c. 6. augurs always invoked them when they pro^
Mamurra, a Roman knightborn at For- ceeded to exercise their sacerdotal otfices.
mias. He followed the fortune of J, Cajsar in Virgil introduces his hero as sacrificingto the
Gaul, where he greatly enriched himself. He infernal deities,and to the Manes, a victim
built a magnificent
palace onmount Coelius,whose blood was received in a ditch. The
and was the firstwho incrusted his walls with word Manes is supposed to be derived from
marble. Catullus has attacked him in his epi-
grams.
Mania, who was by some reckoned the mo-
ther

Formiae is sometimes called Mamur- of those tremendous deities. Others derive

rarumurbs. Plin. 36, c. 6. it from manor e-, quod per omnia adherea ter-
Manastabal, son of Masinissa,w^ho was renaque manabant^ because they filledthe air
fathei'to the celebrated Jugurtha. Sallttst. particularly
in the "night,
and were intent to
Jug, bell. molest and disturb the peace of mankind.
C. Mancinus, a Roman general,who, Some say, that manes comes from manis, an
though at the head of an army of 30,000 men, old Latin word which signified good or propi-
tious.
was defeated by 4000 Numantians B.C. 138. The word manes is differently used by
He was draggedfrom the senate, he. Cic. in ancient authors;sometimes it is taken for the
Oral. 1, c. 40. infernal regions, and sometimes it is applied
Mandane, a daughter of king Astyages,to the deities of Pluto's kingdom, whence the
married by her father to Cambyses,an ignoble epitaphs of the Romans were always super-
scribed
person of Persia. The monarch had dreamed with D. M. Dis. Manibus^ to remind
that his daughtersurine had drowned and profane,
all his the sacrilegious not to molest the
city,which had been interpreted
in an vourable
unfa- monuments of the dead, which were guarded
manner by the soothsayers, who as-
sured with such sanctity.Proper/. 1, el. 19. Virg. "

him that his daughter's son would de-

throne 4, G. V. 469. JEn. 3, hc."Horat. 1, Sat. 8, v.
him. The marriageof Mandane with 28. A river of Locris.
Cambyses would, in the monarch's opinion, Manetho, a celebrated priestof Heliopo-
prevent the effects of the dream, and the chil-
dren lis in Egypt,surnamed the Mendesian, B. C.
of this connexion would , like their father,261. He wrote in Greek an history of Egypt,
be poor and unnoticed. The expectations of which has been often quotedand commended
Astyages were frustrated. He was dethroned by the ancients, particularly by Josephus.It
by his grandson. [Vid.Cyrus.] Ilerodot. 1, was chiefly of Mer-
collected from the writings cury,
c. 107. and from the journals and annals which
Mandakes, an Indian princeand
pher,
philoso- were preserved in the Egyptiantemples.This
whom Alexander his ambas-
invited sadors, historyhas been
by greatlycorruptedby the
on pain of death,to come to his ban-
quet, Greeks. The author supported, that all the
as beingthe son of Jupiter.The sophergods of the Egyptianshad been mere
philo- mortals,
ridiculed the threats and promisesof and had all lived upon earth. This history,
Alexander, he. Slrab. 15. which is now lo.st,had been epitomized, and
Mandela, a village in the country of the some fragmentsof it are stillextant. There is
Sabines,near Horace's country seat. Jlurat. extant a Greek poem ascribed to Manetho, in
1, ep. 18,V. 105. which the power of the stars, which preside
Mandonius, a prince in Spain, who for over the birth and fate of mankind, isexplain- ed.
some time favoured the cause of the Romans. The of this author were
Apotelesraata
When he heard that Scipiothe Roman mander
com- edited in 4to. by Gronovius, L. Bat. 1698.
was ill,he raised coniraotlons in the Mama, a goddess supposed to be the
provinces, for which he was mandedmother of the Lares and Manes.
severelyrepri- -A female
and punished. Liv. 2i". servant of queen Berenice the daughter ol
 MA MA
Ptolemy. A mistress of Demetrius Polior- This father had the
courage and heart to put
cetes, called also Demo and Mania from her to death his son, because he had engaged one
folly.Plut.inDem. of the enemy, and obtained an honourable vic-
tory,
Manilia lex, by Manilius the tribune, without his previouspermission.This
A. U. C. 678. It requiredthat allthe forces of uncommon rigourdispleased many of the Ro-
mans
LucuUus and his province, togetherwith Bi- ; and thoughTorquatuswas honoured
thynia, which was then under the command of with a triumph, and commended by the senate
Glabrio,should be delivered to Pompey, and for his services,yet the Roman youth showed
that this generalshould, without any delay,their disapprobation of the consul's severity,
declare war againstMithridates,and stillre-tain by refusing him at his return the homage which
the command of the Roman fleet,and the every other conqueror received. Some time
empire of the Mediterranean, as before. after the censorship was oflferedto him, but he
Another which permittedall those whose fa- thersrefused it,observing, that the people could
had not been invested with public offices, not bear his severity, nor he the vices of the
to be employed in the management of affairs.people. From the rigourof Torquatus,all
""A woman famous for her debaucheries, edicts, and actions of severity and justice have
Juv. 6, V. 242. been called Manliana edicta. Liv. 7, c. 10.
Manilius, a Roman who married the Val. Max. 6, o. 9. Marcus, a celebrated
daughterof Tarquin. He lived at Tusculum, Roman, whose valour was displayed in the
and received his father-in-law in his house, fieldof battle, even at the early age of sixteen.
when banished from Rome, ",c. Liv. 2, c. 15. When Rome was taken by the Gauls, Manlius
Caius, a celebrated mathematician and with a body of his countrymen fied into the
poet of Antioch, who wrote a poetical treatise capitol, which he defended when it was sud-.
on astronomy, of which five books are extant denly surprised in the nightby the
enemy.
treating of the fixed stars. The styleis not This action gained him the surname of Capi-
elegant. The age in which he lived is not tohnus,and the geese, which by theirclamour
known, though some suppose that he flourish-
ed had awakened him to arm himself in his owi*
in the Augustan age. No author,however, defence,were ever after held sacred among'
in the age of Augustus, has made mention of the Romans. A law which Manlius proposed
Manilius. The best editions of Manilius are to abolish the taxes on the common people,
those of Bentley, 4to. London, 1739,and Stoe- raised the senators against him. The dictator,
berus,8vo. Argentor,1767. Titus,a learn-
ed Corn. Cossus, seized him as a rebel,but the
historianin the age of SyllaandMarius. He peopleput on mourning, and delivered from
is greatly commended by Cicero,pro Roscio. prison their common father. This did not, in
Marcus, another mentioned by Cicero de the least, check his ambition ; he continued to
Oral. 1, c. 48, as supporting the character of raise factions, and even secretly to attempt to
a greatlawyer, and of an eloquent and power-
ful make himself absolute, tillat last the tribunes
orator. of the peoplethemselves became hisaccusers^^
Manimi, a people in Germany. Tacit. G. He was tried in the Campus Martius ; but whe"
43. the distantview of the capitol which Manlius
Manlia lex, by the tribune P. Manlius, A. had saved, seemed to influence the peoplein
U. C. 557. It revived the office of treviriepu- bis favour,the court of justice was removed^
lones,firstinstituted by JNuma. The epulonesand Manlius was condemned. He was thrown-
"were priests,w ho prepared banquets ter down from the Tarpeianrock, A U, C. 371,
for Jupi-
and the godsat publicfestivals, "c. and to render his ignominystillgreater,none-
Manlius Torquatus, a celebrated man, of his familyv/ere
Ro- afterwai-dspermittedto
whose youthwas distinguished by a livelybear the surname of Marcus, and the place
and cheerful disposition. These promisingta- lentswhere his house had stood was deemed un-
worthy

were, however,impeded by a difficulty to be inhabited. Liv. 5, c.31, 1.6, c. 5.

of speaking;and the father,unwilling to ex'-"Fl"r. 3, c. 13 and 26." Fa/. Max. 6, c. 3."
his son's rusticityat Rome, detained Virg. JEn. 6, v. 825. Imperiosus, father of
pose
him in the country. The behaviour of the fa- ther iManlius Torquatus. He was made dictator.
was publicly censured,and Marius Pom- He was accused for detaining his son at home.
ponius the tribune cited him to answer for [Vid. Manlkis Torquatus.] Volso, a Ro- man
his unfatheyly behaviour to his son. Young consul who received an army of Scipio in
Manlius was informed of this, ger Asia,and made war against
and with a dag- the Gallo-grecians,
in his hand he entered the house of the whom he conquered. He was honoured with
tribune,and made him solemnlypromisethat a triumphat his return, though it was at first
he would drop the accusation. 'Thisaction of strongly opposed. Flor. 3, c. U.~Liv. 38, c.
Manlius endeared him to the people, and soon 12,"c. Caius,orAulus, a senaJorsent to
after be was chosen military tribune. In a Athens to collect the best and wisest laws
war against lenge of Solon, A. U. C. 300." L/y. 2, c. 54, 1.3,
the Gauls, he acceptedthe chal-
of one of the enemy, whose giganticG. 31. Another, called also Cincinnatus.
stature and ponderousarms had rendered him He made war against the Etrurians and Veien-
terrible and almost invincible in the eyes of tes with greatsuccess. He died of a wound
the Romans. The Gaul was and he had received in a battle.- Another, who
conquered,
Manlius strippedhim of his arms, and from in his praetorship reduced Sardinia. He was af-
terwords
the collar (torquis) which he took from the made dictator. Another,who was
enemy's neck, he was ever aftersurnamed defeated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily.
Torquatus.Manlius was Ihe firstRomafl who A praetorin Gaul, who fought against the
was raised to t)iedictatorship,without havingBoii,with very littlesuccess. Another,cal-
led
been previou.sly
consul. The severity
of Tor-
quatus who defeated a Carthr.^-inian
Attilius, fleet,
to his son, has been deservedlyeensin-ed. "c. who conspired
Anotlicr, with CatiliiK"
 MA MA

zigainstthe Roman republic. Another,in honours after death. Mn.

Virg. 1,v. 199,1.
whose consulship the templeof Janus was shut. 10, V. 199." Ovid. Met. 6, v. \57."Diod. 4."
Another, who was banished under Tiberi-
us Apollod.3, c. I."Strab. 14 and \Q."Paus. 9,
for his A Roman
adultery. appointed c. 10 and 33, 1.7, c 3.
judgebetween Silanus and the province
his son Mantua, a town of Italybeyond the Po,
of Macedonia. all the parties
When had been founded about 300 years before Rome, by Bi-
heard, the father said," It is evident that my anor or Ocnus, the son of Manto. It was the
son has sufferedhimself to be bribed, there-
fore ancient capital of Etruria. When Cremona,
I deem him unworthy of the republic and which had followed the interest of Brutus,
of my house, and I order him to departfrom was givento the soldiers of Octavius, Mantua
my presence." Silanus was so struck at the also,w^hich was in the neighbourhood, shared
rigourof his father,that he hanged himself. the common calamity, thoughit had favoured
Val. Max. 6, c. 5. A learned man in the the party of Augustus, and many of the inha-
bitants
age of Cicero. were tyrannically deprived of their
Mannus, the son of Thiasto, both famous possessions.Virgil, who was among them,
divinitiesamong the Germans. Taxnt. de and a native of the town, and from thence
Germ. c. 2. often called Mantuanus, appliedfor redress
J. Mansuetus, a who
friend of Vitellius, to Augustus, and obtained it by means of his
entered the Roman armies, and left his son, poeticaltalents. Slrab. 5. Virg.Ed. l,kc.
"

then very young, at home. The son moted G. 3, V.

was
pro- 12. .En. 10, v. 180." Ovid. Jlmar. 3,
by Galba, and soon after met a detach- el. 15.
ment
of the partisansof Vitellius in which his Maracanda, a town of Sogdiana.
father was. A and Mansue-
battle was fought, Maratha, a villageof Arcadia. Paus. 8,
tus was wounded by the hand of his son, kc. c. 28.
Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 25. Marathon, a village of Attica,10 miles
Mantinea, a town nesus. from Athens, celebrated for the victory
of Arcadia in Pelopon- which
It was taken by Aratus and Anligonus,the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Plataeans, der
un-
and on account of the latter it was afterwards the command of Miltiades, gained over
called Antigonia. The emperor Adrian built the Persian army, consisting of 100,000 foot
there a templein honour of his favourite Al- and 10,000 hoise, or, accordingto Val. Maxi-
cinous. It is famous for the battle which mus, of 300,000,or, as .Justinsays, of 600,000,
was foughtthere between Epaminondas at the under the command of Datis and Artaphernes,
head of the Thebans, and the combined force on the 28th of Sept.490, B. C. In this bat-
tle,
"ofLacedafmon, Achaia, Elis,Athens, and Ar-
cadia, accordingto Herodotus, the Athenians
about years before Christ. The
363 lost only 192 men, and the Persians 6,300.
Theban general was killed in the engagement, Justin has raised the loss of the Persians in
and from that time Thebes lost its power this expedition, and in the battle, to 200,000
and consequence among the Grecian states. men. To commemorate this immortal victory
Slrub.8."C. Mp. in Epam."Diod. l5."Ptol. of their countrymen, the Greeks raised small
3, c. 16. the names columns, with
inscribed on the
Mantineus, the father of Ocalea, who of the fallenheroes.
ried
mar- tombs
It was also in the
Abas the son of Lynceus and Hyperm- plains of Marathon that Theseus overcame a

nestra. Apollod.2, c. 9. celebrated bull,which plunderedthe neigh- bouring

Mantinorum oppinuM, a town of Corsica, country. Erigone is called Mant'
oow supposedto be Bastia. thonia virgo,as being born at Marathon.
Mantius, a son of Melarapus. Stat. 5, Sylv.3, v. 74." C. A'ep.in MUt.^
Manto, a daughterof the prophetTire- Herodot. 6, ",c. Justin. 2, c. 9. Fal. Max. 5, " "

sias,endowed with the gift of prophecy. She c. 3. Plut. in Parol. A king of Attica,son
"
"

was made prisonerby the Argiveswhen the of Epopeus, who gave his name to a small
cityof Thebes fellinto their hands,and as she village there. Paus. 2, c. 1. A kingof Si-
was the worthiest part of the booty,the con-
querors cyon.

sent her to Apollo,the god of Delphi, Marathos, a town of Phoenicia. Mela, ],

as the most valuable presentthey could make. c. 12.

Manto, often called Daphne, remained for Marc"Lla, a daughterof Octavia the sis-
ter
some time at Delphi,where she officiated as of Augustusby Marcellus. She married
and where
priestess, she gave oracles. From Agrippa. .

Delphishe came to Claros inIonia,where she Mabcellinus Ammianus, a celebratedhis-

torian,
established an oracle of Apollo. Here she who carried arms under Constantius,
married Rhadius the .sovereign of the country, Julian,and Velens,and wrote an history of
by whom she had a son called Mopsus. Manto Rome from the reign of Domitian, where
afterwards visited Italy,where she married Suetonius stops, to the emperor Valens.
Tiberinus the king of Alba, or, as the poets His styleis neither elegantnor laboured,but
mention, the god of the river Tiber. From it is greatlyvalued for and
ils veracity, in
tliismarriagesprang Ocnus, who built a town many of the actions he mentions, the author
in the neighbourhood,which, in honour of was nearlyconcerned.
This histoiy was posed
com-

his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, accord-

ing at Rome,
where Ammianus retired
to a certain tradition, was so struck at from the noise and troubles of the camp, and
tliemisfortunes which afflictedThebes, her na- tive does not betray that severity against the Chris-
tians
country,that she gave way to her sorrow, which other writers have manifested,
and was turned into a fountain. Some pose
sup- though the author was warm in favour of Pa-
ganism,
her to be the same who conducted iEneas the religion which for a while was
into bell,and who sold the Sibylline books to seated on the throne. It was divided into
Tarquin the Proud. She received divine thirty-one
books, of which only the eighteen
 jVIA MA
last remain,beginning at the death of Magnen- thought that many were goingto be exposedto
tius. Ammianus has been liberal in his enco-
miums the avarice and rapaciousness of an incensed
upon Julian,whose favours he enjoyed,soldieiy, which the policyof Rome and the
and who so eminentlypatronized his religion.laws oi war rendered inevitable. Virg. JEn. 6,
The negligencewith which some facts are V. Qbb."Pattrc. 2, c. S8."Pluf. in vita,
",c.
sometimes mentioned, has induced many to One of his descendants, who bore the same
believe that the history of Ammianus has suf-
fered name, signalized himself in the civil wars of
much from the ravages of time, and that Caesar and Pompey, by his firm attachment to
it is descended to us mutilated and imperfect. the latter. He was banished by Caesar,but af-
terwards
The best editions of Ammianus, are those of recalled at the request of the senate.
Gronovius, fol. and 4to. L. Bat. 1693,and of Cicero undertook his defence in an oration
Ernesti,8vo. Lips.1773. An officer under which isstillextant. The grandsonof Pom-
Julian. pey'sfriend,rendered himself populsu*
by his
Marcellds, Marcus Claudius, a famous universal benevolence and affability. He was
Roman general, who afterthe firstPunic war, son of Marceilus by Octavia the sister of Au- gustus.
had the management of an expedition against He married Julia, that emperor's
the Gauls, where he obtained the Spolia daughter, and was publiclyintended as his suc-
cessor.

opima, by killing with his own hand Virido- The suddenness of his death,at the
marus the king of the enemy. Such success earlyage of eighteen, was the cause of much
rendered him popular, and soon after he was lamentation at Rome, particularly in the fami-
ly
intrusted to oppose Annibal in Italy. He was of Augustus,and Virgilprocured himself
tlie firstRoman who obtained some tage
advan- greatfavours by celebrating the virtues of this
over this celebrated Carthaginian,
and amiable prince. [Vid.Octavia.] Marceilus
showed his countrymen that Annibal was not was buried at the publicexj^iense. Virg.^n.
invincible. The troubles which were raised 5ue/. in Aug."Plut. in MarcelL"
6, V. 883."
in Sicilyby the Carthaginians at the death Senec. Consol. ad Marc. Paterc. 2, c. 93.
"

of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, and The son of the greatMarceilus who took Sy- racuse,
Marceilus, in his third consulship,was sent was caughtin the ambuscade which
with a powerfulforce against Syracuse. He proved fatal to his father, but he forced his
attacked itby sea and land,but his operationsway from the enemy and escaped.He receiv-
ed
proved ineffectual, dustry the ashes of his father from the conqueror.
and the invention and in-
of a philosopher[Vid.Archimedes] Plut. in MarcelL A man who conspired
were able to baffleallthe efforts,
and to destroyagainst Vespasian. The husband of Octa- via
all the greatand stupendous machines and mi-
litary the sister of Augustus. A conqueror of
enginesof the Romans cessive Britain.
duringthree suc- An officer under the emperor Ju-
lian.
years. The perseverance of Marceilus A man put to death by Galba. A
at last obtained the victory. The inattention man who gave Cicero information of Catiline's
of the inhabitants duringtheir nocturnal cele-
brationconspiracy. A colleagueof Cato in the
of the festivalsof Diana, favoured his quaestorship. A native of Pamphylia,who
operations ; he forciblyentered the town, and wrote an heroic poem on physic, divided into
made himself master of it. The conqueror 42 books. He lived in the reign of Marcus
enriched the capital of Italywith the spoils of Aurelius. A Roman drowned in a storm,
Syracuse, and when he was accused of rapa- "c.
the conquered cityof
ciousneso, for stripping Marcia lex, by Marcius Censorinus. It
all its paintings and ornaments, he confessed, forbad any man to be invested with the office
that he had done it to adorn the publicbuild- ings of censor more than once.
of Rome, and to introduce a taste for the Marcia, the wife of Regulus. When she
fine artsand elegance of the Greeks among his heard that her husband had been put to death
countrymen. After the conquest of Syracuse,at Carthagein the most excruciating manner,
Marceilus was called upon by his country to retorted the punishment,and shut up some
oppose a second time Annibal. In this cam-
paign Carthaginian prisoners in a barrel, which she
he behaved with greatervigourthan be- fore had previously filled with sharp nails. The
; the greatestpart of the towns of the senate was obligedto stopher wantonness and
Samnites,which had revolted, were recovered cruelty.Diod. 24. A favourite of the em-
peror

by force of arms, and 3000 of the soldiers of Commodus, whom he poisoned.- A

Annibal made prisoners.Some time afteran vestal virgin, punishedfor her incontinence.
A daughterof Philip, who married Cato
engagement with the Carthaginiangeneral
proved unfavourable ; Marceilus had the dis- the censor.
advantage Her husband gave her to his
; but on the morrow a more cessful friend Hortensius
suc- for the sake of procreating;
skirmish vindicated his military char- children,
acter, and afterhis death he took her again
and the honour of the Roman soldiers. to his own house. An ancient name ofthe
Marceilus,however, was not lant island
sufficiently
vigi- of Rhodes. A daughterof of
Cato
the snares
against of his adversary. He Utica. A stream of water. Vid. Martia
imprudentlyseparated himself from his camp, aqua.
and was killed in an ambuscade in the 60th Marciana, a sister of the emperor Trajan,
A. U. C. who, on of her publicand private
year of his age, in his fifthconsulship, account
646. His body was honoured with a magnifi-
cent virtues and her amiable disposition, was clared
de-
funeral by the conqueror, and his ashes Augusta and empress by her brother.
were conveyed in a silver urn to his son. She died A. D. 113.
Marceilus claims our commendation for his Marcianopolis, the capital of Lower Moe-
private as well as publicvirtues ; and the hu- sia in Greece.
manity It receives its name in honour
of a general will ever be remembered, of the empress Marciana.
v.ho;at the surrender of Syracuse, wept at the Marcianus, a native of Thrace, born oi
 MA MA
an obscure family. After he had for some rally lived upon the flesh of wild beists. Their
time served in the army as a common soldier,country,in latter times,became the residence
he was made private secretaryto one of the of the famous assassins destroyed by Hulakou
otficers of Theodosiiis. His winning address the grandsonof ZingisKhan. Herodot. 1 and
and uncommon talents raised him to higher 3."Plin. 6, c. 16.
stations; and on the death of Theodosius the Mardia, a place of Thrace, famous for a
2d, A. D. 450, he was invested with the impe-
rial battle between Constantine and Licinius,
purplein the east. The subjects of the A. D. 315.
Roman empire had reason to be satisfiedwith Mardonius, a general of Xerxes, who,
their choice. Marcianus showed himself ac-
tive afterthe defeat of his master at Thermopylae
and resolute, and when Attila, the barbar-
ous and Salamis,was left in Greece with an
army
king of the Huns, asked of the emperor of 300,000 chosen men, to subdue the
country,
the annual tribute which the indolence and and reduce it under the power of Persia. His
cowardice of his predecessors had regularly operations were rendered useless by the cour-age
paid,the successor of Theodosius firmlysaid, and vigilanceof the Greeks; and, in a
that he kept his gold for his friends, but that battle at Plataea, Mardonius was defeated and
iron was the metal which he had prepared for leftamong the slain, B. C. 479. He had been
his enemies. In the midst of universal popu-
larity commander of the armies of Darius in Eu- rope,
Marcianus died,aftera reignof six years, and it was chiefly by his advice that
in the 69th year of his age, as he was making Xerxes invaded Greece. He was son-in-law
warlike preparations againstthe barbarians of Darius. Plut. in Arist. Herodot. "
7 and 6,
that had invaded Africa. His death was S."Diod.
mented,
la- U." Justin. 2, c. 13,kc.
and indeed his merit was great,since Mardus, a river of Media, falling into the
his reignhas been distinguished by the appel-
lation Caspiansea.
of the goldenage. Marcianus married Mare Mortuum, called also, from the
Pulcheria,the sisterof his predecessor.It is bitumen it throws up, the lake Asphallites, is
said,that in the years of his obscurity he found situate in Judaga,and near 100 miles long and
a man who had been murdered, and that he 25 broad. Its waters are salter than those of
had the humanity to givehim a private burial,the sea, but the vapours exhaled from them
for which circumstance he was accused of the are not so pestilential as have been generally
homicide and imprisoned. He was condemned represented.It is supposedthat the 13 cities,
and the sentence
to lose his life, would have of which Sodom and Gomorrah, as mentioned
been executed, had not the real murderer in the Scriptures, were the capital,were stroyed
de-
been discovered,and convinced the world of by a volcano, and on the site a lake
the innocence of Marcianus. Capella,a formed. Volcanic appearances now mark the
writer. Vid. Capella. face of the country, and earthquakes are quent.
fre-
M, Marcius Sabinus,
was the progenitor Plin. 5, c. 6. Joseph.
"
J. Bell. 4, c. 27.
of the Marcian family
Rome.
at He came to "
Strab. 16, p. 764. Justin. 36, c. 3.
"

Rome with Numa, and itwas he who advised Mareotis, now Siwah, a lake in Egypt,
Ts'uraa to accept of the crown which the Ro-
mans near Alexandria. Its neighbourhood is fa- mous
offered to him. He attemptedto make for wine, though some make the Ma-
himself kingof Rome in opposition to TuUus reoiicum vinum grow in Ejiirus, or in a cer-
tain

Hostilius, and when his efforts proved unsuc-

cessful, part of Libya,called also Mareotis, near
he killed himself His son, who mar-
ried Egypt. Virg.G. 2, v. 91." Horat. 1,od. 38,
a daughter of Numa, was made highpriestV. 14. Lucan. 3 and 10. Strab. 17.
" "

by his father-in-law. He was father of An- Marginia and Margiania, a town and
cus Martius. Plut. in JVuma. A Roman country near the river Oxus, at the east of
who accused Ptolemy Auletes,kingof Egypt, Hyrcania,celebrated for itswines. The vines
of misdemeanor, in the Roman senate are so uncommonly largethat two men can
A Roman consul,defeated by the Samnites, scarcely grasp the trunk of one of them. Curt.
He was more successful againstthe Cartha-
ginians, 7, c. 10." Ptol. 5.
and
obtained a victory,".c. Margites, a man againstwhom, as some
Another consul,who obtained a victory over suppose, Homer wrote a poem, to ridicule his
the Etrurians. Another, who defeated the superficial knowledge,and to expose his afi'ec-
Hernici. A Roman who fought againsttation. When Demosthenes wished to prove
Asdrubal. A man whom Catiline hired to Alexander an inveterate enemy to Athens,he
assassinate Cicero. called him another Margites.
Marcius Saltus, a place in Liguria,
":c. Margus, a river of Mcesia fallinginto the
Marcomanni, a people of Germany, who Danube, with a town of the same name, now
dwelt
originally on the banks of the Rhine Kastolats.
and the Danube. They provedpowerfulene- mies Mariaba, a city in Arabia near the Red
to the Roman emperors. AugustusSea.
grantedthem peace, but theywere afterwards Maria lex, by C. Marius, the tribune,
subdued by Antoninus and Trajan,"c. Pa- A. U. C. 634, It ordered the plankscalled
terc. 2, c. 109." Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 46 and 62, pontes,on which the people stood up to give
G. 42. their votes in the comitia,to be narrower,
Marcus, a praenomen to many of that no other might stand there to hinder the
common
j
the Romans. Vid. .^milus, Lepidus, he. proceedingsof the assemblyby appeal,or I
A son of Cato, killed at Philippi, fee. other disturbances. '"Another, called also
"

Carynensis, a generalof the Achaean league,Porcia, by L. Marius and Porcius,tribunes,

255 B. C. A. U, C, 691. It fined a certain sum of
Mardi, a peopleof Persia,on the confines motley such commanders as gave a false ac-
count
of Media, They were very poor; and gene- to the Roman senate of the number of
 MA MA
slain in a battle. It obligedthem to swear appointedto finishthe war againstJugurtha.
to the when
truth of their return they enter-
ed He showed himself capablein every degree
the city,accordingto the best computa-
tion. to succeed to Metellus. Jugurtha was defeated,
and afterwards betrayedinto the hands of the
Mariamna, a Jewish woman, who ried
mar- Romans by the perfidyof Bocchus. JNo soon-
er

Herodes, ":c. was Jugurthaconqueredthan new honours

Mariana FOSsiE, a town of Gaul Narbo- and fresh trophiesawaited Marius. The pro-
vinces
^ensis,which received its name from the of Rome were suddenlyinvaded by an
dyke (fossa,) which Marius opened from army of 300,000 barbarians, and Marius was
thence to the sea. Plin. 3, c. 4. Strab. 4. onlyman whose activity
"
the
and boldness could
Mariandynum, a placenear Bithynia,where powerfulan enemy.resist so
He was elected
the poets feignedthat Hercules draggedCer- berus consul, and sent against the Teutones. The
out of hell. Dionys Ptol. 5, c. 1. "
war was prolonged, and Marius was
"
a third and

Mela, 1,c. 2 and 19, 1.2, c. 7. fourth time invested with the consulship.At
Marias U3, a surname given to Jupiter,lasttwo engagements were fought, and not less
from a temple built to his honour by Marius. than 200,000of the barbarian forcesof the Am-
It was in this temple that the Roman senate brones and Teutones were slain in the field of
assembled to recall Cicero, a circumstance battle, and 90,000 made prisoners.The fol- lowing
communicated to him in a dream. Vol, Max. year was also marked by a total over-
throw

1, c. 7. of the Cimbri, another hoi-de of barba-

rians,
Marica, a of the river Liris,
nymph near in which 140,000 were slaughtered by
Minturnee. She married king Faunus, by the Romans, and 60,000 taken prisoners.Af- ter
whom she had kingLatinus, and she was terwardssuch honourable
af- victories,Marius,with his
called Fauna and Fatua, and honour-
ed colleague Catulus,entered Rome in triumph,
as a goddess. A cityof Campania bore and, for his eminent services, he deserved the
her name. Some suppose her to be the same appellation of the third founder of Rome. He
as Circe. Virg.JEn. 7, v. 47." Liv. 27, c. 37. was elected consul a sixth time;and, as his in- trepidity
A wood on the borders of Campania bore had delivered his countryfrom itsfor-
eign
also the name of Marica, as beingsacred to enemies,he soughtemployment at home,
the nymph. Liv. 27, c. 37. " Horat. 3, od. and his restless ambition began to raise sedi-
tions,
17,V. 7. and to oppose the power of Sylla. This
Maricus, a Gaul thrown to lions,in the was the cause and the foundation of a civil war.
reignof Vitellius,
who refused to devour him, Syllarefused to deliver up the command of the
".C. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 61. forces with which he was empowered to pro-secute
Marina, a daughterof Arcadius,",c. the Mithridatic war, and he resolved to
Marinus, a friend of Tiberius, put to oppose the authors of a demand which he con-
sidered

death,".c. as arbitraryand improper. He advan-

ced
Marion, a king of Tyre, in the age of to Rome, and Marius was obligedto save
Alexander the Great. his life by flight.The unfavourable winds
Marissa, an opulenttown of Judsea. preventedhim from seekinga safer retreat in
Marita lex. Vid. Julia de Maritandis. Africa,and he was lefton the coast of Cam-
pania,
Maris, a river of Scythia. A son of Ar- where the emissaries of his enemy soon

raisodares,who assisted Priam againstthe discovered him in a marsh, where he had

Greeks, and was killed by Antilochus. mer. plungedhimself in the mud, and left only his
Ho-
II. 6, v. 317. mouth above the surface for respiration.
He
Marisus, a river of Dacia. was the neighbouring
violently
dragged to
C. Marius, celebrated
a Roman, who, town of Minturnae,and the magistrates, all de-
voted
from a peasant,became one of the most pow- erful to the interest of Sylla, passedsentence
and cruel tyrantsthat Rome ever beheld of immediate death on their magnanimous
during her consular government. He was prisoner.A Gaul was commanded to cut oft'
born at Arpinum, of obscure and illiteratepa- his head in tbe dungeon,but the stern coun-
rents. tenance

His father bore the same name as of Marius disarmed the courage of
himself,and his mother was called Fulcinia, the executioner,and, when he heard the ex-
clamation
He forsook the meaner occupationsof the of Tune homo, audes occidere Caium
country for the camp, and signalized himself Marium, the daggerdropped from his hand.
under Scipioat the siegeof INumantia. The Such an uncommon adventure awakened the
Roman generalsaw the courage and intrepi-
dity compassion of the inhabitants of Minturnae.
of young Marius, and foretold the era of They released Marius from prison,and fa-voured
his future greatness. By his seditions and his escape to Africa,where he joined
at Rome,
intrigues while he exercised the his son Marius, who had been arming the
inferior offices of the state, he rendered him- self princesof the country in his cause. Marius
known; and his marriage with Julia, landed near the walls of Carthage, and he re-
ceived
who was of the familyof the Cajsars,contri-
buted no small consolation at the sight of the
in some measure to raise him to conse- venerable ruins of a once powerfulcity, which
f]uencc. He passedinto Africa as lieutenant like himself had been exposed to calamitv,
to the consul Melellus againstJugurtha, and, and felttliecruel vicissitudeof fortune. This
after he had there ingratiated himself with ihe placeof his retreat was soon known, and the
soldiers, and raised enemies to his friend and governor of Africa, to conciliate the favoui*sof
benefactor,he returned to Rome, and canvas- sed Sylla, compelledMarius to flyto a neighbour-
ing
for the.consulship. The extravagantpro- mises island. He soon after learned that Cinna
he made to the people,and his malevo- had embraced his cause at Rome, when the
tent insinuations about the conduct of Metel- Roman senate had strippedhim of his consu-
lar
lus,proved successful. He was elected,, and dignityand bestowed it upon one of his
 MA MA
enemies. This intelligence animated Marius ; "One of the Greek fathersof the 5th cen- tury,
be set sail to assist his friend, onlyat the head whose works were edited by Garner, 2
of a thousand men. His army, however, gra- duallyvols.fol. Paris,1673; and Baluzius,ib. 1684.
increased,and he entered Rome like a M. Aurelius, a native of Gaul, who, from

conqueror. His enemies were inhumanlysa- the mean

crificed employment of ablacksmith,became
to his fury, Rome was filledwith blood, one of the generals of Gallienus,and at last
and he who had once been called the fathei* of caused himself to be saluted emperor. Three
his country, marched throughthe streets of daysafterthis elevation, a man who had shared
the city,attended by a number of assassins,his poverty without partaking of his more perous
pros-
who immediately slaughtered all those whose fortune, publicly assassinated him, and
salutations were not answered by their leader. he was killedby a sword which he himself had
Such were the signals for bloodshed. When made in the time of his obscurity.Mariua
Marius and Cinna had sufficiently gratified has been often celebrated for his great strength,
their resentment, they made themselves con- suls; and it is confidently reportedthat he could
but Marius, alreadyworn out with old stopwith one of his fingers onlythe wheel of a
age and infirmities, died sixteen days after he chariotin itsmost rapidcourse. Maxiraus,
had been honoured with the consular dignity a Latin writer,who publishedan account of
for the seventh time,B. C. 86. His end was the Roman emperors from Trajan to Alexan- der,
probablyhastened by the uncommon ties
quanti- now lost. His compositions were taining,
enter-
of wine which he drank when labouring and executed with greatexactness an4
under a dangerousdisease,to remove, by in- fidelity.
toxication, Some have accused him of inatten-
tion,
the stings of a guilty conscience. and complainthat his writings abounded
Such was the end of Marius, who rendered with many fabulous and insignificant storiea.
himself conspicuousby his victories, and by Celsus,a friend of Galba, saved from
his cruelty. As he was brought up in the death by Otho, kc. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 45.
midst of poverty and among peasants,it will Sextus,a rich Spaniard,thrown down from
not appear wonderful that he alwaysbetrayed the Tarpeianrock, on account of his riches,
rusticity in his behaviour, and despisedin kc. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 19.
others those polished manners and that studied M ARM AC us, the father of Pythagoras.
address which education had denied him. He Diog.
hated the conversation of the learned onlybe- cause Marmarenses, a peopleof Lycia.
he was illiterate, and if he appearedan Marmarica. Via. Marmaridae.
exampleof sobriety and temperance, he owed Marmarid.*, the inhabitants of that part
these advantagesto the years of obscurityof Libya called Marmarica^ between Cyrene
which he had passedat Arpinum. His coun- tenance and Egypt. They were swift in running, and
was stern, his voice firm and imperi-ous, pretendedto possess some drugsor secret pow- er
and his disposition untractable. He al-ways to destroy the poisonous effects of the bite
betrayed the greatesttimidityin the of serpents. Sil. It.3, v. 300, 1. 11,v. 182."
publicassemblies,as he had not been early Lucan. 4,v. 680, 1.9, v 894.
taughtto make eloquence and oratory his Marmarion, a town of Euboea, whence
pursuit. He was in the 70th year of his age Apollo is called Marmarinus. Strab. 10.
when he died,and Rome seemed to rejoice at Maro. Vid. Virgilius.
the fall of a man whose ambition had proved Marobodui, a nation of Germany. Ta- cit,
fatal to so many of her citizens. His only dt Germ. 42,
qualifications
were those of a greatgeneral, Maron, a son of Evanthes, highpriest of
and with these he rendered himself the most Apollo, in Africa,when Ulysses touched upon
Tllustrious and powerful of the Romans, be-causethe coast. Homer. Od. 9, v. 179. An Egyp-
tian
he was ihe only one whoso ferocity who accompaniedOsiris in his conquests,
seemed capableto oppose the barbarians of and built a cityin Thrace, called from him
the north. The manner of his death,accord-
ing Maronea. Mela, 2, c. 2. Diod. 1. "

to some opinions, remains doubtful, though Maronea, a cityof the Cicones, in Thrace,
some have chargedhim with the crime of near the Hebrus, of which Bacchus is the
suicide. Among the instances which are men- tioned chief deity.The wine has alwaysbeen reck- oned
of his firmness this may be recorded : excellent, and with it,it was supposed,
a swelling in the legobliged him to applyto a Ulysses intoxicated the CyclopsPolyphemus.
physician, who urgedthe necessity of cuttingPlin.U,c.4."Herodot."Mela, 2, c. 2." Ti-
it oft*. Marius gave it,and saw the operationbull. 4, el. 1, V. 57.
performedwithout a distortion of the face, and Marpesia, a celebrated queen of the Am-
azons,
without a groan. The physicianasked the who wageda successful war against the
other, and Marius cave it with equalcompo- inhabitants of mount Caucasus. The moun-
tain

fture. Plut. in vita. Paierc. 2, c. 9. Flor.

"
" was called MarpesiusMans, from itsfe- male
3, C.3. Juv. 8, v. 245, ".c. Lucan. 2, v. 69.
"
"
conqueror. Justin. 2, c. 4. Virg.JEn. 6.
"

Caius,the son of the great Marius, was Marpessa, a daughterof the Evenus, who
as cruel as his fatlier,and shared his good and married Idas,by whom she had Cleopatra, the
his adverse fortune. He made himself consul wife of Meleager. Marpessa was tenderly
in the 25th year of his age, and murdered all loved by her husband ;and when Apolloendea- voured
the senators who opposedhis ambitious views. to carry her away, Idas followed the
He was defeated by Sylla, and fled to Praeneste, ravisher with a bow and arrows, resolved on
where he killed himself Plut. in Mario.- revenge. Apolloand Idas were separated by
Fii?cus,a governor of Africa,accused of ex- tortionJupiter, who permittedMarpessato go with
in his provinceby Plinythe younger, that of the two lovers whom she most approved
and banished from Italv. J"/m. 2, ep. 11. of. She returned to her husband.
" Homer. II.
Juv. 1, V. 48. A lovJr, kc. Vid. Hellas. 9, V. 649." Owd. Met. 8, v. 305." v?po"orf. 1,
c. l.-.Pau^. 4, c. 2. 1-5,c. 18.
 MA MA
Marpesus, a town of Mysiau A moun-
tain were firstinstituted by Numa, and their chief
of Pares, abounding in white marble, office was to guard the sacred Ancylia,one of
whence Marptsia cautes. The quarriesare which, as was supposed,had fallen down from
stillseen by modern travellers. FzVg.JEn. 6, heaven. Mars was generallyrepresentedin
V. 471."
P/m. 4, c. 12, 1.36, c. 5. the naked figure of an o!d man, armed with a
Marres, a kingof Egypt,who had a crow lielmet,a pike,and a shield. Sometimes he
sed. appearedin a military
which conveyed his letters wherever he plea- dress,and with a long
He raised a celebrated monument to this flowingbeard,and sometimes without. He
faithfulbird near the cityof Crocodiles. JEli- generally rode in a chariot drawn by furious
an. An. 6, c. 7. horses,which the poets call Flight and Ter-
ror.
Marruciki, a people of Picenum. Si7.//. His altars were stained with the blood
15, V. 564. of the horse, on account of his warlike
rit,
spi-
Marruvium or Marrubium, now San and of the wolf, on account of his fe-
rocity.
Bentdetto,a place near the Liris,in Italy. Magpies and vultures were also
Virg."En. 7, v. 750. " Sil.It. 8, v. 497. offered to him, on account of their greediness
Mars, the god of war among the cients, and
an- voracity.The Scythiansgenerally offer-
ed
was the son of Jupiter him asses, and the people of Caria dogs.
and Juno, cording
ac-

Heslod, Homer, and all the Greek

to The weed called dog grass was sacred to him,
poets,or of Juno alone, accordingto Ovid. because it grows, as it is
commonlyreported,
This goddess, as the poet mentions, wished in placeswhich are fitfor fields ot battle,or
to become a mother without the assistance where the ground has been stained with the
duced effusion
of the other sex, like Jupiter, who had pro- of human blood. The surnames of
Minerva all armed from his head, and Mars are not numerous. He was called Gra-
she was shown a flower by Flora in the divus,Mavors, Quirinus,Salisubsulus, among
plainsnear Olenus, whose very touch made the Romans. The Greeks called him Ares,
women pregnant. [Vid Juno.] The educa- tion and he was the Enyalus of the Sabines, the
of Mars was intrusted by Juno to the Camulusof the Gauls,and the Mamers of Car-
thage.
god Priapus, who instructed him in dancing Mars was father of Cupid, Anteros,
and every manly exercise. His trial before and Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He
the celebrated court of the cording had Ascalaphusand lalmenus by Astyoche;
Areopagus,ac-
to the authors, for Alcippeby Agraulos; Molus, Pylus,Evenus,
of some
authority
the murder of forms
Hallirhotius,
an ing
interest- and Thestius,by Demonice, the daughter
epoch in history.[Firf. Areopagitae.] of Agenor. Besides these,he was the reputed
The amours of Mars and V^enus are greatlyfather of Romulus, CEnomaus, Bythis, Thrax,
celebrated. The god of war gainedthe affec-
tions Diomedes of Thrace, iic. He presidedover
of Venus, and obtained the gratification and was
gladiators, the god oi hunting, and
of his desires;
but Apollo,who was conscious of whatever exercises or amusements have
of the familiarities,
informed Vulcan of his somethingmanly and warlike. Among the
wife's debaucheries,and awakened cious.Romans it was usual for the consul,before h"-
his suspi-
Vulcan secretly laid a net around the went on an expedition,to visitthe temple c"
bed, and the two lovers were exposed,in each Mars, where he offered his prayers, and in d
others arms, to the ridicule and satire of allthe solemn manner shook the spear which was \f-
gods,tillNeptune prevailed upon the husband the hand of the statue of the god, at the samiV
to set them at liberty. This unfortunate time
covery
dis- exclaiming, " Mara viliga! god of war
so provokedMars that he changed into watch over the safetyof this city." Ovid
a cock his favouriteAlectryon,whom he had Fast. 5, v. 231. Trist. 2, v. 926." Hygin.fab
stationed at the door to watch against the ap- l4H." rirg.G. 4, V. 346. JEn. 8, v. 701." Lm-
proach
of the sun, [l^id. Alectryon,]and Ve- cian. in Eltctr. Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10. " "

Bus also showed her resentment by persecu-

ting Homtr. Od. 1. //. 5. Flacc. 6. Apollod.1 " "

with the most inveterate furythe children kc. Hesiod. Theog. Pindar, od. 4, Pyth.
"
" "

of Apollo. In the wars of Jupiter tans,i^uint.Smyr. 14. Pans.

and the Ti- 1,c. 21 and 28. "
"

Mars was seized by Otus and Ephialtes, Juv. 9, V. 102.

and confined Marsala, a town of Sicily.
for fifteen months, tillMercury
procuredhim Mars*;ds, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace,
his liberty.Duringthe Trojan
war Mars interested himselfon the side of the 1 Sat. 2, V. 55, for his prodigality to courtezans.
Trojans, but whilst he defended these favour-
ites Marse, a daughterof TUespius. Apollod.
of Venus with uncommon activity,he was Marsi, a nation of Germany who wards
after-
wounded by Diomedes, and hastilyretreated came to settle near the lake Fucinus, in
to heaven to conceal hrs confusion and his re- Italy,in a country chequered with forests,
sentment,

and to complain to Jupiter nerva aboundingwith wild boars,and other ferocious

that Mi-
had directed the unerringweapon of They at firstproved very inimical to
animals.
hisantagonist.The worshipof Alars was not the Romans, out, in process of time, they be- came
very universal among the ancients;his tem-
ples their firmest supporters. They are par-
ticularly
were not numerous in Greece, but in celebrated for the civil war in which
Rome he received the most unbounded ours, iheywere
hon- engaged,and which from them has
and the warlike Romans were proud of received the name of the Marsian war. The
payinghomage to a deitywhom theyesteem- ed large contributions they made to support the
as the patron of their city, and tliefather interest of Rome, and the number of men
of the firstof their monarchs. brated which theycontinually
His most cele- suppliedto the repub-
lic,
templeat Rome was built by Augustus rendered them bold and aspiring, and they
after the battle of Philippi.It was dedicated claimed, with the rest of the Italian states,a
to Mars ullor,or the avtngtr. His priestsshare of the honour and which
pri\i'eges were

among the Romans were called Salii : they enjoyedby the cifi;ren" of Rome, B C. ^\
 MA MA
This though supportedby
petition, the Inter-
est, intimacywhich subsisted between Bacchus
eloquence, and the integrity
the of the and Marsyas,as the emblems of liberty.It
tribune Drusus, was received with contempt was also erected at the entrance of the Roman
by the Roman senate; and the Marsi,with forum, as a spotwhere usurers and merchants
their allies,showed their dissatisfactionby resorted to transact business, beingprincipal-
ly
taking up arms. Their resentment was creased intended in terrorem
in- litigaiorum
; a circum-
stance
when Drusus, their friend at Rome, seems to which Horace
to allude,1 Sat.
had been basely murdered by the means of 6,V. 120. At Celaenae,the skin of Marsyas
the nobles;and they erected themselves into was shown to travellers for some time ; itwas
a republic, and Corfinium was tal suspendedin the publicplacein the form of a
made the capi-
of their new empire. A regularwar was bladder or a foot-ball.Hygin.(ah. 165. Ovid. "

now begun,and the Romans led into the field Fast. 6, V. 707. Met. 6, fab. I."Diod. 3.-"
an army of 100,000 men, and were opposed Hal. 8, v. 503." P/in. 5, c. 29, 1. 7, c. 56."
by a superior force. Some battles were fought,Pans. 10, c. SO." Apotlod.1, c. 4. The
in which the Roman generals were defeated, sources of the Marsyas were near those of the
and the alliesreapedno inconsiderable advan-
tages Maeander, and those two rivers had their con- tinence

from their victories. A battle, however, a littlebelow the town of Celaena.

near Asculum proved fatal to their cause ; Liv. 38, c. IS." Ovid. Met. 2, v. 263." Lwcaw.
4000 of them were leftdead on the spot; their 3, V. 208.
A writer,who published a histo-
ry
Francus,
general, a man of of Macedonia, from the first origin
uncommon rience
expe- -and
and abilities, was slain,and such as es-caped foundation of that empire tillthe reign of
from the field perishedby hunger in Alexander,in which he lived. An Egyp-
tian
the Apennines, where they had soughta shel- ter. who commanded the armies of Cleo-
patra
After many defeats and the loss of Ascu-
lum, againsther brother Ptolemy Physcon,
one of their principal cities,the allies, whom she attemptedto dethrone. A man

grown dejecteda nd tired of hostilities which put to death by Dionysius,the tyremt of Si-cily.
had already continued for three years, sued
for peace one by one, and tranquillity was at Martha, a celebrated prophetess of Sy-
ria,
last re-establishedin the republic, and all the whose artifice and fraud proved of the
states of Italywere made citizens of Rome. greatestservice to C. Marius in the numerous
The armies of the alliesconsisted of the Marsi, expeditions he undertook. Plut. in Mario.
the Peligni, the Vestini,the Herpini,Pora- Martia, a vestal virgin,
put to death for
peiani,Marcini, Picentes, Venusini, Feren- her incontinence. A of Cato.
daughter Vid.
tanee, Apuli, Lucani, and Samnites. The Marcia.
Marsi were greatlyaddicted to magic. Horat. Martia aqua, water at Rome, celebrated
ep. 5, V. 76, ep 27, v. 29. Jlppian. Val. for its clearness
" " and salubrity.
It was veyed
con-

.Vax. 8. Paterc. 2.
" Plut. in Sert. Mario,
"
to Rome, distance of above 30 at the
TO." Cic. pro Balb. Strah. Tacit. Ann.
"
1, mileS; from the lake Fucinus, by Ancus
" tins,
Mar-
{g 50 and 56. G. 2. whence it received its name. Tibull.
Marsigni, a people of Germany. Tacit. 3, el. 7, v. 26." P/m. 31, c. 3, 1.36, c. 15.
P
r. 43. Martiales LUDi, games celebrated at Rome
Marsus Domitius, a Latin poet. in honour of Mars.
.|
r. Marsyaba, a town of Arabia. Ma.rtialis, Marcus Valerius,a native of
Marsyas, a celebrated piper of Celaena;,Bilbilisin Spain,who came to Rome about the
^n Phrygia,son of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, 20th year of his age, where he recommended
-or CEagrus. He was so skilfulin playingon himself to notice by his poeticalgenius. As
the flute,
that he is generallydeemed the in- he was the panegyristof the emperors, he
Ventor of it. Accordingto the opinionof some gainedthe greatesthonours, and was reward-
ed
'he found it when Minerva had thrown itaside in the most liberal manner. Domitian
on account of the distortion of her face when gave him the tribuneship; but the poet, mindful
un-
she playedupon it. Marsyas was enamoured of the favours he received, after
of Cybele,and he travelled with her as far as the death of his benefactor,exposed to ri-
dicule
Nysa, where he had the imprudence to chal- lenge the vices and cruelties of a monster
Apolloto a trialof his skill as a musician. whom, in his life time, he had extolled as
The god acceptedthe challenge, and it was mu-tually the pattern of virtue,goodness,and excel-lence.
agreedtliathe who was defeated should Trajantreated the poet with coldness;
be flayedalive by the conqueror. The Muses, and Martial,after he had passed thirty-five
or accordingto Diodorus,the inhabitants of years in the capital of the world, in The great-
est
Nysa, were appointedumpires. Each exerted splendourand affluence, retired to his na-
tive

his utmost skill, and the victory, with much dif- ficulty, country, where he had the mortification
was adjudged to Apollo. The god, to be (he objectof malevolence, satire,and
upon this, tied his antagonist to a tree and ridicule. lie received some favours from his
flayedhim alive. The death of Marsyas was friends,and his poverty was alleviated by the
universally lamented ; (he Fauns, Satyrs, and liberality of Plinythe younger, whom he had
Dryads, wept at his fate, and from their panegyrizedin his poems. Martial died about
abundant tears,arose a river of Phrygia,well the I04th year of the Christian era, in the 75th
% knoAvn by the name of Marsyas. The unfor-tunate year of his age. He is now well known by the
Marsyas is often represented on ments
monu- fourteen books of epigramswhich he wrote,
as tied,his hands behind his back to a and whose merit is now best described by
tree, while Apollostands before him with his the candid confession of the author in this
lyrein his hands. In independentcities among line,
the ancients the statue of Marsyas was rally Hunt bona, sunt qu("dam
gene- mediocria,sunt maJa
erected in the forum, to represent the plura.
 MA MA

But the genius-which he displays In some of of tlieirvictories in Africa,and particularly

his epigramsdeserves commendation, though in that battle which proved fatal to Asdrubal
criticsare liberal in their censure upon and Syphax. The IVumidian conqueror,
many
his st,vle, his thoughts, and particularly upon charmed with the beauty of Sophonisba,the
his puns, \\hich are often low and despicable. captivewife of Syphax, carried her to his
In many ef his epigrams the poet has shown camp, and married her; but when he per-
ceived
himself' a declared enemy to decency,and the that this new connexion displeased
book is to be read with caution which can cor- rupt Scipio, he sent poisonto his wife,and recom'
the purityof morals, and initiate the vo- taries mended her to destroyherself,since he could
of virtue in the mysteries of vice. It has not preserve her lifein a manner which came
be-
been observed of Martial, that his talent was her rank, her dignity,and fortune,
e})igrams.Every thinghe did was the subjectwithout offendinghis Roman allies. In the
of an epigram. He wrote inscriptionsupon battle of Zama, Masinissa greatly contributed
monuments in the epigrammaticstyle,and to the defeat of the great Annibal, and the
even a new-years gift
was accompanied with a Romans, who had so often been spectatorsof
distich,and his poetical pen was employed in his courage and valour, rewarded his fidelity
begging a favour as well as satirizing a fault. with the kingdom of Syphax, and some of
ThTbesteditions of Martial are those of Ra- the Carthaginianterritories. At his death
der, fol. Mogunt, 1627, of Schriverius, 12mo. Masinissa showed the confidence he had in,
L. Bat. 1619, and of Smids, 8vo. Amst. 1701. the Romans, and the esteem he entertained
A friend of Otho. A man who conspi-
red for the risingtalents of ScipioJi^milianus, by
against Caracalla. intrusting him with the care of his kingdom,
Martianus. Vid. Marcianus. and empowering him to divide it among his
Martina, a woman skilled in the know-
ledge sons. Masinissa died in the 97th year of his
of poisonousherbs,Lc. Tacit. Ann. 2, age, after a reignof above sixtyyears, 149
c. 79, Sic. years before the Christian era. He experien-
ced
Martiniakus, an oflBcer,made Caesar by adversityas well as prosperity, and, ia
Licinius,to oppose Constantine. He was put the firstyears of his reigo,he was exposedto
to death by order of Constantine. the greatestdanger,and obligedoften to save
MartiCs, a surname of Jupiterin Attica, his life by .seekinga retreat among his savage
expressive of his power and valour. Pans. 5, neighbours. But his alliance with the Ro- mans
c. 14. Roman Aconsul sent againstPer-
seus, was the beginningof his greatness,and
A consid against
fcc. the Dalmatians, he ever after lived in the greatestaffluence.
"c. Another, who defeated the Carthagi-
nians He is remarkable for the health he long en*
in Spain. Another who defeated the joyed. In the last years of his life he was
Privernates, ":c. seen at the head of his armies, behavingwith
Marullus, a tribune of the people,who th" most indefatigable activity,and he often
tore the garlands which had been placedupon remained for many successive^ days on horse-
back,
Caesar's statues, and who ordered those that without a saddle under him, or a cover-
ing

had saluted him king to be imprisoned. He upon his head, and without showing the
"was of
deprived hisJ. Cssar. least marks of fatigue.This strength
consulshipby of mind
Pint, A governor of Judaea. A Latin and body he chiefly owed to the temperance
poet in the reignof M. Aurelius. He satirized which he observed. He was seen eatingbrown
the emperor with greatlicentiousness,but his bread at the door of his tent, like a private
invectives were diregarded, and himself des-
pised.soldier,the day after he had obtained an im-
mortal
victoryover the armies of Carthage.
Mards, (theMorava) a river of Germany, He left ^fty-foursons, three of whom were gitimate,
le-
which separatesmodern Hungary and via.
Mora- Micipsa,Gulussa, and Manastabal.
Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 63. The kingdom was fairlydivided among thera.
Massa B^sb, an informer at the couet of Do- by Scipio,and the illegitimatechildren recei-
ved,
mitian. Juv. 1, v. 35. as their portions,
very valuable presents.
.
Mas^esylii, peopleof Libya, where Sy-
a The djeath of Gulussa and Manastabal soon
phax reigned. Massy\a.
Vid. after leftMicipsasole raasterof the large
sessions
pos-
Masinissa, son of Gala, was king of a of Masinissa. Strah. IJ. Polyb. " "

small partof Africa,and assisted tlie Cartha-

ginians Appian.Lybic.-^Cic. de Sencct. Vol. Max. 8. "

in their wars againstRome. He ved

pro- Sallust.in Jug. Liv. 25, "lq. Oind. Fast. Q, v.
" "

a most and courageous

indefatigable ally,769. Justin. 33, c. 1,1.38, c. 6.
"

but an act of generosityrendered him amica-

ble Maso, a name common to several persons
tointerests of Rome.
the After the de-
feat mentioned by Cicero.
of Asdi-ubal, Scipio,the first Africanus Massaga, a town of India, taken by Alex-
ander
who had obtained thp victor)', found, among the Great.
the prisoners of war, one of the nephews of Massaget^, a peopleof Scythia,who
Masinissa. He sent him back to his uncle had their wives in common, and dwelt in.
loaded with presents, and conducted him with tents. They had no temples,but worshipped
a detachment for the safety and protection of the sun, to whom they offered horses,on ac-
count

his person. Masinissa was struck with the of theirswiftness. When their parents
generous action of the Roman general, he for-
got had come certain age, theygenerally
to a put
all former hostilities,and joinedhis troops them to death,and eat their flesh mixed with
to those of Scipio.Thi.s changeof sentiments that of cattle. Authors are divided with res-
pect

was not the eflect of a waveringor unsettled to the place of their residence. Some
mind, but Masinissa showed himself the most placethem near the Caspiansea, others at the
attached and the firmest allythe Romans ever north of the Danube, and some confound them
had. It was to hi.sexertions they owed many with the Getae and the Scythians Horat..Jj
 MA MA
Oil.35, V. 40. Dionys.Per. 738. Herodot. 1, of Mars, celebrated by married women, in com-
" "
memoration

c, 204 Strab. 1. Mela, 1, c. 2. Lucan. 2, v.

"
" " of the rape of the Sabines,and of
50. Ji"/m. 1,c. 8.
"
the peace which their entreaties had obtained
Massana. Vid, Messana. between their fathersand husbands. Flowers
Massani, a nation at the mouth of the were then oflfered in the temples of Juno.
Indus. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 229." Plut. in Rom.
Massycus, a mountam of Campania, near Mattiaci, a nation of Germany, now Mar-
Miuturnae, famous for its wine, which even purg in Hesse. The Mattiacce aqua, was a

now preserves its ancient character. Plin. small town, now Wisbaden oppositeMentz.
14, c. Q."Horat. 1, od. 1,v. 19." Kirg.G. 2, Tacit, de Germ. 29. An. 1,c. 56.
V. 143. Etrurian prince,who
An assisted Matuta, a deity among the Romans, the
JEneas against Turnus with 1000 men. Virg.same as the Leucothoe of the Greeks. She
JEn. 10, V. 166,"c. was originallyIno, who was changedinto asea
Massilia, a maritime town of Gaul Narbo- deity,[Vid.Ino and Leucothoe,] and she was
nensis, now called Marseilles,founded B. worshipped by sailors as such, at Corinth in
C. 539, by the people of Phocasa, in Asia, a temple sacred to Neptune. Only married
who quittedtheir country to avoid the tyran-ny women and freeborn matrons were ted
permit-
of the Persians. It is celebrated for its to enter her templesat Rome, where they
laws, itsfidelity for the Romans, and for its generally brought the children of their rela-tions
beinglong the seat of literature. It acquired in their arms. Liv. 5, ".c. Cic. de J^at. "

great consequence by its commercial pursuitsD. 3, V. 19.

during its infancy,and even waged war Mavors, a name of Mars. Vid. Mars.
against Carthage. By becoming the ally Mavortia, an epithetapplied to every
of Rome, its power was established ; but in country whose inhabitants were warlike, but
v/armly espousing the cause of Pompey especially to Rome, founded by the reputed
againstCaesar,itsviews were frustrated, and it son of Mavors. Virg.M,n. 1,v. 280, and to
was so much reduced by the insolence and re- Thrace.
sentment Id.3, v. 13.
of the conqueror, that it never after Mauri, the inhabitants of Mauritania.
recovered itsindependenceand warlike spirit. This name is derived from their black com-plexion

Herodot. 1,c. 164. Plin. 3, c. 4. Justin. 37,

"

(i"w.o".)
"

Every thing among them

"c. Strab. 1. Liv. 5, c. 3. Horat. ep. 16.
" " "

grew in greater abundance

" and greater fection
per-
Flor. 4, c. 2."Cic. Flac. 26. Off. 2, 8." Tacit. than in other countries. Strab. 17. "

Ann. 4, c. 44. Agr.4. Martial. 5, ep. 29, 1. 12, ep. 67." Si7. Ital.
Massyla, an inland
part of Mauritania, 4, V. 569, 1. 10, V. 402.'-Mela,1, c. 5, 1.3,c. 10.
near mount Atlas. When
the inhabitants,
led
cal- Justin. 19, c. 2. Sallust. Jug. Virg. JEn.
" " "

Massyli,went on horseback, they never 4, V. 206.

used saddles or bridles,but onlysticks. Their Mauritania, a country on the western
character was warlike, their manners simple,part of Africa,which forms the modern king- dom
and their love of liberty unconquerable.Some of Fez and Morocco. It was bounded on

suppose them to be the same as the Masaesylii, the west by the Atlantic,south by Gaetulia,
though others say half the country belonged and north by the Mediterranean, and is some- times
onl v to this last mentioned people. Liv. 24, c. called Maurusia. It became a Roman
48,'l. 28, c. 17,1.29, c. 32." 5t7.3, v. 282, 1. 16, provincein the reignof the emperor Claudius.
V. Ml." Lucan. 4,v. 682." Firg. ^n. 4, v. 132. Vid. Mauri.
Mastramela, a lake near Marseilles,mer Maitrus, a man who flourishedin the reign
de Mariegues. Plin. 3, c. 4. of Trajan,or accordingto others,of the Anto-
Masurius, a Roman knight under Tiberius,nini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper
learned,but poor. Pers. 5, v. 90. Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem upon the
Masus Domitius,a Latin poet. Vid. Domi- rules of poetry and versification.
tius.
Maurusii, the peopleof Maurusia, a coun-
try

Matho, an infamous informer,patronized near the columns of Hercules. It is also

by Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 32. called Mauritania. Vid. Mauritania. Virg.
Matieni, a peoplein the neighbourhood
of M.n.4, V. 206.
Armenia. His wife Ar-
Mausolus, a king of Caria. temisia
Matinus, a mountain of Apulia,abounding was so disconsolate at his death,
in yew-trees and bees. Lucan. 9, v. 184. which happened B. C. 353, that she drank"

Horat. 4, od. 2, v. 27, ep. 16,v. 28. of

up his ashes, and resolved to erect one
Matisco, a town of the JEdxii, in Gaol, now the grandestand noblest monuments of an-
tiquity,
called Maeon. to celebrate the memory of a hus-
Matralia, a festivalat Rome
in honour band*whom she tenderly loved. This famous
of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and free- monument, which passedfor one of the se-
ven
born women admitted.
were They made of-
ferings wonders of the world, was called Mau-
soleum,
of flowers, and carried their relations' and from it allother magnificent pulchres
se-
children in their arms, recommending them and tombs have received the same
to the care and
patronage of the goddesswhom name. It was built four different archi-
tects. by
they worshipped. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 22." Scopas erected theside which faced
Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 47.~Plut. in Cam. the east, Timotheus had the south,Leochares
MvTRoNA, a river of Gaul, now called the had the \vest, and Bruxis the north. Pithis
Marne, falling into the Seine. Auson. Mos. was also employed in raising a pyramid over
462. One of (he surnames of Juno, because this statelymonument, and the top was
she presidedover marriage and birth. adorned
child-
over by a chariot drawn by tour horses.
The expenses of this edifice were immense,
Matbonalia,festivals
at Rome in honour and this gave an occasion to the philosopher
 MA MA
Anaxagoras to exclaim,when he saw it, sovereignty, and to sink into a privateperson.
how muchmoney changed into stones! [Vid. This proposalwas not onlyrejectedwith the
Artemisia.]Herodot. 7, v. 99. Strab.
" 14. contempt it deserved,
"
but the troopsmutinied
Diod. m."Paus. 8, c. 16."Flor. 4, c. 11. Gell. againstMaximianus, and he fledfor safety to
10, c. 18." Prapert. 3, el.2, v. 21." Suet. Aug. Gaul, to the court of Constantine,to whom he
100. gave his daughter Faustina in marriage. Here
Maxentius, Marcus Aurellus Valerius, a he againacted a conspicuous character, and re-
of the emperor Maximianus Hercules. assumed the imperial
son
power, which his misfor-
tunes
Some suppose him to have been a suppositi-
tious had obligedhim to relinquish. This of-
fended
child. The voluntary abdication of Dio-
cletian, Constantine. But, when open violence
and of his father,raised him in the seemed to frustrate the ambitious views of
state, and he declared himself independentMaximianus, he had recourse to artifice. He
emperor, or Augustus, A. D. 306. He after- wards prevailed
upon his daughter Faustina,to leave
incited his father to re-assume his impe-
rial the doors of her chamber open in the dead of
authority, and in a perfidious manner stroyed
de- night;and, when she promised faithfully to
Severus,who had delivered himself in- to execute his commands, he secretly introduced
his hands, and relied upon his honour for himself to her bed, where he stabbed to the
the safety of his life. His victories and suc- cesses heart the man who sleptby the side of his
were impeded by Galerius Maximianus, daughter. This was not Constantine; Fausti-
na,
who opposedhim with a powerfulforce. The faithful to her husband, had apprizedhim
defeat and voluntarydeath of Galerius soon of her father'smachinations, and an eunuch
restored peace to Italy, and Maxentius passed had been placed in his bed. Constantine
into Africa,where he rendered himself odious watched the motions of his father-in-law, and,
by his cruelty and oppression.He soon after when he heard the fatalblow givento the eu- nuch,
returned to Rome, and was informed that he rushed in with a band of soldiers, and
Constantine was come to dethrone him. He secured the assassin. Constantine resolved to
gave his adversaiybattle near Home, and, af- ter
destroya man who was so inimical to his near-
est
he had lost the victory, he fled back to .the relations, and nothingwas leftto Maximi-
anus
city. The bridgeover which he crossed the but to choose his own death. He strang-
led
Tiber was in a decayed situation, and he fell himself at Marseilles, A. D. 310, in the
into the river and was drowned, on the 24th 60th
year of his age. His body was found
of September,A. D. 312. The cowardice and fresh and entire in a leaden coffin about the
luxuries of Maxentius are as conspicuous as his middle of the eleventh century. Galerius
cruelties. He oppressedhis subjectswith Valerius,a native of Dacia, who in the first
heavy taxes to gratify the cravings of his plea-
sures, yeajs of his life, was employed in keepinghis
or the avarice of his favourites. He was lather's fiocks. He entered the army, where
debauched in his manners, and neither virtue his valour and bodilystrength recommended
innocence were safe whenever he was clined
in- him to the notice of his
nor
superiors, particu-
and
larly
tovoluptuouspursuits.He was rally
natu- to Diocletian, who invested him with the
deformed, and of an unwieldy body. imperial purplein the east, and gave him his
To visit a pleasure ground,or to exercise him daughterValeria in marriage.Galerius deser- ved
self under a marble portico, or to walk on a the confidence of his benefactor. He
.shady terrace, was to him a Herculean labour, conqueredthe Goths, and Dalmatians, and
which required the greatest exertions of checked the insolence of the Persians. In a
strength and resolution. battle,however, with the king of Persia,Ga- lerius
Corn. Maximiliana, a vestal virginburied was defeated ; and, to completehis ig-nominy,
alive for incontinency, A. D. 92. and render him more sensible of his
Maximianus, Herculius Marcus Aurelius disgrace, Diocletian obligedhim to walk be- hind
Valerius,a native of Sirrnium,in Pannonia, his chariot arrayedin his imperial robes.
who served as a common soldier in the Ro-
man This humiliation
stung Galerius to the quick;
armies. Diocletian had been rais-
When ed he assembled another army, and gave battle to
to the throne,he
imperial remembered the the Persians. He gaineda completevictory,
valour and courage of his fellow soldier Max-imianus,
and took the wives and children of his enemy.
and rewarded his lidelity by making This success elated Galerius to such a degree,
him his colleague in the empire,and by ceding that he claimed the most dignified appel-
lations,
to him the command of the j)rovinces of Italy, and ordered himself to be called the
Africa,and Spain,and the rest of the western son of Mars. Diocletiarj himself dreaded bis
territoriesof Rome. Maximianus showed the
power, and even, it is said,abdicated the im- perial
justness of the choice of Diocletian by his vic-
tories dignity meansby of his threats. This re^
overthe barbarians. In Britain success signation, however, is attributed by some to a
did not attend his arms ; but in Africa he defeat-
ed
voluntaryact of the mind, and to a desire of
and put to death Aurelius Juliaims, who had enjoyingsolitude and retirement. As
soon as
proclaimedhimself emperor. Soon afterDio- cletian
Diocletian had abdicated,Galerius was
claimed
pro-
abdicated the imperial purple, and obli-
ged Augustus, A. D. 304, but his cruelty
Maximianus to follow his example,on the soon rervderedhim odious, and the Roman
1st of April,
A. D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly
peoj)le,offended at his oppression,raised
compliedwith the command of a man to whom Maxentius to the
imperial dignitythe follow-
ing
he owed his greatness;but, before the first
year, and Galerius was obligedto yieldto
year of his resignation had elapsed,he was rous-
ed the torrent of his unpopularity, and to flybe-
fore
from his indolence and retreat by the am- bition his more fortunate adversary. He died
of his son Maxentius. He re-assumed in the greatestagonies, A. D. 311. The bo-
dily
the imperial dignity, and showed his ingrati-
painsand sufferings which precededhis
tJtdeto his son l)ywishinc;him to resignthe death, were, accordingto the christian wti-
 MA MA
ters,the effectsof the vengeance of an offend- by historiansas of a gigantic stature ; he was
ed providencefor the cruelty which he had eightfeet high,and the bracelets of his wife
exercised against the followers of Christ. In |served as ringsto adorn the fingersof his
his character, Galerius was wanton and ty-1hand. His voracity was as remarkable as his

pannical,and he often feasted his eyes with the corpulence; he generally eat fortypounds of
sightof dyingwretches, w^hom his barbarityflesh every day, and drank 18 bottles of wine.
had delivered to bears and wild beasts. His His strength was proportionable to his gigantic
aversion to learned men arose from his igno-
rance shape; he could alone draw a loaded waggon,
of letters ; and, if he was deprivedof and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the
the benefits of education,he proved the more teeth in a horse's mouth ; he broke the hard- est
cruel and the more inexorable. Lactant. de stones between his fingers, and clefttrees
M. P. 33." Eusebius 8, c. 16. with his hand. Htrodianus. Jornand. de reb.
"

MaximInus, Caius Julius Verns, the son of Get. Capitol.Maximinus "

made his son, of
a peasant in Thrace. He was originally a the same name, emperor, as soon as he was

shepherd,and, by heading his countrymen invested with the purple,and his choice was
againstthe frequent attacks of the neighbour-
ing unanimouslyapprovedby the senate, by the
barbarians and robbers,he inured himself people,and by the array. Galerius Vale-
rius,
to the labours and to thecamp. of
fatigues a a shepherdof Thrace, who was raised to
He entered the Roman
armies, where he the imperialdignityby Diocletian,A. D. 305.
graduallyrose to the firstoffices ; and on the He was nephew to Galerius Maximianus, by
death of Alexander Severus he caused him-
self his mother's side,and to him he was indebted
to proclaimed emperor, A. D. 233. for his rise and consequence
be in the Roman
The popularitywhich he had gained when armies. As Maximianus was ambitious and
generalof the armies, was at an end when fond of power, he looked with an eye of jea- lousy
he ascended the throne. He was delighted upon those who shared the dignity of
with acts of the greatestbarbarity, and no emperor with himself. He declared war against
less than 400 persons lost their lives on the Licinius, his colleague on the throne,but a de-
feat,
false suspicionof having conspiredagainst which soon after followed,on the 30th of
the emperor'slife. They died in the greatest April, A. D. 313, between Heraclea and Adri-
torments, and, that the tyrant might the bet-
ter anopojis, lefthim without resources and with-
out
entertain himself from their sutterings, friends. His victoriousenemy pursuedhim,
some wei'e exposed to wild beasts,others ex-pired and he fled beyond mount Taurus,forsaken and
by blows, some were nailed on crosses, almost unknown. He attemptedto put an end
while others were shut up in the bellies of ani-
mals to his miserable existence, but his efforts were
justkilled. The noblest of the Roman ineffectual, and though his death is attributed
citizens were the objects of his cruelty ; and, by some to despair,it is more universally lieved
be-
as if they were more conscious than others that he expiredin the greatestagonies,
of his mean origin,he resolved to spare no of a dreadful distemper, which consumed him
means to from his presence a number
remove day and nightwuth inexpressible pains,and
of men whom
he looked upon with an eye of reduced him to a mere skeleton. This miser-
able
envy, and who, as he imagined,hated him for end, accordingto the ecclesiastical wri-
ters,
his oppression, and despisedhim for the po-
verty was the visible punishmentof heaven, for
and obscurity of his earlyyears. Such the barbarities which Maximinus had exercis-
ed
is the character of the suspiciousand tyran-
nical againstthe followers of Christianity, and
Maximinus. In his militarycapacityfor the many blasphemies which he had utter-
ed.
he acted with the same ferocity; and in an Lactant. Euseb. "
^A minister of the
expedition in Germany, he not only cut down Valerian.
emperor One of the ambassadore
the corn, but he totally ruined and set fire of young
Theodosius toAttilakingof the Huns.
to the whole country, to the extent of 450 Maximus, Magnus, a native of Spain,who
miles. Such a monster of tyranny at last proclaimedhimself emperor, A. D. 383. The
provokedthe peopleof Rome. The Gordians unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpa-
tion,
were proclaimederaperors,but their innocence and he was acknowledgedby his troops.
and pacific virtues were unable to resistthe Gratian marched against him, but he was de-feated,
fury of Maximinus. After their fall,the Ro-man and soon after assassinated. Maximus
senate invested twenty men of their num-
ber refused the honours of a burial to the remains
whh the imperialdignity, and intrusted of Gratian ; and, when he had made himself
into their hands the care of the republic. master of Britain,Gaul, and Spain, he sent
These measures so highlyirritated Maximi-
nus, ambassadors into the east, and demanded of
that,at the firstintelligence, he howled the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge him
like a wild beast,and almost destroyedhim- self as his associate on the ihrone. Theodosius
by knockinghis head againstthe walls of endeavoured to amuse and delay him, but
his palace. When his fury was abated, he Maximus resolved to support his claim by
marched to Rome, resolved on slaughter. arms, and crossed tlie Alps. Italywas laid
His bloodymachinations were stopped, and his desolate,and Rome opened her gates to the
soldiers,ashamed of accompanying a tyrant conqueror. Theodosius now determined to
whose cruelties had procured him the name revenge the audaciousness of Maximus, and
of Busiris,Cyclops,and Phalaris, assassinated had recourse to artifice. He began to make a
him in his lent before the walls of Aquileia, naval armament, and Maximus, not to appear
A. D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. The inferior to his adversary,had alreadyembark-
ed
news of his death was received with tlie great-
est his troops,when Theodosius, by secret and
rejoicings at Rome, publicthanksgivings hastened marches, fell upon him, and besieged
were oll'ered,and whole hecatombs flamed on him at Aquileia.Maximus was betrayedby
the altars. Maximinus has been representedhis soldiers, and the conqueror, moved with
 MA ME
compassionat the sightof his fallenand deject-
ed eral of Trajan,
killed in the eastern provinces,
enemy, granted him life, but the multitude One of the murderers of Domitian, he.
refused him mercy, and instantly struck ofi'his A philosopher, a native of Byzantium,in

head, A. D. 388. His son Victor, who shared the age of Julian the emperor.
the imperial dignitywith him, was soon after Mazaca, a largecity of Cappadocia,the
sacrificed to the furyof the soldiers. Petro- capital of the province.It was called Caisarea
aius,a Roman, descended of an illustriousfam- ily. by Tiberius in honour of Augustus.
He caused Valentinian III. to be assas-
sinated, Mazaces, a Persian governor of Memphis.
and ascended the throne, and, to He made a sallyagainst the Grecian soldiers
strengthen his usurpation, he married the em- press, of Alexander, and killed great numbers of
to whom he had the weakness and im-
prudencethem. Curt. 4, c. 1.
to betraythat he had sacrificedher Maz^us, a satrapof Cilicia,under Artax-
husband to his love for her person. This de- claration
erxes Ochus. A governor of Babylon,son-
irritated the empress ; she had re- course in-law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexan-
der,
to the barbarians to avenge the death "ic. Curt. 5, c. 1.
of Valentinian, and Maximus was stoned to Mazares, a satrapof Media, who reduced
death by his soldiers, and his body thrown into Priene under the power of Cyrus. Herodot.
the Tiber, A. D. 455. He reigned only 77 1,c. 161.
days. Pupianus.Vid. Pupianus. "A cel- ebrated Mazaxes,
"
(sing. Mazax.) a peopleof Afri-
ca,
cynic philosopherand magician of famous for shootingarrows. Lucan. 4, v.
Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian 681.
in magic, and, accordingto the opinionof Mazeras, a river of Hyrcania,falling into
.some it was
historians, in the conversation and the Caspiansea. Plut.
that the apostacy of Ju-
lian Mazices and Mazyges, a peopleof Libya,
company of Maximus
originated.The emperor not onlyvisited very expert in the use of missile weapons.
the philosopher, but he even submitted his The Romans made use of them as couriers,
writings
to his inspection and censure. mus
Maxi- on account of their great,swiftness. Suet, in
refused to live in the court of Julian,and JVer.30." Lucan. 4, v. 684.
the emperor, not dissatisfied with the refusal, Mecenas or Mec(enas, C. Cilnius,a cele-
brated
appointedhim highpontiff in the provinceof Roman knight,descended from the
Lydia,an office which he discharged with the kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself
and justice. When Julian immortal by his liberal patronage of learned
greatestmoderation
went into the east, the philosopher promised men and of letters; and to his prudence and
him success, and even said that his conquests advice Augustus acknowledged himself in- debted
would be more numerous and extensive than for the security he enjoyed. His fond-
ness
those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his for pleasure removed him from the reach
imperial pupilthat,accordingto the doctrine of ambition,and he preferred to die,as he was
of metempsychosis, his body was animated by born, a Roman knight, to all the honours and
the soul which once animated the hero whose dignities which either the friendship of Augus-
tus
greatnessand victories he was goingto eclipse. or his own popularitycould heap upon
After the death of Julian, Maximus was almost him. It was from the result of his advice,
sacrificed to the furyof the soldiers, but the against the opinionof Agrippa,that Augustus
of his friends saved his life, and resolved to keep the supreme in his
interposition power
he retired to Constantinople.He was soon hands, and not by a voluntaryresignation to
afteraccused of magicalpracticesbefore the plungeRome into civilcommotions. The em-
peror

Valens, and beheaded at Ephesus, received the private admonitions of Me-

emperor
A. D. 366. He wrote some and
philosophical in the same
coenas friendlymanner as they

rhetoricaltreatises,
some of which were cated
dedi-
given,and he was not displeased
were with the
to Julian. They are all now lost, dm- liberty of his friend,who tlu'ew a paper to him
mian. Tyrius,a Platonic philosopher, in with these words. Descend from the tribunal,
the reignof M. Aurelius. This emperor, who thou butcher! while he sat in the judgment-
fond of study,became of seat,and betrayedrevenge and impatiencein
was naturally one

the pupilsof Maximus, and paid great defer-

ence his countenance. He was struck with the ad-
monition,
to his instructions. There are extant of and leftthe tribunal without passing
Maximus forty-one dissertations on moral and sentence of death on the criminals. To the
philosophical subjects, written in Greek. The interference of Meccenas, Virgil owed the res-
titution

best editions of which are that of Davis,8vo. of his lands,and Horace was proud to
Cantab. 1703 ; and that of Reiske,2 vols. 8vo. boast that his learned friend had obtained his
Lisp.1774. One of the Greek fathers of forgiveness from the emperor, for joining the
the seventh century,whose works were edited cause of Brutus at the battle of Philippi. Me-
by Combesis, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1675. Pau- cojnas was himself fond of literature, and ac-
cording

lus Fabius, a consul with M. Antony'sson. to the most received opinion,he

Horace speaks of him, 4 od. 1, v. 10,as of a wrote an history of animals,a journal of the

gay handsome youth,fond of pleasure, yet in- life of Augustus, a treatise ou

dustrious the different
and indefatigable. An epithet ap- natures and kinds of precious
plied stones,besides
to Jupiter, as being the greatestand the two tragediesof Octavia and Prome- theus,
most powerful of all the gods. A native of and other things, all now lost. He
Sirmium, in Pannonia. He was originallya died eight years before Christ ; and, on his
gardener, but,by enlisting in the Roman army, death-bed,he particularlyrecommended his
he became one of the military tribunes,and poetical friend Horace to the care and con-
fidence

his marriage with a woman of rank and opu-

lence, of Augustus. Seneca, who has libe-
rally
^oon rendered him independent. He commended the geniusand abilitiesof
was fiifhe'"
^ri iho euinf ror Probns. A gen- INTecfvnas. has not withheld liit^
censure from
 ME ME
hi5dissipation,indolence,andeffeminateluxuiy.
populace.Here theylived for ten years with j
From patronageand encouragemeot which
the conjugaltenderness; muchbut the love of i

the piances of heroic and lyricpoetry,among Jason for Glauce, the king'sdaughter, soon

the Latins, received from the favourite of Au-

gustus,
interrupted their mutual harmony, and Me-dea
all patronsof literature have ever since was divorced. Medea revengedthe infi-
delity
been called Meceenates. VMrgildedicated to of Jason by causingthe death of Glauce,
him his Georgics, and Horace his Odes. Suet, and the destruction of her family.[Vid.
in Aug. 66, ".c. Plut. in Aug. Herodian. 7. Glauce.]This action was
" " followed by another
" Senec. ep. 19 and 92. stillmore atrocious. Medea killed two of her
Meghaneus, a surname of Jupiter, from children in their father'spresence, and, when
undertakings.He had a statue
his patronizing Jason attemptedto punishthe barbarity of the
near the templeof Ceres at Argos,and there mother, she fled throughthe air upon a chariot
the peopleswore, before they went to the Tro-
jan drawn by winged dragons. From Corinth
war, either to conquer or to perish. Faus. Medea came to Athens,where, after she had
2, c. 22. undergone the necessary purification of her
Mecisteus, a son of Echius or Talaus,was murder, she married kingiEgeus,or ing
accord-
"ne companionsof Ajax. He was kill-
of the ed to adulterous
others,lived in an manner

by Polydamas. Homer. 11. 6, v. 28, iic. with him. From her connexion with .S^geus
A son of Lycaon. Apollod. Medea had a son, who was called Medus.
Mecrida, the wife of Lysimachus. Po-
ly Soon after,when Theseus wished to make
cen. 6. himself known to his father,[Vid.iEgeus,]
celebrated magician,
Medea, a daughterof Medea, jealousof his fame and fearfulof his
^etes, kingof Colchis. Her mother's name, power, attemptedto poison him at a feast
accordingto the more received opinion of which had been preparedfor his entertain-
ment.
Hesiod and Hyginus,was Idyia,or according Her attempts,however, failed of suc-cess,

toothers,Ephyre,Hecate, Asterodia,Antiope, and the sight of the sword which Theseus

and Nerasa. She was the niece of Circe. wore by his side convinced iEgeus that the
"When Jason came to Colchis in quest of the strangeragainst whose lifehe had so basely
goldenfleece,Medea became enamoured of conspired was no less than Jiisown son. The
him, and it was to her well-directed labours father and the son were reconciled,and Me-dea,
that the Argonautsowed their preservation. to avoid the punishmentwhich her wick-edness
[Vid.Jason and Argonautae.]Medea had an deserved, mounted her fierychariot,
interview with her lover in the temple of He- cate, and disappeared through the air. She came
where they bound themselves by the to Colchis, where, accordingto some, she was
most solemn oaths,and mutually prorai?cdeter- reconciled to Jason, who had sought her in
nal fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome her native country after her sudden departure
all the ditticultieswhich j^^etes had placedin from Corinth. She died at Colchis,as Justin
his way, than Medea embarked with the con-
querors mentions, when she had been restored to the
for Greece. To stop the pursuitof confidence of her family. After death, she
her father, she tore to piecesher brother Ab- married Achilles in the Elysianfields, ing
accord-
syrtus,and lefthis mangled limbs in the way, to the traditions mentioned by Simonidea.
throughwhich Ji^etes was to pass. This act The murder of Mermerus and Pheres, the
of barbarity some have attributed to Jason, youngest of Jason's children by Medea, is not
and not to her. When Jason reached lolchos, attributed to their mother, according to xElian,
his native country,the return and victories of but the Corinthians themselves assassinated
the Argonautswere celebrated with universal them in the temj)le of Juno Acra^a. To avoid
rejoicings ; but ^son, the father of Jason, was the resentment of the gods, and to deliver
unable to assistat the solemnity, on account of themselves from the pestilence which visited
the intirmities of his age. band'stheir country after so horrid a massacre,
Medea, at her hus- they
request,removed the weakness of M- engagedthe poet Euripides,for five talents,
son, and by drawing away the blood from his to write a tragedy, which cleared them of the
veins and filling them againwith the juiceof murder, and represented Medea as the cruel

certain herbs,she restored to him the vigour assassin of her own children. And besides,
and sprightliness of youtli. This sudden change that this opinionmight be the better credited,
in -/Eson astonished the inhabitantsof lolchos, festivals were in which the mother
appointed,
and the daughters of Pelias were also desirous was representedwith all the barbarity of a
to see their father restored, by the same er,
pow- fury murdering her own sons. [P'id.He-
to the vigourof youth. Medea, willing to raea.] Apollod. 1, c. 9."Hygin. fab. 21, 22,
vevenge the injuries which her husband's fa-
mily23, "ic. Plut. in This. Dionys. Perieg. " " "

had suffered from Pelias,increased their APAian. V. H. 5, c. 2\.~-Puus. 2, c. 3, 1. 8, c.

curiosity, and by cutting to piecesan old ram 1. Euripid.in Med. Diod. 4.
" Ovid. Met. "
"

and making it again,in their presence, a 7, fab. 1, in Med."Strab. l."Cic. de ^'at. D. " I
young lamb, she totally
determined them to3, c. 19. Apollon.Arg. 3, Lc.
"
"
Orpheus."

try the
same experimentupon their father's Place. Lucan. 4, v. 556.
"

body. They accordingly

killed him of their Medesicaste, a daughterof Priam, who
"wn accord, and boiled his flesh in a caldron, married Imbrius son of Mentor, who was led
kil-
but Medea refused to perform
the same by Teucer duringthe Trojan war. Homer. i

friendlyoflices to Pelias which

she had done //. 13, V. 172." Apollod. 3. f
to J-uSon,and he was Media, a celebrated country of Asia,
consumed by the heat
of the fire,and even deprivedof a burial. bounded on the north by the CaspianSea, west
This action greatlyirritated the people of by Armenia, south by Persia,and east by Par-
lolchos,and Medea, with her husband, fled to thia and Hyrcania. It was originallycalled
Corinthto "void the resentment of an offended Aria, tillthe age of Medus; the sou of Medea,
 ME ME
who gave it the name of Media. The pro-
vince In the election Medon was preferredto his
of Media was firstraised into a kingdom brother Neleus, by the oracle of Delphi,and
by its revolt from the Assyrianmonarchy, B. he rendered himself popularby the justice
C. 820 ; and, after it had for some time en-
joyed and moderation of his administration. His
a kind of republican government, Dei- successors were called from him Mtdontidoij
oces, by his artifice, procuredhimself to be and the office of archon remained for above
called king,700 B. C. After a reignof 63 200 years in the family of Codrus under 12
years he was succeeded by Phraortes,B. C. perpetualarchons. Paus. 7, c. 2. Paterc. 2,
"

647; who was succeeded by Cyaxares,B. C. c. 2. A man killed in the Trojan war.
625. His successor was Astyages, B. C. 585, jEneas saw him in tbe infernal regions.Virg.
in whose reignCyrus became master of Me-
dia, Mn. 6, V. 483. A statuaryof Laceda?mon,
B. C. 551 ; and ever after the empire was who made a famous statue of Miner%'a, seen
transferredto the Persians. The Medes were in the templeof Juno at Olympia. Paus. 7, c.
warlike in the primitive ages of their power ; 17.-:" One of the Centaurs,kc.
" Ovid. Met.
theyencouragedpolygamy,and were remark- able 12, V. 303. One of the Tyrrhene sailors
for the homage which theypaidto their changed into dolphinsby Bacchus. Id. Met.
sovereigns, who were styledkingsof kings.3, V. 671. A river of Peloponnesus. An
This title was afterwards adopted by their illegitimate son of Ajax Oileus. Homer.-
conquerors, the Persians, and it w^as still One of Penelope'ssuitors. Ovid. Heroid. li
in use in the age of the Roman emperors. A man of C}'^icus, killed by the Argo- nauts.
Justin. 1, c. 5. "
Herodot. 1, ".c. Polyb. 5
" A kingof Argos, who died about
and lO."Curt. 5, hc."Diod. Sic. IS." Cfe- 990 years B. C. A son of Pyladesby Elec-
sias. tra. Paus. 2, c. 16.
Mj:dias, a tyrantof Mysia,"ic. Medontias, a woman of Abydos, with
Medicus, a princeof Larissa,in Thessaly,whom Alcibiades cohabited as with a wife.
who made war againstLycophron, tyrantof She had a daughter, ".c. Lysias.
Phera). Di^d. 14 Meduacus, two rivers,(Major, now Brenta"
Mediolanum, now Milan, the capitalof and Minor, now Bachilione) falling near nice
Ve-
Insubria at the mouth of the Po. Liv. 5, c. 34, into the Adriatic sea. Plin. 3, c. 16. "

I. 34, c. 46. Aulercorum, a town of Gaul, Liv. 10,c. 2.

now Evreux, in Normandy. Santonum, Meduana, a river of Gaul, flowinginto
another,now Saintes, in Guienne. the Ligeris, now the Mayne. Lucan. 1, v.
Mediomatrices, a nation Ihat lived on the 438.
borders of the Rhine, now Melz. Strab. 4. "

Medullina, a Roman virginravished by

C(BS.Bell. O. 4, c. 10. her father, "c. Plut. in Paral. An infa-
mous
Mediterraneum mare, a sea which di-
vides courtezan in Juvenal's age. 6, v. 321.
Europe and Asia Minor from Africa. Medus, now Kur, a river df Media, fall- ing
It receives its name from its situation,medio into the Araxes. Some take Medus ad-
terrm, situate in the middle of the land. It jectively, as applyingto any of the great ri- vers
has a communication with the Atlantic by of Media. Strab. 15. Horat. 2, od. 9,
"

the columns of Hercules? and with the Eux- V. 21. A son of iEgeus and Medea, who
ine throughthe JEgean. The word Mediter- gave his name to a country of Asia. Medus,
raneum does not occur in the classics; but it when arrived to years of maturity,went to
is sometimes called internum,nostrum, or me- seek his mother, whom the arrival of Theseus
dius liquor, and is frequently denominated in in Athens had driven away. [Vid.Medea,]
Scripturethe Great Sea. The first naval He came to Colchis,where he was seized by
power that ever obtained the command of his uncle Perses,who usurped the throne of
It, as recorded in the fabulous epochs of the iEetes,his mother's father, because the ora-
cle

writer Castor, is Crete under Minos. wards

After- had declared that Perses should be mur- dered
it passedinto the hands of the Lydians, by one of the grandsonsof ^etes. dus
Me-
B. C. 1179; of the Pelasgi,1058; of the assumed another name, and called him- self
Thracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; of Hippotes,son of Creon, Mean while
the Phrygians,893; of the Cyprians,868 ; of Meda arrived in Colchis disguised
the habit in
the 826 ; of the Egyptians,
Phoenicians, 787 ; of a of Diana,
and when she heard
priestess
of the Milesians,753 ; of the Carians, 734 ; that one of Creon's children was imprisoned,
and of the Lesbians, 676, which theyretained she resolved to hasten the destruction of a per- son
for 69 years. Herat. 3, od. 3, v. 46." P/m. 2, whose familyshe detested. To effect
c. 68."SallvM. Jug. n."C(Es. B. G. 5, c. 1." this with more certainty she told the usurper,
Liv. 26, c. 42. that Hippoteswas really a son of Medea, sent
Meditrina, the goddess of medicines, by his mother to murder him. She begged
whose festivals, called Meditrinulia, were ce- Perses to give her Hippotes,that she might
lebrated at Rome the last day of September, sacrifice him to her resentment. Perses con-
sented.
^"
when they made offerings of fruits. Varro de Medea discovered that it was her
L. L. 5, c. 3. own son, and she instantly armed him with
Medoacus or Meduacus, a river in the the dagger which she had preparedagainst
country of the Veneti,falling into the Adriatic his life,and ordered him to stab the usur- per.
Sea. Liv. 10, c. 2. He obeyed,and Medea discovered who
Medobithyni, a peopleof Thrace. he was, and made her son Medus sit on his
Medobriga, a town of Lusitania,now de- gi-andfather's
stroyed. throne. Hesiod. Theog. Paus. "

Hirtius,48. 2. JlpoUod.1. Justin. 42. Senec. in Med.

" " "

Medon, son of Codrus the 17th and last "Diod.

kingof Athens, was the firstarchon that was MroitsA, one of the three Gorgons, daugh- ter
appointedwith regalauthority, B. C. 1070. of Phorrys and Cctb. She was th" only
"
r
 ME ME
o?ie of the Gorgons who was subjectto Megaclides, a peripatetic j
philosopliet ia
mortality.She is celebrated for her personalthe age of Protagoras. j
charms and the beautyof her locks. Neptune Meg.bra, one of the furies,daughterof
became enamoured of her, and obtained her Nox and Acheron. The word isderived from
favours in the temple of Minerva. This vio-
lationy{yxi;'.n" itividtre, and she is represented
odisse,
of the templeprovoked as employed by the gods like her sisters to pu*
of the sanctity
Minerva, and she changed the beautiful nish the crimes of mankind, by visiting them
locks of Medusa, which had inspired with inward torments, and with
tune'swith diseases,
Nep-
love, into serpents. Accordingto Apol- death. Virg.^n. 12, V.S4". [Fici.Eume-
lodorus and others. Medusa and her sisters nides.]
came into the world with snakes 6n their Megale, the Greek name of Cybele, the
heads, instead of hair,with yellowwings and mother of the gods,whose festivals were ed
call-
brazen hands. Their body was also covered Megalesia.
with impenetrable scales,and their very looks Megaleas, a seditious person of Corinth.
had the power of killing or turning to stones. He was seized for his treacheiyto king Phi-
lip
Perseus rendered his name immortal by the of Macedonia, upon which he destroyed
conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head, himself to avoid punishment.
and the blood that dropped from the wound Megalesia, games in honour of Cybelt^
producedthe innumerable serpents that in-
fest instituted by the Phrygians,and introduced
Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa's at Rome in the second Punic war, when the
head on the aegisof Minerva, which he statue of the goddesswas brought from Pes-
had used in his expedition.The head still sinus. Liv. 29, c. U."Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 337.
retained the same petrifyingpower as be- Megalia, a small island of Campania, neav
f'lre,as it was fatally
known in the court of Neopolis. Stat. 2, Sylv.v. 80.
Cepheus. [Vid. Andromeda.] Some pose,
sup- Megalopolis, a town of Arcadia in Pelo-
ponnesus,
that the Gorgons were a nation of built by Epaminondas. It joined
women, whom conquered. [Vid. the
Perseus Achaean league B. C. 232, and was taken
Gorgones 1 Jpollod.
2, 4. Hesiod. Theog. and
c. "
ruined by Cleomenes, king of Sparta.
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 6\S."Lucaii. 9, v. 624. The inhabitants were called MegalopolilcB,
or

"
Jipollon. 4. Hygin. fab. 151.
" A daugh-
ter Megalapolitani.Strab. 8. Paus. 9, c. 14. "
"

of Priam. A daughterof Sthenelus. Liv. 28, c. 8.

ApoUod, Megamede, the wife of Thestius,mothei*
in Diana's
Megabizi, certain priests ple
tem- by him of 50 daughters.Jlpollod.
2.
Ephesus. They
at were all eunuchs. Meganira, the wife of Ceieus, king of
Q^uintil.
5, c. 12. Eleusis in Attica. She was mother to Tripto-
Megabyzus, one of the noble Persians lemus, to whom Ceres, as she travelled over
who againstthe
conspii-ed usurper Smerdis. Attica, taughtagriculture.She received df-
He was set over in Europe by king
an army vine honours after death,and she had an altar
Darius, where hePerinthus
took
and con-
quered raised to her, near the fountain where Ceres
all Thrace.
He was esteemed
greatly had firstbeen seen when she arrived in Atti-
ca.
by his sovereign. Herodot. 3, k.c. A son Paus. 1, c. 39. The wife of Areas.
of Zopyrus,satrap to Darius. He conquered "pollod.
Egypt, ^c. Horodot. 3, c. 160. A satrap Megapenthes, an illegitimateson of
of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his king, Menelaus, who, after his father'sreturn from
and defeated two largearmies that had been the Trojan war, was of
married to a daughter
sent againsthim. The interference of his Alector,a native of Sparta. His mother's
friends restored him to the king'sfavour,and name was Teridae,a slave of Menelaus. mer.
Ho-
he showed his attachment to Artaxerxes by Od. 4. Apollod. 3. "

killinga lion Avhich threatened his life in Megara, a daughter of Creon, king of
hunting. This act of affection in Megabyzus Thehes, givenin marriageto Hercules, because
was looked upon with envy by the king. He he had delivered the Thebans from the tyran-
ny
was discarded and afterwards reconciled to of the Orchomenians. [Vid.Erginus.]
the monarch by means of his mother. He When Hercules went to hell by order of Eu-
died in the 76th year of his age B. C. 447, lystheus, violence was offered to Megara by
greatlyregretted.Ctesias. Lycus,a Theban exile, and she would have
Megacles, an Athenian arcbon who in-
volved
yieldedto her ravisher,had not Hercules re- turned
the greatestpart of the Athenians in that moment and punished him with
the sacrilege uhich was committed in the death. This murder displeased Juno, and she
conspiracyof Cylon. Pint, in Sol. A bi-o- rendered Hercules so delirious, that he killed
ther of Dion, who assisted his brother against and the three children he had by her
Megara
"c.
Dionysius, A son of Alcmwon, who
in a fitof madness, thinking them to be wild
revolted with some Athenians afterthe depar-ture beasts. Some say that Megai a did not perish
of Solon from Athens. He was ejectedby the hand of her husband, but that he after-
wards
by Pisistratus. A man who exchangeddress married her to his friend lolas. The
with Pyrrhuswhen assisting theTarentines in names of Megara'schildren by Hercules were
Italy. He was killed in that disguise. A Creoiitiades,'iherimachus, and Deicoon. gin.
Hy-
native of Messana in Sicily, famous for his in-
veterate fab. 82. Stutc. in Here. ApoUod. 2, r
" "

enmity to Agathocles, tyrantof Syra-

cuse. 6."Diod. 4.
A man who destroyedthe leading Megara, (a^,and pi. orum,) a city of
men of Mitylenc, because he had been punish-ed. Acliaia,the capital of a country called Mega-
A man who wrote an account of the vis,founded about 1131 B. C. It is situate
lives of illustrious persons. Tlie maternal distance from Corinth and
at an iieraly equal
of Alcibiade::.
grandfather Athens, on the Sinus Saronicus. It we^-
 ME ME
built upon two rocks, and is stillin being, afterthis the young serpentscrept to Melatu
and preserves itsancient name. It was called pus as he slept on the grass near the oak, and
after Megareus the son of Neptune,who was as if sensible of the favours of their benefactor,

buried there, or from Megareus a son of they wantonlyplayedaround him, and softly
governedby twelve
Apollo. It was originally licked his ears. This awoke Melampus, who
and
kings,but became afterwards a republic, was astonished at the sudden change which his
fell into the hands of the Athenians, from senses had undergone. He found himself ac- quainted
whom it was rescued by the Heraclida3. At with the chirping of the birds,
and with
the battle of Salamis the people of Megara all their rude notes, as they flew around him.
furnished 20 shipsfor the defence of Greece; He took advantageof this supernaturalgift, and
and at Plataea they had 300 men in the army soon made himself perfect in the knowledge of
of Pansanias. There was here a sect of phi- futurity,
losophers and Apolloalso
instructed him in the
called the Me^aric,who held the art of medicine.
He had soon after the hap-
piness
world to be eternal. Cic. Arcad. 4, c. 42. of curingthe daughtersof Pratus, by
Oral. 3, c. 17."Att. 1, ep. S."Paus. 1, c. 39. givingthem ellebore, which from this circum-stance
" Strab. 6. Mela, 2, c. 3.
" A town of ly
Sici- has been called melampodium,and as a
founded by a colony from Megara in Atti- ca, reward for his trouble he married the eldest of
about 728 years before the Christian era. these princesses.[Vid.Proetides.] The ty-
ranny
It was destroyedby Gelon, kingof Syracuse; of his uncle Neleus, kingof Pylos,obli- ged
and before the arrival of the Megareau colotiy him to leave his native country, and Prce-
it was called Ht/bla, Slrab. 26, iic. Virg.tus, to show himself more
"
sensible of his ser-
vices,
.En. 3, V. 689. gave him part of his kingdom, over
Megareus, the father of Hippomenes, was which he established himself. About this time
son of Onchestus. Ovid. Met. 10,v. 605. the personal charms of Pero, the daughterof
A son of Apollo. Neleus,had gainedmany admirers, but the fa- ther
Megaris, a small country of Achaia, be- tween promised his daughter only to him who
Phocis on the west and Attica on the brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus.
east. Its capital citywas called Megara. [Vid. This condition displeased many ; but Bias,who
Megara.] Strab. S."Flin. 3, c. S."Mela, 2, c. was also one of her admirers, engaged his
3 and 7. brother Melampus to steal the oxen, and de- liver
Megarsus, a town of Sicily of Cilicia. them to him. Melampus was caughtin
A river of India. the attempt, and imprisoned, and nothingbut
Megasthenes, a Greek historian in the his services as a soothsayerand physicianto
age of Seleucus Nicanor, about 300 years be- fore Iphiclus would have saved him from deaths
Christ. He wrote about the Oriental All this pleadedin favour of Melampus, but
nations, and particularly tlie Indians. His when he had taughtthe childless Iphiclus how
history is often quoted by the ancients. to become a father,he not only obtained his
What now passes as his compositionis spu- rious. liberty, but also the oxea, and with them he
compelledNeleus to givePero in marriageto
Meges, of
Helen's suitors,governor
one Bias. A severe distemper,which had render-
ed
of Dulichium and of the Echinades. He \vent the women of Argos insane,was totally moved
re-

w-ith fortyshipsto the Trojan war. Homer. by Melampus, and Anaxagoras,who

11. 2. then sat on the throne,rewarded his merit b}'
Megilla, a native of Locris, remarkable givinghim part of his kingdom, where he es- tablished

for beauty,and mentioned by Horat. 1, od. himself^ and where his posterity
27, V. 11. reignedduringsix successive generations. He
Megista, an island of Lycia, with an har- bour received divine honours after death,and tem-
ples
of the same name. Liv. 37, c. 22. were raised to his memory. Homer. Od.
Megistias, a soothsayer tans 11,V. 287, 1. 15, v. 225." Herodot. 2 and 9."
who told the Spar-
that defended Thermopylae,that theyall Apollod2, c. 2." Pans. 2, c. 18, 1. 4, c. 3."
should perish, k.c. Htrodot. 7, c. 219, kc. Virg.G. 3, v. 550.
"
--
The father of Cisseus
A river. [^Vid.
Mella.] and Gyas. Virg.^n. 10. A son of Priam.
Mela Pomponius, ished
a Spaniard who
flour- ApoUod. 3. One of Action's dogs. Ovid..
about the 4oth yeair of the Christian Mtt.3.
era, and distinguished himself by his geogra-
phy Meeampvges, a surname of Horcules,from
divided into three books, and written the black and hairyappearance of his back;
withelegance,with great perspicuity and
brevity.The best editions of this book, cal-
led Melanch^tes, one of Actaeon's dogs,so
dt situ orbis, are those of Gronovius, called from his black hair. Ovid. Met. 3.
8vo. L. Bat. 1722, and Reinhold, 4to. Eton. Melanchj.veni, a peoplenear the Cimme-
rian
1761. Bosphorus.
Mel^en*, a of
village Attica. Siat. Theb. Melanchrus, a tyrantof Lesbos who died
12, V. 619. about 612 B. C.
Melampus, a celebrated soothsayerand Melane, the same as Samothrace.

physicianof Argos,son of Amythaon and Mei.anecs, a son of Eurytas,from whom

Idomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylosin Eretria has been called Melaneis. A cen-
taur.

Peloponnesus. His servants once killed two Ovid. Mel. 12.- -One of Action's
largeserpents who had made their nests at dogs. Id. 2. An Ethiopiankilled at the
the bottom of a largeoak, and Melampus paid nuptials of Perseus. Id. 5.
so much regardto these two reptiles, that he Mkeaniua, a surname of VenHs.
raised a burningpile and burned them upon it. Mei, ANION, the same as Hippomenes, who
He also took particular care of their young married Alalanta according to some n\vt!iOiO-
ones, and fed tb"?m with ruifk. Some time irists. .-hmllod.3.
 ME

MELA51PPE, a daughterof JEolus, who Athens,tillthe age of Codrus.

He succeeded
had two children by Neptune, for which her to the
1128 years B. C. and reigned
crown

father put out both her eyes, and confined her 37 years. Paus. 2, c. 18. -A man of Cy-
in a prison. Her children,who had been ex- posed zicus. Flacc. A river of European Sarma-
and preserved, delivered her from con- into the Borysthenes. Ovid. Pont.
finement, tia falling

and Neptune restored her to hei' 4, ep. 10, V. 65.

She
eye-sight. afterwards married Metapon- Melas, (ae),a river of Peloponnesus.
tus. Hygin.fab. 186. A nymph who ried
mar- Of Thrace, at the west of the Thracian Cher-
Itonus, son of Amphictyon.by whom
she sonesus. Another in Thessaly, in Achaia,
had Bceolus, who gave his name to Boeotia. in Boeotia, in Sicily, in Ionia,
Faus. 9, c. 1. inCappadocia. A son oi Neptune. ther,
Ano-
Melamppides, a Greek poet about 520 son of Proteus. Ason of Phryxuswho " "

His grandson,of the was the Argonauts,and was drowned

years before Christ. among
same name, flourished about 60 years after in that part of the sea which bore his name.
at the court of Perdiccas the second, of Ma- Apollod^\.
cedonia.
Some fragments of their poetry are Meld/e, or Meldorumurbs, a cityof Gaul,
extant. now Meaux in Champagne.
Melanippus, a priestof Apollo, at Cy- a celebrated
Mei.eager, hero of anti-
quity,
renC; killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. Poly- son of (Eneus, king of .ffitoliaby Al- thaea,
an. 8. A son of Astacus, one of the The- daughterof Thestius. The Parcae were
ban chiefs who defended the gatesof Tiiebes present at the moment of his birth,and pre*
against the army of Adrastus kingof Argos. dieted his future greatness. Clotho said,that
He was opposed by Tydeus,whom he slightly he W'Ould be brave and courageous; Lachesis
wounded, and at last was killed by Amphia- foretold his uncommon strength, and Atropos
raus, who carried his head to Tydeus. Ty- deus, declared that he should live as long as that
to take revenge of the wound he had fire-brand, which was on the fire,remained
Feceived, bit the head with such barbarity, entire and nnconsumed. Althaea no sooner
that he swallowed the brains, and Minerva, heard this,than she snatciied the stick from
offended with his conduct, took
away the the fire,and kept it with the most jealous
herb which she had given him to curi^ his care, as the lifeof her son was destined to de-pend
wound, and he died, .dpollod. 1, c. 8. upon "its preservation. The fame of
JEschyl.ante Theh. Pans. 9, c. IS.-" A Meleagerincreased with his years ; he signa-
"

lized
son of Mars, who became enamoured of Co- himself in the Argonatic expedition,
metho, a priestess of Diana Triclaria. He and afterwards delivered his country from the
concealed himself in the temple,and ravished neighbouringinhabitants,whomadewar against
his mistress,for which violation of the sanc- tity his father,at the instigation of Diana, whose
of the place,the two lovers soon after altars (Eneus had neglected.[Vid.(Eneus.]
perished by a sudden death, and the country No sooner were they destroyed, than Diana
was visited by a pestilence, which was stopped punishedthe negligence of (Eneus by a greater
only after the offering of a human sacrifice calamity. She sent a hnge wild boar, which
by the direction of the oracle. Pans. 7, c. 19. laid waste all the country, and seemed invin- cible
A Trojankilled by Antilochus
in the Tro-
jan on account of its immense size. It be-
came
war.Homer. II. 15. Another killed by publicconcern, allthe neighbour-
soon a ing
Patroclus. Another killed by Teucer. princesassembled to destroythis terrible
A son of Agrius. Another of Priam.- A "
animal, and nothingbecame more famous in
son of Theseus. mythological history,than the huntingof the
Melanosyri, a peopleof Syria. Calydonian boar. The princesand chiefs
Melanthii, rocks near the bland of Sa- who assembled, and who are mentioned by
mos. mythologists,are Meleager, son of (Eneus,
Melanthius, a man who wrote an history Idas and Lynceus, sons of Aphareus, Dryajj
of Attica. A famous painterof Sicyon. son of Mars, Castor and Pollux sons of Ju-
piter
Plin. 35. A tragic poet of a very malevo-
lent and Leda, Pirithous son of Ixion, The-
seus
disposition, in the age of Phocion. Plul. son of JEgeus, Anceus and Cepheus
A Trojan killed by Eurypylus in the sons of Lycurgus,Admetus son of Pheres,
Trojan war. Homer. Od. A shepherdin .Tason son of iEson, Peleus and Taleraon sons
Theocrit. Idyll. A goat-herdkilled by Te- of yEacus, Iphicles son of Amphitryon, Enry-
lemachus afterthe return of Ulysses. Ovid. trion son of Actor, Atalanta daughterof Schoe-
],Heroid. An elegiac poet. Plut. neus, lolas the friend of Herculus, the sons of
Melantho, of Proteus,ravished Thestius,Amphiarausson of Oileus,Protheus,
a daughter

by Neptune under the form of a dolphin.Cometes, the brothers of AlthEca,Hippothous

Ovid. Met. 6, v. 12. One of Penelope's men,
wo- son of Cercyon, Leucippus, Adrastus,Ceneus,
sister to Melanthius. Uomer. II. 18, Phileus,Echeon, Leiex,Phoenix son of Amyn-
".C. and Od. 18. tor, Panopeus,Hyleus,Hippasus, Nestor, Me-
Malanthds, Melanthes, or Melanthius, noetius,the father of Patroclus, Amphicides,
a son of Andropompus, whose ancestors were Laertes the father of Ulysses, and the four sons
kingsof Pylos. He was driven from his pa- of Hippocoon. This troop of armed
ternal men tacked
at-
kingdom by the Heraclids, and cnme the boar with unusual fury, and it was
to Athens, where king Thyma?tus resignedat last killed by Meleager. The conqueror
the crown to him, providedhe fought a battle gave the skin and the head to Atalanta,who
againstXanthus, a general of the Boeotians,had firstwounded the animal. This partiality
who made against him. He fought irritatedthe others,and particu-
war and to a woman larly
conquered,[Vid.Apaturia,] and his family, Toxeus and Plexippus, the brothers of
surnamed the JYeleidce, sat on the throne q{ Althaea, and theyendeavoured to rob Atalanta
 ME ME
of the honourable present.Meleagerdefended This token of true friendship and affecUon
a woman, of whom he was enamoured, and had such an effect upon Meles, that he threw
killed his uncles in the attempt. Mean time himself down from the place, to atone by his

the news of this celebrated conquest had al- which he had shown
readydeath for the ingratitude
reached Calydon,and Althaea went to to Timagoras. Perns. 1, c. 30. A king of
the of the gods to return thanks for Lydia, who succeeded his father Alyattes,
temple
the victorywhich her son had gained. As she about 747 years before Christ. He was father
"went she met the corpses of her brothers that to Candaules,
were broughtfrom the chase, and at this Melesigenes, or Melesigena, a name
mournful spectacle she filled the whole city givento Homer. Fid. Meles.
with her lamentations. She was upon this in-formed Me HA, a daughterof Oceanus, who ried
mar-

that theyhad been killed by Meleager, Inachus. A nymph, Ike. Apollod. "

and in the moment of resentment, to revenge A daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caaathus.

the death of her brothers,she threw into the She became mother of Ismarius and Tenerus
firethe fatalstick on which her son's liCede- by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed
pended, with the
and Meleagerdied as soon as it was gift of prophecy,and the river Ladon inBoeo-
consumed. Homer brand,tia assumed
does not mention the fire- the name of Ismarus. Paus. 6,
whence some have imaginedthat this c. 10. One of the Nereides. A daugh-
ter
fable is posterior to that poet'sage. But he of Age nor.

says that the death of Toxeus and Plexippus Melibcea, a daughter of Oceanus, wiio
so irritated Althaea,that she uttered the most married Pelasgus. A daughter of Am-
horrible curses and imf)recations upon the head phion and Niobe. Apollod. A maritime
of her son, Meleagermarried Cleopatra, the town of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the foot of
daughterof Idas and Marpessa,as also Ata- mount Ossa, famous for dying wool. The
lanta,according
to some accounts. Apollod. 1, epithetof Mdibmus is appliedto Philoctetes
c. %."Apollon.1,arg. 1, v. 997, I.3, v. 518." because he reigned there. Firg.Mn. 3, v.
Flacc. 1 and Q.~Paus. 10, c. 3l.-^Hygin.14. 401, 1. 5, V. 261." Herodot. 7, c. 188.
" Ovid. Met. 8. Homer. Jl. 9.
" A general,Also an island at the mouth of the Orontes in
who supportedAridaeus when he had been Syria, whence Melibos perpura. MtL 2, c. 3.
made king after the death of his brother Al- exander Melib(eus, a shepherd introduced in Vir- gil's
the Great. A brother of Ptolemy, eclogues.
made kingof Macedonia B. C. 280 years. He Melicerta, Melicertes, or Melicer-
was but two months invested with the regal Tus, asonof Athamas and [no. He was ved
sa-

authority. A Greek poet in the reign of by his mother, fi-omthe furyof his father,
Seleucus the last of the Seleucidae. He was who preparedto dash him against a wall as he

born at Tyre and died at Cos. It is to his had done his brother Learchus. The mother
Avell-directed labours that we are indebted for was so terrifiedthat she threw herselfinto the
the anthofogia,
or collection of Greek sea, with Melicerta in her arms.
grams,
epi- Neptune had
which he selected from 46 of the best compassionon the misfortunes of Ino and her
and most esteemed poets. The original tion
collec- son, and changed them both into sea deities.
of Meleagerhas been greatly altered by Ino was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Me-
licerta
succeedingeditors. The best edition of the was known among the Greeks by the
anlhologia, is that of Brunk, in 3 vols. 4to. and name ofPalgeraon,and among the Latins bythat
.8vo. Agenlor,1772. ofPortumnus. Some suppose that the Isthmian
Meleagrides, the sisters of Meleager,games were in honour of Melicerta. Vid. IstU-
daughtersof (Eneus and Althtea. They were miau. Apollod. 1,c. 9, 1. 3, c, 4. Paus. 1, c. "

so disconsolate at the death of their brother 44. Hygiii. fab. 1 and 2.

"
Ovid. Met. 4, v."

Meleager,that they refused all aliments,and 529, ";c. Plid. de Symp. "

were, at the pointof death,changedinto birds MeligCnis, one of the ^Eolian islands near
called Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, Sicily.
as it is supposed, are of a different colour. The Melina, a daughterof Thespius, mother
youngest of the sisters. Gorge and Dejanira,of Laomedon, by Hercules.
who had been married, escaped this meta-
morphosis. Melisa, a town ofMagna Graecia.
Apollod.1, c 8. " Ovid. Met. 8, Melissa, a daughterof Mellssus king of
V. 540." P/m. 10,c. 26. Crete, who with her sister Amaltha^a,fed Ju-
piter
Melesandkr, an Athenian generalwho with the milk of goats. She first found
diedB. C. 414. out the means of collecting honey ; whence
Meles (etis,)a river of Asia Minor, in some have imagined that she was changed
Ionia near Smyrna. Some of the ancients into a bee, as her name isthe Greek word for
supposed that Homer was born on the banks that insect. Colunietl.- One of the Ocean-
of that river, from which circumstance they ides,who married Inachus,by whom she had
call him Melesigenes, and his compositionsPhoroneus and iEgialus. A daughterof
MetetcEce c/iartcr. It is even supportedthat Procles,who married Periander, the son of
he composed his poems in a cave near the Cypselus, by whom in her pregnancy she was
source of that river. Strab. 12. Stat. 2." killed vv ith a blow of hisfool,by the false accu-
"
sation

Hiflv.7, V. 34." Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 201." of his concubines. Diog.Laert. Paus. "

Paus. 7, c. 5. A beautiful Athenian youth, 1, c. 28. A woman ofCorinth,who refused

greatly beloved by Timagoras, whose atfecttons to initiateothers in the festivalsof Ceres,after
he repaid with the greatestcoldness and in- she had received admission.
difference. She was torn to
He even ordered Timagoras to piecesupon this disobedience, and the goddess
leap down a precipice, from the top of the made a swarm of bees rise from her body.
citadel of Athens, and Timagoras,not to dis- oblige Melissus, a king of Crete, father to Me-
him, obeyed; nnd was killedin the fall. Ijs.saand Amaltha^a. Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 13. "
 ME ME
Lacl"nl. 1, c. 22. An admiral of,the Sa- iieura, about GO miles in circumference, and
mian fleetB. C. 441. He was defeated b" jf an oblongfigure.It enjoyed its indepen-
dence
Pericles,fcc. Plut. in Per. A philosopher for above 700 years before the time of
of Samos, who maintained that the world the Peloponnesian war. This island was ginally
ori-
was infinite, immoveable, and without a va- cuum. peopledby a Lacedaemonian colony,
According to his doctrines, no one 1116 years before the Christian era. From
could advance any argument upon the power this reason the inhabitants refused to join the
or attributes of providence,as all human rest of the islands and the Athenians against
knowledge was weak and imperfect. The- the Peloponnesians. This refusal was severely
mistocles was among his pupils.He flourished punished. The Athenians took Melos, and
about 440 years before the Christian era. put to the sword all such as were "ble to bear
Diog. A tVeedraan of Mecaenas, appointedarms. The women and children were made
librarian to Augustus. He wrote some dies.
come- slaves and the island left desolate. An Athe-
nian
Ovid. Pont. 4, ep. 16,v. 30. Sueton. de "
colony re-peopledit, till Lysanderre- conquered

Gram. itand re-established the original habitants

in-
Mkijta, an island in the Libyan sea, be-
tween
in their possession.The island pro- duced
Sicilyand Africa,now called Malta. a kind of earth successfully employed
The soil was fertile,and the country famous in painting and medicine. Strab. 7. Mela, 2, "

for its wool. It was firstpeopledby the Phoe-

nicians.
c. 7." Plin. 4, e. 12, 1. 35, c. 9."Tfmcyd. 2, "c.

St. Paul was shipwreckedthere,and Melpes, now Melpa, a river of Lucania,

cursed all venomous creatures,which now are fallinginto the Tyii'henesea. Plin. 3, c. 5.
not to be found in the whole island. Some, Melpia, a villageof Arcadia. Paiis. 8,
however, suppose that the island on which the c. 38.
Apostlewas shipwrecked, was another island Melpomene, one of the muses, daughter
of the same name in the Adriatic on the coast of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided
of Illyricum, now called Melede. Malta is over tragedy. Horace has addressed the finest
now remarkable as beingthe residence of the of his odes to her,as to the patronessof lyric
knightsof Malta, formerlyof St. John of Je- poetry. She was
rusalem, generallyrepresented as a

settled there A. D. 1630, by the con-cession young woman wiUi a serious countenance.
of Charles V. after their expulsionHer garments were splendid ; she wore a bus-
kin,
from Rhodes by the Turks. Strab. 6. Mela, "
and held a daggerin one hand, and in the
2, C.7. Cic.in Veri'.4,c.46.
" Another on other a sceptreand crowns. Horat. 3, od. 4.
the coast of Illyricumin the Adriatic, now Hesiod. Theog.
"

Melede. Plin. 3, c. 26. An ancient name Memaceni, a powerfalnation of Asia,

of Samothrace. Slrab. 10. One of the ".C. Curt.
Nereides. Virg.Mn. 5, v. 826. Memmia Sulpitia, a woman who ried
mar-
Melitene, a provinceof Armenia. the emperor Alexander Severus. She
Melitus, a poet and orator of Athens, died when young.
who became one of the principal accusers of Memmia Lex, ordained that no one should
Socrates. After his eloquencehad prevailed, be entered on the calendar of criminals who
and Socrates had been put ignominionslyto was absent on the publicaccount.
death,the Athenians repentedof their seve- rity Memmius, a Roman citizen accused of
to the philosopher, and condemned his ac-
cusers. ambitus. Cic. ad fratrem,3. A Roman
Melitus perished among them. His knight who rendered himself illustriousfor
character was mean and insidious,and his po- ems his eloquence and poetical talents. He was

had nothinggreat or sublime. Diog. made tribune,praetor,and afterwards gover-

nor
Sp. Melius, a Roman accused
ki)ig!it of of Bithynia.He was accused of tion
extor-
aspiring to tyranny, on account of his uncom-
mon in his provinceand banished by J. Caesar,
liberalityto the populace. He was moned
sum- though Cicero undertook his defence. Lucre- tius
to appear by the dictator L. Q. Cincin- dedicated his poem to him. Cic. in Brut.
natus, and when he refused to obey,he was Regulus,a Roman of whom JNero obser-
ved
put to death by Ahala, the master of horse. that he deserved to be invested with the
A.U. C. 314. Varro de L. L. 4." Val. Max. imperial purple. Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. 47.
6, c. 3. A Roman who accused Jugurtha before the
Memxandrus, a Milesian who wrote an Roman people. A lieutenant of Pompey,
account of the wars of the Lapithajand Cen- "c. The familyof the Mcmmii were beians.
ple-
tuars. JElian. V. /Ml, c. 2. They were descended according to
Meela or small
Mela, river of Cisal-
a pine some accounts from Mnestheus, the friend of
Gaul falling into the Allius and with it iEneas. Virg..En. 5, v. 117.
into the Po. Caiull. 68, v. 33." Virg.G. 4, Memnox, a king of Jilthiopia, son of
V. 278. Tithonus and Aurora. He came with a body
Melia AnntTus, the father of Lucan. He of 10,000 men to assiet bis uncle Priam, dur-
ing
was accused of being privyto Piso's con- spiracy the Trojanwar, ^vhere he belmved with
against Nero, upon which he opened greatcourage, and killed Antilochus,JNestor's
bis veins. Tacit. 16,Ann. c. 17. son. The aged father challengedthe -iEthio-
Melobosis, one of the Oceanides. plan monarch, but Memnon refused it on
Melon, an astrologer who feignedmad-
ness account of the venerable age of Nestor, and
and burnt his house that he mightnot go acceptedthat of Achilles. He was killed in
to an expedition, which he knew would be at- tendedthe combat in the sightof the Grecian and
with great calamities. An interpre-
ter Trojanarmies. Aurora was so disconsolate at
of kingDarius. Curl 5, c. 13. the death of her son, that she flew to Jupiter
Melos, now Milo, an island between Crete all bathed in tears, and begged the god to
and Peloponnesus, about 24 miles from Scyl- her son such honours as mightdistiR-"
grant
 ME ME
wuish him from other moilals, Jupiter
consent-
ed, ]ber of steps,
accordingto modern observation,
and immediatelya numerous flightof birds Iamounts to 208, a number which is not al-
ways
issued from the burningpile on which the body adhered to by travellers. The place
was laid,and aftertheyhad flown three times where Memphis formerlystood is not now
round the flames,theydivided themselves into known ; the ruins of itsfallen grandeurwere
two separatebodies,and foughtwith such acri- mony conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its pala-
ces
that above half of them felldown into or to adorn the neighbouring cities. Ti-
the Are, as victims to appease the manes of buLl. 1, el. 7, V. 28." Si7.It. 14,v. 660." 5/ra6.
Memnon. These birds were called Memno- 17." .""/a,1, c. 9." Diod. l."Plut. in Jsid."
.
lilts
; and it has been observed by some of Herodot. 2, c. 10,"c. Joseph,
"
ant. Jud. 8.
the ancients, that they never failed to return A nymph, daughterof the Xile,who married

yearlyto of Memnon,
the tomb in Troas, and Ephesus,by whom she had Libya. She
gave
repeat the bloodyengagement, in honour her name
same to the celebrated cityof Memphis.
of the hero, from whom they received their Apollod. 2, c. 1. The wife of Danaus. Jipel-
name. The iElhiopians or Egyptians,over lod. 2, c. 1.
whom Memnon reigned, erected a celebrated Memphitis, a son of Ptolemy Physeon
statue to the honour of their monarch. This kingof Egypt. He was put to death by his
statue had the wonderful property of uttering father.
a melodious sound every day,at sun-rising, Me5a, a goddessworshippedat Rome, and
like that which is heard at the breaking of the supposedto preside over the monthly infirmi-
ties
string of a harp when it is wound up. This of women. She was the same as Juno.
was effected by the rays of the sun when they Accordingto some, the sacrifices offered to
fell upon it. At the setting of the sun, and in her were young puppiesthat stillsucked their
the night, the sound was lugubrious.Tlws is mother. Aug. d" Civ. D. 4, e. 2. FUn. 29, "

supportedby the testimonyof the geographer c. 4.

Strabo,who confesses himself ignorantwhe- ther Mena or Menes, the first king of Egypt^
it proceededfrom the basis of the statue, accordingto some accounts.
or the people that were then round it. This Menalcas, a shepherdin Virgil's eclogues.
celebrated statue was dismantled by order of Menalcidas, an intriguing Lacedaemonian
Cambyses, when he conqueredEgypt,and its in the time of the famous Achaean league.He
Fuins stillastonish modern travellers by their was accused before the Romans, and he kill^
grandeurand beauty. Memnon was the in- ed himself.
ventor
of the alphabet, accordingto Antlcli- Mesalippe, a sister of Antiope,queen of
des, a writer mentioned by Pliny,7, c. 66. the Amazons, taken by Hercules when that
Mosch. in Bioii. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 678, fitc.hero made war against this celebrated nation.
" JElian. 5, c. 1. Paus. 1,c. 42, 1. 10, c. 31. She was
"
ransomed, and Hercules received in
" Strab. 13 and 17. Juv. 16, v. 5.
" Philos- exchangethe arms
"
and belt of the queen. Juv,
tra. in Apollod. Plin. 36, c. 7.
"
Homer. Od. 8, V. 229.
" A daughterof the centaur ron,
Chi-
9. Quint.Calab.
" A generalof the Persian beloved and ravished by uEolus, son of
forces when Alexander invaded Asia. He Hellen. She retired into the woods to hide her
distiug-uished himself by his attachment to the disgrace from the eyes of her father, and when
interest of Darius, his valour in the field, the she had broughtforth,she entreated the god"
soundnessof his counsels,and his greatsaga- city. to remove her totedly from the pursuits of
He defended Miletus against Alexander, Chiron. She was changed into a mare, and
prises, called Ocyroe. Some
and died in the midst of his successful enter- suppose that she assum-
ed
B. C. 333. His wife Barsine was taken the name of Menalippe,and lost that of
prisonerwith the wife of Darius. Diod. 16. Ocyroe. She became a constellation after
A governor of Ccelosyria. A man death,called the horse. Some
pointed
ap- authors call
governor of Thrace by Alexander. her Hippe or Evippe. Plygin. P. Ji. 2, c. 18.
A man who wrote an history of Heraclea Pollux.'^. "

.^IeuaIippe is a name common

in Pontus, in the age of Augustus. toother persons, but it is generally s^eiiMela-
Memphis, a celebrated town of Egypt, on nippt,by the best authors. V^id.iMelanippe.
the western banks of the Nile,above the Del-
ta. Menalippus, Vid. Melanippius.
It once contained many beautiful temj)les, Menakder, a celebrated comic poet of
particularly those of the god Apis,(bosMem- Athens, educated under Theophrastus.He
whose
pkites.) worshipwas observed
with the was universally esteemed by the Greeks, and
greatestceremonies. in received the appellation
[Vid.Apis.] It was of Prince of the iVew
the neighbourhoodof Memphis tiiatthose fa- mous Comedy. He did not disgracehis composi-
tions
pyramidswere built, whose grandturand like Aristophanes, by mean and indecent
beauty still astonish the modern traveller. reflections and illiberalsatire, but his writings
These noble monuments of Egyptian,vTinity, were replete with elegance, refined wit,and
which pass for one of tlie wonders of the judicious observations. Of 108 comedies which
world, are about 20 in number, three of he wrote, nothingremains but a few frag-
ments.
which by their superior size particularly claim It is said,that Terence translated all
attention. The largest of these is 481 feet these,and indeed we have cause to lament
in height,measured perpendicularly, and the the loss of such valuable writings when we are
area of its basis is on 480,249 square feet,or told by the ancients that the elegant Terence,
something more than 11 English acres of so much admired, was in the opinion of his
ground. It has stepsallround with massy and countrymen reckoned inferiorto Menander.
polishedstones, so large that the breadth It is said that iMenander drowned himself in
and depth of every step is on*i singlestone. the 52d year of his age, B. C. 293, because
The smallest stone, accordingto ai! ancient the compositious of his rival Philemon obtain-
historiau,
is not less than 30 feet. The num I ed more applausethan his tiwn. Only eightef
 ME ME
his numerous comedies were rewarded With a hurried away from the company. He lived
poeticalprize. The name of his father was about 360 years before the Christian era. The
Diopythus,and that of his mother Hegistrata. book which he wrote on cures islost. Milan.
His fragments, with those of Philemon, were V. H. 10, c. b\."Alhen. 7, c. 13. One of
pubHshedby Ciericus,8vo. 1709. Quintil. 10, the generals of Seleucus. A physicianun- der

c. 1. Palerc. 1, c. 16.
" A man who wrote Tiberius. A Greek historian of Nysa,
an account of embassies, ho,. A king of disciple to Aristarchus, B. C. 119. Strab. 16
Bactria,whose ashes were divided among his An Ephesianarchitect who wrote on agri- culture.
subjects, ".C An historian of Ephesus. Varro de R. R. An historian.
Another of Pergamus. An Athenian ral
gene- A man appointed to settle the dispute:^ of
defeated at ^Egospotamosby Lysander. the Athenians and Lacedaemonians in the 8th
An Athenian sent to Sicily with Nicias. A year of the Peloponnesianwar. His father's
man put to death by Alexander for desertingname was Amphidorus. An officer in the
a fortressof which he had the command. fleet of Pompey the son of Pompey the Great.
An officer under Mithridates sent against Lu- Menedemus, an officer of Alexander killed
cullus. by the Daha;. Curt. 7, c. 6. A Socratic
Menapii, a people of Belgic Gaul, near philosopher of Eretria,who was originally a

the Mosa. Cczs. B. Gall. tent maker, an employment which he left for
Menapis, a Persian exHe made satrapof the profession of arms. The persuasive elo-
quence
Hyrcania,by Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 4. and philosophical lectures of Plato had
Menas, a fx'eedman of Pompey the Great, such an influence over him that he gave up bis
who distinguished himself by the active and offices in the state to cultivate literature. It is
perfidious parthe took in the civilwars which said that he died throughmelancholywhen
were kindled between the younger Pompey Antigonus,one of Alexander's generals, had
and Augustus. When Pompey invited Augus-
tus made himself master of his country,B. C.301,
to his galley, Menas advised his master to in the 74th year of his age. Some attribute
seize the person of his enemy, and at the same his death to a different cause, and say, that he
time the Roman empire,by cutting the cables was falsely accused oflreason,for which he be- came
of his ship. No, repliedPompey, 1 would so desperatethat he died after he had
have approvedof the measure if you had done passedseven dayswithout taking any aliments.
it without consulting me ; but I scorn to break He was called the Eretrian Bull, on account
my word. Suet, in Oct. Horace ep. epod.4, of his gravity. Strab. 9. Diog.
" A Cynia "

has ridiculed the prideof Menas, and recalled philosopher of Lampsacus, who said that he
to his mind his former meanness and obscurity. was come from hell to observe the sins and
Menchkres, the 12th king of Memphis. wickedness of mankind. His habit was that of
Mjendes, a cityof Egypt near Lycopolis,the furies, and his behaviour was a proof of his
on one of the mouths of the Nile,called the insanity. He wasdiscipleofColotes of Lamp-
sacus.
Mendesian mouth. Pan under the form of a Diog. An officer of Lucullus.
goat was worshippedtliere with the greatest A philosopher of Athens. Cic. de Orat. 1,
solemnity.It was unlawful to killone of these c. 19.
animals, with which the Egyptianswere not Menegetas, a boxer or wrestler in Phi- lip
ashamed to have public commerce, to the dis-
grace of Macedon's army, ":c. Polyain.
of human nature, from the superstitiousMenelai portus, an harbour on the coast
notion that such embraces had givenbirth to of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt.
ihegreatestheroes of antiquity, as Alexander, C. jYep.in Ages. 8. Strab. 1. Mons, a "

Scipio,
",c. Herodot. 2, c. 42 and 46. Strab. hill near "
Sparta,with a fortification, called
XT."Diod. 1. MenetaiuTii. Liv. 34, c. 28.
Menecles, an orator of Alabanda in Caria, Mi:xi:LAiA,a festival celebrated at The-
who settledat Rhodes. Cic. de Orat. 2, c. 63. rapna3 in Laconia, iu honour of Menelaus.
" S/m6. 14. He had there a temple, where he was shipped
wor-

Meneclides, a detractor of the character with his wife Helen as one of the preme
su-

of Eparainondas. C. JVep.
in Epam. gods.
Menecrates, a physician of Syracuse, Menelaus, a king of Sparta,brother to
famous for his vanityand arrogance. He Agamemnon. His father'sname was Atreus,
was generally accompanied by some of his accordingto Homer, or according to the more
patients whose disorders he had cured. He probableopinionof Hesiod, Apollodorus, kc
disguised one in the habit of Apollo,and the he was the son of Plislhenes and JErope.
other in that of iEsculapius, while he reserv-
ed IVid.Plisthenes. ] He was educated with his
for himself the titleand name of Jupit#r, brother
Agamemnon in the house of Atreus,
whose power was extended over those inferior but soon alter the death of this monarch, Thy-
deities. He crowned himself like the master estcs his brother U5ur{)ed the kingdomand ban- ished
of the gods,and in a letter which he wrote the two children of Plislhenes. laus
Mene-
to Philip king of Macedon, he styledhimself, and Agamemnon came to the court of
in these words, Menecrates Jupiterto king ttneus king of Calydonia, who treated them
Philip^greeting.The Macedonian monarch with tenderness and paternal care. Trom lydonia
Ca-
answered, Philipto Menecrates,greeting, and they went to Sparta,where, like the
better sense. Philipalso invited him to one of rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited (he
his feasts,but when the meats were served marriageof Helen the daughterof kingTyn-
up, a table was put separate for the physician, darus. By the artificeand advice of Ulysses,
on which he was served only with perfumesHelen was permitted to choose a husband, and
and frankincense, like the father of the gods. she fixed her eyes and married
upon Menelaus
This entertainment displeased Menecrates suitors had solemnly
; him, afterher numerous
lie remembered that he was a jnortal. and bound themselves bv an oath to defend her,
 ME ME
and protecther person againstthe violence the town of Memphis as it is generally suppo%
or assault of every intruder. [Firf. Helena.] "ed,and deserved,by his abilitiesand popula-
rity,
As soon as the nuptials were celebrated.Tyn- to be called a god after death. Herodot
darus resigned the crown to his son-in-law, and 2, c. 1 and 90." Diod. 1.
ibeir happiness was complete.This was, how- ever, Menesthjei Portus; a town of Hispa-
of short duration ; Helen was the fairest nia Bffitica.
woman of the age, and Venus had pi'omised Menesteus, or Menestheus, or Mnes-
Paris the son of Priam to reward him witli THEUS, a son of Pereus, who so insinuated
such a beauty. [F/d.Paris.]The arrival of himself into the favour of the peopleof A-
Paris in Spartawas the cause of greatrevolu-
tions. thens,that,during the long absence of The- seus,
The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave he was elected king. The lawful mo=
opportunities to the Trojanprince to corrupt narch at his return home was expelled, and
the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away home Mnesthcas established his usurpation by his
what the goddessof beauty had promised to popularity and great moderation. As he had
him as his due. This action was highlyre- sented been one of Helen's suitoi's, he went to the
by Menelaus \ he reminded the Greek Trojanwar at the head of the peopleof Athens,
princesof their oath and solemn engagements and died in his return in the island of Melos.
when theycourted the daughterof Tyndarus, He reigned23 years, 1205, and was succeeded
and immediatelyall Greece took up arms to by Deraophoon, the son of Theseus. Pint, in
defend his cause. The combined forces assem-
bled Thes. A sonof Iphicrates who distinguish-
ed
at Aulis inBoeotia, where theychose Aga- memnon himself in the Athenian armies. C. JS'e-p,
for their general,and Calchas for in Tim.
their high priest ; and after their applications Menesthius, a Greek killed by Paris in
to the court of Priam for the recoverj-^ of He- len the Trojan war.
had proved fruitless, they marched to meet Menetas, a man set governor over lon
Baby-
their enemies in the field. Duringthe Trojan by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 1.
war Menelaus behaved with great spirit and Meninx, or LoTopflAGiTis Insula, now
courage, and Paris must have fallen by bis Zerbi, an island on the coast of Africa,
hand, had not Venus interposed and redeem-
ed near the SyrtisMinor. It was peopled by
him from certain death. He also expressedthe peopleof Neritos,and thence called XerU
his wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon tia. Plin. 5, c. H."Strab. 17 ."Si/. It. 3, v.
hindered him from fighting with so powerful 318.
an adversary.In the tenth year of the Tro- jan Menippaj one of the AiBazoos vvho assist--
war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained the ed ^etes, "i.c.
forgiveness and the good graces of Menelaus Menippides, a son of Hercules. Apollod.^
by introducing him, with Ulysses, the nightthat AIenippus,a Cynic philosopher of Phoeni-
cia.
Troy was reduced to ashes,into the chamber He was origmallya slave,and obtained
of Deiphobus,whom she married after the his liberty with a sum^^ of money, and became
death of Paris. This perfidious conduct to- tallyone of the greatest- usurers at Thebes. He
reconciled her to her firsthusband; and grew so desperate fronithe continual reproach^
she returned with him to Sparta, duringa voy-age es and insults to which he was dailyexposed
of eightyears. He died some time after on account of his meanness, that he destroyed-
his return. He had a daughter called Her- himself. He wrote 13 books of satires which
mione, and Nicostratus accordingto some, have been lost. M. Van-o composed satires,
by Helen, and a son called Megapenthesby a in imitation of his style, and called them Jlfe-
concubine. Some say that Menelaus went to nippean. A native of Stratonice who was
Egypt on his return from the Trojan war to preceptor to Cicero for some time. Cic.
obtain Helen, who had been detained there by Br. 91.
the king of tiie country. [Fif/. Helena.]The Menius, a plebeianconsul at Rome. He
palacewhich Menelaus once inhabited was was the firstwho made tlje rostrum at Rome
stillentire in the days of Pausanias,as well as with the beaks (rostra) of the enemy's ships.
the temple which had been raised to his me- mory A son of Lycaon, killed by the same tliun
by the people of Sparta. Homer. Od. derbolt which destroyedhis father. Ovid,
4, he. n. 1,hc."Apolloil. 3, c. 10." Pauj. 3, lb. 472.
c. 14 and 19. Diclys.
"
Cret. 2, "c. Virg.Mn. "
Mennjs, a town of Assyria, abounding in
2, ",c. Quiniil.
"
Sniyrn. 14. Ovid. Heroid. 5 bitumen.
" Curt. 5, c. 1.
and 13. Hygin.f-dh.
"
79. Eurip.inIphig. "
Menodotus,
"
a physician.-A Samiaii
Proptrt.2. Sophocles. A lieutenant of historian.
"

Ptolemy set over Salamis. Polyocn."Paus. Mek/eceus, a Theban, father of Hippo-

A cityof Egypt. Slrab. 14. A mathe-
maticiannome, Jocasta, and Creon. A young The-ban,
in the age of the emperor Trajan. soa of Creon. He offered himself to.
Menf.nius Agrippa, a celebrated Roman death,when Tiresias,^to ensure victoryon the.
who appeased the Roman populace in the side of Thebes againstthe Argive forces, or-
dered

infancyof the consular government by repeat- ing the Thebans to sacrifice one of the
the well known fable ofthebelly and limbs. descendants of those who sprang from the dra- gon's
He flourished495 B. C. Liv. 2, c. 16, 32, 33. teeth, a"d he killed himself near the
A Roman consul. An insane person in cave where the dragon of Mars bad formerly
the age of Horace. resided. The gods required tUs sacrifice be-^
MenephroN) a man who attempted to cause the dragonhad been killed by Cadmus,,
offer violence (o his own mother. He was and no sooner was Creon dead than his coun-
trymen

changed into a wild beast. Ovid Met. 7, v. obtained the victory. Slat. Theb. 10"
367. V. 614.
"
Eurip. Phttn. Apollod.3, c. 6.-"
"

MeneSj the firstking of Egypt. He built Cic. Tmc. ],c.9S.^SopliQcl.

in.'lnti^
 ME ME
MENffiT-ES, the pilotof the shipof Gyas, of Bacchus and Proserpine. To the son of
at the naval games exhibited by ^neas at the Jupiterand Maia, the actions of allthe others
anniversary of his fathers death. He was have been probably attributed,as he isthe
thrown into the sea by Gyas for his inatten-
tion, most famous, and the best known. Mercury
and saved himself by swimming to a rock. was the messenger of the gods,and of Jupiter
Virg.JEn. 5, v. 161, "-c." An " Arcadian in particular ; he was the patron of traveller*
killed by Turnus in the war of ^neas. Id. 12, and of shepherds;he conducted the souls
V. 617. of the dead into the infernal regions, and not
Mencetiades. Vid. MenoRtius. orators, merchants, de-
only presidedover
Men(etius, a son of Actor and ^gina also the god of thieves,
claimers,but he was

after her amours with Jupiter. He lefthis mo-

pickpockets,
ther and all dishonest persons. His
and went to Opus, where he had, by name is derived a mem6i", because he was
Sthenele, or accordingto others,by Philome-
la the god of merchandise among the Latins.
or Polymela, Patroclus,often called from him He was born, accordingto the more received
Mencetiades. Mencetius was one of the Ar-
gonauts.
opinion,in Arcadia, on mount Cyllene,and
Apollod.3, c. 24, Homer. 11. 1,v. in his infancy
" he was intrusted to the care of
Zm."Hygin. fab. 97. the Seasons. The day that he was born, or
Menon, a Thessalian commander in the more probablythe following day, he gave an
expeditionof Cyrus the younger against his earlyproofof his craftiness and dishonesty,
brother Artaxerxes. He was dismissed on in stealing away the oxen of Admetus which
the suspicion that he had betrayedhis fellow Apollotended. He gave another proof of
soldiers. Diod. 14. A Thessalian refused his thievish propensity, by taking also the
the freedom of Athens, though he furnished a quiverand arrows of the divine shepherd, and
number of auxiliaries to the people. The he increased his fame by robbingNeptune of
husband of Semiramis. A sophistin the his trident,Venus of her girdle. Mars of hi"
age of Socrates. One of the first kingsof sword, Jupiterof his sceptre,and Vulcan of
Phrygia. Dionys Hal, A scholar of Phi-
dias, many of his mechanical instruments. Those
".C. specimensof his art recommeded him to the
Menophilus, an eunuch to whom Mithri- notice of the gods,and Jupitertook him as
dates,when conqueredby Pompey, intrusted his messenger, interpreter, and cup-beareria
the care daughter,Menophilus mur-
of his dered the assemblyof the gods. This last office he
the
princess for fear of her falling
into discharged tillthe promotion of Ganymede.
the enemy's hands, Ammian. 16. He was presentedby the king of heaven with
Menta or MiNTHE. Vid. Minthe. a and
winged cap caWe^petasus, with wings
Mentes, a king of the Taphiansin iEto- for his feet called talaria. He had also a
lia,son of Anchialus, in the time of the Tro-
jan short sword called /iCTye,
which he lent to Per-
seus.
war. AVith these he was enabled to go into
Mentissa, a town of Spain. Liv.
26, c. 17. whatever part of the universe he pleasedwith
MEiNTo, a Roman consul,",c. the greatest celerity,and besides he was mitted
per-
Mentor, a faithful friend of Ulysses. to make himself invisible,
and to assume
A son of Hercules. A king of Sidonia who whatever shapehe pleased. As messenger of
revolted againstArtaxerxes Ochus, and after-
wards Jupiter he was intrusted with all his secrets.
was restored to favour by his treacheryHe was ambassador and plenipotentiary of
to his allies,he. Diod. 16. An excellent the gods,and he was concerned in allalliances
artist in polishing cups and engravingflow-
ers and treaties. He was the confidant of Jupi-
ter's
on them, Plin. 33, c. 11. " and he often was
Mart. set to watch
9, ep. amours,
63, V. 16. the jealousyand intrigues of Juno. The
over

Menyllus, a Macedonian set over the invention of the lyreand its seven strings is
garrisonwhich Antipaterhad stationed at ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo,and
Athens. He attemptedin vain to corrupt the received in exchange the celebrated caduceus
innocence of Phocion, Plut, with which the god of poetry used to drive the
Mera, a priestof Venus. Stat. Theb. 8, flocks of king Admetus. Caduceus.] Ia
[F^/rf.
V. 478. A dog of Ecarius, who by Jiiscries the wars of the giantsagainst the gods. Mer-
cury
showed Erigone where her murdered father showed himself brave, spirited, and ac-
tive.
had been thrown. Immediatelyafter this dis-covery, He delivered Mars from the long con-
finement

the daughterhung herself in despair, which he suffered from the superior

and the dog pinedaway, and was made a con- stellationpower of the Aloides. He purified the Da-
in the heavens, known by the name naides of the murder of their husbands, he
of Canis. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 363. Hygin.fab. tied Ixion to his wheel in the infernal regions,
"

130."^lian. Hist. An. 7, c. 28. he destroyedthe hundred-eyed Argos, he

Mera or MffiRA, one of the Atlantides sold Hercules to Omphale the queen of Ly-
"who married Tegeatesson of Lycaon. Paus. dia,he conducted Priam to the tent of Achil-
les,
8, c. 48. to redeem the body of his son Hector,
Mercurii Promontorium, a cape of Afri-
ca and he carried the infant Bacchus to the
near Clypea. Liv. 26, c. 44, 1. 29, c. 27. nymphs of JNysa. Mercury had many names
sur-

" Plin. 5, c 4. and epithets. He was called Cyllenius,

a celebrated
Mercurius, god of antiquity, Caduceator, Acacetos, from Acacus, an Ar- cadian
called Hermes by the Greeks. There were ; Acacesius, Tricephalos,Triplex,
no less than five of this name accordingto Ci-cero;Chthonius, Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Ar- eas,
a son of CceIus and Lux; a son of Va- k.c. His children are also numerous as

lens and Coronis ; a son of the Nile ; a son of well as his amours. He was father of Auto-
Jupiterand Maia; and another called by the lycus,by Chione; Myrtillus,by Cleobula;
EgyptiansThaut? Some add a sixth,a son Libys,by Libya; Echion and Eurytus,by
 ME ME
Antianira; Cephalus,by Creusa; Prylis, by cause both those placeshad been benefitted
Issa;and of Priapus, according to some. He by the intrigues or the influence of courtezans.
was also fatherof Herraaphroditus, by Venus ; Athen. 13.
of Eudorus, by Polimela; of Pan,by Dryope, Meriunes, a charioteer of Idoraeneus king
or Penelope. His worshipwas Avellestablish-
ed, of Crete duringthe Trojan war, son of Mo-
particularly in Greece, Egyjjt, and Italy. lus,a Cretan prince,and Melphidis.He sig- nalized
He was worshipped at Tanagra in Boeotia, himself before Troy, and foughtwith
under the name of Criophorus, and repre-
sented Deiphobusthe son of Priam, whom he wound-
ed.
as carrying a ram on his shoulders, cause
be- He was admired by the Cretans,
greatly
he delivered the inhabitants from a pes- who even
tilence paidhim divine honours after death.
by telling them to carry a ram in that Horat. 1, od. 6, v. \b." Homer. It. 2, "c."
manner round the walls of their city. The Dictys. Cret. 1,":c. Ovid. Met 13,fab. 1.
"

Koman merchants yearlycelebrated a festival A brother of Jason son of ^son, famous for
the 15th of May, in honour of Mercury, his great
on
opulence and for his avarice. Po- ly
in a temple near the Circus Maximus. A an. 6, c. 1.
pregnant sow was then sacrificed and some-
times Mermeros, a centaur. Ovid. Met. 12, v.
a calf,and particularly the tongues of 305. A Trojankilled by Antilochus. ^A
animals were offered. After the votaries had son of Jason and Medea, who was father to
sprinkledthemselves with water with laurel |Ilus of Corinth. Pav^. 2, c. 3.
leaves,they offered prayers to the
divinity, Mermnad^:, a race of kings in Lydia of
and entreated him to be favourable to them, which Gyges was the first. They sat on the
and to forgive whatever artfulmeasures, false Lydian throne tillthe reignof Croesus,who
oaths or falsehoods they had used or uttered was conqueredby Cyruskingof Persia. They
in the pursuit of gain. Sometimes Mercury were descendants of the Heraclidae, and pro-
bably
appears on monuments with a largecloak received the name of Mermnadae from
round his arm, tied under his chin. The of their own
or Mermnas, one family.They
chief ensigns of his power and oifices are his were descended from Lemnos, or according
his
caducensj jjetasus, and his talaria. times
Some- to others,from Agelausthe son of Omphale by
he is represented sitting upon a cray Hercules. Herodot. 1,c. 7 and 14.
fish,holdingin one hand his caduceus, and Meroe, now Nuabia, an island of Ethiopia
in the other the claws of the fish. At other with a town of the same name, celebrated for
times he is like a young man without a beard, its wines. Its original name was Saba, and
holdingin one hand a purse, as beinga tute- lary
Cambyses gave it that of Meroe from his sis- ter.
god of merchants, with a cock on his Strab. n." Herodot. 2, c. 31." P/in. 2,
wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at his c. \r6."Mela, l."Lucan. 4, v. 333, 1. 10,v.
feet a goat,a scorpion, and a fly. Some of his 163 and 303.
statues representedhim as a youthfacino Merope, one of the Atlantides. She mar- ried
erecto. Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tor-
toise. of j5]o1us,and, like her
Sisyphus son
In Egypt his statues represented him sisters, was changed into a constellation after
with the head of a dog, whence he was often death. [Vid.Pleiades.]It issaid,that in the
confounded with Anubis, and received the constellation of the Pleiades the star of Me- rope
sacrifice of a stork. Offerings of milk and ho- ney dim and obscure than the
appears more
were made because he was the god of rest, because she, as the
poets observe, mar-ried
eloquence, whose powers were sweet and a mortal, while her sistersmarried some
persuasive.The Greeks and Romans offered of the gods,or their descendants. Ovid. Fast.
tongues to him by throwingthem into the fire,4, V. 175." D/od. 4."Hygin. fab. 192." Apol-
as he was the patron of speaking, of which the lod. 1, 0. 9. A daughterof Cypseluswho
tongue is the organ. Sometimes his statues married
Cresphontesking of Messenia, by
representhim as without arms, because, ac- cording whom she had three children. Her husband
to some, the power of speechcan pre- vail and two of her children were murdered by
over every thingeven without the assist-
ance Polyphontes.The murderer obligedher to
of arms. Homer. Od. 1, ",c.II. 1, "ic.
maiTy him, and she would have been forced
Hymn, in Merc. Lucian. in Mort. Dial.
"

to comply had not Epytusor Telephontes,

"

her
Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 667. Met. 1, 4, II, 14." 3d son, revengedhis father's death by assassi- nating
Martial. 9, ep. 35. Stat. Theb. 4. Pans. 1,
" "

Polyphontes.Apollod. 2, c. 6. Pans. "

7, 8 and 9. Orpheus. Plut. in JVum.

" " Varro 4, c. 3. "
A daughterof (Enopionbeloved
de L. L. Q."Plut. in PhcBd."Liv. 36." Virg.by Orion. 1, c. 4. A daughter of
Apollod.
G. 1. JEn. 1, V. 4S."Diod. 4 and 6."Apollod.the Cebrenus who married iEsacus the sou of
1, 2 and 3. Apollon.Jirg.1, Horat. 1, od. Priam.
"
"

A daughterof Erechtheus mother

lO."Hygin.fab. P. A. %"Tzetz. in Lye.219. of Daedalus. Plut. in Thes. A daughterof
" Cic. de Nat. D. Lactantius. Philoslr. 1. Pandarus.
"
"
A daughter of the river Sanga-
icon. c. 27. Manil. "
Macrob. "

1, Sat. c. 19. rius who married kingPriam.

Trismegistus, a priest and philosopher of Merops, a kingof the island of Cos, who
Egypt, who taughthis countrymen how to married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He
cultivate the olive,and measure their lands, was changedinto an eagle,and placedamong
and to understand hieroglyphics. He lived in the constellations. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 763. "

the age of Osiris, and wrote 40 books on the- ology,Apollod. S."Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 16. A cele-
brated
medicine,and geography,from which soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who
Sanchoniathon the Phoenician historian has foretold the death of his sous Adrastus and
taken his theogonia.Diod. 1 and 5. Plut. de
Amphius, who were
"

engaged in the Trojan

hid. ^ Os."Cic. 3,de JVat. D. their father'sadvice and
war. They slighted
Mkretrix, a name under which Venus were killed Diomedes, by Homer. II. 2.
was worshipped
at Abydos and at Saraos,be- On? of the companionsof iEaeas, killedby
Turnus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 703.
 ME ME
!\Ieros, a mountain of India sacred to Jupi-
ter. I"io."" Another called also Statilia. She
"

It is called by Pliny,6, c. 21, Nysa. was descended of a consular family,

and mar-
ried

Bacchus was educated upon it,whence arose the consul Atticus Vistinus whom Nero
the fable that Bacchus was confined in the murdered. She received with greatmarks of
thigh(mi^"") of his father. Mela, 2, c. 7. tenderness her husband's murderer, and mar-
" ried

Plin. 8, c. 13." Curt. 8, c. 10." Diod. 1. him. She had married four husbands be-
fore
Merula Corn, a Roman who fought against she came to the imperialtbrone ; and af-
ter
the Gauls,and was made consul by Octavius the death of Nero she retired to literary
in the place of Cinna. He sometime after pursuits, and peacefuloccupations. Otho
killed himself in despair, "c. Plut. courted her, and would have married her had
Mesabates, an eunuch in Persia, flayedhe not destroyedhimself In his last moments
alive by order of because he had cut he wrote her a very pathetic
Parysatis, and consolatory
off the head and righthand of Cyrus. Plut. letter,he. Tacit. Ann.
in .irtax. Messalinus M. Vai.er, a Roman officer in
Mesabius, mountain
a of Bceotia hangingthe reignof Tiberius. He was appointedgo-
vernor
over the Euripus. Paas. 9, c. 22. of Dalmatia, and rendered himself
Mesapia, an ancient name of Bceotia. known by his oppositionto Piso, and by his
Mesaubios, a servant of Eumaeus ward attempts to persuade the Romans
the ste- of the ne-
cessity

of Ulysses. Homer. Od. 14,v. 449. of sufferingwomen to accompany the

Mesembria, now Mesevria,a maritime city camps on their different expeditions.Tacit.
of Thrace. Hence Mesembriacm. Ovid. 1, Ami. 3. One of Domitian's informers.
Ti^ist.6, v. 37. Another at the mouth of A flattererof the emperor Tiberius.
the fiissus. Messana, an ancient and celebrated town
Mr.sENE, an island in the Tigris, where of Sicily on the straits which separate Italy
Apavuea was built,now Disel. Plin. 6, c. 27. from Sicily.It was anciently called Zancle,
Mesomedes, a lyricpoet in the age of the and was founded 1600 years before the Chris-
tian
emperor Antoninus. inhabitants,
era. Thebeing continually
Mesopotamia, a country of Asia which exposedtodepredationsof the people of
the
receives its name from
its situation {i^"t@'Cuma, imploredthe assistance of the Messe-
between
77BT"^".) rivers Tigris and
the phrates.
Eu- nians of Peloponnesus,and with them repel-
led
It is yearlyinundated by the phrates,
Eu- the enemy. After this victorious cam-
paign,

and the water properlyconveyed the Messenians entered Zancle, and

over the country by canals. It is now called lived in such intimacy with the inhabitants
Diarbec. Strab. 2. Mela, 1, c. 11. Cic.de that they changed their name,
" " and assumed
A'at. D. 2, c. 52. that of the Messenians, and called their city
Messala, a name of Valerius Corvinus, Messana. Another account says, that Anax-
from his havingconquered Messana in ilaus, tyrant of Rhegium,
Sicily. made war against
This familywas very ancient ; the cele- the Zancleans
brated
most Avith the assistance of the Mes-
senians
was a friend of Brutus, who seized the of Peloponnesus, and that after he
camp of Augustusat Philippi.He was after- wards had obtained a decisive victory, he called the
reconciled to Augustus,and died A. D. conquered cityMessana in compliment to his
9, in his 77th year. Plut. Another con-sul, allies, about 494 years before the Christian
""c'. The father of Valeria who mar- ried era. After this revolution at Zancle, the Ma-
the dictator Sylla. Id. A great flat-
terer mertini took possession of it and made it the
at the court of Tiberius. A governor capitalof the neighbouringcountry. [Vid.
of Syria. A tribune in one of the Roman Mamertini.] It afterwards fellinto the hands
legions during the civil war between Vespasian of the Romans, and was for some time the
and Viteilius, of which he wrote an historical chief of their possessions in Sicily.The in- habitants
account mentioned by Tacitus. Orat. 14. were called Messenii, Messanien-
A consul with Domitius, he. A painter at ses, and Mamertini. The straits of Messa-
na
Rome, who flourished B. C. 235. A writer have alwaysbeen looked upon as very dan- gerous,
whose book, dt Augustiprogeniewas edited especially by the ancients, on account
12mo. L. Bat. 1648. of the rapidity of the currents, and the irreg-
ular
Messalina Valeria, a daughter of Mes- and violent flowingand ebbing of the
sala Barbatus. She married the emperor sea. Strab. 6." Mela, 2, c. l."Paus. 4, c.
Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cruel-
ties 23. Diod. 4. Thucyd. 1,"c. Herodot. 6, c.
"
" "

and incontinence. Her husband's palace 23, 1.7,c. 28.

"was not the onlyseat of her lasciviousness, but Messapia, a country of Italy, between
she prostituted herself in the publicstreets; Tarentum and Biundusium. It is the same
and few men there were at Rome who could as Calabria. It received its name from Mes-
not boast of havingenjoyedthe favours of the sapus, the son of Neptune, who lefta part of
impure Messalina. Her at last
extravagancies Bceotia called Messapia, and came to Italy,
irritatedher husband ; he commanded her to where he assisted the Rutulians against ^neas.
appear before him to answer to all the accusa-
tions Ovid. Met. 14,v. 5\3."Virg.JEn. 7, v. 691, I.
which were broughtagainsther, upon 8, v. 6, 1.9,V. 27.
which she attempted to destroyherself, and Messatis, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c
when her courage failed, one of the tribunes,18.
who had been sent to her,dispatched her with Messe, a town in the island of Cithera
his sword, A. D. 48. It is in speakingof her Stat. 1. Theb. 4, v. 226.
debaucheries and lewdness that a celebrated Messeis, a fountain of Thessaly. Strab. 9.
satiristsays, Messene, a daughterof Triopas, kingof Ar-
Et lassata viris,
necdum satiata, recessit. Polycaon son of Lelex,
gos, who married
Juv." Tacit. Ann. 11,c. '"i1.Swt. in Claud. kingof Laconia. She encouraged her hus'
 ME ME
band to levytroops,and to seize a partof Pe- their forces,
loponnesus, and thoughten yeai-s had already
which, after it had been conquer-
ed, elapsed,both partiesseemed equallyconfi-
dent
received her name. She received divine of victory. The Spartanswere afraid
honours after her death, and had a magnifi-
cent of stormingIthome, as the oracle of Delphi
templeat Ithome, where her statue was had threatened them with the greatestcalami-
ties,
made half of goldand half of Parian marble. if they offered any violence to a place
" Pans. 4, c. 1 and 13. which was dedicated to the service of Apollo.
Messjene or Messena, now Maura-Matra, The Messeniansj however, were soon obliged
a city in the Peloponnesus, the capital of the to submit to their victorious adversaries, B. C.
country called Messenia. The inhabitants 453, and they consented to leave their native
have rendered themselves famous for the war country, and totally to departfrom the Pelo-
ponnesus,
which they carried on againstthe Spartans, solemnlypromisingthat ifthey ever
and which received the appellation of the returned into Messenia, they would suffer
Messenian war. The first Messenian war themselves to be sold as slaves. The Messe-
nians
arose from the following circumstances : The upon this,miserablyexiled,appliedto
Messenians offered violence to some Spartan the Athenians for protection, and were mitted
per-
women who had assembled to offer sacrifices to inhabit Naupactus,whence some of
in a temple,which was common tions, them
to both na- were afterwards removed to take pos-session
and which stood on the borders of their of their ancient territories in Messe-
nia,
respective territories,and besides they killed duringthe Peloponnesian war. The third
Teleclus,the Spartan king, who attempted Messenian war was productiveof great revo-lutions

to defend the innocence of the females. This in Greece, and though almost a private
account, accordingto the Spartantraditions, quarrel,it soon engaged the attention of zdl
is contradicted by the Messenians, who servethe neighbouringstates, and
ob- kindled the
that Teleclus with a chosen body of flames of dissention every where. Every
Spartansassembled at the temple,before men- tioned, state took up arras as if in its own defence,or
disguisedin women's clothes,and all to prevent additional power and dominion
secretlyarmed with daggers. This hostile to be lodgedin the hands of its rivals. The
preparation was to surprisesome of the neigh-
bouring descendants of the Messenians at last returned
inhabitants; and in a quarrel which to Peloponnesus,
B. C. 370, after a long ban-
ishment
soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates of 300 years. Paus. Mess. he. " tin.
Jus-
were all killed. These quarrels were the cause 3, c. 4, hc."Strab. 6, Lc." Thucyd.1,",c.
of the first Messenian war, which began B. C. Diod. 11,k.c."Plut. in Cym. hc"Polycen. 3.
743 years. It was carried on with vigourand "Polyb. 4, kc.
spiriton both sides,and after many obstinate Messenia, a province of Peloponnesus,
and bloody battles had been foughtand con- tinued situate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and
for 19 years, it was the sea.
at last finished by Its chief city is Messena. [Vid.
the takingof Ithome by the Spartans, a place Messene.]

which had stood a siege of ten years, and been Mestor, a son of Perseus and Andromeda,
defended with all the power of the Messe-
nians. who married Lysidice, daughterof Pelops,by
The insults to which the conquered whom he had Hippothoe. A son of Pteri-
Messenians were continually exposed,at last laus. Of Priam. Apollod.
excited their resentment, and theyresolved to Me SOLA, a town of Italy,
in the countryof
shake off the yoke. They suddenlyrevolted, the Sabines.
and the second Messenian war was begun 685 Metabus, a tyrant of the Privernates,
B. C. and continued 14 years. The Messeni-
ans He was father of Camilla, whom he conse-
crated
at firstgainedsome advantages, but a fatal to the service of Diana, when he had
battle in the third year of the war so totallybeen banished from his kingdom by his sub- jects.
disheartened them that theyfled to Ira,where Virg.JEn. 11, v. 540.
they resolved to maintain an obstinate siege Metagitnia, a festivalin honour of Apol- lo,
againsttheir victorious pursuers. The Spar-
tans celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite,
were assisted by the Samians in besiegingwho migratedto Attica. It receives itsname
Ira,and the Messenians were at last obligedfrom its beieg observed in the month called
to submit to the superiorpower of their ad- Metagitnion.
versaries.
The takingof Ira, by the Lace- Metakira, the wife of Celeus, king of
dajmonians, after a siegeof 11 years, put an Eleusis,who firsttaughtmankind agriculture
end to the second Messenian war. Peace was She isalso called Meganira. jjpollod. 1, c. 5.
se-established for some time in Peleponnesus, Metapontum, a town of Lucania in Italy,
but after the expiration of 200 years, the founded about 1269 years B C. by Metabus,
Messenians attempteda third time to free the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one of the
themselves from the power of Laceda3mon, companions of IS'estor. Pythagorasretired
B. C. 465. At that time the Helots had re- volted there for some time, and perishedin a sedi- tion.
from the Spartans,and the Messeni- ans, Annibal made it his head quarterswhen
by joiningtheir forces to these wretched in that part of Italy,and its attachment to
slaves, looked upon tlieirrespective calamities Carthagewas afterwards severely punishedby
as common, and tliought themselves closelythe Roman coiiquerors, who desti'oyed its lib-
erties
interested in each other's welfare. The Lace- daemonians and indei^endence.A few broken pil- lars
were assisted by the Athenians, of ncarble are now the only vestiges of
but they soon grew jealousof one another's Metapontum. Strab. 5. Mela, 2, c. 4." Jus-
"

tin.
power, and their political connexion ended 12, c. 2."lAv. 1,8, 25, 27, he.
in the most inveterate enmity, and at last ii" Metapontus, a son of Sisyphus,who
open war. Ithome was the placev\ Aluch the mrmri'd Thenna. fVid. Theana] Ht/'j;in.
Messenians had a ?econd time all tab. 186.
gaiijered .
 ME ME
Metaurus, now Metro, a town a was with
Marcus, and of these four brothers it is
small river of the same name in the country of remarkable, that two of them triumphedin
the Brutii The river Metaurus fallsinto the one day, but over what nations is not men-
tioned

Tyrrhenesea above Sicily,and is famous for by Eutrop. 4. Nepos, a consul,

the defeat of Asdrubal by the consuls Livy and Sic. Another, who accused C. Curio, his
Nero. Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 38. Mela, 2, c. 4. father's detractor,and who also vented his
"

" Lucan.2, v. 496. resentment againstCicero when goingto nishment.

ba-
Metella, the wife of Sylla. Another, who, as tribune,op-
posed
Metelli, the surname of the familyof the ambition of Julius Caesar. A
the Caecilii at the most
Rome, known of generalof the Roman armies against the Si-
cilians
whom were A general who
" defeated the and Carthaginians. Before he marched
Achaeans, took Thebes, and invaded Mace- donia, he offered sacrifices to all the gods,except
ik.c. Q. Caecilius, who rendered Vesta, for which neglectthe goddesswas so
himself illustriousby his successes against Ju- incensed, that she demanded the blood of his
gurthathe Numidian king,from which he was daughterMetella. When Metella was going
surnamed JSumidicus. He took, in this expe-
dition,to be immolated, the goddessplaced a heifer
the celebrated Marius, as his lieuten-
ant, in her place,and carried her to a templeat
and he had soon cause to repent of the Lanuvium, of which she became the priestess.
confidence he had placedin him. Marius rais-ed Lucius Ca3cilius,
or Quintus, surnamed
himself to power by defamingthe charac-
ter Creticus, from his conquest in Crete, B. C.
of his benefactor, and Metellus was recall-
ed 66, is supposed by some to be the son of
to Rome and accused of extortion and ill- Metellus Macedonicus. Cimber, one of the
management. Marius was appointedsucces-
conspirators
sor against J. Caesar. It was he who
to finish the Numidian war, and
Metellus gave the signal to attack and murder the dic-
tator
was acquitted of the crimes laid to his charge in the senate-house. Pins, a general
before the tribunal of the Roman knights, who in Spain,against Sertorius, on whose head he
observed that the probityof his whole lifeand set a priceof 100 talents,and 20,00 acres of
the ojreatness of his exploits were greater land. He distinguished himself also in the
proofs of his innocence, than the most power-
ful Marsian war, and was highpriest.He obtain-
ed
arguments. Cic. de Oral. 1,c. 48. Sallust. the name"
of Pius from the sorrow he show-
ed
de Bell. Jug. L. Caecilius,another,who duringthe banishment of his father Metel-
lus
saved from the flames the palladium, when JYumidicus, whom he caused to be recalled.
Vesta's temple was on fire. He was then high Paterc. 2, c. 5. Sallust. Jug. 44. A con-
sul
"

priest.He lost his sightand one of his arms who commanded in Africa,"ic. Val. Max.
in doingit,and the senate, to reward his zeal "Plin."Plut."Liv." Paterc. 2."Flor. 3, c.
and piety,permittedhim always to be drawn 8. Paus. 7, c. 8 and 13. Cic. in Tusc. he.
" " "

to the senate house in a chariot,an

honour Juv. 3, V. 138. "

Appian. Civ. Cmsar. bell.

"

which no one had ever before enjoyed. He Civ. Sallust. in "

Jug.
also gaineda greatvictoryover the Carthagi-
nians Metharma, a daughterof Pygmalion king
umph of Cyprus,and
in the firstPunic war, and led in his tri- mother of Adonis by Cinyras,
13 generals,and 120elephants taken from ".C. Apollod. 3, c. 14.
the enemy. He was honoured torship, Methion, the father of Phorbas,"c. Ovid.
with the dicta-
and the office of master of horse,",c. .WeL5, fab.3.
Q.Caicilius CeIer,anotherwho distinguish-
ed Methodius, a bishopof Tyre, who tained
main-
himself by his spirited exertions againsttiline.
Ca- a controversy against Porphyry. The
He married Clodia the sisterof Clodius, best edition is that of Paris,fol.1657.
who disgraced him by her incontinence and las- Methone, a town of Peloponnesus, where
civiousuess. He died 57 years before Christ. king Philipgained his first battle over the
He was greatly lamented by Cicero,who shed Athenians, B. C. 360. A town of Mace-
donia,
tears at the loss of one of his most faithfuland south of Pella,in the siegeof which,
valuable friends. Cic. de Ccel. accordingto Justin. 7, c. 6, Philiplost his
L. Cajcilius,
a tribune in the civilwai*sof J. Caesar and Pom- right eye. Another in Magnesia. Homer.
pey. He favoured the cause of Pompey, and II. 2, V. 71.

opposedCaesar when he entered Rome with a Methydrium, a town of Peloponnesus,

victorious army. He refused to open the gates near Megalopolis. Val. Place.
of Saturn's temple, in which were deposited Methymna, (now Porto Petero), a town

great treasures, upon which they were broke of the island of Lesbos, which receives its
open by Caesar,and Metellus retired,when name from a daughter of Macareus. It is
threatened with death. Q. Caecilius,the the second city of the island in greatness,
grandson of the highpriest, who saved the pal-
ladium
population, and opulence,and its territory
from the flames,was a warlike general,is fruitful, and the w ines it produces,excel-
lent.
who, from his conquest of Crete and Macedo-
nia, It was the native placeof Arion. When
was surnamed Macedonicus. He had six the whole island of Lesbos revolted from the
sons, of which mentioned
four are pai-ticularly power of the Athenians,Methymna alone re- mained

by Plutarch. surnamed
Q. Caecilius, Balea- firm to its ancient allies. Diod. 5. "

ricus,from his conquest of the Beleares. Thucyd. 3." Horat. 2, sat. 8, v. 50." Virg.
L. Cajcilius,
surnaajed Diadematus, but sup-
posed G. 3, V. 90.
the that called Lucius
same as with Metiadusa, a daughter of Eupalamus,who
the surname of Dabnaiicus, from a victorymarried Cecrops,by whom she had Pandion.
obtained over the Dalmatians duringhis con-sulship Apollod. 3, c. 15.
with Mutius Sca^vola. Caius cilius, Metiha
Cae- Lex, was enacted A. U. C. 536,
surnamed Caprarius, who was consul to settle the power of the dictator and of his
with Carbo, A. U. C. 641. The fourth master of horse,
witUia certain bounds.
 ME ME
Metilii, a patricianfami^jrbroughtfrom the heavens. This is called by the moderes
Alba to Rome, by TuUus Hostilius. Dionys. the goldennumbers. He flourished B. C. 432.
Hal. Plut. in Kicia.
Vitruv.A native of
1. "

Metilius, a man who accused Fabius Maxi-

who pretendedto be intoxicated
Tarentum,
mus before the senate, toe. that he might draw the attention of his coun-
trymen,

JVLetiochus, a son of Miltiades, who was when he wished to dissuade them

taken by the Phoenicians, and given to Da- rius from making an alliance with kingP3n'rhus.
king of Persia. He was tenderlytreated Plut.inPyrr.
by the monarch, though his father had con- quered Metope, the wife of the river Sangarius.
the Persian armies in the plainsof She was mother of Hecuba, The daughter
Marathon. Plut. Herodot. 6, c. 41.
" An of Ladon, who maiTied the Asopus.
Athenian intrusted with the care of the roads, river of Arcadia.
"c. Plut. Metra, a daughterof Eresichthon,a Thes-
Metion, a son of Erechtheus, king of salian prince,beloved by Neptune. When her
Athens, and Praxithea. He married Alcippe,father had spent all his fortune to gratify
the
daughter of Mars and Agraulos. His sons canine hunger under which he laboured,she
drove Pandion from the throne of Athens, and prostituted herself to her neighbours, and re-
ceived

were afterwards expelledby Pandion's chil-dren. for reward oxen, goats, and sheep,
Jipollod. 3, c. ]5. Paus. 2, c. 6. " which she presentedto Eresichthon. Some
Metis, one of the Oceanides. She was say that she had received from JNeptune the
Jupiter's firstwife, celebrated for her great power of changingherself into m hatever ani- mal
prudence and sagacityabove the rest of the she pleased, and that her father sold her
gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should continually to gratify his hunger,and that she
bringforth into the world a child more ning
cun- instantly
assumed a different shape,and be-
came
and greater than himself,devoured her againhis property. Ovid.Met.8,fab. 21.
in the firstmonth of her pregnancy. Some Metragyrte, one of the names of Tellus
time afterthis adventure the god had his head or Cybele.
opened,from which issued INIinerva armed Metrobius, a playergreatlyfavoured by
from head to foot. Accordingto Apollodorus,Sylla. Plut.
1, c. 2, Metius gave a potionto Saturn, and Metrocles, a pupilof Theophrastus, who
obligedhim to throw up the children he had had the care of the education of Cleombrotus
devoured. Hesiod. Tiieog.
v. 890. Apollod.and Cieomenes. He suffocated himself when
"

1, c.S."Hygin. old and infirm.Diog.

Metiscus, a charioteer to Turnus. Virg. Metrodorus, physicianof Chios, B. C.
a

JEn. 12, V. 46y. 444. He was a discipleof Democritus, and

MetidsCurtius, one of the Sabines who had Hippocratesamong his pupils.His com-
positions

foughtagainstthe Romans on account of the on medicine, ",c. are lost. He ported

sup-
stolenvirgins. Suffetius, a dictator of Alba, that the world was eternal and infinite,
in thereignof TuUius Hostilius. He fought and denied the existence of motion. Diog.
againstthe Romans, and at last,finally to set-
tle A painterand philosopher of Stratonice,B. C.
their disputes,he proposeda single bat
com- 171. He was sent to Paulus iEmylius,who,
between tlie Horatii and Curiatii. The after the conquest of Perseus, demanded of
Albans were conquered,and Metius promised the Athenians a philosopherand a painter,
to assist the Romans againsttheir enemies. the former to instruct his children,and the lat-
ter
In a battle against the Veientes and Fidenates, to make a painting of his triumphs,Metro-
dorus
Metius showed his infidelityby forsaking the was sent, as in him alone were united
Romans at the first onset, and retired to a the philosopher and the painter.P/m. 35, c.
neighbouringeminence, to wait for the event Cic. 5, de Finib. 1. de Oral. 4. Jicad.
11. "
"

of the battle, and to fall upon whatever side friend of Mithridates,

Diog. in Epic.
A

proved victorious. The Romans obtained the sent as ambassador to Tigranes, kingof Arme-
nia.

victory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied He was remarkable for his learning,
between two chariots,which were drawn by moderation, humanity,and justice.He was
four horses two different ways, and his limbs put to death by his royalmaster for his infi-
delity,
were torn away from his body,about 669 years B. C. 72. Strab."Plut. Another, of
before the Christian era. Liv. 2, c. 23, "-c. a very retentive memory.
"Flor. 1, c. 3." Virg.^n. 8, v. 642. Metrophanes, an otficer of Mithridates,
A critic. Vid. Tarpa. Carus, a celebrated who invaded Euboea, "c.
informer under Domitian, who enriched him- self Metropolis, a town of Phrygia on the
with the plunderof those who were rificed Mseander.
sac- Another of ThessalynearPhar-
to the emperor's suspicion. salia.
Metcecia, festivalsinstituted by Theseus in Mettius, a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned
commemoration of the peopleof Attica hav-
ing by J. Ca?sar. Cces. Bell. G.
removed to Athens. Mettus. Vid. Metius.
Meton, an astrologer
and mathematician Metulum, a town of Libumia, in besieg-
ing
of Athens. His father's name was Pausanias. of which Augustus was wounded. Diog,
He refused to go to Sicilywith his country-
men, 49.
and pretendedto be insane,because he Mevania, now Bevagna, a town of Ura-
foresaw the calamities that attended that ex- bria,on the Clitumnus, the birth-place
pedition. of the
In a book called Enneadecaterides, poet Propertius.Lucan. 1,v. 473. Propert. "

or the cycleof 19 years, he endeavoured to ad-

just 4, el. 1, v. 124.
the course of the sun, and of the moon, Mevius, a wretched poet. Vid. M"vius.
and supported, that the solar and lunar years Mezestius, a king of the Tyrrhenians
could regularly begin from the same pointin when /Kneas reme into Italy. He was remark-
 MI MI
able for his cruelties,and put his subjectsto wliicii continually tormented him. Mida?,
death by slow tortures, or. sometimes tied a accordingto some, was son of Cybele. He
man to a dead corpse face to face,and suffered built a town which he called Ancyrw. Ovid.
him lo die in that condition. He was led 'iMet.11, fab. 5. Plut. de Superst. Strab. 1.
expel- "

" "

by his subjects, and fled to Turnus, who Hi/gin. fab. 191,274." ."aa;. Tyr.30." Pans. 1,
employedhim in his war against the Trojans.c. 4." Fa/. Max. 1, c. Q."Uerodol. 1,c. 14."
He was l"illedby .S^neas,with his son Lausus. JElian. V. H. 4 and 12." Cic. de Div. 1, e. 36,
Dionys.Hal. 1, c. 15. " Justin. 43, c. 1. Liv. 1. 2: c. 31.
"

1, c. %"Virg. JEn. 7, v.648, 1.8, v. 482." MiDEA, a town of Argolis.P"n". 6, c. 20.

Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 881. Of Lycia. Stat. T/ieb.4, v. 45. Of ,Bck-
MicEA, a virginof Elis,daughterof Philo- otia,drowned by the inundations of the lake
demus, murdered by a soldier called Lucius, Copais. Strab. 8. A nymph who had As-
",c. Plut, de cl.Mul. pledon by rs'eptune.Pans. 9, c. 38. A
MiciPSA, a kingof Numidia, son of Masi- mistress of Electryon. jipollod.
nissa,who, at his death, B. C. 119, left his MiLANioN, a youth who became enamour-

kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hy- ed~of Atalanta. He is supposedby some to
empsal,and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha be the same as Meleageror Hippomanes-
abused his uncle's favours by murderinghis Ovid. Art. Jim. 2, v. 188. A son of Am-
two sons. Salhist. de Jug. Flor. 3, c. 1." phidamas. "

Plut. in Gr. MiLESii, the inhabitants of Miletus. Vid.

MicYTHus, a youth, throughwhom Dio- Miletus.
medon, by order of the Persian king,made an MiLESioRUM MURus, a placeof Egypt at
attempt to bribe Epaminondas. C. JVep.in the entrance of one of the mouths of the Nile-
Epa.4. A slave of Anaxilaus of Rhegium. MiLEsius, a surname of Apollo. A tive
na-

Herodot. 7, c. 170. of Miletus.

Midas, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius MiLETiA, one of the daughters of Scedasus,
or cording ravished with her sister by some
Gorgias. In the earlypart of his life,ac- young The-
to some he found a largebans.
traditions, Plut. and Pans.
treasure,to which he owed his greatnessand MiLETiuM, a town of Calabria, built by
opulence. The he showed
hospitality to Si- the peopleof
of Asia. Miletus
A town of
lenus, the preceptor of Bacchus, who had Crete.
II. 2, v. 154. Homer.
been brought to him by some peasants,was Miletus, a son of Apollo,who fled from
liberallyrewarded ; and Midas, when he con-
ducted Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos, whom he
the old man back to the god,was mittedmeditated
per- to dethrone. He came to Caria,
to choose whatever recompense he where he budt a citywhich he called by his
pleased. He had thelmprudenceandthe avarice own name. Some suppose that he only con-
quered
to demand of the god that whatever he touch-
ed a city there called Anactoria, which
mightbe turned into gold. Fiis prayer was assumed his name. They farther say, that he
granted, but he was soon convinced ot his in- put the inhabitants to the sword, and divided
judicious
ciioice ; and when the very meats Ihe women among his soldiers. Cyanea, a
which he
attemptedto eat became goldin his daughterof the Maeander, fell to his share.
mouth, he begged Bacchus to take away a Strab. 14." Ovid. Aht. 9, v. 446." Paws. 7, c.
present,which must prove so fatal to the re- ceiver.2. Apollod. 3, c. 1. A celebrated town
"
of
He was ordered to %vash himself in the Asia Minor, the capital of all Ionia, situate
river Pactolus,whose sands were turned into about ten stadia south of the mouth of the ri-
ver
goldby the touch of Midas. Some time after Marauder, near the sea coast on the con-
fines
thisadventure,Midas had the imprudence to of Ionia and Caria. It was founded by a
support that Pan was superiorto Apolloin Cretan colonyunder Miletus,or, accordfctg-iQ
singingand in playingupon the ilute,for others,by Neleus, the son of Codrus, or by
which rash opinionthe offended god changed Sarpedon,Jupiter's son. It has successively
his ears into those of an ass, to show his igno-
rance been called Lelegeis,Pithyusa,and Anactoria.
and stupidity. This Midas attempted The inhabitants, called JV/i/em,
were very pow-
erful,
to conceal from the knowledgeof his subjects, and long maintained an obstinate war
but one of his servants saw the lengthof his the kings of Lydia. They early ap-
against plied
ears, and beingunable to keep the secret, and themselves to navigation,and plantedno
afraid to reveal it,apprehensiveof the king'sless than 80 colonies,or, accordingto Seneca,
resentment, he opened a hole in the earth, 380, in different parts of the world. Miletus
and after he had whispered there that Midas gave birth to Thales,Anaximencs, Anaxiroan-
had the ears of an ass, he covered tiie placeas der,HecatEeus,Timotheus the musician, Pit-
before, as if he had buried his words in the tacus one of the seven wise men, ",c. Miletus
ground. On that place,as the poetsmention, was also famous for a templeand an oracle of
grew a number of reeds,which, when agitatedApoiloDidymaius,and for itsexcellent wool,
by the wind, uttered the same sound that had with which were made stuffs and garments,
been buried beneath, and publishedto the held in the highest reputation, both for soft-
ness,
world that Midas had the ears of an ass. Some elegance, and beauty. The words Mile-
explainthe fable of the ears of Midas, by the si(EJ'abida, or Milcsiaca, were used to express
supposition that he kepta number of informers wanton and ludicrous plays. Ovid. Trist.2,
and spies, who were continually employed in V. AVi."Capilolin. in Alb. U." Virg.G. 3, v.
gathering
every seditious word that mightdrop SOa." Strab. 15." Pans. 7, c. 2." Mela, 1, c. 17-
Irom the mouths of his subjects.Midas, ac-cording Plin. 5, c. 29. Herodot. 1, kc.
"
Senec. de " "

to Slrabo,died of drinking bull's hot Consol. ad Alb.

tilood. This he did,as Plutarch mentions,to MiLiAS, a partof Lycia.
free himself from the numerous ill dreams I MiLicHus, a freedman who discovered
 MI MI
t*iso'sconspiracyagainstNero. Tacit. 15, seilles.The friendship of Cicerd
and cordiality
^nn. c. 54. and Milo were the fruitsof longintimacyand
MiLiNus, a Cretan king,he. familiar intercourse. It was by the successful
MiLioNiA, a town of the Samnites taken by labours of Milo that the orator Avas recalled
the Romans. from banishment and restored to his friends.
MiLO, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in Cic. pro Milan. "
Paterc. 2, c. 47 and 68. "

Italy, His father's name was Diotimus. He Dio. 40. A general of the forces of Pyrrhus*
earlyaccustomed himself to carry*the greatestHe was made governor of Tarentum, and that
burdens,and by degreesbecame a monster in he might be reminded of his duty to his sove*
strength.It is said that he carried on his reign, Pyrrhussent him as a presenta chain,
shoulders a youn^^ bullock four years old, for which was covered with the skin of JSiciasthe
above forty yai'ds; and afterwards killed itwith physician, who had perfidiously offered the
one blow of hi? fist; and eat itup in one day. Romans to poisonhis royalmaster for a sura
He was seven times crowned at the Pythian of money. Polycen. 8, k.c. A tyrant of
games, and six at Olympia. He presentedPisa in Elis,thrown into the river Alpheusby
himself a seventh time, but no one had the his subjects for his oppression.Ovid, in lb-
courage or boldness to enter the lists againstV. 325.
him. He was one of the disciples goras, MiLONius, a drunken buffoon at Rome, ac-
of Pytha- customed

and to his uncommon strengththe to dance when intoxicated. Horat.

learned preceptor and his pupilsowed their 2, Sat. 1,V. 24.
life. The pillar which supported the roof of MiLTAs, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion in
the school suddenlygave way, but Milo sup- portedexplaining prodigies, he.
the whole weight of the building, and MiLTiADEs, an Athenian, son of Cypsc-
gave the philosopher and his auditors time to lus,who obtained a victoryin a chariot race
escape. In his old age Milo attempted to pull at the Olympic games, and led a colonyof his
up a tree by the roots and break it. He part- ly countrj^men to the Cherscnesus. The causes
effected it,but his stren^h beinggradually of this appointmentare striking and singular*
exhajsted, the tree when half cleft reunited,TheTliracianDolonci, harassed bya longwar
and his hands remained pinchedin the body with the Absynthians, were directed by the
of the ti'ee. He was then alone,and beingun- able oracle of Delphito take for their kingthe first
to disentangle himself,he was eaten up man theymet in theirreturn home, who invi- ted
by the wild beasts of the place, about 500 years them to come under his roof and partake
before the christian era. Ovid. Met. 15. " of his entertainments. This was Miltiades,
Cic. de Seyied. "
Val. Max. 9, c. 12. Strab. whom
" the appearance of the Dolonci, their
16. Pans. 6, c. 11.
"
T. Annius, a native of strangearms and garments, had struck. He
Lanuvium. who attempted to obtain the consul-
ship invited them to his house, and was made quainted
ac-

at Rome by intrigue and seditioustumults. wdth the commands of the oracle.

Clodius the tribune opposed his vieAvs, yet He obeyed, and when the oracle of Delphi had
Milo would have succeeded had not an unfor- tunate approved a second time the choice of the
event totally frustratedhis hopes. As Dolonci, he departed for the Chersonesus, and
he was goinginto the country,attended by his was invested by the inhabitants with sovereign
wife and a numerous retinue of gladiators and power. The firstmeasure he took was to
servants, he met on the Appian road his ene- my stopthe furtherincursions of the Absynthians,
Clodius,who was returning to Rome with by building a strongwall across the Isthmus.
three of his friends and some domestics com-
pletely When he had established himself at home, and
armed. A quarrelarose between the fortified his dominions againstforeigninva- sion,
servants. Milo supported his attendants, and he turned his arms againstLampsacus.
the dispute became general. Clodius received His expedition was unsuccessful ; he was ken
ta-
many severe wounds, and was obliged to retire in an ambuscade and made prisoner.
to a neighbouring cottage.Milo pursuedhis His friend Croesus,kingof Lydia,was inform- ed
enemy in his retreat, and ordered his servants of his captivity, and he procuredhis release
to dispatch him. Eleven of the servants of by threatening the peopleof Lampsacus with
Clodius shared his fate,as also the owner of his severest displeasure. He lived a few years
the house v.ho had giventhem reception. The afterhe had recovered his liberty.As he had
body of the murdered ti'ibunewes carried to no issue, he lefthis kingdom and possessions to
Ron:e, and exposedto publicview. The ene-
mies Stesagoras the son of Cimon, who was his bro-
ther
of Milo inveighed bitterly against the vio-
lence by the same mother. The memory of
and barbarity with which the sacred per- son Miltiades was greatly honoured by the Dolon-
ci,
of a tribune had been treated. Cicero un- dertook and theyregularly celebrated festivals and
the defence of Milo, but the continual exhibited shows in commemoration of a raaa
clamours of the friends of Clodius,and the to whom theyowed their greatnessand preser- vation.
sigl't of an armed soldiery, which surrounded Some time afterStesagoras died witli-
the seat of judgment, so terrified the orator, out issue, and Miltiades the son of Cimon,
that he forgotthe greatest part of his
ments, and the brother of the deceased, was
argu- sent by
and the defence he made was weak and the Athenians with one shipto take possession
injudicious. Milo was condemned and ba- nished of the Chersonesus. At his arrival Miltiades
to Massilia. Cicero soon aftersent his appeared mournful, as if lamentingthe recent
exiled friend a copy of the oration which he death of his brother. The principal inhabi-
had delivered in his defence, in the form in Itants of tho country visited the new governor
which we have it now ; and Milo,afterhe had Ito condole with bin: ; but their confidence in
read it, exclaimed, 0 Cicero, hadst thou Ihis sincerity provedfatal to them. Miltiade*
spoken beforemy accusers in these terms, seised their pereons, and made himself abso-
Milo would not be now eating fi^s at Mar- 1lute in Chersonesus ; and to strengtheahim-
55
 MI MI
selfhe married Hegesipyla, the daughter of of Cimon with those of the sob of Cypselui.
Olorus the kingof the Thracians. His pros-' has made the whole dark and unintelligible.
perity however was of short duration. In the Greater reliance in reading the actions of both
thirdyear of his government his dominions the Miltiades is to be placedon the narration
were threatened by an invasion of the Scythianof Herodotus, whose veracityis confirmed,
P^omades, whom Darius had some time be- fore and who was indisputably more informed and
irritatedby entering theircountry. He more capableof givingan account of the life
fled before them, but as theirhostilitieswere and exploits of men who flourished in his age?
but momentary, he was soon restored to his and of which he could see the living monu-
ments.
kingdom. Three years after he left Cherso- Herodotus was born about six years
nesus and set sailfor Athens, where he was after the famous battle of Marathon, and C
received with greatapplause. He was present Nepos,as a writer of the Augustanage, flour- ished
at the celebrated battle of Marathon, in which about 450 years afterthe age of the fa- ther
all the chief officersceded their power to him,. of history.C. JVep. in vitd. Herodot. 4,
"

and leftthe event of the battle to depend upon c. 137, 1. 6, c. 34, kc."Plut. in Cim." Val.
his superior abilities. He obtained an impor- tant Max. 5, c. 3. Justin. 2. Pans.
" "
An archon
victoryIVid.Marathon] over the more at Athens.
numerous forces of his adversaries; and when MiLTo, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the
he had demanded of hisfellow-citizens an olive younger. [^'^iW. Aspasia.]
crown as the reward of his valour in the field MiLA-^ius, a parasite at Rome, he. Horat. 2,
of battle, he was not onlyrefused, but severe-
ly sat. 7. A bridgeat Rome over the Tiber,
reprimandedfor presumption.The only now called Pont de Molle. Cic. ad Mt. 13,ep.
reward, therefore, that he received for a vic- tory 33." Sal. Cat. 45." Tacit. A. 13,c. 47.
which provedso beneficial to the interests MiLYAS, a country of Asia Minor, better
of universal Greece,was in itselfsimpleand known by the name of Lycia. Its inhabi- tants,
inconsiderable, thoughtrulygreatin the opin- ion called Milyades, and afterwards Salymiy
of that age. He was represented in the were of the numerous nations which formed
front of a picture among the rest of the com- manders the army of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece.
who foughtat tiie battle of Mara- thon, Herodot.
" Cic. Verr. 1,c. 38,
and he seemed to exhort and animate MiMALLoNEs, the Bacchanals, who when
his soldiers to fight with courage and intre- pidity.they celebrated the orgiesof Bacchus put
Some time afterMiltiades was intrust- ed horns on their heads. They are also called
with a fleet of 70 ships, and oi*dered to Mimallonides,and some derive their name
punishthose islands which had revolted to the from the mountain Mimas. Pers. 1,v. 99."

Persians. He was successful at first, but a Ovid. A. A. v. 541." 5/af Thth. 4, v. 660.
.

sudden reportthat the Persian fleetwas com- ing Mimas, a giantwhom Jupiterdestroyed
to attack him, changedhis operations as with thunder. Horat. 3, od. 4. A high
he was besieging Paros. He raised the siegemountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon. Ovid.
and returned to Athens, where he was cused Met.
ac- 2, fab. 5. A Trojan,son of Theano
of treason, and particularly of holding and Amycas, born on the same nightas Paris,
correspondence with the enemy. The falsity with whom he lived in great intimacy. He
of these accusations might have appeared,if followed the fortune of i5i)neas, and was killed
Miltiades had been able to come into the as- sembly.by Mezentius. Virg.JEn. 10,v. 702.
A wound which he had received be- fore MiMNERMus, a Greek poet and musician
Paros detained him at home, and his ene- mies, of Colophon in the age of Solon. He chiefly
takingadvantageof his absence,became excelled in elegiac poetry,whence some have
more eager in their accusations and louder in attributed the invention of it to him, and, in- deed,
their clamours. He was condemned to death, he was the poet who made elegyan
but the rigour of his sentence was retracted amorous poem, instead of a mournful and
on the recollection of his greatservices to the melancholy tale. In the expression of love,
Athenians, and he was put into prisontillhe Propertius prefers him to Homer, as this verse
had paida fine of 60 talents to the state. His shows :
inability to discharge so great a sum detained Plus in amore valet Mininermi rcrsvs Homero.
him in confinement,and soon after his wounds In his old age Mimnermus became oured
enam-
became incurable, and he died about 489 years of a young girlcalled Nanno. Some
before the christian era. His body was somed
ran- few fragmeiiis of his poetryremain collected
by his son Cimon, who was obliged to by StobcKus. He is supposedby some to b"
borrow and pay the 50 talents, to givehis fa- ther the inventor of the pentameter verse, which
a decent burial. The crimes of Miltiades others however attribute to Callinus or Ar-
were probablyaggravatedin the eyes of his chilochus. The surname of Ligustiades, Kty^
countrymen, when theyremembered how he (shrill voiced), has been applied to him, though
made himself absolute in Chersonesns ; and in some imaginethe word to be the name of his
condemning the barbarity of the Athenians father. Strab. 1 and 14."Paus. 9, c, 29."
towards a general, who was the source of their Diog. 1. Proper " I. 1, el. 9, v. 11. Horat. 1,
"

militaryprosperity, we must remember the ep. 6, Y, 65.

jealousywhich ever reignsamong a free and MiNCius, now Mincio, a river of Venetia,
independentpeople,and how watchful they flowingfrom the lake Benacus, and falling
are in defence of the natural rights which they into the Po. Virgilwas born on itsbanks,
see wrested from others by violence and op- pression Virg.Ed. 7, v. 13. G. 3, v. 15. Mn. 10, v. 206.
Cornelius IMeposhas written the MiNDARUs, a commander of the Spartan
lifeof Miltiades the son of Cimon, but his his- tory fleet duringthe Peloponnesian war. He was
isincongruous and not authentic ; and the defeated by the At^ienians, and died 410 B
author;byconfounding the actionsof the son C. Plut.

Ji
 MI MI
MiN'iiDES,the daughtersof Mlnyas or Mi- the force of Vulcan proved ineffectual, and
neus, king of Orchomenos, in Bceotia. They her chastity was not violated,though the god
were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe,left on her body the marks of his passion;
and Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two lirst Cly- and,from the impuritywhich proceededfrom
mene and Iris. They derided the orgiesof this scuffle, and which Minerva threw down
Bacchus, for which impietythe god inspiredupon the earth wrapped up in wool, was born
them mth an unconquerabledesire of eatingErichthon, an uncommon monster. [Vid.
human flesh. They drew lots which of tliem Erichthonius.]Minerva was the first who
should give up her son as food to the rest. built a ship,ajjd itwas her zeal for navigation,
The lot fell upon Leucippe,and she gave up and her care for the Argonauts, which placed
her son Hippasus,who was instantly ed
devour- the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the ship
by the three sisters. They were changed Argo,when goingto Colchis. She was known
into bats. In commemoration of this bloody among the ancients by many names. She wa"
crime, it was usual among the Orchomenians called Athena, Pallas. [Vid. Pallas.] Parthe^
for the high priest, as soon as the sacrifice nos, from her remainingin perpetual celibacy ;
was finished,to pursue, with a drawn sword, Tritonia,because worshipped near the lake
all the women who had entered the temple, Tritonis ; Glaucopis, from the blueness of
and even to killthe firsthe came up to. Ovid. her eyes ; Argorea,from her presiding over

Met. 4, fab. 12." Plut Quc^t. Gr. 38. markets ; Hippia,because she firsttaughtman- kind

Minerva, the goddessof wisdom, war. and how to manage the horse ; Stratea and
all the liberal arts, was produced from Jupi- ter's Area, from her martial chai-acter; Corypha-
brain without a mother. The god, as it genes, because born from Jupiter's brain: SaiS|
is reported,married Metis, whose superiorbecause worshipped at Sais, he. Some at- tributed
prudence and sagacity above the rest of the to her the invention of the fiute^
gods,made him apprehend that the children whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia,
of such an union would be of a more exalted Musica, Salpiga, ",c. She, as it is reported,,
nature, and more intelligent than their father. once amused herselfin playingupon her fa- vourite
To prevent this,Jupiterdevoured Metis in flute before Juno and Venus, but the
her pregnancy, and some time after, to relieve goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face
the pains which he saffered in his head, he in blowing the instrument. Minerva, con- vinced
ordered Vulcan to cleave it open. Minerva of the justnessof their remarks by
came all armed and grown up from her fa- lookingat herself in a fountain near
ther's mount
brain, and immediately was admitted Ida, threw away the musical instrument,and
into the assemblyof the gods, and made one denounced a melancholy death to him who
of the most faithful counsellors of her father. found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof
The power of Minerva was great in hea-ven of the veracit)^ of her expressions. The wor-
ship

; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, of Minerva was universally established:
prolongthe lifeof men, bestow the gift of pro-
phecy,she had magnificent templesin Egypt, Phoe- nicia,
and, indeed, she was the only one of all parts of Greece, Italy,Gaul, and
all the divinities, whose authority and conse-
quence Sicily. Sais,Rhodes, and Athens, particularly
were equalto those of Jupiter.The claimed her attention, and it is even said,that
actions of Minerva are numerous, as w'ell as Jupiter rained a shower of goldupon the island
the kindness by which she endeared self of Rliodes,which had paid so much
her- tion
venera-
to mankind. Her quarrelwith Neptune and such an earlyreverence to the divi-
nity
concerning the right of giving a name to of his daughter. The festivalscelebrated
the capital of Cecropia deserves attention. in her honour were solemn and magnificent
The assembly of the gods settled the dispute[Vid. Panatliensea.] She was invoked by-
by promisingthe preferenceto which ever every artist,and particularly such as worked
ofthe two gave the most useful and neces-sary in wool, embroidery,painting, and sculpture.
present to the iniiabitants of the earth. It was the duty of almost every member of
Neptune, upon this,struck the ground with societyto implorethe assistance and patron- age
his trident,and immediately a horse is- sued of a deitywho presided over sense, taste,
from the earth. Minerva produced and reason. Hence the poets have had occa- sion
the olive, and obtained the victoryby the to say,
unanimous voice of the gods, who observ^ed Tu nifdl invitcLdiceSf faeiesve Minerva j
that the olive,as the emblem of peace, is far and,
preferable
to the horse, the symbol of Qui bene placarif
war Pallade,doefus erit.
and bloodshed. victorious deity called Minerva
The was representedin different ways,
the capitalAlhtnai,and became the tutelar accordingto the different chai'actersin which
goddessof the place. Minerva was always she appealed. She generally appearedwith a
very jealousof her power, and the manner in countenance full more of masculine firmness
which she punishedthe prestimption of Ar- and composure, than of softness and grace.
achne is well known. [Fit/.Arachne.] The iVIostusuallyshe was representedwith a hel- met
attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence,are on her head, with a largeplume nodding
strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had in the air. In one hand she held a spear, and
sworn by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who in the other a shield,with the dying head of
made him a complete suit of armour, ever
what- Medusa upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon's
he desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, head was on her breast-plate, with living ser-
pents

and the father of the gods,who had permitted writliuig round it,as well as round her
Minerva to live in })erpetual celibacy, con-
sented, shield and helmet. In most of her statues she
but privately advised his daughterto is represented as sitting, and sometimes she
make all the resistance she couhl to frustrate holds,in one hand a distaff, instead of a spear^
the attemptsof her lover. Tb" prayers and When she appeared as the goddessof tUe lib"".
 MI MI
ral arts,she was arrayedin a variegated veil, rewarded for his equity,after death, with
which the ancients called peplum.Sometimes the office of supreme and absolute judge
Minerva's helmet was covered at the top with in the infernal regions. In this capacityhe
the figure of a cock, a bird which, on account IS representedsitting in the middle of the
of his great courage, is properly sacred to the shades, and holdinga sceptre in his hand.
goddessof war. Some of her statues repre-
sented The dead pleadtheir different causes before
her helmet with a sphinxin the middle, him, and the judge shakes the fatal
impartial
supportedon either side by griflBns. In some urn, which is filled with the destinies of man-
kind.
medals, a chariot drawn by four horses,or He married Ithona,by whom he had
sometimes a dragonor a
serpent,with winding Lycastes,who was the fatlier of Minos 2d.
spires,
appear at the top of her helmet. She Homer. Od. 19,v. 118.- Virg.JEn. 6, v.
432,
was partial
to the olive tree ; the owl and the "

Jlpollod.
1. Hygin. fab. 41.
3, c. "
Diod. 4. "

cock were her favourite birds,and the dragon Horai. 1,od. 28.
"
The 2d. was a son of
among reptiles w^as sacred to her. The func-
tions, Lycastes,the son of Minos 1. and king of
offices, and actions of Minerva, seem so Crete. He married Pasiphae,the daughter
numerous, that they undoubtedly originate in of Sol and Perseis, and by her he had many
more than one person. Cicero speaksof five children. He increased his paternal dominions
persons of this name ; a Minerva, mother of by the conquest of the neiglibourhitg islands,
Apollo; a daughter of the Nile,who was shipped
wor- but he showed himself cruel in the war which
at Sais,in Egypt a third,born from he carried on against the Athenians,^vho had
;
Jupiter's brain;a fourth, daughterof Jupiterput to death his son Androgens. [Vid.An-
and Coryphe ; and a fifth, of Pallas,drogeus. He took Megara by the treachery
daughter
generally representedwith winged shoes. This of Scylla,[Vid. Scylla,]and, not satisfied
last put her father to death because he at- with a victory,
tempted he obligedthe vanquishedto
her virtue. Pans. 1, 2, 3, fcc" bringhim yeaj-ly to Crete seven chosen boys
Eorat. 1, od. 16, 1. 3, od. of virgins, to be devour-
ed
4."Virg. Mn. 2, and the same number
hc."Strab. 6, 9, and IS."Phihst. Icon-2." the Minotaur. {Vid. Minotaurus.]
Ovid. Fast, S, Lc, Met. 6."Cic. de JVat. D. 1, This
by
at last abolished
bloody
tribute was
c. 15, 1. 3, c. 23, hc"^pollo(l.
1, k,c.~Pm- Theseus had destroyedthe monster.
when
dar. Olymp. 1.-^Lucan. 9, v. 354.^5ojt7/jocZ. [F?rf.Theseus.] When Dtedalus, whose in- dustry
CEdip. "Homer. Jl. kc. Od. Hymn. ad. Pall." and invention had fabricated the laby-
rinth,
JDiod. b."Hcsiod.
Theog."JEschyl. in Eum. and whose imprudence in assisting siphae,
Pa-
" Lucian. Dial Cltm. Mex."
Strom. 2. in the gratification
" of her unnatural
Orpheus,Hymn. 31." Q. Sm^n. 14, v. 448. desires,had offended IVIinos, fled from the
^Jlpollon. l."Hygin. fab. 168." Slat. Thtb. 2, place of bis confinement with wings, [Vid,
V. 721,1. 7, hc.-^Callim. in Cerer."JElian, V. Daedalus,] and arrived safe in Sicily, the in-
censed
H. 12." C. Mp. in Pans. -Plut. in resolved
Lye."c. monarch pursuedthe offender,
"Thucyd. 1,"Herodot.5, to punish his infidelity. Cocalus, king of
MiNERY^ Castrum, a town of Calabria, Sicily, who had hospitably received Daidalus,
now Castor.i Promontorium, a cape at the entertained his royal guest with dissembled
most southern extremity of Campania. fi-iendship ; and that he might not deliver to
MiNERVALiA,festivalsat Rome in honour of him a man whose ingenuity and abilitieshs
Minerva,celebrated in the months of March so well knew, he put Minos to death. Some
and June. During the solemnities scholars say that it was the daughtersof Cocalus who
obtained some relaxationfrom their studious put the king of Crete to death,by detaining
pursuits, and the present, which it was usual him so long in a bath till he fainted,after
for them to offer to
their masters, was called which they suffocated him. Minos died about
Mmerval, in honour of the goddessMinerva, 35
years before the Trojan war. He was
"who patronizedover literature,Varro dt R. father of Androgens, Glaucus, and Deuca- lion,
-R. 3, c. 2." Ovid Trist.
3, v. e09,r-Liv,9, and two daughters, Phecdia and Ariadne,
Many authors have confounded the two raon-
MiNio, now Mgrwne, a riyer of Etruria, aichs of this name, the grandfather and the
lallmg into the Tyrrhene sea. Virg.Mi. 10, grandson,but Homer, Plutarch,and Diodo-
y. 183.- "One olthe favourites of Antiochus, rus, prove plainly that they were two different
kmg of Syria. persons. Paus. iuJlck. 4, Plut. in 2'hes. "
"

MiNN/Ei,a peopleof Arabia,on the Red sea, Hygin.fab. 41." Ovid. Met. 8, v. 141." DioJ.
Phn. 12,0. 14. 4." VirgJEn. 6, v. 2\."Plut. in Min." Mien.
MiNo, a town of Sicily, built by Minos, Place. 14.
when he was pursuingDaedalus, and called Minotaurus, a celebrated monster, half
also Heracha. A town of and half a bull,accordingto this
Peloponnesus.
a man verse
' A town of Crete. ofOvid, ,^..5.2, v. 24.
MiNois, belonging
to Minos. Crete is cal-
led Semibovemquevirum. semivirumque bovem.
Mtnoia regna, as being the legislator's
It was the fruitof pasiphae 'samour with a bull.
kingdom. Virg.JF.n. 6, v. 14. A patrony- Minos refused to sacrificea white bull to iSep-
^^l?^Ai'adne. Ovid.Mt.8,\. 157. tune, an animal which he had received from
MiNos,a king of Crete,son of Jupiterand the god for that
f"''5^Pa'^vho
age ot the
gave laws to his subjects
J-lOb, vyhich
B. C.
stillremained jn fullforce in the
philosopher Plato. His justice
moderation procured him the
the favouriteof the
and be made
purpose,

enamoured
This offended Nep-
tune,
Pasiphae,the wife of Mi-
nos,
of this fine bull, which had
and been refused to his altars. Da;dalus prostitu-
appellation of
ted
his talents in being subservient to the
i
gods,the confident of Ju- queen'sunnatural desires,
piter, and, by his means,
the wise legislator,
in every city of Pasiphae'shorrible passionswere gratified,
urpece ; gjid, according
to the poets, he was and the Minotaur came into the world. Mir
 MI MI

nos confined in the labyrinth a monster which the insults of the people,he. Another,de- feated
eonvinced the world of his wife's lascivious- by the .iS^qui,and disgraced by the dic-
tator
ness and indecency,and reflected disgrace Cincinnatus. An officerunder Ceesar,
his family. The Minotaur usually voured
de- in Gaul, who afterwards became one of the
upon
the chosen young men and maidens, conspirators againsthis patron. Cos. B. G. 6,
whom the tyranny of Minos yearly exacted c. 29. A tribune who warmly opposed the
from the Athenians, Theseus delivered his views of C. Gracchus. A Roman chosea
country from this shameful tribute, when it dictator, and obligedto lay down his office,
had fallen to his lot to be sacrificed to the vo- racity because, during the time of his election,the

of the Minotaur, and, by means adne; sudden cry of a rat was

of Ari- heard. A Roman,
tUe king'sdaughter,he destroyed the one of the firstwho were chosen quaestors.
monster, and made his escape from the wind-
ings Felix,an African lawyer,who flourished
of t"ie labyrinth.The fabulous tradition 207 A. D. He has Avritten an elegant dialogue
of the Miootaur,and of the infamous commerce in defence of the Christian religion, called
of Pasiphaewith a favourite bull,has been of- ten Octavius, from the principal speaker in it.
esplained. Some suppose that Pasiphae This book was long attributed to Arnobius,
was eaaiaoured of one of her husband's cour- tiers, and even printedas an 8th book (Ociavus) till
called Taums, and that Deedalus favoui-- Balduinus discovered the impositionin his
ed the passions of the queen by suffering his edition of Felix,1560. The two lasteditions
house to become the retreat of the two lovers. are that of Davies, 8vo. Cantab, 1712 ; and of
Pasiphas,
some time after,brotight twins into Grouovius, 8vo. L. Bat, 1709.
the world, of whom
one greatly resembled Mi-
nos, MiNV^, a name given to the inhabitantsof
and the other Taurus, In the natural re- Orchomenos, in Boeotia,
semblance from Minyas,kingof
of their countenance with that of the country. Orchomenos, the son of Miny- as,
their supposedfathers originated their name^ gave his name to the capital of the coun-
try,

9.ai consequently the fable of the Minotaur. and the inhabitants stillretained their ori-
ginal
Odd. Met. S. lab, 2."Hygin. fab. 40." Plut. in appellation in contradistinction to the
Thes."Palaphal."Virg. JEn. 6, v. 26. Orchomenians of Arcadia. A colony of Or-
TvIiNTHE,a daughterof Cocytus,loved by chomenians passedinto Thessaly, and settled
Pluto. Proserpinediscovered her husband's in lolchos ; from which circumstance the peo-
ple
amoui, and changed his mistress into an herb, of the place,and particularly the Argo-
nauts,
called by the same name, mint. Ovid. Met. were called Minyas. This name they
10, V, 729, received,accordingto the opinionof some,
MiNTURi^.E, a town of Campania, between not because a number of Orchomenians had
Sinuessa and Formiae. It Vvas in the marshes, settled among them, but because the chief and
in its neighbourhood,that Marius concealed noblest of them were descended from the
himself in the mud, to avoid the partisans of daughters of Minyas. Part of the Orchome-
nians
Sylla. The peoplecondemned him to death, accompanied the sons of Codrus when
but when his voice alone had terrified the ex- they migratedto Ionia. The descendants of
ecutioner,

sionate, the Argonauts,

they showed themselves compas- as well as the Argonautsthem-
selves,
and favoured his escape, Marica was received the xiame of Minyee. They
worshippedthere, hence appliedfirstinhabited Lemnos, where they had been
maricoe regna
to the place. Strab. 2. "

Mda, 2, c. 4. Liv. born from the Lemnian

" women w ho had mur-
dered

S, 10, 1. 10, c.
c. 21, 1. 27, c. ZQ.-^Paterc. 2, c. their husbands. They were driven
14. Lucan. 2, v. 424.
" from Lemnos by the Pelasgiabout 1160 years
MiNLTiA, a vestal virgin,
accused de- before the Christian era, and came
of bauchery to settlein
on account gance Laconia, from whence
of the beautyand ele- theypassedinto Cal-
of her dress. She was condemned to listewith a colonyof Lacedaemonians. Hygin.
be buried alive because a female supported the fab. 14. Pans. 9, c. 6. .Mpollan. 1, arg.
"
" "

falseaccusation, A. U. C. 418. Liv. 8, c. 15. Herodot. 4, c. 145.

A public way from Rome to Brundusium. Mjnvas, a king of Boeotia,son of Neptune
[Vid.Via.] and Tritegonia, the daughterof jEoIus. Some
MiNCTius, Augurinus, a Roman consul make him the son of INeptuneand Callirrhoe,
slain in a battle againstthe Samnites. A orofChryses,iNeptune's
son, and Chrj-soge-
tribune of the people who put Mailius to death nia, the daughter of Halmus. He married
when he aspired
to the of Rome.
sovereignty Clytodora, by whom he had Presbon, Pericly-
He was honoured
with a brazen statue for caus-
ing menus, and Eteoclymenus. He was father of
the corn to be sold at a reduced priceto Orchomenos, Diochithondes,and Athamas, by
the people. Liv. 4, c. 16. Plin. 18, c. 3. "
a second marriage with Phanasora, the daugh-
ter
Rufus, a master of horse to the dictator Fa- of Paon. Accordingto Plutarch and Ovid,
bius Maximus. His disobedience to the com-
mands he had three daughters, called Leuconoe, Al-
of the dictator was productive tension cithoe, and
of an ex- Leucippe. They were changed
of his prerogative, and the master of into bats. [Vid.Mineides.] Pans. 9, c. 36.
the horse was declared equalin power to the "Plut. (lucest.Grac. 38." Ovid. Met. 4, v. 1
dictator. Minutius,soon after this,foughtwitli and 468.
illsuccess againstAnnibal, and was saved by MiNYcus, a river of Thessalyfalling into
the interference of Fabius : which stance
circum- the sea near Arene, called afterwards Orcho-
menos.
had such an effect upon him that he laid Homtr. II. 11. Strab. 8. "

down his power at the feet of his deliverer, Mjnveides. [Fid.Mineides.]

und swore that he would never act againbut ?,IiNYiA, a festival observed at Orchome-
nos
by his directions. He was killed at the battle in honour of Minyas, the king of the
of Cannae. Liv. C. JVtp.in.Inn.
" A Ro-
man place. The Orchomenians were called Mi-
consul who defended Conolauus from nytC; and the river upon whose banks thei*'
 MI MI
town was built,
Mynos. A small islandnear by the conquest of Cappadociaand
possessldns
Patmos. Paphlagonia,and died after a reignof 36 years,
MiNYTUS, one of Niobe's sons. Apollod. Diod. IV. succeeded
The his father Ario-
barzanes,
Ml RACES, an eunuch of Parthia,he. Flacc. was who
the son of Mithridates III.
The V. succeeded his father Mithridates
6, V. 690.
MisENUM or MisENus. [VidiMlsenns.'] IV. and strengthened himself on his throne by
MisENus, a son of ^olus, who was piper an alliance with Antiochus the Great, whose
to Hector. After Hector's death he followed daughterLaodice he married. He was ceeded
suc-

jEneas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast by his son Pharnaces. The VI, suc-
ceeded

of Campania, Isecause he had challenged one his father Pharnaces. He was the first
of the Tritons. iEneas afterwards found his of the kingsof Pontus who made alliance with
the sea-shore, and buried it on a pro- the Romans. He furnisned them with a fleet
body on montory
which bears his name, now Miseno. in tiie third Punic war, and assisted them
There was also a town of the same name on against Aristonicus,whohad laid claim to the
the promontory,at the west of the bay of Na- ples, kingdom of Pergamus. This fidelity was warded
re-

and it had also a capaciousharbour, ; he was called Evergetes, and recei-

ved
where Augustusand some of the Roman perors
em- from the Roman people the provinceof
generally keptstationed one of their PhrygiaMajor, and was called the friend and
fleets, rirg.JEn. 3, v. 239, 1.6, v. 164 and allyof Rome. He was murdered B. C. 123.
234. "Strah. 6." Mela,2, c. 4. Liv. 24, c. 13. Appian. Miihr.
"
Justin. 37, he.
" The VII.
"Tacit. H. 2, c. 9, M. 15,c 51. surnamed Eupator,and The Great,succeeded
MisiTHEus, a Roman, celebrated for his his father Mithridates VI. thoughonly at the
virtues and his misfortunes. He was father- age of 11 years. The beginningof his reign
in-law to the emperor Gordian, whose coun-sels wasmai'kedby ambition,cruelty, and artifice.
and actions he guidedby his prudenceand He murdered his own mother, who had been
moderation. He was sacrificedto the ambi-
tion leftby his father coheiress of the kingdom,and
of Philip, a wicked senator, who ed
succeed- he fortified his constitution by drinkinganti- dotes
him as praefect of the praetorian guards. againstthe poison with which his ene- mies

He died A. D. 243, and leftall his possessions at court attemptedto destroyhim. He

for the goodof the public.earlyinured his body to hardship, and employ-
ed
to be appropriated
himself in many manly exercises, often re-
MiTBRAS, god of Persia, supposedto be
a
maining

the sun, or accordingto others,Venus Urania. whole months in the country,and ma- king

His worshipwas introduced at Rome, and the the frozen snow and the earth the place
Romans raised him altars, on which was this of his repose. Naturally ambitious and cruel,

inscription, Deo Soli MitlircR,or Soli Deo in- he sparedno painsto acquirehimself power
victo Milhrce. He is generally represenU.d as and dominion. He murdered the two sons
whose head is covered \v:'h a whom his sisterLaodice had hadby Ariarathes,
a young man,
of the Persian?. He kingof Cappadocia, and placedone of his own
turban, after the manner
his knee a bull that lies en the children, only eight years old, on the vacant
supports upon
alarmed
ground,and one of whose horns he holds in throne. These violent proceedings who had married
one hand, while with the other he plunges a Nicomedes, kingof Bithynia,
Laodice, the widow of Ariarathes. He sub-
orned
daggerinto his neck. Stat. Theh. 1,v. 720. "

Claudian.de Laud. Slil. 1. a youthto be king of Cappadocia, as the

Curt. 4, c. 13. "

MiTHRACENSES, a Pcrsiau who fled to Al-

exander third son of Ariarathes,and Laodice was sent

after the murder of Dariusby Bessus. to Rome to imposeupon the senate, and assure
them that her third son was now alive,and that
Curl. 5.
MiTHRADATEs, a herdsman of Astyages,his pretensions to the kingdom of Cappadocia

ordered to put young Cyrus to death. He re-

fused, were justand well grounded.Mithridates used
and educated him at home as his own the same arms of dissimulation. He also sent
".C. Herodot. Judin. to Rome Gordius, the governor of his son, who
son,
MiTHRENES, abetrayed Sar- solemnlydeclared before the Roman
Persian who people,
Curt. 3. that the youth who sat on the throne of Cappa-
docia
des,":c.
MiTHRiDATEs Ist, was the third king of was the third son and lawful heir of Ari-
arathes,
the of and that he was supported as such by
Pontus. He was tributaiy to crown

Persia, and his attempts to make himself in- Mithridates. This intricate affairdispleased
dependent the
fruitless. He Roman senate, and, to settlethe dispute
finally
proved was quered
con-

in a battle,and obtained peace with between the two monarchs, the powerfular-
biters

took away the kingdom of Cappadocia

difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a
He succeeded from Mithridates, and Paj)hlagonia from Ni-comedes.
governor of Cappadocia. was

by Ariobarzanes, B. C. 363. Diod."Xenoph.

These two kingdoms being thus
The second of that name, king of Pon-
tus, separated from their original possessors, were
with their freedom and indepen-
dence
was grandsonto Mithridates I. He made presented
himself master of Pontus, which had been con- quered ; but the Cappadociansrefused it,and
Ariobarzanes for king. Such were
by Alexander, and been ceded to Anti- received
division of the Macedo-
nian the firstseeds of enmitybetween Rome and the
gonus at the general
empire among the conquerors generals. king of Pontus. [Vid. Mithridaticum helium.]
Tie reignedabout 26 years, and died at the ad- Mithridates never
vanced lostan opportunity by which
of 84 B. C. 302. He was he might lessen the influence of his adversa-
ries
age years,
Mithridates III. Some ; and the more effectually to destroy their
succeeded by his son
him to death, because in Asia, he ordered all the Romans that
say that Antigonusput power
in his dominions to be massacred. This
he favoured the cause of Cassander. Jippian.were
and no lessthan 150,000,
j^fith. Diod.
"
Tiie HI was son cedingwas done in one night,
of the pre-
monarch. He enlargedhis paternal to Plutarch,or 80,00a Romans,
according as
 MI MI
made, at one blow, law, whom he had before supported with all
Appian mentions, were
This universal mas- the coUected forces of his kingdom. Mithri-
dates
the victims of his cruelty. sacre

called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, and found a safe retreat among the Scythians,

soon after Sylla, marched against Mithridates and, thoughdestitute of power, friends,and
with a lai-ge army. The former was made rosources, yet he meditated the destruction of
but Syllaobtained a victory over the the Roman empire,by penetrating into the
prisoner,
and another decisive engage-
ment heart of Italy by land. These wild projects
king'sgenerals,
rendered him master of all Greece, Ma- cedonia,
were rejectedby his followers, and he sued
Ionia, and Asia Minor, which had for peace. It was denied to his ambassadors,
submitted to the victorious arms of the mon-
arch and the victorious Pompey declared, that,to
of Pontus. This ill-fortune was ted
aggrava- obtain it,Mithridates must ask it in person.
the loss of about 2(X).000 men, who were He scorned to trust himself in the hands of
by
killed in the several engagements that had
his enemy, and resolved to conquer or to die.

beenfought; and Mithridates, weakened His subjects

by i-efusedto follow him any longer,
by sea and land,sued for and they revolted from him, and made his son
repeatedillsuccess
peace from the conqueror, which he obtained Pharnaces king. The son showed himself mi-
on condition of defraying the expenses which grateful to his father, and even, accordingto
the Romans had incurred by the war, and of some writers,he ordered him to be put to
with the possessions which death. This unnatural treatment broke the
remainingsatisfied
he had received from his ancestors. While heart of Mithridates ; he obligedhis wife to
these negociations of peace were carried on, poisonherself, and attemptedto do the same
Mithridates was not unmindful of his real in- himself. It was
terest. in vain ; the frequentanti-
dotes
His poverty,and not his inclinations, he had taken in the earlypartof his life,
obligedhim to wish for peace. He immedi- ately strengthened his constitution againstthe poi-
son,
took the field with an army of 140,000 and, when this was unavailing, he at-
tempted

infantry, and 16,000horse,which consisted of to stab himself. The blow was not
his own forces and those of his son-in-law mortal ; and a Gaul, who was then present,at
kingof Armenia.
Tigranes, Vvith such a nu- merous his own request, gave him the fatal stroke,
made himself master about 63 years before the christian era, in the
army, he soon
of-the Roman provincesin Asia ; none dared 72d year of his age. Such were the misfor-
tunes,
to oppose his conquests,and the Romans, lying
re- abilities,and miserable end of a man,
on his fidelity;had withdrawn the great-
est who supportedhimself so long againstthe
of their armies from the country. of Rome, and who, accordingto the
part power
The news of his warlike preparations was no declaration of the Roman authors,proved a
sooner heard, than LucuUus, the consul, more powerfuland indefatigable adversaryto
marched into Asia, and without delay,he the capitalof Italy, than the great Annibd,
blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who was and Pyrrhus, Perseus, or Antiochus. dates
Mithri-
then besiegingCyzicus. The Asiatic mon-
arch has been commended for his eminent
escaped from him, and fled into the virtues,and censured for his vices. As a
heart of his kingdom. LucuUus pursuedhim commander he deserves the most unbounded
with the utmost celerity, and would have applause, and it may create admiration to see
taken him prisoner after a battle, had not the him waging war with such success duringso
avidity of his soldiers preferred tlieplundering many years, against the most pow^erful people
of a mule loaded with gold,to the takingof a on earth, led to the field by a Sylla,a Lucul-

monarch who had exercised such cruelties lus,and a Pompey. He was the greatest
againsttheir countrymen, and shown himself monarch that ever sat on a throne,according
so faithlessto the most solemn engagements. to the opinionof Cicero ; and, indeed, no
After this escape, Mithridates was more ful
care- better proofof his militaiy character can be
about the safety of his person, and he even brought,than the mention of the greatre-
joicings

ordered his wives and sisters to destroythem-

selves, which happened in the Roman armies
fearfulof their falling into the enemy's and in the capitalat the news of his death.
bands. The appointment of Glabrio to the No less than twelve days were appointedfor
command of the Roman forces,instead of publicthanksgivings to the immortal gods,and
LucuUus, was favourable to Mithridates, and Pompey, who had sent the firstintelligence of
he recovered the greatest partof his dominions. his death to Rome, and who had partlyhas-
tened
The sudden arrival of Pompey, hov.ever, his fall,was rewarded with the most un-
common

soon put an end to his victories. A battie, in honours. [Vid.Ampia lex.] It is

the night, was foughtnear the Euphrates, in said,that Mithridates conquered 24 nations,
which the troops of Pontus laboured under whose different languageshe knew, and spoke
The engagement was by with the same and fluencyas his own.
every disadvantage. ease

mooii-light, and as the moon then shone in As a man of lettershe also deserves attention.
the face of the enemy, the lengthened shadows He was acquaintedwith the Greek language,
of the arms of the Romans having induced and even wrote in that dialect a treatise on
Mithridates to believe that the two armies botany. His skillin physiciswell known, and
Were close together, the arrows of his soldiers even now there is a celebrated antidote which
were darted from a great distance,and their bears his name, and is called MUhridate.
ettbrts rendered inelloctual. An universal Superstition,
as well as nature, had united to
overthrow ensued, and Mithridates,bold in render him great; and if we relyupon the
his misfortunes, rushed through the thick authority of Justin,his birth was ed
accompani-
ranks of the enemy, at the iiead of 800 horse-
men, by the appearance of two large comets,
500 of wiiich perishedin the attempt to whioh were seen for seventy days successive-
ly,
foUow him. He Tigranes,but that
fled to aud whose splendoureclipsed the mid-day
monarch refused an asylum to his father-in-sun, and covered the fourth-part of the
 M! MI
heavens. Justin. 37, c. 1, ".c. Strab.
" submit to his power, yet all Greece was sodrt
"

Diod. 14." Flor. 3, c. 5, "ic."Plut. in Syll.over-run by his generalArchelaus, and made?

Luc. Mar. .^ Pomp. Vol. Max.
"
4, c. 6, "c. tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. while
Mean-
'"Dio. 30, ".C. jippidn.Mithrid.
" Plin. 2,
" the Romans, incensed againstMithri-
dates
c. 97, 1. 7, c. 24, 1. 25, c. 2, 1. 33, c. 3, ";c." on account of his perfidy,and of his
Cic. pro Man. "-c. Paterc. 2, c. 18. Eu-
" "

crueltyin massacring80,000 of their country-

men
trop.5. Joseph.14. Oros. 6, ".c,
" "
kingA in one day all over Asia,appointedSyl-
of Parthia, who took Demetrius prisoner,la to march into the east. Syllalanded in
""A man made king of Armenia by Tiberi-
us. Greece, where the inhabitants readilyac- knowledged

He was afterwards imprisonedby Cali- gula, his power; but Athens shut her
and set at liberty by Claudius. He was gatesagamsttheRoman commander, and Ar- chelaus,
murdered by one of his own nephews,and his who defended it,defeated, with the
familyw^ere involved in his ruin. Tacit.Ann. greatestcourage, all the efforts and opera- tions
Another, king of Armenia. A king of the enemy. This spirited defence
of Pergamus, who warmly embraced the was of short duration. Archelaus retreated
cause of J. Caesar, and was made kingof into Boeotia,where Syllasoon followed him.
Bosphorusby him. Some supposedhim to The two hostile armies drew up in a line of
be the son of the great Mithridates by a con- cubine. battle near Chaeronea, and the Romans tained
ob-
He was murdered, "c. A king the victory, and, of the almost innu- merable
of Iberia. Another of Comagena. A forces of the Asiatics, no more than
celebrated kingof Parthia,who enlargedhis 10,000 escaped. Another battle in Tliessaly,
possessions by the conquest of some of the near Orchomenos, proved equallyfatal to the
neighbouring countries. He examined with a kingof Pontus. Dorylaus,one of his gene- rals,
careful eye the constitution and political lations
regu- was defeated,and he soon after sued for
of the nations he had conquered,and peace. Syllalistened to the terms of ac-
commodation,

framed from them, for the service of his own as his presence at Rome was

subjects,
a code of laws. Justin. Orosius.
" become
now necessary to quell the commotions
Another, who murdered his father,and and cabals which his enemies had raised against
made himself master of the crown. A king him. He pledgedhimself to the kingof Pon- tus
of Pontus, put to death by order of Galba, "tc. to confirm liim in the possession of his do-
minions,
A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. He and to procure him the titleof friend
was rewarded by the monarch for having and allyof Rome ; and Mithridates consented
wounded Cyrus the younger ; but,when he to relinquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver
boasted he had killed him, he Avas cruelly put Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes,and Bithyniato
to death. Plut. in Artax. A son of Ario- Kicomedes, and to pay to the Romans 2000
barzanes, who baselymurdered Datames. C. talents to defraythe expenses of the war,
JVep.in Dot. and to deliver into their hands 70 galiies
MiTHRiDATicuM Bellum, begun 89 years with all their rigging.Though Mithridates
B. C. was one of the longestand most brated seemed
cele- to have re-established peace in his
wars ever carried on by the Romans dominions, yet Fimbria, whose sentiments
againsta foreignpower. The ambition of were contrary to those of Sylla,and who
IWithridates, from whom it receives its name, made himself master of an army by intrigue
may be called the cause and originof it. and oppression, kept him under continual
His views upon the kingdom of Cappadocia,alarms, and rendered the existence of his
of which he was strippedby the Romans, power precarious.Sylla, who had returned
first engagedhim to take up arms against the from Greece to ratify the treaty which had
republic.Three Roman L. Cassius, been
officers, made with Mithridates,rid the world
theproconsul, M. Aquilius, posedof the tyrannical
and Q. Oppius,op- Fimbria; and the king of
Mithridates with the troopsof Bithynia,Pontus, awed by the resolution and deter-
mined
Cappadocia,Paphlagonia,and Gallo-graecia. firmness of his adversary, agreed to
The army of these provinces,togetherwith the conditions, though with reluctance. The
the Roman soldiers in Asia, amounted to hostile preparations of Mithridates, which
70,000 men, and 6000 horse. The forces of continued in the time of peace, became sus- pected

the king of Pontus were greatlysuperiorto by the Romans, and Mura?na, who
these ; he led 250,000 foot,40,000 horse,and was left as governor of Asia in Sylla's sence,
ab-
130 armed chariots, into the fieldof battle,un-
der and who wished to make himself
the command of Neoptoleraus and Arche- known by some conspicuousaction,began
laus. His fleet consisted of 400 shipsof war, hostilities by takingComana, and plundering
well manned and provisioned.In an engage-
ment the temple of Bellona. Mithridates did not
the king of Pontus obtained the victory,oppose him, but he complainedof the breach
and dispersed the Roman forces in Asia. He of peace before the Roman senate. Mtirsena
became master of the greatestpart of Asia, was publiclyreprimanded;but as he did not
and the Hellespontsubmitted to his power. cease from hostilities,it was easily understood
Two of the Roman generalswere taken, and that he acted ^y the privatedirections of the
M. Aquilius, who was the principal cause of Roman people. The king upon this marched
the war, was carried about in Asia,and expos-
ed against him, and a battle was fought, in which
to the ridicule and insults of the populace,both the adversaries claimed the victory. This
and at last put to death by Mithridates,who was the last blow which the king of Pontus
ordered melted gold to be poured down his received in tliiswar, which is called the se- cond

throat,as a slur upon the avidityof the Ro- mans. Mithridatic war, and which continued
The conqueror took every possiblefor about three years. SyMa, at that time,
advantage; he subdued all the islands of the was made perpetual dictator at Rome, and he
.'Egcan.sea, and, though Rhodes refused to commanded Murjena to retire from tlie king-
 Ml MI
dona of Mithridates. The death of Sylla the Romans, tillthe time of his d^th. Jip~
changed the face of affairs; the treatyof peace pian.in Afithrid. Justin. 37, ";c. Flor. 2,
"
"

between the kingof Pontus and the Roomns- i^c.

" Lit'. Plut. in Luc. he.
" " Orosius. Pa-"

which had never been committed to writing, terc. Dion.

"

demanded frequent explanations,and Mithri-dates MiTHRioATis, a daughter of Mithridates

at last threw oft'the mask of friendship, the Great. She was poisonedby her father.
and "?eclared war. Nicomedes, at his death, Mithrobarzanes, a king of Armenia, kc.
left his kingdom to the Romans, but Mithri-
dates An officer sent by Tigranisagainst cullus,
Lu-
disputed their right to the possessions of "c. Piul. The father-in-law of
the deceased monarch, and entered the field Datamas.
with 120,000 men, besides a fleet of 400 ships MiTVLENE and MiTVLENa:, the capital city
in his ports, 16,000 horsemen to follow him, of the island of Lesbos, which receives its
and 100 chariots armed with scythes.Lucul- name from Mitylene, the daughterof Meca-
lus was appointedover Asia, and intrusted reus, a king of the country. It Avas greatly
with the care of the Mithridatic war. His commended by the ancients for the stateliness
valour and prudence showed his merit ; and of its buildings, and fruitfulnessof its soil,
Mithridates, in his vain attemptstotakeCyzi- but more particularly for the greatmen it pro-
duced.
cum, lost no less than 300,000 men. ; Success Pittacus,Alcaeus, Sappho,Terpander,
continually attended the Roman arms. The Theophanes,Hellenicus,k,c. were all natives
kingof Pontus was defeated in several bloody of Mitylene. It was long a seat of learning,
engagements, and with difficulty saved his life,and, with Rhodes and Athens, ithad the hon- our
and retired to his son-in-law Tigranes, kingof of having educated many of the great
Armenia. Lucullus pursuedhim, and, when men of Rome and Greece. In the Pelopon-
his application for the person of the fugitive nesian war the Mityleneanssuffered greatly
monarch had been despisedby Tigranes,he for their revolt from the power of Athens;
marched to the capital of Armenia, and terri- fied, and in the Mithridatic wars, they had the
by his sudden approach,the numerous boldness to resistthe Romans, and disdain the
forces of the enemy. A battle ensued. The treaties which had been made between Mithri- dates
Romans obtained an easy victory, and no less and Sylla. Cic. de leg. ag. Strab. 13.
"

than 100,00("foot of the Armenians perished,"Mela, 2, c. l."Diod. 3 and 12.-" Paterc. 1,

and only five men of the Romans were killed. c. 4."Horat. 1,od. 7, kc." Thucyd.3, "-c." -

Tigranocerla, the rich capital of the country, Plut. in Pomp. he.

fell into the conqueror's hands. After such MiTYs, a man whose statue fell upon his
signal victories, Lucullus had the mortification murderer and crushed him to death,he. Arts-
to see his own ti*oops mutiny,and to be dis- possessed
tot. 10, dc Poet. A river of Macedonia.
of the command by the arrival of MizJEi, a peopleof Elymai".
Pompey. The new generalshowed himself Mnasalces, a Greek poet,who wrote ep- igrams.
worthy to succeed Lucullus. He defeated Mi- thridates, Athen. Strab.
"

and rendered hisaffaire so desperate, Mnasias, an historian of Phcenicia.

that the monarch fled for safety into the coun-
try Another of Colophon. A third of Patrae,
of the Scythians, where, for a while, he in Achaia, who flourished 141 B. C.
meditated the ruin of the Roman empire,and Mxasicles, a general of Thymbro, "c.
with more wildness than prudence,secretlyDiod 58.
resolved to invade Italyby land, and march Mnasilus, a youth who assistedChromis
an army across the northern wilds of Asia to tie the old Silenus,whom theyfound asleep
and Europe to the Apennines. Not CMilythe in a cave. Some imaginethat Virgil spoke of
kingdom of Mithridates had fallen into the Varus under th.e name of Mnasilus. Virg,
enemy's hands, but also all the neighbouringEd. 6, V. 13.
kingsand princeswere subdued, and Pompey MnASippiDAs, a Lacedaemonian who posed
im-
saw prostrateat his feet Tigraneshimself,that upon the credulityof the people,he
kingof kings,who had lately treated the Ro-
mans PolycBu.
with such contempt. Meantime, the Mnasippus, a Lacedaemonian sent with
wild projects of Mithridates terrifiedhis sub-
jects a fleetof 65 sliips and 1500 men to Corcyra,
; and they,fearful to accompany him in where he was killed,he. Diod. 15.
a march of above 2000 miles across a barren Mnasitheus, a friend of Aratus.
and uncultivated country,revolted and made MflAsoN, a tyrant ofElatia. who gave 1200
his son king. The monarch, forsaken in his pieces of gold for twelve pictures of twelve
old age, even by his own children,put an end godsto Asclepiodorus.Plin. 35, c. 16.
to his life,(Vid. Mithridates VII.)and j^ave Mnasyeicm, a placein Rhodes. Strab. 14.
the Romans cause to rejoice,as the third Mith-
ridatic Mne.von, a surname given to Artaxerxes,
war was ended in his fall B. C. 63. on account of his retentive memory. C. Aep.
Such were the unsuccessful struggles of Mith-
ridates in Reg. A Rhodian.
against the power of Rome. He was Mnkmosvne, a daughter of Ccelus and
always full of resources, and the Romans had Terra,mother of the nine Muses, by .lupiter,
never a greater or more dangerous war to who assumed the form of a shepherdto enjoy
sustain. The duration of the Mithridatic war her company. The word Mnemosyne signifies
is not precisely known. Accordingto Justin,memory f and therefore the poets have rightly-
Orosius, Florus,and Eutropius, it lasted for called memory tlie mothsr of the muses, be-
cause
forty years ; but the opinion of others, who it is to that mental endowment that
fixitsduration to 30 years, is far more ble
credi- mankind are indebted for their progress in
; and, indeed,by proper calculation, there science. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4." Pindar. Islh.
elapsedno more than 26 years from the time Q." Hcsiod. Theog."Jipollod. 1,c. 1, "-c.
^hat Mithridates fir-tentered th*^ field againstA fouutaia of Boeotia,
whose waters were gc-
5G
 MCE MO
jierally drunk by those who consulted the Upper findLower Mcesia. Lower Mcesia was
oracle of Trophonius. Paus. 9, c. 39. on the borders of the Euxine, and contained
Mnesarchus, a celebrated philosopher of that tract of country which received the name
Greece, pupilto Panaetius, "c. Cic. de Oral. of Pontus from its vicinity to the sea, and
I, c. 11. which is now partof Bulgaria. Upper Mcesia
Mnesidamus, an officer who conspiredliesbeyond the other,in the inland country,
againstthe lieutenant of Demetrius. Poiy- now called Servia. Plin. 3, c. 26. Virg.G. 1, "

an. 5. V. 102.

Mnesilaus, a son of Pollux and Phoebe. MoLEiA, a festivalin Arcadia, in comme-

moration
"pollod. of a battle in which Lycurgus ob-tained
Mnesimache, a daughterof Dexamenus the victory.
kingofOlenus, courted by Eurytion,whom Moi.ioN,a Trojanprincewho distinguished
Hercules killed. Apollod. 2. himself in the defence of his country against
Mnesimachus, a comic poet. the Greeks, as the friend and companion of
Mnester, a frecdman of Agrippina, who Thymbreeus. They were slain by Ulyssesand
murdered himself at the death of his mistress. Diomedes. f/omer. //. 11,v. 320.
Tacit. M. 14, c. 9. MoLioNE, the wife of Actor, son of Phor-
Mnestheus, a Trojan, descended from bas. She became mother of Ctealus and Eu-
Assaracus. He obtained the prizegivento rytus,who, from her, are called Molionides,
the best sailing vessel by ^neas, at the fune-
ral Paus. 8, 14, Apollod.2, c 7.
c. "

games of Anchises,in Sicily, and became MoLo, philosopher

a of Rhodes, called also
the f)rogenitor of the familyof the Memmii Apollonius,Some are of opinion that Apol-
at Rome. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 116, "c. A lonius and Molo are two different persons,
son of Peteus. [Vid. Menestheus.] A who were both natives of Alabanda, and ciples
dis-
freedman of Aurelian, ".c. Euirop. 9. " of Menecles, of the same place. They
.^ur Vict. both visited Rhodes, and there opened a
Mnestia, a daughterof ^pollod.school,but Molo flourished some
Danaus. time after
Mnestra, a mistress of Cimon. Apollonius.Molo had Cicero and J. Caesar
MxEVis, a celebrated bull,sacred to the sun, among his pupils.[Firf.
Apollonius.]Cic.de
in the town of Heiiopolis. He was shipped
wor- Oral. A prince of Syria,who revolted
with the same superstitiousnies
ceremo- against
Antiochus,and killed himself when his
as Apis,and, at his death, he received rebellion was attended with illsuccess.
the most magnificentfuneral. He was the MoLOEis, a river of Bceotia,near Plataea.
emblem of Osiris. Diod. 1. Plut. dt hid. "
MoLORCHUs, an old shepherd near Cleo-
Moaphernes, the uncle of Strabo's mo-
ther, nee, who received Hercules
with great hospi-
tality.
"c. Strab. 12. the kindness The hero,to repay
he
MoDESTus, a Latin writer, whose book received,destroyedthe JNemaean lion,which
De re Militarih"s been elegantly edited in two laid waste the neighbouring country , and there-
fore,
vols. 8vo, Vesaliaj. 1670. the JNemaean games, instituted on this
Modia, a rich widow at Rome. Juv. 3, occasion, are to be understood by the words
V.130, Lucus Molorchi. There were two festivals
M(EciA, one of the tribes at Rome. Liv. instituted in his honour, called Malorchece.
8, c. 17. Martial. 9, ep. 44, 1, 14, ep. 44. jlpollod. "

McENus, now Mayne, a river of Germany, 2,c.5." Firg.G.3,\'.19.^Stat. Theb. 4, v.

which falls into the Rhine by Mentz. Tacit, 160.

de Germ, 28. MoLossr, a people of E{)irus,
who bited
inha-
McERAGETEs, factoTum ductoT^ a surname that part of the country which was

of Jujnter.Paus. 5, c. 15. called Molossia or Molossis from king Molos-

Mceris, a kingof India,who fled at the ap- sus.
proach This country had the bay of Ambracia on

of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 8. A the south,and the country of the Perrbaebeans

steward of the shepherdMenalcas in Virgil's on the east. The dogs of the place were
Ed. 9. A king of Egypt. He was the last famous, and received the name of Molossi
of the 300 kingsfrom Menes to Sesostris, and among the Romans. Dodona was the capital
reigned68 years. Herodoi. 2, c. 13. A ce- of the country accordingto some
lebrated writers.
lake in Egypt,supposedto have been Others,however, reckon it as the chief cityof
dug by the kingof the same name. It isabout Thesprotia. Lucret. 5, v. 10, 62. Lucan. 4, "

220 miles in circumference,and intended as a V. 440. i:"trab.7. Liv. Justin. 7, c. 6. C.

" " " "

reservoir for the superfluous waters duringthe JVcp.2, c. S."Virg. G.3, v. 495.~-Horat. 2,
inundation of the Nile. There were two ramidsSal. 6, V. 114.
py-
in it,600 feet high,half of which lay Molossia, or Molossis. Vid. Molossi.
under the water, and the other appearedabove MoLossus, a son of Pyrrhusand mache.
Andro-
the surface. Herodot. 2, c. 4, "c. Mela, 1, " He reignedin Epirusafter the death
c. 6." P/in. 36, c. 12. of Helenus, and part of his dominions received
M(EDi, a people of Thrace, conqueredby the name of Molossia from him. Paus. 1,c.
Philipof Macedonia. 11. A surname of Jupiterin Epiius.
MffioN,a Sicilian, who poisonedAgatho- An Athenian general,kc. Id. in Thes.
cles,he. The father of Merion of Crete. [^Vid. Molus.]
McERA, a dog. [Vid.Mera.] Homer. Od. 6.
McEsiA, a country of Europe, bounded on MoLPADiA, one of the Amazons, "c.
the south by the mountains of Dalmatia, north Plut.
by mountHa?mus, extendingfrom the con-fluence MoLPus, an author who wrote an his*
of the Snvus and the Danube to the tory of Lacedaemon.
shores of the Kuxhio. It M'as divided into MoLUP, a Cretan, father of Merione^t-
 MO MO
Homtr. Od. 6. A son of Deucalion."" whence he is called Monoecius,and the har-
bour
Another, son of Mars and Demonice. iiercu/wPortiw. Slrab.4. Virg..^n. 6,"

MoLYCRiON, a town of ^olia between the v. 830.

Evenus and Naupactum. Pans. 5, c. 3. MoNOLEus, a lake of ^Ethiopia.
MoMEMPHis, a town of Egypt. Strab. 17. MoNOPHAGE, sacrificesin ^dna.
MoMns, the god of pleasantryamong the MoNOPHiLus, an eunuch of Mithridates.
ancients, son of Nox, accordingto Hesiod. The king intrusted him with the care of one
He was continually employed in satirizing the of his daughters ; and the eunuch, when he
gods,and whatever theydid was freely turned saw the affairsof his master in a desperatesit-
uation,
to ridicule. He blamed Vulcan, because in stabbed her lestshe should fallinto the
the human form which he had made of clay,enemy's hands, ".c.
he had not placed a window in his breast,by MoNs SACER, a mountain near Rome,
which whatever was done or thought there, where '
the Roman populace retired in a tu- mult,
mightbe easily broughtto light.He censured which was the cause of the election of
the house which Minerva had made, because the tribunes.
the goddess had not made it moveable, by MoNS seVerus, a mountain near Rome, "c.
which means a bad neighbourhoodmight be MoNTANus, a poet who wrote in hexame- ter
avoided. In the bull which Neptune had pro-
duced, and elegiac verses. Ovid, ex Pont. 4.
he observed that his blows might have An orator under Vespasian. A favourite
been surer if his eyes had been placednearer of Messalina. One of the senators whom
the horns. Venus herself was exposedto his Domitian consulted about boilinga turbot.
satire ; and when the sneering god had found Juv. 4.
no fault in the body of the naked goddess,he MoNYCHus, a powerful giant,who
. could
observed as she retired, that the noise of her root up trees and hurl them like a javelin. He
feet was too loud,and greatly improperin the receives his name from hisliaving the feet of a
goddessof beauty. These illiberalreflections horse, as the word implies.Juv. 1, v. 11.
upon the gods were the cause that Momus was MoNYMA. [Vid.Monima.]
driven from heaven. He is generally repre-
sented MoNYMus, a servant of Corinth, who, not

raisinga mask from his face,and hold-ing beingpermittedby his master to follow Dio-genes
a small figurein his hand. Hesiod. in the cynic,pretendedmadness, and ob- tained
Theog. " Lucian. in Henn. his liberty.He became a great admi-
rer
MoNA, an island between Britain and Hi- of the philosopher,and also of Crates,and
inhabited
bernia, anciently by a number of even wrote something in the form of face-
tious
Druids. It is supposed by some to be the stories. Diog.Laert.
modern \sls.ndo(Anglesey, and by others,the MoPHis, an Indian prince conquered by
island oiMan. Tacit. 14. Ann. c. 18 and 29. Alexander.
MoNiESES, a king of Parthia, who favoured MopsiuM, a hill and town of Thessaly,be-
tween
the cause of M. Antony againstAugustus. Tempe and Larissa. Liv. 42.
Horat. 3, od. 6, c. 9. A Parthian in the age MopsopiA, an ancient name of Athens,from.
of Mithridates, Lc. Mopsus one of its kings,and from thence the
MoNDA, a river between the Durius and epithetof Mopsopiusis often appliedto aa
Athenian.
Tagus, in Portugal. Ptin. 4, c. 22.
MoNESos, a generalkilled by Jason at Col-
chis, Mopsuhestia, or Mopsos, a town of Cili-
"ic. cia near the sea. Cic Fani. 3, c. 8.
MoNETA, a surname of Juno among the Mopsos, a celebrated prophet, son of
Romans. She received itbecause she advised Manto and Apollo,during the Trojan war.
them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cybele,to He was consulted by Amphimachus, king of
avert an earthquake. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 15. Colophon, who wished to know what success
"

would attend his arms

Livy says, (7,c. 28,)that a temple was vowed in a war which he was
to Juno, under this name, by the dictator goingto undertake. He predictedthe great- est
Furius, when the Romans waged war against calamities ; but Calchas, who had been a
the Aurunci, and that the temple was raised soothsayer of the Greeks duringthe Trojan
to the goddess by the senate, on the spot war, promisedthe greatest successes. machus
Amphi-
where the house of Manlius Capitolinus had followed the opinionof Calchas, but
formerly siood."Saidas,however, says, that the opinionof Mopsus was fully verified. This
Juno was Moneta, from assuringhad such an effect upon Calchas that he died
surnamed
the Romans, in the war
when against Pyrrhus soon after. His death is attributed by some
they complained of want of pecuniary re- to another
sources,
" mortification of the same nature.
that money could never fail to those The two soothsayers, jealousof each other's
who cultivatedjustice. fame, came to a trial of their skillin divina-
tion.
MoNiMA, a beautiful woman of Miletus, Calchas firstasked his antagonist liow
whom Mithridates the Great married. When many figs a neighbouring tree bore ; ten thou-
sand
his affairsgrew desperate, Mithridates ordered except one, repliedMopsus, and one
his wives to desti-oy themselves ; Moniraa singlevessel can contain them all. The tigs
tempted
at-
to strangleherself,but when her ef- fortswere gathered, and his conjectures were true.
were unavailing, she ordered one of her
Mopsus, now to try his adversary,asked him
attendants to stab her. Pint, in Luc. how many young ones a certain pregnant sow

MoNi.-\rus,a philosopher of Syracuse. would bringforth. Calchas confessed his ig- norance,
MoNODUS, a son of Prusias. He had one and Mopsus immediatelysaid, that
continued bone instead of a row of teeth,
the sow would bringforth on the morrow ten
whence his name "^Q')-PUn. 7, c. 16
(/-ux^' young ones, of which only one should be a
MoNCEcus, now Monaco, a town and port male, all black, and that the females should
of Liguria,where Hercules had*a temple, all he known by their white "'treats. THc
 MO MU
morrow provedthe veracityof his prediction,
jloryof his countiy in his own mother tongue,
and Calchas died of the grief
by which
excess | A philosopherof
He is supposed Sidon.
his defeat produced.Mopsus after death was the founder of anatomical
[tobe philosophy,
'
ranked among the gods; and had an oracle at Strab. A Greek bucolic poet in the age of
Malia, celebrated for the true and decisive Ptolemy Philadelphus.The sweetness and
answers which it gave. Strab. 9. Pans. 7, c. eleganceof his eclogues,which
" are stillex-
tant,

3. Ammian.
"
14, c. 8. Plut. de orac. defect.
" make the world regretthe loss of poeti-
cal
A son of Arapyx and Chloris,born at Ti- piecesno way inferior to the productions
taressa in Thessaly. He was the prophetand of Theocritus. The best edition of Moschus
soothsayer of the Argonauts,and died at his with Bion is that of Haskin, 8vo. Oxon. 1743.
return from Colchis by the bite of a serpentin A Greek rhetorician of Pergarausin the
Libya.Jason erected him a monument on the age of Horace, defended by Torquatusin an
sea shore,where afterwards tlie Africans built accusation of having p")isonedsome of his
him a temple where he gave oracles. He has friends. Herat. 1, ep. 5, v. 9.
often been confounded with the son of Manto, MosELLA, a river of BelgicGaul falling
as their professions andtheirnames were alike. into the Rhine, at Coblentz, and now called
Hygin. fab. 14, 128, 173." Strab. 9. A the Moselle. Flor. 3, c. 10.
" Tadt. Jin. 13,
shepherdof that name in Virg.Ed. c. 53.
MoRGANTiuM of Sicily, Moses, a celebrated legislator
(or ia), a town and general
near the mouth Cic. in Vtr. among
of the Simethus. the Jews, well known in sacred history.
3, c. 18. He was born in Egypt, 1571 B. C. and after
MouiNi, a people of BelgicGauh on the he had performed his miracles before Pha- raoh,
shores of the British ocean. The shortest pas-
sage conducted the Israelites throughthe
in Britain was from their Territories. Red Sea, and given them laws and ordinan- ces,
They were called extremi hominurn by the Ro- mans, duringtheir peregrination of 40 years in
because situate on the extremities of the wilderness of Arabia ; he died at the age
Gaul. Their city,called Morinorum caslel- of 120. His writingshave been quoted and
lum, is now Mount Cassel,in Artois } and Mo-
rinorum
commended by several of the heathen au- thors,

civitas,is Terouenne, on the Lis. who have divested themselves of their

JEn. 8, v.
-Virg. Cffs. 4, Bdl
726." G. 21. prejudices againstan Hebrew, and extolled
MoRiTASGUs, a king of
the Senones at the his learningand the effects of his wisdom.
arrival of Caesar in Gaul. CcEsar.B. G. Longinus. Diod. 1. "

MoRiiJS, ariver of Bceotia. Plut. MosYCHLus, a mountainof Lemnos. JVte-

Morpheus, the son and minister of tliegod and.
Somnus, who naturally imitated the grimaces, MosYWiEci, a nation on the Euxine sea, in
gestures,words, and manners, of mankind. vvhose territories the 10,0(X)Greeks staid on
He is sometimes called the god of slee[).He their return from Cunaxa. Xenoph.
is generally represented as a sleeping child, of MoTHONE. a town of Magnesia,where Phi- lip
greatcorpulence,and with wings. He holds iost one of his eyes. Jusiin. 7, c. 6. The
a vase in one hand, and in the other are some word isoften speltMethone.
poppies. is represented
He by Ovid as seni MoTYA, a town of Sicily, besiegedand
to inform by a dream and a vision the unhap-
py taken by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse.
Alcyone ofthe fate of her husband Ceyx MuciANus, a factious and intriguing genera!
Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 10. under Otho and Vitellius, kc.
Mors, one of the infernal deities born of Mucius. [Vid.Mutius.]
JNight, without a father. She was worshipped MucRi?:,a villageof Samnium. Jtal. 9, v.-
by the ancients,particularly by the Lacedse- 565.
monians, with great solemnity, and represent-
ed MuLciBER, a surname of Vulcan, (a mul-
not as an actually existingpower, but as an cendo ferrum,) from his occupation. Ovid.
imaginarybeing. Euripidesintroduces her in Md. 2, v. 5. \_Vid. Vulcanus.]
on'3 Of his tragedieson the stage.The moderns MuLucHA, a river of Africa,dividing Numi-
represent her as a skeleton armed with a dia from Mauritania. Plin. 5, c. 2.
scytheand a scymetar. MuLvius Pons, a bridgeon the Flaminian
MoRTUUM Mare. [Vid.Mare Mortunm.] Avay, about one mile distant from Rome.
MoRYs, a Trojan killed by Meriones during Mart. 3, ep. 14.
the Trojan war. Homer. II. 13,".c. MuMMius, a Roman consul, sent against
L.
MosA, a river of BelgicGaul falling into the the Achaeans, whom he conquered,B. C.
German ocean, and now called the Maese or 147. He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and
Meuse. The bridgeover it,Mosoepons, is now Calchis,by order of the senate, and ob- tained
supposedto be MacslridU. Tadt. H. 4, c. the surname of Jldiaicus from his
66. victories. He did not enrich himself with
MoscHA, now Muscat, a port of Arabia
the spoilsof the enemy,
on but returned home
the Red Sea. without any increase of fortune. He was so

MoscHi, a peopleof Asia, at the west of unacquaintedwith the value of the paintings
the Caspian sea. Mela, 1,c. 2, I. 3, c. 5. and works of the most
" celebrated artists of
Lucan. 3, v. 270. Greece, which were found in the plunderof
MoscHioN, a name common to four diffe-
rent Corinth,that he said to those who conveyed
writers,whose compositions, character,them to Rome, that if they lost them or in- jured
and native place are unknown. Some ments
frag- them, they should make others in their
of their writingsremain, some few stead. Paterc. 1, c. \3."Sirah. 8." Plin. 34,
verses and a treatise ne mortis mulierum, edi-
ted c. 7, 1. 37, c. Ti.~Flor. 2, c. e."Paus. 5, c.
by Gesner, 4to. Basil. 1566. 24. P^blius, a man commended by C.
Moscuus, a Phccnician who wrote the his- Publicius for the versatility
of his mind, and
 MU MU
the of his
propriety manners. Cic. de Orat. 1head of the armies of the republic
in Asia by
2. A poet. Macrobius. 1. Satur. 10. ISylla. He invaded the dominions of Mithrt-
Latin
M. a praetor. Cic. in Ver. Spurius, a (dates with success, but soon after met with a
brother of Achaicus before mentioned, dis- Idefeat. He was
tinguished honoured with a triumphat
as an orator, and for his fondness his return to Rome. He commanded one of
for tliestoic philosophy. Cic. ad Brut. 25. ad the wings of Sylla's army at the battleagainst
Att. 13, ep. 6. V lieutenant of Crassus de- Archelaus near
feated, Chaeronea. He was ablyde-
fended
".C. Plut. in Crass. in an oration by Cicero,when his char-
acter
MuNATius, Plancus, a consul sent to the was attacked and censored. Cic. pre
rebellious army of Germanicus. He was most Mur.
al- Appian. de Mithrid. A man
"

put t"
killed by the incensed soldiery, pected death for conspiring
who sus- againstAugustus,B.C. 22.
throughhim that they had
that it was MuRciA. [Vid.Murria.]
not all been pardoned and indemnified by a enemy of the triumvirate of
MuRCus, an

decree of the senate. Caipurnius rescued him J. Caesar. Statins,a man who murdered
from their fury. An orator and disciple of Piso in Vesta's templein Nero's reign. Tacit.
Cicero. His father,grandfather, aiid great-
grandfatherH.l.c. 43.
bore the same name. He was MuRGANTiA, a town of Samnium. Liv.
with Caesar in Gaul, and was made consul 25, c. 27.
vvith Brutus. He promisedto favour the re- publican MuRRHENDS, a friend of Turnus killed by
cause for some time,but he deserted iEneas, he. Virg.JEn. 12,v. 529.
again to Caisar. He was long Antony'sfa- vourite, MuRSA, now Essek, a town of Hungary,
but he lefthim at the battle of Actium where the Drave fallsinto the Danube.
to conciliate the favoui-s of Octavius. His MuRTiA, or Myrtia, (a /"wfT"3) a supposed
services were greatin the senate ; for,through surname of Venus, because she presidedover
his influence and persuasion, that venerable the myrtle. This goddess was the patron of
body flattered the conqueror of Antony with idleness and cowardice. Varro de L. L. 4,
the appellation of Augustus.He was rewarded C.32.
with the office of censor. Piut. in Ant. Mus, a Roman consul. [Vld.Decius.]
Gratus, a Roman knightwho conspiredwith MusA Antokius, a freedman and physician
Piso against Nero. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 30. of Augustus. He cured his imperial master
Suet, in Aug. 23. A friend of Horace, ep. 3, of a dangerousdisease under which he labour-
ed,
V. 31. by recommending to him the use of the
MuNDA, a HispaniaBsetica,cold bath. He was greatly
small town of rewarded for this
celebrated for a battle which was foughtthere celebrated cure. He was honoured with a
on the ITth of March, B. C. 45, between brazen statue by the Roman senate, which
Ceesar and the republicanforces of Rome, was placednear that of iEsculapius, and Au-
gustus
under Labienus and the sons of Pompey. permittedhim to wear a golden ring,
Caesar obtained the victoryafter an obstinate and to be exempted from all taxes. He was
and bloody battle,and by this blow put an not so successtui in recommending the use of
end to the Roman republic. Pompey lost the cold bath to Marcellusas he had been to
30,000 men, and Caesar only 1000, and 500 Augustus, and his illustrious patientdied un-
der
wounded. Sil. Ital. 3, v. 400." his care.
/fiW. Bell. The cold bath was for a Jong
Hisp.27. Lucan. 1.
" time discontinued, till Charmis of Marseilles
MuNiTus, a son of Laodice, the daughterof introduced it again,and convinced the world
Priam by Acamas. He was intrusted to the of itsgi-eat benefits. Musa was brother to Eu-
eare of ^thra as soon as born, and at the tak-
ing phorbus the physicianof kin^Juba. Two
of Troy he was made known to his fa-
ther,small treatises, de herbd Bolaruca, and de iu-
who saved his life,and carried him to enda Vulttudint,
are supposedto be the ductions
pro-
Thrace, where he was killed bythe bite of a of his pen. A daughter
of Nico-
serpent. Parthen. 16. medes, kingof Bithynia. She attemptedto
MuNj'CHiA, port of Attica,be-
(and m) tweenrecover
a her father'skingdom from the Ro-
mans,
the Piraeus and the promontory of Su- but to no purpose, though Caesar es* "

niura, called after kingMunydius, who built pousedher cause. Palerc. 2. "
Suet, in Cces.
there a templeto Diana, and in whose honour
MusiE, certain goddesseswho presided over
he instituted festivals called Munycliia.The poetry, music, dancing, and all the liberal
templewas held so sacred that whatever crim- inals arts. They were daughtersof Jupiterand
fled there for refugewere pardoned. Du- ring Mnemosyne, and were nine in number; Clio,
the festivals theyoffered small cakes which Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore -

they called aviphipiionlesi "vi to-j u.u?"^"*"-,from Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope,and Urania
shiningall around, because there were lightedSome suppose that there were in ancient times
torches hung round when they were carried to only three muses, Melete, Mneme, and Ace-
the temple,or because they we re otfcred at de^ others four, TeLxiope,Acede, Arche,
the full moon, at which time the solemnity was Melete. They were, according to others,
oljserved. it was particularly in honour of daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from which
Diana, who is the same as the moon, because it circumstance theyare all called Pierides.The
was full moon when Themistocles conquered name of Pierides might probably be derived
the Persian fleetat Salamis. The port of Mu- from mount Pierus where tlieywere born.
nycbia was well fortified, and of great conse-
quence They have been severallycalled Castalide.-.
; therefore the Lacedcemonians, when Aganippides, JUbethrides, Aonides, Ikliconi-
sovereigns of Greece, always kept a regularades,6lc. from the placeswhere they were
garrisonthere. Plut. Olid. Met. 2, v. 709. worshipped,or over which
"
they presided
h)lrab.'2.Pans. l,c. 1.
"

Apollo,who was the patron and the conductor

a celebrated Roman, left at the
MuRJSiTA, of the muses, has recdted the nanae of Musa-
 MU MU
or leader of the same name afterwardsmarried
Sur-
muses. The M. Scaurus. Augustus
gtles,
was also The palm greatly
givento Hercules. esteemed her. Plut. in Pomp. A
of Pin- wife of Julius Caesar,beloved by Clodius the
free,the laurel,and all the fountains
Helicon, Parnassus, ".c.were sacred to tribune. Suet, in Cou. 50. The mother of
dus,
the muses. They were represented
generally Augustus.
as and modest virgins.
young, beautiful, They MuTiA Lex, the same as that which was

were and commonly appear-

fond of solitude, ed enacted by Licinius Crassus, and Q. Mutius,
in diflferentattire accordingto the arts and A. U. C. 657. [Tirf.
LiciniaLex.]
sciences over which they presided. [Ptd. MuTicA, or MuTYCE, a town of Sicily,
Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, ",c.]west of the capePachynus. Cic. in Ver. 3, c. 43.
represented as dancing MuTiLiA, a woman intimate with Livia
Sometimes theywere
in a chorus, to intimate the near and indisso-
luble Augusta. T{icit.Ann. 4, c. 12.
which exists between the li-
beral MuTiNA, a Roman
connexion colony of Cisalpine
arts and sciences. The muses sometimes Gaul, where M. D. Brutus, Antony besieged
because by the assistance whom the consuls Pansa and Hirtius delivered.
appear with wings,
of wings they freed themselves from the vio- lence Two battles on the loth of AprilB C. 43, were
of Pyrenaeus. Their contest with the fought, in which Antony was defeated,and at
daughtersof Pierus is well known. [Vid. last obligedto retire. Mutina is now called
Pierides.]The worship of the muses was Modena. Lucan. 1, v. 42, 1.7, v. 872." Si/. 8,
universally established,particularly in the V. 592." Ovid. Met. 15,v. 822." Cic. Fam. 10,
of Greece, Thessaly, and
enlightened parts ep. 14. Brut. ep. 5.
offered to of Annibal's generals, who
Italy.No sacrifices were ever MuxiNES, one
them, though no poet ever began a poem was honoured with the freedom of Rome on

without a solemn invocation to the goddessesdelivering up Agrigentum. Liv. 25, c. 41, 1.

There tivals27, c. 5.
fes-
who presided
over verse. were

institutedin their honour in several MuTiNUS. [Vid.Mutunus.]

the Thes-
pians,
partsof Greece, especially
among Mutius, the faiher-in-law
of C. Mai'ius.
every fifth year. The Macedonians A Roman who saved the lifeof voun"; Ma-
observed also a festivalin honour of Jupiterrius,by conveyinghini away from the pursuits
and the muses. It had been instituted by of his enemies in a loud of straw. A friend
king Archelaus, and it was celebrated with of Tiberius Gracchus, by whose means he was
stageplays,
games, and different exhibitions,raised to the office of tribune. C. Scaevola,
which continued nine days accordingto the surnamed Cordus,became famous for his cou-
rage

number of the muses. Plut. Erot. Pollux. and intrepidity.

"

When Porsenna, king

Machin. in Tim." Pans. 9, c. 29."ApoUod. of Etruria,had besiegedRome to reinstate
1, c. 3."Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 2\."Hesiod. Tarquinin all his rights Mutius
and privileges,
^n."Ovid. Met. 4, 310."
Theog."Virg. v. determined to deliver his country from so

Homer. Hymn. Mus."Juv. I."Diod. I." tial.

Mar-
enemy. dangerous an
disguised himself He
4, ep. 14. in the habit of a Tuscan, and as he could
Mus^us, an ancient Greek poet, supposedfluently speakthe language,he gainedan easy
to have been son or of Linus or Or-
disciple pheus,
introduction into the camp, and soon into the
and to have lived about 1410 years be-
fore royaltent. Porsenna sat alone with his sec-
retary

the christian era. has paid great

Virgil when Mutius entered. The Roman
honour to his memory by placinghim in the rushed upon the secretaryand stabbed him
Elysianfields attended by a great multitude, to the heart,mistakinghim for his royal mas- ter.

and taller by the head than his followers. This occasioned a noise, and Mutius,
None of the poet'scompositionsare extant. unable to escape, was seized and brought be-fore
The elegantpoem of the loves of Leander the king. He gave no answer to the in-
quiries
and Hero, was written by a Musaeus who of the courtiers,and onlytold them that
jSourished in the fourth century, according to he was a Roman, and to givethem a proof of
the more received opinions. Among the his fortitude, he laid his righthand on an altar
good editions of Musaeus two may be selected of burningcoals, and sternlylookingat the
as the best, that of Rover, 8vo. L. Bat. 1727 ; king and without uttering a groan, he boldly

and that of Schroder, 8vo. Leovard, 1743. told him, that 300 young Romans like himself
Virg.JEn. 6, v. 677. Diog. " A Latin poet had conspired against his life,and entered his
whose compositions were very obscene. Mar-
tial. camp indisguise,determined either to destroy
12, ep. 96. A poet of Thebes who ed
liv- him or perishin the attempt. This extraordi-
nary
duringthe Trojan war. confession astonished Porsenna ; he
MusoNius RuFus, a stoic philosopher of made peace with the Romans and retired from
Etruria in the reign of Vespasian. Tadt. their city. Mutius obtained the surname of
Hist. 3, c. 81. because
"Sccevula, he had lost the use of his
MuTA, a goddesswho presided over silence righthand by burningit in the presence of
among the Romans, Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 580. the Etrurian
Plut. in Par. Flor. 1, c.
king. "

MusTELA, a man greatlyesteemed by Cice-

ro. 12. 10. Liv. 2,
Q. Scajvola, a Roman
"
c.

Ad. Attic. 12. A gladiator.Cic.

consul. He obtained a victory over the Dal-
matians,
MuTHULLus., a river of Kumidla. Sallusl. and signalized himself greatly in the
Jug. 48. Marsian war. He is highly commended by
MuTiA, a daughter of Q. Mutius Scsevola Cicero, whom he instructed in the studyof
and sisterof Metellus Celer. She was Pom- civil law. Cic. Plut. Another appointed "

pey'sthird wife. Her incontinent behaviour proconsulof Asia,which he governedwith so

so disgustedher husband, that at his return much popularity, that he was generallypro-posed
from the Mithridatic war, he divorced her, to others as a patternof equity and mod-
eration.
ihoiigh she had born^ him three children. She Cicero speaksof Irlm as eloquent.
 MY MY
learned,and ingenious,
equallyeminent as an MyeERiNUS, a son of Cheops,kingof Egy^st.
orator lawyer. He was murdered in After the death of his father he reignedwith
and as a

the templeof Vesta, duringthe civil war of great justice

and moderation. Herodot. 2, c.
Mariusand 82 years before Christ. Plut. 129.
Sylla,
"Cic. de Orat. I,c. 48." Paterc. 2, c. 22. Myciberna, a town of the Hellespont.
MutOnus, or MuTiNus, a deityamong the Diod. 12.
Romans, much the same as the Priapusof the Mycithos, a servant of Anaxilaus, tyrant
Greeks. The Roman larly of Rhegium. He was intrusted with the care
matrons, and particu-
new married women, disgracedthem-
selves of the kingdom, and of the children of the
by the obscene ceremonies which cus-tom deceased prince,and he exercised his pow-
er
obligedthem to observe before the statue with such fidelity and moderation, that
of this impure deity. August,de Civ. D. 4, c. he acquiredthe esteem of allthe citizens,
and
9, 1.6, c. 9."Lactant. 1, c. 20. at last restored the kingdom to his master's
MuTUsca:, a town of Umbria. Virg.,Mn children when come to years of maturity, and
7;V. 711. retired to peace and solitude with a small por-
tion.
MuzERis, a town of India,now Vizindruk. He is called by some Micalus. Justin.
Plin. 6, c. 23. 4,c. 2.
Myagrus or Myodes, a divinity among the Mycon, a celebrated painter,who witU
Egyptians,called also Achor. He was treated others
en- assisted in making and perfecting the
by the inhabitants to protectthem from Poecile of Athens. He was the rival of Polyg-
fliesand serpents. His worship passed into notus. Plin. 33 and 36. A youth of Athens
Greece and Italy. Plin. 10,c. 28. Paus. 8, changed into a poppy by Ceres.
"

0.26. Myconos, (or E,) one of the Cyclades

Mycale, a celebrated magician,who boast- ed between Delos and Icaria,which received its
that he could draw down the moon from name from Myconus, an unknown person.
her orb. Ov'ul. Met 12, v. 263. A city It is about three miles at the east of Delos,
and promontory of Asia Minor oppositeSa- and is thirty-six miles in circumference. It
mos, celebrated for a battle which was fought remained long uninhabited on account of the
there between the Greeks and Persians on frequentearthquakes to which it was subject.
the 22d of September, 479 B. C. the same Some suppose that the giants whom Hercules
day that Mardonius was defeated at Plataea. killed were buried under that island, whence
The Persians were about 100,000 men, that arose the proverb of every thingis under My-
had justreturned from the unsuccessful ex- peditioncone, appliedto those who treat of difterent
of Xerxes in Greece. They had subjectsunder one and the same title, as if
drawn their shipsto the shore and fortified none of the defeated giantshad been buried
themselves, as if determined to support a under no other island or mountain about My-
siege. They suffered the Greeks to disem- bark cone. Strabo observes, and his testimonyis
from their fleet without the least molesta-tion, supportedby that of modern travellers, that
and were soon obligedto giveway before the inhabitants of Mycone became bald very
the cool and resolute intrepidity of an inferior early, even at the age of 20 or 25, from which
number of men. The Greeks obtained a com- plete circumstance they were called by way of
victory,slaughtered some thousands of contempt, the bald heads of Mycone. Pliny
the enemy, burned their camp, and sailed says that the children of the placewere ways
al-
back to Samos with an immense booty, in born without hair. The island was poor,
which were seventy chests of money among and the inhabitants very avaricious ; whence
other very valuable things. Herodot. "
Justin. Archilochus reproached a certain Pericles,
2, c. 14. Diod.
" A woman's name. Juv. 4, that he came to a feast like a Myconian, that
V. 141. is,without previous invitation. Virg.M.n. 3,
Mycalessus, an inland town of Bceotia, V. IQ."Slrab. 10." Plin. 11, c. 37, 1. 12,c.7,
where Ceres had
temple. Paus. 9, c. 19.
a 1. 14, c. \."Alhen. l."Thucyd. 3, c. 29."
MYCENiE, a town of Argolis, nesus, Mela, 2, c. 7." Ovid. Met. 7, v. 463.
in Pelopon-
built by Perseus, son of Danae. It was Mydon, one of the Trojan chiefs who de- fended
situate on a small river at the east of the Ina- Troy against the Greeks. He was kill-
ed
chus, about 50 stadia from Argos, and receiv- ed by Antilochus. Homer. II. 5, v. 580.
its name from Mycene, a nymph of Laco- Myecphoris, a town of Egypt, in a small
nia. It was once the capital of a kingdom, island near Babastis.
whose monarchs reignedin the following or-
der Myenus, a mountain of j^tolia. Plut. dt
: Acrisius 1344 B. C. Perseus, Electryon,Flum.
Maestor, and Sthenelus ; and Sthenelus alone Mygdon, a brother of Amycus, killed in a
for eightyears; Atreus and Thyestes,Aga- memnon, war against Hercules. A brother of Hecu-
ba.
/Kgysthus,Orestes, ^pytus, who [Vid. Mygdon us.]
was dispossessed 1104 B. C. on the return Mygdonia, a small province of Macedo-
nia
of the Heraclidae. The town of Mycenaj was near Thrace, between the rivers Axius
taken and laid in ruins by the ArgivesB. C. and Strymon. The inhabitants, called Myg-
668; and it was almost unknown where it dones,migratedinto Asia, and settled near
stood in the age of the geographerStrabo. Troas, where the country received the name
Paus. 2, c. IQ."Strab. e."Virg.JEn.6, v. 839. of their ancient habitation. Cybelewas called
" Mela, 2, c. 3. The word Mycemzus is used Mygdonia, from the worship she received
for Agamemnon as he was one of the kings in Mygdonia in Phrygia. Horat. 2, od. 12,
of Mycena?. V. 22, 1.3, od. 16, v. 4\."0vid. Met. 6, v. 45.
Mycenis. (Idis,) a name appliedto Iphi- A small provinceof Mesopotamia bears
geniaas residing at Mycenae. Ovid. Met. 12, also the name of Mygdonia, and was probably
v,3I. peopled by a Macedonian colony. FlacQ. 3,
 MY MY
Sao." Piirt.4, c. 10." Ot'id.flerotrf.CO." Jfo- the of the ants, and like them were
diligence
rat. 2, od. 12. indefatigable,
and were continually employed
Mygdokus, or Mygdos", a brother of He-cuba, in cultivating
the earth. Ovid. Met. 7,v. 654.
Priana's wife, who reignedin part of Strab. Hygin.fab. 52.
" "

Thrace. His son Corcebus was called Myg- Myron, a tyrant of Sicyon. A man of
donides from hira, Virg.JEn. 2, v. 341. Priene, who wrote an historyof Messenia.
"

Homer. 11.3. A small river runningthroughPaus. 4, c. 6. A celebrated statuary of

Mesopotamia Greece, peculiarly
happy in imitating
nature.
Mylassa (orum), a town of Caria. Liv. He made a cow so much resemblinglife, that
38, c. 39. even bulls were deceived and approachedher
Myle or Mylas, a small river on the as ifalive,as is frequently mentioned by many
east of Sicily, with a town of the same name. epigrams in the Anthologia. He flourished
Liv. 24, c. 30 and 31." Site^ ^ug. 16. Also about 442 years before Christ. Ovid. Art.
a town of Thessaly,now Mulazso. Liv. 42, Am. 3, V. Z\9."Paus."Juv. Q."Propert.2, el.
c. 54. 41.
Myles, a son of Lelex. Myronianus, an historian. Diog.
Mylitta, a surname of Venus among the Myronides, an Athenian general, who con-
quered

Assyrians, in whose temples all the women the Thebans. Polymn.

were obliged to prostitute themselves to stran-
gers. Myrrha, a daughterof Cinyras,king of
Herodot. 1, c. 131 and 199." Slrab. 16. Cyprus. She became enamoured of her fa-
ther,
Myndus, a maritime town of Caria near and introduced iierselfinto his bed un- known.

Halicamassus. Cic. Fam. 3, ep. 8. Mela, 1,

"
She had a son by him, called Adonis.
c. 16." P/in. 5, c. 29. When Cinyras was apprizedof the incest he
Mynes, a princeof Lyrnessus,who ried
mar- had committed, he attemptedto stab his
Briseis. He was killed by Achilles, and daughter, and Myrrha fled into Arabia,where
his wife became tliepropertyof the conqueror. she was changed into a tree called myrrh.
Homer. II.3. Hygin.fab. 58 and 276." Ovid. Met. 10,v. 298.
Myni.e. [rid.Minyae.] " Plut. in Par. "
ApoUod.3.
Myonia, a town of Phocis. Pans. Myrsilus, a son of Myrsus, the last of the
Myonnesus, a town and promontory of Heraclidae, who reignedin Lydia. He isalso
Ionia, now Jalanghi-Liman.Liv. 37, c. 13 and called Candaules. [Vid.Candaules.J
27. Myrsus, the father of Candaules. Herodot.
Myra (orum or cb),a town of Lycia on a 1, c. 7. A Greek historian in the age of
Pli7i.5, c. Solon.
highhill,two miles from the sea.
21. Slrab. 14. Myrtale, a courtezan of Rome, mistress
Myriandros, a town of Seleucia in Syria,to the poet Horace. 1. od. 33.
on the bay of Issus,which is sometimes called Myrtea, a surname of Venus. [Vid.Mur-
Sinus Myriandricus. Liv. 2, c. 108. tia.j
Myrina, a maritime town of iEolia,called Myrtilds, a son of Mercury and Phaetusa,
also Sebastopoli^, and now Sanderlic. Tacit. or Cleobule, or Clymene, was arm-bearer to
Mn. 2, c. 47." Liv. 33, c. 30." Slrab. 13. (Enomaus, kingof Pisa. He was so rienced
expe-
A queen of the Amazons, "c. Dion. 4. in riding, and in the management of
Atownof Lemnos, now Pa^jo Castro. Plin. horses, that he rendered those of (Enomaus
4^ c. 12. A town of Asia destroyed by an the swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity
earthquake in Trajan's reign. The wife of proved at last fatal to him. CEnomaus had
Thoas kingof Lemnos, by whom she had Hip- been informed by an oracle, that his daughter

sipyle. Hippodaraia's husband should cause his death,

Myrinus, a surname of Apollo,from My- rina and on that account he resolved to marry her
in iEolia, where he was worshipped. only to him who should overcome him in a
A gladiator. Mart. 12, c. 29. chariot race. This seemed totally impo.ssible,
Marie, a town of Arcadia,called also Me- and to render it more terrible, (Enomaus clared
de-
2;alopolis. that death would be the consequence of
Myrl-":jE or Apamea, a town of Bithynia.a defeat in the suitors. The charms of Hip-
Plin. 5, c. 32. podamia were so greatthat many sacrificed
Myrmecides, an artist of Miletus men- tioned their life in the fruitlessendeavour to obtain
as making chariots so small that they her hand. Peiops at last presentedhimself,
could be covered by the wing of a fly. He undaunted at the fate of those who had gone
also inscribed an elegiac distich on a grainof before him, but before he entered the course
Indian sesamum. Cic. 4. ^cad. " JEllan. V. he bribed Myrtilus, and assured him that he
H. 1. should share Hippodamia'sfavours if he re- turned

Myrmidoxes, a people on tije sotithern victorious from the race. Myrtilus, who
borders ofThessaly, who accompaniedAchilles was enamoured of Hippodamia,gave an old
to the Trojanwar. They received their name chariot to (Enomaus, which broke in the
from Myrmidon,a son of Jupiterand Eury- course and caused his death. Peiopsgained
roedusa, who married one of the daughters of the victory, and married Hippodamia ; and
iEolus,son of Helen. His son Actor married when Myrtilushad the audacityto claim the
JEgina,the daughter of the Asopus. He gave reward promised to his perfidy, Peiopsthrew
his name to his subjects who dwelt near the him headlong into the sea, where he perished.
river Peneus in Thessaly.Accordingto some, The body of Myrtilus accordingto some was

the Myrmidons received their name from carried by the waves to the sea shore,where
theirhavingbeen originally ants, fjeyf/'i. [Vid. he received an honourable burial,and as he
iEacus.] Accordingto Strabo,they received was the son of Mercury, he was made a con- stellation.

it from their industry, because they imitated Diod. 4. "

Hygin.fab. 84 and 224.

" Pans. 8, c. 14. Apollo^u
" 1.
 MY MY
ikTyRTis,
a Greek woman who chief
distinguished cities were Cizicum, Larapsacus,"c.
kerself by her poeticaltalents. She flour-
ished The inhabitants were once very warlike,but
about 500 years B. C. and instructed the theygreatly degenerated; and the words My-
celebrated Corinna in the several rules of ver- sification.
sorum ultimus were emphaticallyused to sig- nify
Pindar himself,as some report, a person of no merit. The ancients gene- rally
was also one of her pupils. hired them to attend their funerals as
Myrtoum Mare, a part of the JEgean mourners, because they were naturally choly
melan-
sea which lies between Eubosa, Attica,and and inclined to shed tears. They were
Peloponnesus,as far as cape Malea. It re-
ceives once governedby raouarchs. They are sup- posed
this name from Myrto, a woman, or to be descended from the Mysiansof Eu- rope,
from Myrtos, a small island opposite to a nation which inijabited that part pf
Carystosin Euboea; or from Myrtilus,the Thrace which was situate between mount Hae-
son of Mercury, who was drovi^ned there, mus and the Danube. Strab.
"
Herodoi. 1,"c.
"c. Pans. 8, c. 14.~Hygin. fab. 84."Plin. 4, Cic.in Verr. Flacc. 27. Flor. 3, c " "
5.
"

^p-
e. 11. pian.in Mithrid. A festival in honour of
Myrtuntium, a name given to that Ceres,surnamed Mysia from Mysias,an Ar-
part of the sea which lies on the coast give,who raised her a temple near Pallene in
of Epirusbetween the bay of Ambracia and Achaia. Some derive the word ^- reu nxxrtxv, to
Leu c as. cloyor satisfy, because Ceres was the first
Myrtusa, a mountain of Libya, Callim. who satisfiedthe wants of men by givingthem
in ^poll. corn. The festival continued during sevea
Mys, (myos,)an artist famous in working days,"c.
and polishing silver. He beautifully sented
repre- Myson, a native of Sparta,one of the se- ven

the battle of the centaure and Laplthae wise men of Greece. When Anacharsis
on a shield in the hand of Minerva's statue consulted the oracle of ApoUe, to know whicli
made by Phidias. Pans. 1, c. 28. Martial. was the wisest man
"
in Greece, he received
8, ep. 34 and 51, 1. 14,ep. 93."Propert. 3, el. for answer, he who is now ploughinghis
9, V. 14. fields. This was Myson. Diog. in V^il.
MvscELLUs, or MiscELLUs, a native of Mystes, a son of the poet Valgius,whose
Rhypaein Achaia, who founded Crotona in earlydeath was so lamented "by the father,
Italy, accordingto an oracle, which told him that Horace wrote an ode to allaythe grief of
to build a citywhere he found rain with fine his friend. Horat. 2, od. 9.
weather. The meaning of the oracle long Mythecus, a sophistof Syracuse.He
perplexed him, tillhe found a beautiful wo- man studied cookery,and when bethoughthimself
all in tears in Italy, which circumstEmce sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he went
he interpreted in his favour. According to to Sparta, where he gained much practice,
some, Myscellus,who was the son of Her-
cules, especially among the younger citizens. He
went out of Argos,without the per-
mission was soon afterexpelled the cityby the magis-trates,
of the magistrates, for which he was who observed that the aid of Mythecus
condemned to death. The judgeshad put each was unnecessary, as hungerwas the best sea-
soning.

a black ball as a sign of condemnation, but

Hercules changed them all and made them Mytilene. [P7c?. Mitylene.]
white, and had his son acquitted, upon which Myus, (Myimiis,) a town of Ionia on the
Myscellusleft Greece, and came to Italy.confines of Caria. founded by a Grecian colo-ny.
where he built Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, v. It is one of the 12 capital citiesof Ionia,
19. "
Strab. 6 and 8. " Suidas. situate at the distance of about 30 stadia from
Mysia, a country of Asia Minor rally the
gene- mouth of the Masander. Artaxerxes
divided into major and minor. Mysia king of Persia gave it to Themistocles to
minor was bounded on the north and west by maintain him in meat. Magnesia was to sup^
the Propontisand Bithynia, and Phrygia on porthim in bread, and Lampsacus in wine.
the southern and eastern borders. Mysia ma-jor C. Nep. in Themis. " Strab. 14. H^rodot. 1,
"

had iEolia on the south,the iEgeanon the c. 142." DiQd. n.

west, and Phrygiaon the north and east. Its

NA NA
officer of Darius third 4, 63. Juv. 11, v. 126. Seneca, wt
NABAZANES, an

at the battle of Issus. He conspired with

can. V.

Her. (Et. 160,kc.

" "

Bessus to murder his royal master, either to N.\Bi3,a celebrated tyrantof Lacedeemon^
obtain the favour of Alexander, or to seize who in all acts of crueltyand oppression
the kingdom. He was pardoned by Alexan-
der. surpassed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His
Curt. 3, kc."Diod. 17. iiouse was filledwith flatterersand with spies,
Nabath^a, a country of Arabia, of which who were continually employed in watching
the capitalwas called Petra. The word is the words and the actions of his subject*.
"f"ten applied to any of the eastern countries When he had exercised every art in plunder-
ing
of the world by the poets, and seems to be the citizens of Sparta, he made a slatut,
derived from Nabath the son of Ismael. Ovid. which in resemblance was like his wife, and
M9t. I, r. "1, 1. i, V. l^.-Strab 16." Lu- was clothed in the most magniMcent appartl,
67
 NA NA
and vrhenever any one refused to deliverup Itieswho presided over rivers,springs,welilV
iis riches,the tyrant led him to the statue,Iand fountains. The Naiades generally inhab*
which immediately, by means of secret springs,
jited the country, and resorted to the woods
seized him in its arms, and tormented him in Ior meadows near the stream over which they
the most excruciating manner with bearded presided,whence tlie name (fxmvto Jlow.)
pointsand prickles, hid under the clothes. They are represented as young and beautiful
To render his tyranny more popular,Nabis virgins,often leaning upon an urn, from
made an alliance with Flaminius, the Roman which flows a stream of water. JEg]e was
general,and pursued with the most invete-
rate the fairestof the Naiades, according to Vir-
gil.
enmity the war which he had undertaken They were held in great veneration
againstthe Achaeans. He besiegedGythium, among the ancients,and often sacrifices of
and defeated a naval
in
Philopcemen battle. goats and lambs were offered to them with
His triumph short,the generalof the libations of wine, honey, and oil. Some-
was times
Achaeans soon repaired his losses,and Nabis they received only offerings of milk,
uas defeated in an engagement, and treache-
rously fruit,
and flowers. [Vid. Nymphaj.]Virg.Eel.
murdered as he attempted to save his fi."Ovid. Met. 14,v. 328." Homer. Od. 13.
lifeby flight,B. C. 192, after an usurpation of Nais, one of the Oceanides,mother of
14 years. Polyh. 13." Justin. 30 and 31." Chiron or Glaucus, by Magnes. JipoUod.1,
Pint, in Phil." Pans. 7, c. S."Flor. 2, c. 7. c. 9. A nymph, mother by Bucolion of
""A priest of JupiterAmmon, killedin the ^gesus and Pedasus. Homer. II. 6. A
second Punic war, as he foughtagainst the nymph in an island of the Red Sea, who by
Romans. Sil. 15, v. 672. her incantations turned to fishes allthose who
Nabonassar, a king of Babylon after the approachedher residence after she had admit-
ted
division of the Assyrianmonarchy. From them to her embraces. She was herself
him the JVabonassarean epochreceived itsname, changed into a fish by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 4,
agreeingwith the year of the world 3237, or V. 49, ".C. The word is used for water by "

746 B.C. TibuU. 3, 7.

Nacri campi, a placeof Gallia Togatanear Naissus or N^ssus, now Mssa, a town of
Mutina. Liv. 41, c. 18. Moesia, the birth place of Constantine,as- cribed

Nad A G ARA. [Vid. Nargara.] by some to Illyricum

or Thrace.
N^NiA, the goddess of funerals at Rome, Namtdates,
near the Alps. a peopleof Gaul
ivhose temple was without the gates of the Cces.B. G. 3, c. 1.
^ty. The songs which were sung at funerals NAPiE^, certain divinitiesamong the an- cients
were also called ncBnia. They were generally who presided over the hillsand woods
filledwith the praisesof the deceased, but of the country. Some suppose that theywere
sometimes they were so unmeaning and im-proper,
tutelary deities of the fountains and the Naia-
des
that the word became proverbialto of the sea. Their name is derived front
signify
nonsense. Varro de Vita P. R. " Plaal. v^i, a grove. Virg.G. 4, v. 565.
Asin. 41, c. 1,v. 63. Napata, a town of ^Ethiopia.
Cn. N^vius, a Latin poet in the firstPu- Naphilus, a river of Peloponnesusfalling
Bic war. He was originally in the Roman mies, into the Alpheus. Paus.
ar- 1.
but afterwards he appliedhimself to N AR, now JVera,a river of Umbria, whose
Study,and wrote comedies,besides a poeticalwaters, famous for their sulphureous ties,
proper-
account of the fii'stPunic war in which he pass throughthe lake Veliuus,and issuing
had served. His satirical disposition ed
displeas- from thence with greatrapidity, fall into the
the consul drove him from Tiber.
Metellus,who Ovid. Met. 14, v. 330." Virg.Mn. 7,
Rotnc. He passedthe of his lifein Utica, V. 517.
rest Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 15. Tadt. Arvnr
" "

where he died, about 203 years before the 1, c. 79, 1.3, c. 9.

Christian era. Some fragments of his poetry Narbo Martius, now Narhonne^ a towa
are extant. Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 1. de, Senect. of Gaul founded by the consul Marcius, A. U,
"

Ilorat. 2, ep. 1,c. 63. A tribune of the peo-

ple C. 636. It became the capital of a largepro-
vince
at Rome, who accused Scipio Africanus of Gaul, which obtained the name of
"f extortion. An augur in the reign of Gallia JVarbonensis. Paterc. 1, c. 16,1.2, c. 8.
Tarquin.To convince king and the Ro-
themans "Pli7i. 3.
of his power, augur, he cut a flint
as an ISARBONEK313 Gallia, one of the four great
with a razor, and turned the ridicule of the divisions of ancient Gaul, was bounded by
ipopulace into admiration. Tarquinrewarded the Alps,the Pyrenean mountains, Aquitania,
nis merit by erecting him a statue in the comi- Belgicum,and the Mediterranean, and con- tained

tiutTiy which was still in beingin the age of the modern provincesof Languedoc,
Augustus. The ra^or and flint were buried Provence, Dauphine,and Savoy.
near it under an attar, and it was usual among Narceus, a son of Bacchus and Physcoa.
the Remans to make witnesses in civilcauses Pau3. 6, c. 16.
swear near it. This miraculous event of cut- ting Nakcea, a surname of Minerva in Elis,
a flint with a razor, though believed by from her temple there erected by Narcaeus.
some writers, is treated as fabulous and im- probableNarcissus, a beautiful jouth,son of Cephi-
by Cicero, who himself had been an sus and the nymph Liriope,born at Thespia
augur. Dionys.Hal. Liv. 1, c. 36.
"
Cic. de in BcBotia.
" He saw his image reflected in a
divin. 1, c. n', de A'.D. 2, c. 3, 1.3, c. 6, fountain, and became enamoured of it,think-
ing
N.s:voLus, an infamous pimp in Domitian's it to be thenymph of the place. His fruit-
less
reign. Juv. 9, v. 1. attempts to approachthis beautifulobject
Naharvah, a peopleof Germany. Tacit. so provoked him that he grew desperate and
Germ. 43. killed himself. His blood was changed into a

Kaiades or NAicrs, certain inferiordei- flower,

which still
bear"iu"naae. Tkenyuphs;
 NA NA
to burn his body, accord- only not repay the money
a funeral pile
"ijiised he had borrawe^,
tiful but moreover
ingto Ovid, but theyfoundnothingbuta beau- become his creditor's heir. Co-
ranus,
understanding his meaning, purposely
flower. Pausanias says, that Narcissus
had a sister as beautifulas himself,of whom alienated his propertyfrom him and his daugh-
ter,
he became deeply enamoured. He often and exposed him to ridicule. Horai. 2*
hunted in the woods in her company, but his Sai. 5, v. 64, "c.
pleasurewas soon interrupted by her death, Nasidjenus, a Roman knight,w^hose luxu-
ry,
and still to keep afresh her memory, quented arrogance, and ostentation exhibited at aa
he fre-
the where he had often at- entertainment
tended he gave to Mecasnas, were culed
ridi-
groves,
her, or reposedhimself on the brim of by Horace, 2, Sat. 8.
a fountain,where the sighL of his own ed
reflect- L. Nasidius, a man sent by Porapey to

image still awakened tender sentiments. assistthe peopleof Massilia. After the battle
Pans. 9, c. 2\."Hygin. fab. 271." Ovid. Met. of Pharsalia,he followed the interest of Pom-
3, V. 346, "LC. PhilostraL1." A freed-man pey'schildren,and afterwards revolted to An--
and secretary of Claudius, who abused his lony. Appian.
trust and the infirmities of his imperial
master, of J Caesar.
Naso, one of the murderers
and plunderedthe citizens of Rome to enrich One of Ovid's names. Vid. Ovidius.
himself. Messalina,the emperor'swife, en- deavoured Nassus or Nasus, a town of Acarnania,
to remove him, but Narcissus sacri-
ficed near the mouth of the Aehelous. Liv. 26,
her to his avarice and resentment. Agrip- c. 24." "Also a part of the town of Syra-
cuse.
pina, who succeeded in the place of
Messali-
na,
was more successful. Narcissus ished
ban- was Nasua, a generalof the Suevi, when Cae-.
by her and
intrigues, compelledto kill sar was in Gaul.
himself,A. Natahs
regretted
D. 54. Nero greatly his Ahtonius, a Roman knightw^fao
loss,as he had found him subservient to his conspiredagainst Nero with Piso. He was

cit. pardoned for discovering

most criminal and extravagantpleasures.Ta- the conspiracy,"c.
" A favourite of the emperor
Sueton. Tacit. Jinn. 15, c. 50.
death by Galba. A wretch Natiso, now in the
Katisone,a river rising
Nero, put to
who strangledthe emperor Commodus. into
Alps,and falling the Adriatic east of Aqui-
Nargara, a town of Africa,where Hanni-
bal leia. Plin. 3, c. 18.
and Scipiocame to a parley.Liv. 30, c. 29. Natta,
a man whose manner of livingwas

nation of Germany, in the that his name became almost prover*-

Narisci, a per
Up- so mean

Palatinate. Tacit, de Germ. 42. bial.atRome. Horat. 1,od. 6, v. 124.

Nava, now JVape, a river of Germany, fall-
ing
Narnia or Narna, ancientlyKequinum.
now Kami, a town of Umbria, washed by the into the Rhine at Bingen, below Mentz^
river Nar, from which it received its name. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 70.
In its neighbourhoodare stillvisible the re-
mains Naubolus, a charioteer of Laius, king ojf
of an aqueductand of a bridgeerected Thebes. A Phocean, father of Iphitus.
The sons of Iphituswere called JVaubolides^
by Augustus, Liv. 10, c. 9.
Naro, now Narenta, a river of Dalmatia from their grandfather. A son of Lernus,
falling into the Adriatic,and havingthe town one of the Argonauts.
of JVarona, now called JVarensa,on its banks, Naucles, a general of the mercenary
a littleabovethe mouth. troopsof Lacedaeraon against Thebes, he.
Narses, a king of Persia, A D. 294, ed
defeat- Naucrates, a Greek poet, who was ployed
em-

by Maximianus Galerius,after a reignof by Artemisia to write a panegyric

."even An eunuch in the court of upon Mausolus. Another poet. Atktn.
years.
Justinian, who was deemed worthy to succeed 9." "An orator who endeavoured to ali-enate

Belisarius, "ic. A Persian general, ";c. the cities of Lycia from the interest of
Narthecis, a small island near Samos. Brutus.
Narycia, or VM, Naucratis,
or a cityof Egypt oa
Narvx, a town the left
of
JMagnaGraecia,built by colony of Locrians side of the Canopic mouth of the Nile, It
a

after the fallof Troy. The place in Greece was celebrated for itscommerce, and no ship
from which they came bore the same name, was permittedto land at any other place,but
and was the country of Ajax Oileus. The was obligedto sail directly to the city,there

word JVarycianis more universally understood, to depositits cargo. It gave birth to Atiie-
as applying to the Italian colony, near which naeus. The inhabitants were called Kaucra-

pines and other trees grew in abu"4.ance. lilcE or A'aucrafiotce. Herodot. 2, c, 97 and-
f^irg.G. 2, V. 438. JEn. 3, v. 399." Olid. Met. 119." Plin. 5, c. 9.
Navius AcTius, a famous augur. Vid.
15,V. 705.
Nasamones, a savagepeopleof Libya near Naevius.
the who maritime
lived upon plunder. Naolociius, town of Sicily
Syrtes, generally a

Curt. 4, c. 7. Lucan. 9, v. 439.

" Herodot. 2, near Pelorum. "
A town of Thrace on the
Euxine sea. Plin. 4, c. 11. A promontory
c. 165." .S't7.
//.2, V. 116,1. 11, V. 180.
NASCioor Natio, a goddessat Rome, who of the island of Irabros. A town of the Lo-
presidedover the birth of children. She had cri. Plin. 4, c. 3,
a temple at Ardea. Cic. de JVat.D. 3,c. 18. Naupactus or Nacpactum, a cityofiEto-
of one of the Sci- lia,at the mouth of the Evenus, now ed
call-
Nasica, the surname
pios. Nasica was the firstwho invented the Lepanto. The word is derived from
of time about vceu,-Si because it was there that the
measuring B. C. by water, 159, TTttyiv/m,
134 years after the introduction of sun-dials Heraclidffibuilt the first ship,which carried
at Rome, Vid. Scipio. low them to Peloponnesus. It first belonged to
An avaricious fel-
who married his daughterto Coranus, a the Locri Ozolae, and afterwards fellinto the
man as mean as himself, that he might not hands of the Athenians, who gave it to th"
 NA NE

Messenians, who had been driven from Pelo- i ther to Alcinous. He was son of Neptune
the Lacedcemonians. It became and Periboea. Hesiod makes him son of Ulys-
ses
ponuesus by
the propertyof the Laceda3inonians,after the and Calypso.Hesiod. Th. 1, c. 16. The
battle of /Egospotanaos,and it was restored pilot of the vessel which carried Theseus int*
to the Locri. Philipof Macedonia afterwards Crete.
took itand gave itto the yEtolians, from which Naustathmus, a port of Phocaea in Ionia..
circumstance, ithas generally been called one Liv. 37, c. 31. Also a port of Cyrenaica,
of the chief cities of their country. Strab. 4. no"v Bondaria. Strab. 17.
Pans" 4, c. 2d.--Mela, 2, c. 3," Ovid. Fast. Nautes, a who comfort-
Trojansoothsayer, ed
2, V. 43. iEncas when his fleethad been burnt in Si- cily.
Nauplja,maritime cityof Peloponnesus,
a Virg.JEn. 5, v. 704, He was the pro- genitor
the naval station of the Argives. The famous of the Nautii at Rome, a family t"
fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood.whom the palladiumof Troy was, in conse*
Pans. 2, c. 38. Strab. 8. "

quence of the service of their ancestors, in- trusted.

Naupiadks, a patronvmic ofPalamedesson Virg.JF.n. 5, v. 794.
^

of r^auplius.Oind. Mel 13,v. 39. Naxos, now JVaxia,a celebrated island in

Nauphus, a sou of iSeptuneand Amymone, the j^^gean sea, the largest and most fertileof
king of Eubffia. He was father to the cele- brated all the Cyclades, about 105 miles in circumfe-
rence,
Palamedes, who was so unjustly crificed
sa- and 30 broad. It was formerlycalled
to the artifice and resentment of Strongyle, Dia, DionysiaSf and Callipolis, and
Ulyssesby the Greeks during the Trojan received the name of Naxosfrom iNaxus, who
^va^. death of Palamedes
The highlyirritated was at the head of a Carian colony,which set- tled
Nauplius. and to revenge the injustice of in the island. Naxos abounds with all
the Grecian princes,he attempted to de- bauchsorts of fruits,
and itswines are still in the same
their wives and ruin their charactei*. repute as formerly. The Naxians were ciently
an-

When ih.e Greeks returned from the Trojan governedby kings, but theyafterwards
war; ixaupiius saw thein with pleasure dis-tressed
exchanged this form of government for are-
in a sLorm on the coasts of Eubuea. public,and enjoyed iheir liberty, tillthe age
ana to make their disaoter stillmore sal,
univer- of Pisistratiis,who appointeda tyrantover
he lif^hted iires on such placesas were them. They were reduced by the Persians ;
surrounded with the most dangerous rocks, but in the expeditionof Darius and Xerxes
that the fleet mi";htbe shipwrecked upon the against Greece, theyrevolted and fought on the
coast. This sui^ceeded, but NaupliusVv'as so side of the Greeks. Duringthe Peloponnesiaa
disappointed when he saw Ulyssesand Dio- war, they supportedthe interest of Athens.
medes escape from the generalcalamity, that Bacchus was the chief deityof the island. Th"
he threw himself into the sea. Accordingto capital
also called Naxos ; and near
was it,oa
some mythologiststhere were two persons 20th
C. 377, the Lacedaemo-
the nians Sept.B.
of this name, a native of Argos, who wejit were defeated by Chabrias. Tkucyd.1,
to Colchis with Jason. He w"s son of ]\ep- cic. Herodot. Diod. 5, "ic. Ovid. Met. 3, v.
" " "

tuf.e and Amymone. The other was king m6." Virg.^n. 3, v. 125." Paus. 6, c. 16."
of Eubcea, and lived duringthe Trojan war. Pindar. An ancient town on the eastern
He was, accordingto some, son of Clytonas,side of Sicily, founded 759 years before the
one ot the descendants of JNauplius, the Ar-
gonaut.
Christian era. There was also another town
The Ai-gonaut was remarkable for at the distance of five miles from Naxos, w'hick
his knowledge of
sea atlairs,and of astrono-
my. bore the same name, and was often called by
built the town
He of INauplia, and sold conti'adistinction Taurominium. Plin. 3. "

Auge, daughterof Aleus,to kingTeuthras,to Diod. 13. A town of Crete, noted for
withdraw her from her father's resentment. liones. Plin. 36, c. 7. A Carian who gave
Orvh. ..:ru;on. .Bpollod. 2, c. 7. j^pollon.
"
I, his name to the greatest
" of the Cyclades.
".C. Ftacc. 1 and 5. Slrab. S. Paus. 4, c. 35.
" "
Nazianzus, a town
" of Cappadocia where
" fab. 116.
/.//,4"^ri. St. Gregory was born, and hence he is called
Nauportus, a town of Pannonia on a river jXazianzenus.
of the same name, now called Ober, or Upper Nea or JYova insula,a small island betweea
Laybach. Veil. Put. 2, c. 110." P/iJi.3, c. 18." Lemnos and which
the Hellespont, rose out
Tad:. Ann. 1, c. 20. of the sea during an earthquake. Plin. 2, c.
Naura, a country of Scythiain Asia. Curl. 87.
8. Oi i.idia within the Ganges, jirrian. NEiERA, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa and
Nausicaa, a daughterof Alcinous, kingof Lampetia by the Sun, Homer. Od. 12. A
the Pha^aceans. She met Uiyssesed
shipwreck- woman mentioned in Virgil'sEd. 3. A
on Ijerfather'scoasts, and it w as to her hu-
manity mistress of the poet Tibullus." A favourite ^"

that he owed the kind reception be ex- of Horace.

perienced A daughter of Pereus, who
from the king. She married, ac- cordingmarried Aleus, by whom she had Cepheus,
to Aristotle and Dictys,Telemachus Lycurgus,and Auge, who was ravished by
the son of Ulysses, by whom she had a son Hercules. Jipollod.
3, c. 9. Paus. 8, c. 4. "

ealled Perseptolis or Ptoliporthus.Homer. The wife of Autolycus. Paus. A daughter

Od. 6. Paus. 6, c. 19."Hygin.fab. 126. of Niobe and Amphion. -The wife of the
INausicles, an Athenian sent to assistthe Strymon. .^pollod.
Phociaus with 5000 foot, "i.c. NejEthus, now JVelo,a river of Magna
JSAusiMENKS, an Athenian whose wife lost Graecia near Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15,v. 61.
her voice from the alarm she received in see-
ing Nealcfs, a friend of Turnus in his war
he;-.son guilty of incest. against il^neas. Virg, ^n. 10, v. 753.
Nausithok, one of the JN'ereides. Nealices, a painter, amongst whose capi-
tal
JVausithous; a kingof the Phaeaceans,
fa- piecesare mentioned a of
painting Venus,
 NE NE
a between
sea-fight the Persians and Egyp- tians,the Persian forces ; and Nectanebus,defeat- ed
and drinking
an ass on the shore,with a in a battle,gave up all hopes of resistance
crocodile preparing to attack it. and fled into ^Ethiopia, B. C. 350, where he
Neandros, (oria,)a town of Troas. Plin. found a safe asylum. His kingdom of Egypt
5, c. 30. became from that time tributeuy to the king
Neanthes, an orator and historian of Cy- of Persia. Pint. Jlges.Diod. 16, "c. " "

zicum, who flourished257 years B. C. Poly(Rn. 2. Kep. in Ages. "

Neapolis, a city of Campania, anciently Necysia, a solemnity observed by the

called Parthenope,and now known by the Greeks in memory of the dead.
name of JVapIes, risinglike an amphitheatre Neis, the wife of Endymion. Apollod.
at the back of a beautiful bay 30 miles in cir- Neleus, a son
cumference. of Neptune and Tyro. He
As the capitalof that part of was brother to Pelias, with whom he was posed
ex-

Italy,it is now inhabited by upwards of by his mother, who wished to conceal

350,000 souls,who exhibit the opposite marks her infirmitiesfrom her father. They were
of extravagantmagnificence, and extreme verty.
po- preservedand broughtto Tyro,who had then
Augustuscalled it Neapolis. Suet, in married Cretheus king of lolchos. After the
Aug. 98. A town in Africa. A city of death of Cretheus,Pelias and Neleus seized
Thrace. A town of Egypt. Of Pales-
tine. the kingdom of lolchos,which belonged to
Of Ionia. Also a partof Syracuse..3ison the lawful son of Tyro by the deceased
Liv. 25, c. 24. Cic. in Ver. 5.
"
monarch. After they had reignedfor some
Nearchus, an officer of Alexander in his time conjointly, Pelias expelledNeleus from
Indian expedition.He was ordered to sail lolchos. Neleus came to Aphareus king of

upon the Indian ocean with Onesicritus and Messenia, who treated him with kindness, and
lo examine it. He wrote an account of this permitted him to build a city, which he called
voyage and of the king's life; but his veracityPylos. Neleus married Chloris the daughter
has been called in questionby Arrian. After of Amphion, by whom he had a daughterand
the king's death he was appointedover Lycia twelve sons, who were all,except Nestor,
and Pamphylia. Curt. 9, c. 10. Polycen. 9. killed by Hercules,together
" with their father,
" Justin. 13, c. 4. Sirab. 2, "c.-" "
tiful Neleus promisedhis daughterin marriageon-
A beau- ly
youth, ",c. Horat. 3, od. 20. An old to him who broughthim the bulls of Iphi-
man mentioned by Cicero de Senect. clus. Bias was the successfullover. Vid. Me-
Nebo, a high mountain near Palestine,be-yond lampus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 418. Paus. 4, c. "

Jordan, from the top of which Moses SQ." Apollod. 1,c. 9j 1.2, c. 6. ^A river of
was permittedto view the promisedland. Eubcea.
Nebrissa, a town of Spain,now Lebrixa. Nelo, one of the Danaides. Apollod. 2,
Nebrodes, a mountain of Sicily, where NEMiEA, a town of Argolis between Cleonae
the Himera rises. Sil. 14, v. 237. and Philius with a wood, where Hercules, in
Nebrophonos, a son of Jason and Hypsi- the 16th year of his age, killedthe celebrated
pyle. Apotlod, One of Actason's dogs.Nemasan lion. This animal, born of the hun- dred-headed
Ovid. Met. 3. Typhon, infested the neighbour-
hood
Nebula, a name given to Nephele the of Nema?a, and kept the inhabitants un- der
wife of Athamas. Laetant. ad
continual alarms.
act. Stat.
It was the firstlabour
1,
c. 65. of Hercules to destroyit; and the hero, when
Necess'itas,a divinity who presidedover he found that his arrows and his club wer"
the destinies of mankind, and who was gardeduseless against
re- an animal whose skin was hard
as the mother of the Parcae. Paus. 2, and impenetrable, seized him in his arms and
".4. squeezed him to death. The conqueror
Nechos, a king of Egypt,who attempted clothed himself in the skin,
and games were
to make a between
communication the Me- instituted to commemorate
diterranean so greatan event.
and Red seas,
B. C. 610. No less The Nemaean gantes were originallyinstituted
than 12,000 men perishedin the attempt. It by the Argivesin honour of Archemorus,who
was discovered in his reign(hat Africa was died by the bite of a serpent, [Vid. Arche-
morus,]
eircumnavigable.Herodot. 2, c. 158, 1. 4, c. and Hercules some time afterrenew-
ed
42. them. They were one of the four great
Necropolis, one of the suburbs of Alexan-
and solemn games, which were observed in
dt'ia. Greece. The Argives,Corinthians,and the
Nectanebus and Nectanabis, a king of inhabitants of Cleonae,generally presidedby
Egypt, who defended his country againstturns at the celebration, in which were ed
exhibit-
the Persians,and was succeeded by Tachos, foot and horse races, chariot races, boxing,
B. C. 363. His grandson, of the same name, wrestling, and contests of every kind, both
made an alliance with Agesilaus ta, gymnicaland equestrian.
kingof Spar- The conqueror was
and with his assistance he quelleda re- bellionrewarded with a crown of olive,afterwards of
of his subjects.Some time after ho green parsley, in memory of the adventure of
was joinedby the Sidonians,Pha3iiicians, and Archemorus, whom his nurse laid down on a
inhabitants of Cyprus,who had revolted from sprigof that plant. They were celebrated
the kingof Persia. This powerfulconfedera-
cy every third,or according to others every fifth
was soon attacked by Darius the kingof year, or more properlyon the 1st and 3d year
Persia, who marched at the
head of his of every Olympiad,on the 12th day of the Co-
rinthian
troops. Nectanebus, to defend his frontiers month Panemos, which corresponds
againstso dangerousan enemy, levied 20,000 to our August. They served as an era to the
mercenary soldiers in Greece, the same ber
num- Argives, and to the inhabitants of the neigh-
bouring
in Libya, and 60,000 were furnished in country. It was always usual for an
Egypt, This numerous body was not equalto orat"" to pronounce a funeral oration in me^
 NE
mory of the death of Archemonia,and those Iatterwartli called J^ovioma^mi Taui. at
who distributedthe prizes were always dress- jGerm. 28.
cd illmourning.Liv. 27, c. 30 and 31, 1.34, c. j Nemokalia, festivals observed in the
41." Ovid. Met. 9, v. 97, ep. 9, v. 61." Iwoods of Aricia, in honour of Diana, who
sided
pre-
Pau^. in Corinth. Clem. Mexand.
" At hen. " over
" the country and the forests, on

Polymi."Strab.S."Hygin. fab. 30 and 273. which account that part of Italywas times
some-
"
Jpollod.3, c. 6. A river of Pelopon-
nesus denominated ^emorensisager. Ovid, dt
into the bay of Corinth. Liv. 33, Ji.Ji. 1,V. 259.
falling
e. 15. Nemossus, (or um,) the capitalof the
NiiMAUstjs, a town of Gaul in Languedoc, Averni in Gaul, now Cltnnord. Lucan. 1. v.
nearthe mouth of the Rhone, now JYismes. 4\9."Strab. 4.
Nemesia, festivals in honour of Nemesis, NeobCJle, a daughter of Lycambus, bC'
[Vid.Nemesis.] trothed to the poet Archilochus. [Vid. Ly-
M. AuREL. Olymp. Nemesianus, a Latin cambes.]floral ep. 6, v. 13, 1. 1, ep. v. 19".
poet,born at Carthage, of no very brilliant Ovid, in lb. 54.
"
A beautiful woman t"
talents, in the third century, whose poems whom Horace addressed 3, od. 12.
on huntingand bird-catchingwere published NeocjESaria, a town of Pontus.
by Burman, inter scriptores
rei venaticae,
4to. Neochabis, a kingof Egypt.
L. Bat. 1728. Neocles,
an Athenian philosopher, father,
Nemesis, one of the infernaldeities,ter
daugh-or according
to Cicero,brother to the philos-
opher
of Nox. She was the goddessof vengeance, Epicurus. Cic. 1, de Nat. D. c. 21. "

always prepared to punishimpiety, and at the Diog. The father of Themistocles. JEliajn...
same time liberally to reward the good and V. H. 2, ".C." C. Mp. in Them.
virtuous. She is made one of the Parcae by Neocenes, a man who made himself abso-
lute,
some mythologists, and is represented with a ",c. Diod. 15.
helm and a wheel. The people of Smyrna Neomoris, one of the Nereides. Jipol-
were the first who made her statues with lod. 1.
wings,to show with what celerity she is pre-
pared Neoi*,a town of Phocis. There was also
to punishthe crimes of the wicked both another of the same name in the same try
coun-

by sea and land,as the helm and the wheel in on the top of Parnassus. It was afterwards
her hands intimate. Her power did not only called Tithorea. Plut. in Syll. Pam. Phoc. " "

exist in this life,

but she was also employed Herodot. 8, c. 32.
" One of the command-
ers
after death to find out the most effectual and of the ten thousand Greeks who assisted
rigorousmeans of correction. Nemesis was Cyrus against
Artaxerxes.
particularly worshippedat Rhamnus in Attica, Neontichos, a town of jEtolia near the
where she had a celebrated statue 10 cubitsHermys. Herodot. Plin."

long,made of Parian marble by Phidias,or ac-

cording Neoptolemus, a king of Epirus,son "f
to others,by one of his pupils.The Achilles and Deidamia, called Pyrrhv^, from
Romans were also particularly attentive to the the yellowcolour of his hair.He was carefully
adoration of a deitywhom theysolemnlyin- educated under the eye of his mother,and
voked,
and to whom theyoffered sacrifices be- fore gave earlyproofsof his valour. After the
theydeclared war againsttheir enemies, death of Achilles,Calchas declared in the as- sembly

to show the world that their wars were taken

under- of the Greeks that Troy could not be
upon the most justgrounds Her statue taken without the assistance of the son of the
at Rome was in the capitol.Some suppose deceased hero. Immediatelyupon thisUlysseft
that Nemesis was the person whom Jupiterand Phffinixwere commissioned to bringPyrr-
deceived in the form of a swan, and that Le- hus to the war. He returned with tiiem with
da was intrusted with the care of the children pleasure, and received the name of Neoptole-
mus,
which sprang from the two eggs. Others ob- serve {new soldier,) because he bad come late
that Leda obtained the name of Nemesis to the field. On his arrival before Troy he
after death. According to Pausanias, there paida visitto the tomb of his father,and wept
were more than one Nemesis. The goddess over his ashes. He afterwards,accordingto
Nemesis was surnamed Rhanmusia, because some authors, accompaniedUlysses to Lemnos
worshipped at Rhamnus, and Jldrastia from to engage Philoctetes to come to the Trojan
tiletemplewhich Adrastus kingof Argos erect-
ed war. He greatly signalized himself during the
to her when he went against Thebes to re- venge remaining time of the siege, and he was the
the indignities which his son-m-lawPoly-firstwho entered the wooden horse. He was
nices had suffered in beingunjustly drivenfrom inferiorto none of the Grecian warriors in
his kingdom by Eteocles. The Greeks celebra- ted valour,and Ulyssesand Nestor alone could
a festivalcalled JVtmesin, in piemory of de- ceasedclaim a superiority over him in eloquence,
persons, as the g-oddess Nemesis was wisdom, and address. His cruelty, however,
supposedto defend the relics and the memory was as great as that of his father. Not satis-
fied
of lliedead from all insult. Hygin.P. Ji.2, c. with breaking down the gatesof Priam's
S."Paus. 1, c. 33." "pollod.3, c. 10." palace,he exercised the greatestbarbarity
Hesiod. Theog.224." Plin. U, c. 2S, 1. 36, c. upon the remains of his family, and without
5. A mistress of Tibullus, 2, el. 3, v. 55. any regardto the sanctity of the placewhere
Nemesius, a Greek writer whose elegantPriam had taken refuge, he slaughtered him
ai"d useful treatise de Naiura Hoviinis,was without mercy ; or, according to others,drag-
ged
edited in 12rao. Ant. apud.Plant. 1565,and him by the hair to the tomb of his father,
in 8vo. Oxon, 1671. where he sacrificed him, and where he cut off
Nemetacum, a town of Gaul, now Jirras. his head, and carried it in exultation through
Nemetes, a nation of Germany, now the streets of Troy, fixed on the pointof a
the inhabitaxitsof Spire,
forming which wae spear. He sJbo sacrificedAstyanaxto bis fury^
 NE NE
alidmiffloiated Polysenaonth" tomb of Achil-
les otbew, was tiieobject of the journey of Neep*-
accordingto those who deny that that sac- rifice tolemus, and it cannot but be observed,that
was voluntary. V/hcn Troy was taken, he suffered the same death and the same barities
bar-
the captives were divided among the conque-
rors, which he had inflictedin the templeof
and Pyrrhushad for his share Andro- mache Minerva upon the agedPriam and his wretched
the widow of Hector, and Helenas the family.From this circumstance the ancients
son of Priana. With these he departedfor have made use of the proverbof JVeoptolernic
Greece, and he probably escapedfrom destruc-
tion revenge when a person had suffered the same
by givingcreditto'thewords of Helenas, savage treatment which others had received
who foretoldhim that ifhe sailed with the rest from his hand. The Delphianscelebrated a
of the Greeks, his voyage would be attended festival with greatpomp and solemnity in me-
mory
with fatal consequences, and perhaps with of Neoptolemus,who had been slain ia
death. This obligedhim to take a different his attempt to plundertheir temple,because,
course from the rest of the Greeks, and he as they said,Apollo,the patron of the place,
travelled over the greatestpart of Thrace, had been in some manner accessary to the
where he had a severe encounter with queen death of Achilles Patsrc. 1, c. 1. Virg. "

Harpalyce. [Fw/.Harpalyce.] The placeof M.n. 2 and 3." Paiw. 10, c. 24." Ovid. Met
his retirement after the Trojan war is not 13, v. 834, 455, ",c. Heroid. S."Strab. 9."
known. Some maintain that he went to Thes Find. JVem. 7. Eurip. Androm.
"
and Or6St.
his stillreigned
grandfather but kc. Pliit. in Pyrr.
Justin. 17, c. 3. ZHc*
saly,where j "
" "

this is confuted by others, who observe haps

per- tys.Cret. 4, 5, and d." Homer. Od. 11, v. 604:
with more reason, that he went to Epi- //. 19, v. 326." 5op/w)c/. Philod."ApoUod.3,
where he laid the foundations of a new c. 13."Eygin.fab. 97 and 102." Pfdlostr. Her:
rus,
Peleus had
kingdom, because his grandfather 19, k.c. Dares. Phryg. Q. Smyrn. 14.
" "

been deprivedof his sceptre by Acastus the A king of the Molossi,father of Olyrapias, the
son of Pelias. JSeoptoleraus lived with An- mother of Alexander. Justin. 17, c. 3.
iiromache after his arrival in Greece, but it is Another, king of Epirus. An uncle of the
unknown whether he treated her as a lawful celebrated Pyrrhus who assisted the Taren-
wife,or a He had a son by this tines. He was
concubine. made king of Epirusby the
unfortunate princesscalled Molossus, and Epirots, who had revolted from their la^vful
two others,if we rely on the authorityof sovereign, and was put to death when he at-
tempted
Pausanias. Besides Andromache he married to poisonhis nephew, ",c. FhU. m

Hermione the daughterof Menelaus, as also Pyrr. A tragicpoet "f Athens, great'y
Lanassa the daughterof Cleodseus,one of the favoured by Philip, kingof Macedonia. When
descendants of Hercules. The cause of his Cleopatra, the monarch's daughter,was ried
mar-

death is variously related. Menelaus, before to Alexander of Epirus,he wrote some

the Trojan war, had promisedhis daughter verses which proved to be propheticof the
Hermione to Orestes, but the services he ex- tragical
perienced death of Philip. Diod. 16. A re-
lation

from the valour and the courage of of Alexander. He was the firstwho
Neoptolemus duringthe siegeof Troy, indu- climbed the walls of Gaza when that citywas
oed him to reward his merit by making him taken by Alexander. After the king'sdeath
his son-in-law. The nuptials were accordinglyhe received Armenia as his province,and
celebrated,but Hermione became jealousof made war againstEumenes. He was ed
support-
Andromache, and because she had no children, by Craterus,but an engagement with Eu- menes
she resolved to destroyher Trojanrival v.rho proved fatal to his cause. Craterus
seemed to steal away the affections of their was killed, and himself mortallywounded, by
common husband. In the absence of Neoptole-
mus Eumenes, B. C. 321. C. ffep. in Eumen. " " "

at Delphi, Hermione attemptedtp murder One of the officers of Mithridates the Great,
Andromache, but she was preventedby the beaten by Lucullus in a naval battle. Flut. in
interference of Peleus,or accordingto others, Luc. A tragic writer.
of the populace. "When she saw her schemes Neoris, a largecountryof Asia,near Ge-
defeated,she determined to layviolent hands drosia, almost destitute of waters. The inha-
bitants
of Neop-
tolemus.
Upon herselfto avoid the resentment were called Kcorita, and it was usual
The sudden arrival of Orestes chan-
ged among them to suspendtheir dead bodies on
her resolutions, and she consented to elope the boughsof trees. Diod. 17.
with her lover to Sparta. Orestes at the same Njepb, a constellation of the heavens, the
time,to revenge and to punish his rival,caused same as Scorpio. An inland town of Etm-
him to be assassinated in the templeof Delphi,ria, called also Nepete,whose inhabitants are
and he was murdered at the foot of the altar called Keptsxni.Itai. 8, v. 490. Liv. 6, c. 19,
"

by Machareus the priest, or by the hand of 1. 26, c. 34.

Orestes himself,accordingto Virgil, Patercu- Njsphalia, festivals in Greece, in honour of
lus,and Hyginus. Some say that he was mur- dered Mnemosyne, the mother of the Muses and
by the Delphians, who had been bribed Aurora, Venus, "ic. No wine was used during
b}'the presentsof Orestes. It is unknown why the ceremony, but merelya mixture of water
Neoptolemus went to Delphi. Some support and honey. Pollux. 6, c. 3. Athtn. 15. 5ia- " "

that he wished to consult the oracle,to know das,

how he might have children by the barren Nkphrle, the firstwife of Athamas, king
Hermione ; others say, that he went thither to of Thebes, and mother of Phryxus and Helle.
offer the-spoilswhich he had obtained during She was repudiated on pretence of beingsub-
ject
(he Trojanwar, to appease the resentment of and Athamas married
to fitsof insanity;
Apollo,whom ho had provokedby calling him Ino, the daughterof Cadmus, by whom he
the cause der had several children, Ino became jealousof
of the death of Achilles, The plun-
oi the rich templegi Delphi, ifwe believe Neph^le,because her childrea"vould?uccef d
 NE NE
to tbeir father'sthrone before her's by right NbptHys, wife of Typhon, became enam
of seniority, and she resolved to destroythem. oured of Osiris, her brother-in-law, and intro-
duced
JVephele was apprizedof her wicked inten-
tions, herself to his bed. She had a son cal-
led
and she removed her children from the Anubis by him. Flut. in Isid.
reach of Ino, by givingtneai a celebrated NeptCni fanum, a place near Cenchreae,
ram, sprung from the union
of Neptune and Mela, 1,c. 19. Another in the island of Ca-
Theophane, on whose back they escapedto iauria. Another near Mantinea.
Colchis. [Vid.Phryxus.jNephele was alter- iSEPTijNiA, a town and colonyof
Magna
wards changedinto a cioud,whence her name Grsecia.
is given by the Greeks to the clouds. Some Neptunium, a proraontoiyof Arabia,at the
call her JSebula,which word is the Latin entrance of the gulf.
translation of Neplide. The fleece of tne Neptunius, an epithet appliedto Sext. Pom-
ram, vv'hichsaved the lifeof Nepheie'schil-
dren, pey, because he believed himself to be
god of
is often called the Ktpkuian fleece. tne sea, or descended from him, on account
Apollod.1, c. 9. Hygin. 2, he. Ovid. Met. of his superiority
" "
in ships,kc. Horat. Epod.
11, V. 195. " Flacc. 11, v. 66. A tain
moun- 9." Dion. 48.
of Thessaly,once the residence of the
Neptijnus,a god,son of Saturn and Ops,
Centaurs. and brother to Jupiter, Pluto,and Juno. He
Wephelis, a cape of Cilicia. Liv. 38, c. 20. was devoured by his father the day of his
JVepherites, a king of Egypt, who assist-
ed birth,and againrestored to life by means of
the Spartans against Persia,when Agesi-Metis,who gave Saturn a certain potion.Pau-
laus was in Asia. He sent them a fleet of sanias says, that his mother concealed him in
100 ships, which were interceptedby Conon, a sheep-fold in Arcadia,and that she imposed
as they were sailingtowards Rhodes, inc. upon her husband,telling him that she had
JDiod.14. broughta colt into the world, which was stantly
in-
Nephus, of Hercules.
a son devoured by Saturn. Neptune shared
Nepia, a daughter of Jasus, who ried
mar- with his brothers the empire of Saturn, and
Olympus, king of Mysia, whence the received as his portionthe kingdom of the
plainsof Mysia are sometimes called jYepice
sea. This,however,did not seem equivalent
eumpi. to the empire
of heaven and earth,which Ju- piter
Corn. Nepos, a celebrated historianin the had claimed,therefore he conspiredto
Kcignof Augustus. He was born at Hostilia,dethrone him with the rest of the gods. The
and, like the rest of his learned contempora-
ries, conspiracy was discovered,and Jupitercon- demned
he shared the favours and enjoyedthe Neptune to build the walls of Troy.
patronage of the emperor. He was mate [Vid. Laomedon.j A reconciliation was
the inti- sooa
friend of Cicero and of Atticus,and re- aftermade, and Neptune was re-instituted to
commendedhimself to the notice of the great all his rights and privileges. Neptune dispu-
ted
and opulentby delicacyof sentiment and a with Minerva the rightof giving a name to
lively disposiiion. Accordingto some writers the capital of Cecropia,but he was defeated,
he composed three books of chronicles,as alse and the olive which the goddesssuddenlyrais- ed
a biographical account of allthe most celebra-
ted from the earth was deemed more sei-vice-
kings,generals, and authors of antiquity. able for tiiegood of mankind, than the horse
Of all his valuable compositions, mains which
nothingre- Neptune had producedby striking the
but his lives of the illustriousGreek and ground with his trident, as that animal is the
Roman generals, which have often been attri-
buted emblem of war and slaughter. This decision
to TEmyliusProbus, who published them did not pleaseNeptune,he renewed the com-
bat

in his own name in the age of Theodosius,to by disputing for Trcezene, but Jupiter set-
tled
conciliate the favour and the friendship of that their disputes by permittingthem to be
emperor. The languageof Cornelius has al- ways conjointly worshippedthere, and by giving
been admired, and as a writer of the the name of Polias,or the protectress of the
Augustanage, he isentitled to many dations
commen- city,to Minerva, and that of kingof Trcezene
for the delicacy of his expressions, the to the god of the sea. He also disputed his
eleganceof his style, and the clearness and right tor the isthmus of Corinth with Apolloj
precision of his narrations. Some support and Briareus the Cyclops,who was mutually
that he translated Dares Phrygiusfrom the ciiosen umpire,gave the isthmus to Neptune,
Greek original ; but the inelegance of the dic-
tion, and the promontory to Apollo. Neptune,as
and itsmany incorrect expressions, ly
plain- beinggod of the sea, was entitled to more
prove that it is the production, not of a wri-
ter power than any of the other gods,except Ju- piter.
of the Augustan age, but the spuriouscom- position Not only the ocean, rivers,and foun-
tains,
of a more modern pen. Cornelius were subjectto him, but he also could
speaksof his account of the Greek historians cause earthquakesat his pleasure, and raise
in Dion. c. 3. Among the many goodeditions islands from the bottom of the sea with a
of Cornelius Nepos, two may be selected as blow of his trident. The worshipof Neptune
the best,that of Verheyk, 8vo. L. Bat. 1773, was established in almost every part of the
and that of Glasgow, 12mo. 1761. Julius,earth,and the Libyansin particular venerated
an emperor of the west, ^c. him above all other nations, and looked upon
Nepotianus Flavins Popilius, a son of Eu- him as the firstand greatestof the gods. The
tropia,the sisterof the emj)eror Constantine. Greeks and the Romans were also attached t9
He proclaimedhimself emperor after the ais worship,and they celebrated their Isth- mian
death of his cousin Constans, and rendered games and Consualia with the greatest
himself odious by his cruelty and oppression. solemnity.He was generally represented ting
sit-
He was murdered by Anicetus, alter one in a chariot made of a shell,and drawn
month's reign,and his family were involved by sea horses or dolphins. Sometimes ht is
in his roin.
 NE NE
drawn by wingedhorses,and holds his trident toporia, Evagora, Liagora, Polynomc,Lao-
in his hand, and stands up as his chariot flies madia, Lysianassa, Autonoe, Menippe, E-
oyer the surface of the sea. Homer sents
repre- varne, Psamathe,Nemertes. In those which
him as issuing from the sea, and in three Homer mentions,to the number of 30, we find
stepscrossing the whole horizon. The moun- tains the following names difl'erent from those spoken
and the forests, says the poet, trembled of by Hesiod : Halia,Limmoria,lera,
Amphi-
as he walked ; the whales,and allthe fishes of troe, Dexamfene, Amphinorae,Callianira, Ap-
the sea, appear round him, and even the sea seudes, Callanassa, Clymene, Janira,Nassa,
herself seems to feel the presence of her god. Mera, Orithya, Amathea. ApoUodorus, who
The ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a mentions 45, mentions the following names
horse on his altars,and the Roman ers
soothsay- different from the others ; Glaucothoe,Pro-
alwaysoffered to him the gallof the vic- tims, tomedusa, Pione, Plesaura, Calypso,Cranto,
which in taste resembles the bitterness Neomeris, Dejanira,Polynoe, Melia,
Dione,
of the sea water. The amours of Neptune Isea, Dero, Eumolpe,lone, Ceto.
Hyginus
He obtained,by means of a and others differfrom the
are numerous. precedingauthors
dolphin, the favours of Amphitrite, who had in the following names : Drymo, Xantho, Li-

made a vow of perpetual celibacy, and he pla-

ced gea, Phyllodoce, Cydippe,Lycorias, Cleio,Be-
among the constellations the fish which roe, Ephira,Opis,Asia, Deopea, Arethusa,
had persuadedthe goddess to become bis Crenis,Eurydice,and Leucothoe. The Ne-
reides
wife, He also married Venilia and Sala- were imploredas the rest of the deities ;
cia,which are only the names of Amphitrite, they had altars, chiefly on the coast of the sea,
accordingto some authors,who observe that where the pietyof mankind made offerings of
the former word is derived from venire,allu- ding milk,oil,and honey,and often of the flesh of
to the continual motion of the sea. Sala- goats. When theywere on the sea shore they
ciais derived from salum, which signifies the generallyresided in grottosand caves which
sea, and is applicable to Amphitrite.Nep- tune were adorned with shells, and shaded by the
became a horse to enjoythe company of branches of vines. Their duty was to attend
Ceres. [Vid.Arion.] To deceive Theo- upon the more powerfuldeitiesof the sea, and
phane he changed himself into a ram. [Vid. to be subservient to the will of Neptune.They
Theophane.] He assumed the form of the were particularly fond of alcyons, and as they
river Enipeus,to gainthe confidence of Tyro, had the power of ruffling or calmingthe wa- ters,
the daughter of Salmoneus, by whom he had they were always addressed by sailors,
Pelias and Neleus. He was also father of who imploredtheirprotection that theymight
Phorcus and Polyphemus by Thoosa ; of Ly- grant them a favourable voyage and a prosper- ous
cus, Nycteus, and Eupheraus,by Celeno ; return. They are representedas young
of Chryses by Chrysogenia;of Ancaeus by and handsome virgins, sitting on dolphins, and
Astypalae *,of Boeotus and Hellen by Antiope; holdingNeptune'strident in their hand, or
of Leuconoe by Themisto;of Agenor and sometimes garlands of flowers. OrpheusHymn.
Bellerophon by Eurynome, the daughter23." Catul.de Rapt."Pel." Ovid. Met. 11,v.
of Nysus ; of Antas by Alcyone the daughter 361, hc.^Stat. 2, Sylv. 2, 1. 3, Sylv.l."Paus.
of Atlas ; of Abas by Arethusa ; of Actor 2,c. 1. jipollod. "

l,c.2, and 2. Hesiod.Theog.-

"

and Dictysby Agemede the daughterof Au- "

Homer. Jl. 18,V. 39." -P/m. 36, c. b."Hy-
gias;of Megareus by (Enope daughterof gin,he.
Epopeus of Cycnus by Harpalyce; of Taras, Nereics, a name
',

given to Achilles,as sou

Otus, Ephialtes,Dorus, Alesus, "c. The of Thetis,who was one of the Nereides. Horat.
word Keptmws is often used metaphorically ep. 17,V. 8.
by the poets, to signify sea water. In the Nereus, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus
Consualia of the Romans, horses were led and Terra. He married Doris, by whom he
throughthe streets finely equippedand crown- ed had 50 daughters, calledthe Nereides. [Vid.
with garlands, as the god in whose honour Nereides.]Nereus was generally represented
the festivalswere instituted, had producedthe as an old man with a longflowing beard,and
horse, an animal so beneficial for the use of hair of an azure colour. The chief placeof his
mankind. Pans. 1, 2, he. Homer. 11. 7, residence was in the jilgean
"
sea, where he was
hc"Varro de L. L. 4."Cic. de JVat. D. 2, surrounded by his daughters, who often danced
c. 26, 1.2, c. 25." Hesiod. Theog. Virg.
" JE^i. in chorusses round him. He had the giftof
1, V. 12, ",c. 1. 2, 3, kc."JSpollod. 1, 2, he. prophecy, and informed those that consulted
Olid. Met. 6, v. 117, hc."Herodot. 2, c. 50, him of the different fates that attended ihem.
1. 4, c. 188. Macrob.
"
Saturn. 1, c. 17.
" He acquainted Paris with the consequences of
Aug. de Civ. D. 18. Ptut. in Them.
" "

Hy- his elopementwith Helen ; and it was by his

gin. fab. 157. Eurip.in Phceniss. Flacc.
" " " directions that Hercules obtained the goldea
Jlpollon. Rhod. applesof the Hesperides ; but the sea god often
Nerf.ides, nymphs of the sea, daughters evaded the importunities of inquirers by assu-
ming
"fNereusand Doris. They were fifty, cording
ac- different shapes,and totally escaping from
to the greaternumber of the raytho-their grasp. The word JVereus is often taken
logibts, whose names are as follows: Sao, Am- phitrite, for the sea itself. Nereus is sometimes called
Proto, Galataja, Thoe, Eucrate, the most ancient of all the gods.Hesiod. Theog.
Eudora, Galena, Glauce, Thetis, Spio, Cy- "
Hygin. Homer. II. 18. Apollod. Orpheus
" " "

mothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave, Eulimene, Argon. Horat. 1,od. 13. Eurip.inlphig.
" "

Erato,Pasithea,Doto, Eunice, Nesea, Dyna- Nerio, or Neriene, the wife of Mars.

mene, Pherusa, Protomelia,Actea, Penope, Gell B. c. 21.
Doris,Cyraatolege,Hippothoe,Cymo.Eione, Neripiius, a desert island near the Thra-
Hipponoe, Cymodoce, Neso, Eupoippe,Pro- cian Chersonesus.
noe, Themisto. Glauconome,,Hftliiriede,
Pon- NerYtos,a mountain In the islandof Iflla-
58
 NE "NE
ca, as also a small island in the Ionian sea, innocent,his character was
. but
injured, not
Mela. The word Neritos is the lives of the people. But his conduct soon
accordingto
often applied to the whole island of Ithaca, became more abominable ; he disguised him-
and Ulysses, the kingof it,iscalled JVeritiusselfin the habit of a woman, and was publicly
rfiu:, andhis ship JVeritia navis. The people[married to one of his eunuchs. This violence
of Saguntum, as descended from a Neritian to nature and decencywas soon exchangedfor
colony,are called JVeritia proles.Sil.It.2, anotlier;Nero resumed his sex, and cele
V. 317." Virg. JEn. 3, v. Ill."PUn. 4." brated his nuptials with one of his meanest tamites,
ca-

Mela, 2, c. l."Ovid. Met. 13, v. 712. Rem. and it was on this occasion that one of
A. 263. the Romans observed,that the world would
Neritum, a town of Calabria,now called have been happy ifNero's father had had such
^ardo. a wife. But now his cruelty was displayed in
Nerius, a silversmith in the age of Ho- race, a more superlative degree,and he sacrificed
2 SaX. 3, v. 69. An usurer in Nero's to his wantonness his wife OctaviaPoppaja, and
age, who was so eager to get money, that he the celebrated writers, S eneca, Lucan, Petro-
married as often as he could,and as soon troyednius,".C. The Christians also did not escape
des-
his wives by poison, to possess himself his barbarity. He had heard of the burningof
of their estates. Ftrs. 2, v. 14. Troy,and as he wished to renew that dismal
Nero, Claudius Doraillus Caesar, a cele- brated scene, he caused Rome to be set on fire in
Roman emperor, son of Caius Domi- different places. The conflagration became
tius Ahenobarbus and Agrippinathe daughtersoon universal, and duringnine successive days
of Germanicus. He was adoptedby the em- peror the fire was extinguished. All was tion,
desola-
Claudius,A. D. 50, and four years after nothing was heard but the lamentations
he succeeded to him on the throne. The be-ginning of mothers whose children had perished in the "

of his reignwas marked by acts of the flames,the groans of the dying,and the conti- nual
greatestkindness and condescension, by afta- fallof palaces and buildhigs. Nero was
bility, complaisance,and popularity.The the only one who enjoyedthe generalcon- sternation.

objectof his administration seemed to be the He placedhimself on the top of a

good of his people; and when he was desired hightower, and he sang on his lyre the des- truction
to signhis name to a list of malefactors that of Troy,a dreadfid scene which his
were to be executed, he exclaimed,/ wish to barbarity had realized before his eyes. He
heaven Icould not write. He was an enemy attemptedto avert the publicodium from his
to flattery, and when the senate had liberally head, by a feigned commiseration of the mise-
ries
commended the wisdom of his government, of his subjects.He began to repairthe
Nero desired them to keep their praises tillhe streets and the public buildings at his own pense.
ex-

deserved them. These promising virtues were He built himself a celebrated palace,
soon discovered to be artificial, and Nero dis- played which he called his golden house. It was fusely
pro-
the propensities of his nature. He de-livered adorned with gold, with precious stones,
himself from the sway of his mother, and whatever was rsu-e and exquisite. It con-
tained

and at lastordered her to be assassinated. This spacious fields, artificiallakes,woods,

unnatural act of barbarity mightastonish some gardens, orchards,and whatever could exhibit
of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted ad- herents;
beautyand grandeur. The entrance of this
and when he declared that he had edifice could admit a largecolossus of the em- peror

taken away his mother's life to save himself 120 feet high; the galleries w^ere each a
from ruin,the senate applauded his measures, mile long, and the whole was covered with
and the people signified their approbation. gold. The roofs of the dininghalls represent- ed
Many of his courtiers shared the unhappy fate the firmament,in motion as well as in fig- ure,
of Agrippina, and Nero sacrificed to his fury and continually turned round night and
or capriceallsuch as obstructed his pleasure, day,showeringdown allsorts of perfumesand
or diverted his inclination. In the nighthe sweet waters. When this grandedifice,which,
generally sallied out from his palace, to visit according to Pliny, extended all round the ci- ty,
the meanest taverns, and all the scenes of de-
bauchery was finished, Nero said, that now he could
which Rome contained. In this lodgelike a man. His profusion was not less
tJOcturnal riot he was fond of insulting the remarkable in all his other actions. When
peoplein the streets,and his attempts to offer he went a fishing his nets were made with
violence to the wife of a Roman senator, goldand silk. He never appeared twice in
nearlycost him his life. He also turned the same garment, and when he undertook a
actor, and publiclyappeared on the Roman voyage, there were thousands of servants to
stagein the meanest characters. In his at- temptstake care of his wardrobe. This continuation
to excel in music, and to conquer the of debaucheryand extravagance at last rous- ed

disadvantages of a hoarse roughvoice,he mo- derated the resentment of the people. Many
his meals, and often passedthe day conspiracies were formed againstthe empe- ror,
without eating. The celebrity of the Olym-
pian but they were generally discovered,and
games attracted his notice. He passed such as were accessary suffered the greatest
into Greece, and presented himself as a can-
didate punishments.The most dangerousconspiracy
for the publichonour. He was defeated againstNero's life was that of Piso, from
in wrestling, but the flattery of the spectatorswhich he was delivered by the confession of a
adjudgedhim the victory, returned
and Nero slave. The conspiracy of Galba provedmore
to Rome with
all the pomp and splendour of successful ; and tne conspirator, when he was
an eastern conqueror, drawn in the chariot of informed that his plotwas known to Nero, de-clared
Augustus, and attended by a band of musi-cians, himself emperor. The unpopularity
actors, and stage dancers from every of Nero favoured his cause; he was ledged
acknow-
part of the empire. These privateand pub- lic by (ftlltheRoman empire,and the se-nate

amusemeuts of the emperor were indeed condemned the tyrantthat sat on the
 ne NE
tiirone lo be dragged naked through the Iwas voluntary, accordingto some. Suelan. in
streets ofRome, and whipped to death,and terwards
af- I Tiber. Domitian was called JVero,because
"

to be thrown down from the Tarpeian his

cruelties surpassed those of his predeces-
sors,
rock like the meanest malefactor. This,how-
ever, and also Calvus,from the baldness of his
was not done, and Nero, by a voluntaryhead. Juv. 4. The Neros were of the
death, prevented the execution of the sen-
tence. Claudian family, which, duringthe republican
He killed himself,A. D. 68, in the times of Rome, was honoured with 28 con-sulships,
32d year of his age, after a reignof 13 years five dictatorships, six triumphs,
and eightmonths. Rome filledw ith ac-
clamation censorships, and two ovations.
was seven
They
at the intelligence, and the citizens,assumed the surname of Nero, which, in the
more strongly to indicate their joy,wore caps, languageof the Sabines,signifies strong and
such as were generally used by slaves who had warlike.
received their freedom. Their vengeance was Neronia, a name givento Artaxata by Ti-
not only exercised againstthe statues of tlie ridates, who had been restored to his kingdom
deceased tyrant,but his friends were the ob-
jectsby Nero, whose favours he acknowledgedby
of the public resentment, and many calling the capital of his dominions afterthe
were crushed to piecesin such a violent man- ner, name of his benefactor.
that one of the senators, amid the uni- versal NeuoniaNji; Therm,*:,baths at Rome, made
joy, said that he was afraid they pliould by tlie emperor Nero.
soon have
cause to wish for Nero. The rant, Nertoerigia, a town
ty- of Spain, on th"
he expired,begged that his head
as Bilbilis.
might not be cut off from his body, and ex- posed Nerva Cocceius, a Roman emperor after
to the insolence of an enragedpopu-
lace, the death of Domitian, A. D. 96. He dered
ren-

but that the whole might be burned on himself popular byJiis mildness, his
the funeral pile. His requestwas grantedby generosity, and the active jp"rthe took in the
one of Galba's freedraen,and his obsequiesmanagement of affairs. He suffered no sta-
tues
were performed with the usual ceremonies. to be raised to his honour, and he applied
Though his death seemed to-be the source of to the use of tlie government all the goldand
universal gladness, yet many of his favourites silver statues which flattery had erected to his
lamented his fall, and were grievedto see that predecessor.In his civil character he was
their pleasures and amusements were stopped the patternof good manners,, of sobriety and
ty the death of the patron of debaucheryand temperance. He forbad the mutilation of
extravagance. Even the king of Parthia sent male children,and gave no countenance to
embassadors to Rome to condole with the the law which permittedthe maiTiageof an
Romans, and to beg that they w ould honour uncle with his niece. He made a solemn de-
claration
and revere the memory of JSero. His sta-
tues that no senator should suffer death,
were also crowned with garlandsof during his reign; and this he observed with
flowers,and many believed that he was not such sanctitythat,when two members of the
dead, but that he would soon make bis pearance,
ap- senate had conspiredagainsthis life, he was
and take due vengeance upon his satisfiedto tell them that he was informed of
enemies. It will be sufficient to observe, in their wicked
machinations. He also con-
ducted

5nishingthe character of this tyrannicalem- peror, them to the publicspectacles, and-

that the name of JVero is even now seated himself between them, and, v^hen a
used emphatically to express a barbarous and sword was offered to him, accordingto the
unfeeling oppressor. Plinycalls him the com-
mon usual custom, he desired the conspirators to
enemy and the furyof mankind, and in try it upon his body. Such goodnessof heart,
this he has been followed byp.11writers^ who such confidence in the self-convictionof the
exhibit Nero as a patternot the most execra-
ble human mind, and such reliance upon the con- sequence

barbarityand unpardonablewantoimess. of bis lenityand indulgence,con- ciliated

Plut. in Galb. Suet, in viid. Plin. 7, c. 8,
"
"
the affection of all his subjects%Yet,
"c. "
Dio. 64. AurtL Victor. Tacit. Ann. as envy and dangerare the constant
" "

nions
compa-
Claudius, a Roman general sent into of greatness, the praetorian guardsat last
Spain to succeed the two Scipios.He suffer- ed mutinied, and Nerva nee^lyyieldedto their
himself to be imposed upon by Asdmbal, fury. He uncovered his aged neck in the
and was soon aftersucceeded by young Scipio.presence of the incensed soldiery, and bade
He was afterwards made consul, and inter-
cepted them wreak their vengeance upon him, pro-
vided
Asdrubal,who was passing from Spain theysparedthe lifeof those to whom he
into Italy with a largereinforcement for his was indebted for the empire,and whom his
brother Annibal. An engagement was fought honour commanded him to defend. His seem-^
near the river Metaurus, in which 66,000 of ingsubmission was unavailing, and he was at
the Carthaginians
were leftin the field of bat- to the
tle, last obligedto surrender, furyof his
and
great numbers taken prisoners, 207 soldiers,some of his friendsand supporters.
B. C. Asdrubal, the Carthaginiangeneral,Tlie infirmities of his age, and his natuml ti- midity,
was and his head cut off and thrown
also killed, at last obliged him to provide himself
into his brother's camp by the conquerors. against any future mutiny or tumult,by choos-
ing
Appian. in Han. Oros. 4. Liv. 27, ".c.
" " a worthy successor.
"
He liadmanyfriends
Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 37." F/or. 2, c. 6." VaL and relations, but he did not consider the ag-
grandizement
Max. 4, c. I. Another, who opposed Cice-
ro of bis family, and he chose for
when to punishwith death such
he wished his sou and successor, Trajan,a man of whose
as accessary to Catiline's conspiracy.
were virtues and greatness of mind he was fully
A son of Germanicus, who was ruined by convinced. This voluntarychoice was proved
ap-
Sejanus, and banished from Rome by Tiberius. by the acclamations of the people,anA
He died in the placeof his exile. His death the wi?dora and prudencewhich marked thif
 NE NE
reignof Trajan,showed how discerning was
Ihimself in the fieldof battle,and was present
the judgment,and how affectionate were the !at the nuptials of Pirithous,when a bloodr
intentions of Nerva for the good of Rome. jbattle was foughtbetween the Lapithajana
He died on the 27th of July;A. D. 98, in his Centaurs. As king of Pylos and Messenia
72d year, and his successor showed spect he led his subjects
his re- to the Trojanwar, where
for his merit and his character by raising he distinguished himself among the rest of the
him altars and templesin Rome, and in the Grecian chiefs, by eloquence,address,wis- dom,
provinces, and by rankinghim in the number justice, and an uncommon prudenceof
of the gods. JNerva was the firstRoman peror
em- mind. Homer displayshis character as the
who was of foreign extraction, his father most perfect of all his heroes ; and Agamem- non
beinga native of Crete. Plin. paneg. Diod. "
exclaims,that if he had ten generals like
69. M. Cocceius,a consul in the reignof Nestor, he should soon see the walls of Troy
Tiberius. He starved himself, because he reduced to ashes. After the Trojan war,
would not be concerned in the extravagance Nestor retired to Greece, where he enjoyed,
of the emperor. A celebrated lawyer,con- sul in the bosom of his family, the peace and tran- quillity
with the emperor Vespasian.He was fa- ther which were due to his wisdom and to
to the emperor of that name. his old age. The manner and the time of
Nervii, a warlike people of BelgicGaul, his death are unknown ; the ancients are all
who continually upbraidedthe neighbouring agreedthat he lived three generations of men,
nations for submitting to the power of the which length of time some suppose to be 300
Romans. They attacked J. Caesar,and were years, though,more probably,only 90, al- lowing
totally defeated. Their country forms the 30 years for each generation.From
modern provinceof Hainault. Lucan. 1,v. that circumstance,therefore,it was usual
428." Cow. Bell. G. 2, c. 15. among the Greeks and the Latins,when they
JNerulum, an inland town of Lucania,now wished along and happy lifeto their friends,
Lagonegro. Liv. 9, g. 20. to wish them to see the years of Nestor. He
Nerium, or Artabrum, a promontory of had two daughters, Pisidice and Polycaste;
Spain,now Cape Finisterre. Strab. 3. and seven sons, Perseus, Straticus, Aretus,
Nes ACTUM, a town of Istriaat the mouth Echephron,Pisistratus, Antilochus, and Tra-
of the Arsia,now CastelJVuovo. siraedes. Nestor was one of the Argonauts,
NESiEA, one of the iVereides. Virg.G. 4,v. according to Valerius Flaccus 1, v. 380, "lc.
338. "
Dictys. Cret. 1, c. 13, "c. "
Homer. II. 1,
Nesimachus, the father of Hippomedon, "c. Od.3 and U." Hygin.fab. 10 and 273."
a native of Argos, who was one of the seven Paus. 3, c. 26, 1. 4, c. 3 and 31." Apollod. 1,
chiefswho made war against Thebes. Hygin. c. 9, 1. 2, c. I."Ovid. Met. 12, v. 169, "c.
lO."Schol. Stat. Th. 1, v. 44. "
Horat. 1, od. 15. A poet of Lycaonia
Nesis, (w, or idis), now JVisita, an island in the age of the emperor Severus. He was
on the coast of Campania, famous for aspara- gus. fatherto Pisander,who, under the emperor
Lucan and Statins speakof itsair as un- Alexander,wrote some
wholesome fabulous stories.
and dangerous.Plin. 19,c. 8. " One of the body guardsof Alexander. Polycen.
Lucan. 6, v. 90. " Cic ad Alt. 16,ep. 1 and 2. Nestorius, a bishopof Constantinople,
Stat. 3, Sylv.1,v. 148. who flourished A. D. 431. He was ed
condemn-
Nessus, a celebrated centaur, son of Ixion and degi-aded from his episcopal dignity for
and the Cloud. He offered violence to De- his heretical opinions, ".c.
janira, whom Hercules had intrusted to his Nesttjs, or Nessus, now JVesto,a small
care, with orders to carry her across the river river of Thrace, rising in mount Rhodope,
Evenus. [Firf. Dejanira.]Hercules saw the and falling into the iEgean sea above the
distressof his wife from the opposite shore of island of Thasos. It was for some time the
the river,and immediatelyhe let flyone of boundary of Macedonia on the east, in the
his poisoned arrows, which struck the centaur more extensive power of that kingdom.
to the heart. Nessus, as he expired, gave the Netum, a town of Sicily, now called JVb/o,
tunic he then wore to Dejanira, assuring her on the eastern coast. Sil. 14, v. 269. "
Cic. in
that from the poisonedblood which had Ver.4,c. 26, I.5, c. 51.
flowed from his wounds, it had received the Neuri, a peopleof Sarmatia. Mela,2, c. 1.
jiovverof calling a husband away from unlaw- Nic."A, a widow of Alexander,who mar- ried

lul loves. Dejanira received itwith pleasure, Demetrius. A daughterof Antipater,

and this mournful present caused the death who married Perdiccas. A cityof India,
of Hercules, [Vid.Hercules.]ApoUod. 2, built by Alexander on the very spotwhere
c. 7. Olid. ep. 9. Senec. in Here. fur.
" " " he had obtained a victoryover king Porus.
Paus. 3, c. 28." Diod. 4. A river. [Vid. A town of Achaia near Thermopylae,
Nestus.] on the bay of Alalia. A town of lUyricum.
Nestocles, a famous statuaryof Greece, Another in Corsica Another ia
rival to Phidias. Plin. 34,c. 8. Thrace. In Bceotia. A town of Bithy-
Nestor, a son of Neleiis and Chloris,nia, (now JVice or ls-7iik), built by Antigo-
nepiiewto Pelias,and grandsonto Neptune. nus, the son of Philip, king of Macedonia.
He had eleven brothers,who were all killed,It was originally called Anligonia, and after-
wards
with his father, by Hercules. His tender age JViccea,by Lysimachus,who gave itthe
detained him at home, and was the cause of name of his wife, who was daughterof Anti- pater.
his preservation. The conqueror sparedhis A town of Liguria,built by the
life, and placedhim on the throne of Pylos.peopleof Massilia, in commemoration of a
He married Eurydice,the daughter of Cly- victory.
menes, or, according to others, Anaxibia,the Nicagoras, a sophist of Athens in the
daughter of Atreus. He earlydistinguished |
reignof the emperor Philip.He wrote the

ii
 NI NI
lives of illustriousmen, and was reckoned Neptune,in their dispute
over about giving a
one of the greatestand most learned men of to the capital
name of the country.
his age. NiciA, a city. [Vid.Nicaea.] A river
NiCANDER, a king of Sparta, son of Cha- falling into the Po at Brixellum. It is now
of the family of the Proclidae.
rillus, He called Lensa, and separatesthe duchyof Mo-
reigned39 years, and died B. C. 770. A denafrom Parma.
writer of Chalcedon. A Greek rian,
gramma- NiciAs, an Athenian general, celebrated for
poet, and physician, of Colophon, 137 his valour and for his misfortunes. He early
B. C. His writingswere held in estimation,conciliated the good will of the peopleby his
but hisjudgmentcannot be highly commended, liberality, and he established his military racter
cha-
since,without any knowledge of agriculture, by takingthe island of Cythera from
he ventured to compose a book on that intri-
cate the power of Lacedaemon. When Athens de-
termined
subject. Two of his poems, entitled to make war againstSicily, Nicias
Thtriaca, on hunting,and Ahxipharmaca, was appointed, with Alcibiadesand Lamachus,
on antidotes againstpoison,are still extant ; to conduct the expedition which he reprobat-
ed
the best editions of which are those of Gor- as impolitic, and as the future cause of ca-
lamities

ragus, with a translation in Latin verse by to the Athenian power. In Sicily he

Grevinus, a physicianat Paris, 4to. Paris, behaved with great firmness,but he often
1557, and Salvinus,8vo. Florent. 1764. Cic. 1, blamed the quickand inconsiderate measures
de Orat. c. 16. of his colleagues.The success of the Athe-
nians
NiCAJVOR, a man who conspired against the remained longdoubtful. Alcibiades was
lifeof Alexander, Cu7-t.6. A son of Par- recalled by his enemies to take his trial,and
menio, who died in Hyrcania,";c. A sur-
name Nicias was leftat the head of affairs. Syra-
cuse
of Demetrius. [Vid. Demetrius 2d.] was surrounded by a wall,and, though
Anunskilful pilot of Antigonus.Polycen. the operations were carried on slowly,yet
A servant of Atticus. Cic. 5, ep. 3. the citywould have surrendered,had not the
A Samian, who wrote a treatise on rivers. sudden appearance of Gylippns, the Corinthian
A governor of Media, conqueredby Seleucus. allyof the Sicilians, cheered up the courage of
He had been governor over the Athenians the besieged at the critical moment. Gylip-
under Cassander,by whose orders he was put pus proposedterms of accommodation to the
to death. A generalof the emperor Titus, Athenians,which were refused ; some battles
wounded at the siege of Jerusalem. A man were fought, in which the Sicilians obtained
of Stagira, by whom Alexander the Great sent the advantage, and Nicias at last,tired of his
a letter to recall the Grecian exiles. Diod. 18. illsuccess, and grown desponding, demanded
A governor of Munychia, who seized the of the Athenians a reinforcement or a succes- sor.
Piraeus,and was at last put to death by Cas-
sander, Demosthenes,. upon this,was sent with
because he wished to make himself ab- a powerfulfleet,
solute but the advice of Nicias was
over Attica. Diod. 18. A brother of despised, and the admiral, by his eagerness
Cassander, destroyedby Olympias. Id. 19. to come to a decisive engagement, ruined his
A generalof Antiochus, king of Syria.fleet and the interest of Athens. The fear
He made war againstthe Jews, and showed of his enemies at home prevented Nicias
himself uncommonly cruel. from leavingSicily ; and when, at last,
a con-
tinued
NiCARCHUs, a Corinthian philosopher in the series of illsuccess obligedhim to com-
ply,

age of Periander. Plut. An Arcadian he found himself surrounded on every

chief,who deserted to the Persians at the re- turn side by the enemy, without hope of escaping.
of the ten thousand Greeks. He gave himself up to the conquerors with
NiCARTHiDEs, a man set over Persepolisall
his army, but the assurances of safety
by Alexander. which he had received soon proved vain and
JVicATOR, a surname of Seleucus,king of false,and he was no sooner in the hands of
Syria,from his havingbeen unconquered. the enemy than he was shamefully put to
Nice, a daughterof Thestius. Apollod. death with Demosthenes. His troops were
NicEPHORiuM, a town of Mesopotamia,on sent to quarries, where the plagueand hard
the Euphrates,where Venus had a temple. labour diminished their numbers and aggra-
vated
Liv. 32, c. 33." Taci/. Ann. 6, c. their misfortunes. Some
41.
suppose that
NicEPHORius, now Khabour, the death ofNicias was
a river which
not violent. He per-
ished
flowed by the walls of Tigranocerta.Tacit, about 413 years before Christ,and the
jinn. 15,c. 4. Athenians lamented in him a great and val-
iant
NicEPHoRus Cji:sar,a Byzantine histori-
an, but unfortunate general. Flut. in vita. "

whose works were edited,fol.Paris,1661. C. JVep. in Alcib. Thucyd. 4, he. Diod. 15. " "

Gregoras, another, edited fol. Paris, -A grammarian of Rctme, intimate with

1702. A Greek
ecclesiastical historian,Cicero. Cic. in epist. A man of Nica,
whose works edited by Ducajus, 2 vols. who wrote
were an historyof philosophers. A
Paris,1630. physicianof Pyrrhus,king of Epirus,who
JSicER, now the JVecker, a river of Germany made an ofter to the Romans of poisoninghis
fallinginto the Rhine at the modern town of master for a sum of money. The Roman neral
ge-
Manbeim. Jiuson. Mos. 423. disdained his ofters,and acquainted
Niceratus, a poet who wrote a poem in Pyrrhuswith
his treachery. He is oftener
praiseofLysander. The father ofNicias.
called Cineas. A painterof Athens, in the
NicETAS, one of the Byzantine historians,
age of Alexander. He was chieflyhappy in
whose works were edited fol. Paris,1647. his picturesof women. JFMan. V. H. 2, c. 31.
NicETERiA, a festival at Athens, in mory
me- ISiciPPE,a daughterof Pelops,who ried
mar-
of the victorywhich Minerva obtained Sthenekjs." A daughter
" of Thespias.
Apollod.
 NI NI
Nicippus, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose for tiieuse and improvement of his s"u, and
brought
slieep forth a Hon, which was dered
consi- thence they are called Nicomachea. Suidas.
as portendinghis future greatness,and One of Alexander's friends,who vered
disco-
his elevation to the sovereignty.Mlian. V. theconspiracy of Dymus. Curt. 6.
H. 1, c. 29. An excellent painter. A Pythagoreanphi- losopher.
Nico, one of the Tarentine chiefswho con-
spired 'A Lacedaemonian general,con-
quered

againstthe life of Annibal. Liv. 30. by Timotheus. A writer in the fifth

- " A celebrated architect and geometrician.
century,he.
He was father to the celebrated Galea, the NicoMEDES 1st,a king of Bithynia, about
princeof physicians. One of the slaves of 278 years before the Christian era. It was by
Craterus. The name of an ass which Au-gustushis exertions that this part of Asia became a
met before the battle of Actiura, a cir- cumstance
monarchy. He behaved with greatcruelty to
which he considered as a favoura' his brothers,and built a town which he called
ble omen. The name of an elephantre- by his own name, jYicomedia. Justin. Pans.
"

aaarkable for his fidelity to king PjTrhus. "c. The 2d, was ironically surnamed Phi-
NicocHARES, a Greek eoroic poet in the lopaier, because he drove his father Prusias
age of Ai'istophanes. from the kingdom of Bithynia, and caused
NicocLES, a familiar friendof Phocion, con- demned him to be assassinated, B. C. 149. He reigned
to death. Plut. A king of Sala- 59 years. IVlithridates laid claim to his king- dom,
mis, celebrated for his contest with a king of but all their disputes were decided by
Phoenicia, to prove which of the two was the Romans, who deprivedNicomedes of the
most eflferainate. A king of Paphos,who provinceof Paphlagonia,and his ambitious
reignedunder the protection of Ptolemy,king rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affections
of Egypt. He revolted from his friend to of his subjects by a courteous behaviour, and
the king of Persia, upon which Ptolemy or- dered by a mild and peaceful government. Justin.
one of his servants to put him to death, The 3d, son and successor of the pre- ceding,
to strike terror into the other dependant was dethroned by his brother Socrates,
princes.The servant, unwilling to murder the and afterwards by the ambitious Mithridates.
monarch, advised him to killhimt.^elfJVicocles The Romans re-established him on his throne,
obeyed,and all his familyfollowed his exam- ple, and encouraged hira to make reprisals upon
310 years before the Christian era. An the kingof Poatus. He followed their advice,
ancient Greek poet, who called physicians a aod he was, at last,expelledanother time
happy race of men, because lightpublijhedfrom his dominions, tillSyllacame into Asia,
their good deeds to the world, and the earth who restored him to his former power and
hid all their faults and imperfections.A affluence. Strab. Appian, ^The fourth of
"

kingof Cyprus,who succeeded his fatherEva- that name, was son and successor of Nico-
medes
goras on the throne, 374 years before
Christ. 3d. He passedhis lifein an easy and
It was with him that the philosopherIsocl-ates tranquilmanner, and enjoyedthe peace which
corresponded. A tyrantof Sicyon,deposed his alliance with the Romans had procured
by means of Aratus, the Achaean. Plv,i. in him. He died B. C. 75, without issue,and
Aral. lefthis kingdom, with all his possessions, to
NicocRATES, a tyrant of Cyrene. An the Roman people. Strab. 12. Appian.Mi-
"

author at Athens. A king of Salamis in thrid. Justin. 38, c. 2, Lc.

" Flor. 3, c. 5.
"

Cyprus,who made himself known by the luable

va- A celebrated geometricianin the age of
collection of books which he had. .^- the philosopher Eratosthenes. He made him-
self
then. 1. known by his useful machines, k,c.
NicocREON, a tyrant of Salamis, in the An engineerin the army of Mithridates.

age of Alexander the Great. He ordered the One of the preceptorsof the emperor M. An-
toninus.
philosopherAnaxarchus to be pounded to
piecesin a mortar. NicoMEDiA, fnow Is-nikmid,)
a town of
NicoDEMUs, an Athenian founded
appointedby Bithynia, Nicomedes
by 1st. It was
Conon over the fleetwhich was goingto the the capitalof the country, and it has been
assistance of Artaxerses. Diod. 14. rantcompared, for its beauty and greatness,to
A ty-
of Italy,"-C. An ambassador sent to Rome, Antioch, or Alexandria. It became
Pompey by Aristobulus. celebrated for being,for some time, the resi-
dence
NicoDORUS, a wrestler of Mantinea, who of the emperor Constantine,and most
studied philosophy in his old age. JElian. V. of his imperial successors. Some suppose that
H. 2, c. 22. Suidm.
" An Athenian archon. it was originally called Astacus, and Olbia,
NicoDRoMUs, a son of Hercules and Nice. though it was generallybelieved that they
JtpoUod. An Athenian who invaded JEgi- were all different cities. Ammian. 17. Pam. "

na, ",c. 5, c. 12." P/tn. 5, kc" Strab. 12, Lc.

NicoLAUs, a philosopher. A celebrated NicoN, a pirate of Phaere,in Peloponnesus,
Syracusan,who endeavoured, in a pathetic"ic. Polyatn. An athlete of Thasos, 14
speech,to dissuade his countrymen from offer- limes victorious at the Olympic games." "A
ing-violence
to the Athenian prisonerswho native of Tarentum. [^Vid.
Nico.]
had been taken with Nicias their general. His NicoKiA, a town of Pontus.
eloquence was unavailing. An officer of NicoPHANEs, a famous painterof Greece,
Ptolemy against Antigonus. A peripatetic whose piecesare mentioned with commenda-
tion.
and
philosopher historian in the Augustan age. Plin. 35, c. 10.
NicoMACHA, daughterof Themistocles.
a NicoPHRON, a comic poet of Athens some
NicoMACHus, the father of Aristotle, whose time after the age of Aristophanes.
.son also bore the same name. The NicopoLis, a cityof Lower
losopher
phi- Egypt.' A
composed his ten books of morals town of Armenia, builtby Pompey the Great
 NI NI
in memory of a victorywhich he had there \vith the imperialpurple,marched against
obtaiQcd over the forcesof Mithridates. Strab. him ; some battles were fought,
and Nigerwai
12." "Another in Thrace, built on the banks at last defeated,A. D. 194. His head was
of the IVestus by Trajan,in memory tory cut off,and fixed to a long spear, and carried
of a vic-
which he obtained there over the bar- in triumph through the streets of Rome.
barians.
A town gustusHe reignedabout
of Epirus,built by Au- one year. Herodian. 3. "

afterthe battle of Actium. Another, Ezttrop.

near Jerusalem, founded by the emperor Niger, or Nigris, (itis,)a river of
Vespasian. Another, in Mcesia, ther,
Ano- Africa,which rises in .Ethiopia, and falls
in Dacia, built by Trajan,to perpetuate by three mouths into the Atlantic, little
the memory of a celebrated battle. ther,
Ano- known to the ancients,and not yet satis-
factorily
near the bay of Issus,built by Alexan-
der. explored by the moderns. Plin,
5, c. 1 and 8." Mela, 1, c. 4, 1. 3, c. 10. "

JVicosTRATA, a courtezan who left all her

Ptol. 4, c. 6.
possessionsto Sylla. The same " as P. NiGiDics
Carmente, FiGDLus, a celebrated philo-
sopher
mother of Evander. and astrologer at Rome, one of the
NicosTRATus, a man of Argos of great most learned men of his age He was mate
inti-
strength.He was fond of imitating Hercules with Cicero, and gave his most unbias^
by clothing himself in a lion'sskin. Diod. 16. sed opinions conceraingthe conspirators who
One of Alexander's soldiers. He spired
con- had leaguedto destroyRome with Catiline.
against the king'slife,with Hermolaus. He was made praetor, and honoured with a
Curt. 8. A painterwho expressedgreat seat in the senate. In the civil wars he follow-
ed
admiration at the sight of Helen's pictureby the interestof Pompey, for which he was
Zeuxis. ^lian. 14, c, 47. A dramatic banished by the conqueror. He died in the
actor of louia. A comic poet of Argos. placeof his banishment, 47 years before Christ.
An orator of Macedonia, in the reignof Cit. ad Fara. 4, ep. 13." Lwcan. 1,v. 639.
the emperor M. Antoninus. A son of Me- NiGRiTJE,a peopleof Africa, who dwell on
nelaus and Helen. Pans. 2, c. 18. A the banks of the Niger. Mda, 1,c. 4."Plinr.
generalof the Achaeans,who defeated the 5, c. 1.
Macedonians. NiLEUs, a son of Codrus, who conducted a
NicoTELEA, a celebrated woman of Messe- colony of lonians to Asia, where he built
Bia, who said that she became pregnant of Ephesus,Miletus,Priene, Colophon, Myus,
Aristomenes by a serpent. Paus. 4, c. 14. Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenas,"c. Pai". 7,c.
NicoTELEs, a Corinthian drunkard, k,c. 2, fcc. .A philosopher
who had in his pos-
session
Elian. V. H. 2, c. 14. all the writingsof Aristotle. Alhen. J,
Niger, a friend of M. Antony, sent to him NiLus, a king of Thebes, who gave his
by Octavia. A surname of Clitus,whom name to the river which flows throughthe
Alexander killed in a fitof drunkenness. middle of Egypt and fallsinto the Mediterra-
nean
C. Pescennius Justus, a celebrated governor sea. The Nile, anciently called "Slgyp-
in Syria, well known by his valour in the Ro-man tus,is one of the most celebrated rivers in the
armies,while yet a private man. At the world. Its sources were unknown to the an-
cients,
death of Pertinax he was declared emperor and the moderns are equallyignorant
of Rome, and his claims to that elevated sit- of their situation,whence
uation an impossibility is
were supported by a sound understand-
ing, generallymeant by the proverbof JVilicaput
prudence of mind, moderation, cou- rage, qucerere. It flows through the middle of Egypt
and virtue. He proposedto imitate the in a northern direction, and when it comes to
actions of the venerable Ajitoninus, of Trajan,the town of Cercasorum, it then divides itself
of Titus, and M. Aurelius.He was able
remark- into several streams, and fallsinto the Medi-
terranean
for ancient discipline,
for his fondness by seven mouths. The most eastern
and never sutFered his soldiers to drink wine, canal is called the Pelusian,and the most west-
ern
but obligedthem to quench their thirstwith is called the Canopic mouth. The other
water ver canals are the Sebennytican,
and vinegar. He forbade the use of sil- that of Sais,the
or goldutensils in his camp, all the bakers Mendesian, Bolbitinic, and Bucolic. They
and cooks were driven away, and the soldiers have allbeen formed by nature, exceptthe two
ordered to live,during the expedition they last, which have been dug by the labours of
undertook,merelyupon biscuits. In his pun- men.
ishments, The island which the Nile forms by its
Nigerwas inexorable : he condemn-
ed division into several streams is called Delta,
ten of his soldiers to be beheaded in the from itsresemblance to the fourth letter of the
presence of the army, because theyhad stolen Greek alphabet. The Nile yearlyoverflows
and eaten a fowl. The sentence vtfas heard the country, and it is to those regular tions
inunda-
V. ith groans ; the army interfered; and, when that the Egj'ptians are indebted for the
IS'iger consented to diminish the punishment fertileproduceoi their lands. It beginsto rise
for fear of kindling rebellion,he yet ordered in the month of May for 100 successive days,
the criminals to make each a restoration of and then decreases gradually the same ber
num-

ten fowls to the person whose property they of days. If it does not rise as highas 16
had stolen ; they were, besides,ordered not cubits, a famine is generally expected,but if
to light a fire the rest of the campaign,but to it exceeds this by many cubits, it is of the most
live ujion cold aliments,and to drink nothing dangerousconsequences ; houses are overturn-
ed,
but water. Such great qualifications in a the cattle are drowned, and a greatnum- ber

generalseemed to promisethe restoration of of insects are producedfrom the mud,

ancient discipline in the Roman armies, but which destroythe fruits of the earth. The
the death of Niger frustrated every hope of river,therefore, proves a blessing or a calam-
ity
Vsform. Sererus,who had also been inrested to Egypt, anH the of the
prosperity nation
 NI
dependsso much upon it,that the tiibutei of extravagance.The prince left the care of
the inhabitants were in ancient times,and are the government to his favourites and minis-
ters,
still,under the presentgovernment,propor-
tioned and gave himself up to pleasure, riot,
to the rise of the waters. The causes and debauchery, and never appeared in
of the overflowings of the Nile,which remain-
ed public. His successors imitated the example
unknown to the ancients,thoughsearched of his voluptuousness, and therefore their
with the greatestapplication, are owing to the name or history are littleknown tillthe age
heavy rains which regularly fall in ^Ethiopia,of Sardanapalus. Justin. 1, c. 2. Diod. 1^ "

in the monthi|of Apriland May, and which SiC.

rush down like torrents upon the country,and NioBE, a daughter of Tantalus, king of
layit all under water. These causes, as some Lydia by Euryanassaor Dione. She married
people suppose, were well known to Homer, Amphion the son of Jasus, by whom she
as he seems to show it,by saying,that the had ten sons and ten daughtersaccordingto
Nile flowed down from heaven. The inhabi-
tants Hesiod, or two sons and three daughtersac-
cording

of Egypt, near tlie banks of the river, to Herodotus. Homer and Proper-
were called JViliaci,JViligeruB,"c. and large tius say, that she had six daughters and as ma-
ny

";anals were also from this river denominated sons; and Ovid, ApoUodorus,",c. accord-
ing
MH, or Euripi. Cic. Leg. 2, c. 1, ad Q. //". to the more received opinion,support that
3, ep. 9, ad Mt. 11, ep, 12." Strab. 17."Ovid. she had seven sons and seven daughters.The
Met. 187, 1. 15,V. Ib^."Mda, 1, c. 9, 1. sons
5, V. were Sipylus,Minytus,Tantalus,Age-
3, c. quasi.JVat. 4. Lucan. 1, 2, nor, Pbaedimus,Damasichthon, and Ismenus ;
9. " Seneca, "

",c. Claudian, ep. de .IVilo. Virg.G. 4, v. and those of the daughters,

" "
Cleodoxa, Etho-
288. ^n. 6, V. 800, 1.9, v. Z\."Diod. 1,he. dae or Thera, Astyoche,Phthia, Pelopiaof
" Herodot. 2. Lucret. 6, v. 712. Jlmmian.
"
Chloris,Asticratea,and Ogygia. The num-
"
ber

^."Paus. 10, c. 32." P/in. 5, c. 10. One of her children increased her pride,and
"f the Greek fatherswho flourished A. D. 440. she had the imprudence not only to prefer
His works were edited at Rome, fol.2 vols. herself to Latona, who bad only two children,
1668 and 1678. but she even insulted her, and ridiculed the
NiKNius, a tribune who apposedClodius worship which was paid to her, observing,
the enemy of Cicero. that she had
a better claim to altars and sacri-
fices
NiNiAS. Vid. Ninyas. than the mother of Apollo and Diana.
NiNus, a son of Belus who built a cityto This insolence provoked Latona. She en^
which he gave his own name, and founded the treated her children to punish the arrogant
Assyrianmonarchy, of which he was the first Niobe. Her prayers were heard, and imme-
diately
sovereign, B. C. 2059. He was very warlike, all the sons of Niobe expiredby the
and extended his conquests from Egypt to the darts of Apollo,and all the daughters, except
extremities of India and Bactriana. came Chloris,who had married Neleus kingof Py-
He be-
enamoured of Serairamis the wife of one los,were equallydestroyedby Diana ; and Ni- obe,
of his officers,and he married her after her struck at the suddenness of her misfor-
tunes,
husband had destroyed himself throughfear of was changedinto a stone. The carcasses
his powerfulrival. Ninus reigned62 years, of Niobe's accordingto Homer,
children, were
and at his death he left his kingdom to the leftunburied plainsfor nine successive in the
care of his wife Semiramis, by whom he had days,because Jupiter changed into stones all
a son. The history of Ninus is very obscure such as attemptedto inter them. On the
and even fabulous accordingto the opinionof tenth day they were honoured with a funeral
some. Ctesias is the principal historian from by the gods. Homer. It. 24. JElinn. V. H. "

whom it is derived^ but littlereliance is to be 12, c. ZQ."Apollod.3, c. 5." Ovid. Met.

placed upon him, when Aristotle deems him fab. 5. Hygin. fab. 9. Horat. 4, od. 6. " " "

unworthy to be believed. Ninus after death Properf. 2, el. 6. A daughter of Phoro-

received divine honours,and became the Jupi-
ter neus, kingof Peloponnesus, by Laodice. She
of the Assyriansand the Hercules of the was beloved by Jupiter, by whom she had a
Chaldeans. Ctesias. Diod. 2. Justin. 1, c. son called Argus,who gave his name
" " to Argia
1. Herodot.
"
2. A celebrated city,now or Argolis,a country of Peloponnesus. Pam.

JVino, the capitalof Assyria,built on the 2, c. 22." Apollod. 2, c. 1,1.3, c. 8.

banks of the Tigris by Ninus, and called Mn- NiPHiEus, a man killed by horses,",c.
eveh in Scripture.It was, accordingto the Virg. M.n. 10,v. 570.
relation of Diodorus Siculus, fifteenmiles long, NiPHATES, a mountain of Asia, which di-vides
nine broad, and forty-eight in circumference. Armenia from Assyria,and from which
It was surrounded by largewalls 100 feet high, the Tigris takes its rise. Virg.G. 3, v. 30. "

on top of which three chariots could pass Strab. 11. Mela, 1,c. 15.
the A river of Arme-
nia "

togetherabreast,and was defended by 1500 fallinginto the Tigris.Horat. 2, od. 9, v.

towers each 200 feet high. Ninus was taken 20. Lucan. 3, v. 245. "

by the united armies of Cyaxaresand Nabopo- NiPHE, one of Diana's companions.Ovid.

lassar king of Babylon,B. C. 606. Strab. 1." Mel. 3, v. 245.
Diod. 2." Herodot. 1,c. 185, kc,"Paus. 8, c. NiREUs, a kingof Naxos, son of Charops
33. Lucian.
"
and Aglaia, celebrated for his beauty. He was
NiNYAS, a .son of Ninus and Serairamis,one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan
king of Assyria,who succeeded his mother war. Homer. II.2." Horat. 2, od 20. .

who had voluntarily abdicated the crown. NiSA, a town of Greece. Homer. II.2.
Some su[)pose that Semiramis was put to A country woman. Virg. Eel. 8. A place.
death by her own son, because she had en-couragedVid. Nysa. A celebrated plainof Media
him to commit incest. The reign near the Caspian sea- famous for its horses
of ^inyas is remarkable for its luxury and 3, c. 106
HcTfdot.
 NI NO
NisiCA,a naval station on gan's. NiTETis,a daughter
the coasts of Me- of Apries,kingof Egypt'
Slrab. 8. A town of Parthia,called married by his successor Amasis to Cyrus.Po-
ly
also Nisa. cen. 8.

NisyEE, a sea nymph, Virg.JEn. 5, v. 826. NiTioBRiGES, a people of Gaul, supposed

NiSEiA. Vid. Nisus. to be Agenois,in Guienne. Cces. B. G. 7,
NisiBis, a tonn of Mesopotamia,built by a c. 7.
and NiTocRis, a celebrated queen of Babylon,
eolony of Macedonians on the Tigris,
celebrated as beinga barrier between the pro- vinceswho built a bridgeacross the Euphrates, in
of Rome and the Persian empire du- ring the middle of that city, and dug a number of
the reignof the Roman emperors. It was reservoirs for the superfluous waters of that
sometimes called Antiochia Mygdonica.Joseph.river. She ordered herself to be buried over
Sirab. 11. Aminian. 2o, he. one of the gatesof the city, and placedan in- scription
20, 0. 2. "
"

Plin. 6, c. 13. on her tomb, which signified that her

Nisus, a son of Hyrtacus,born on mount successors would find greattreasures within,if
Ida,near Troy. He came (o Italy witii iEnea^, ever they were in need of money, but that
and signalized himself by his valour against the their labours would be but illrepaid ifever they
Rutulians. He was united in the closest friend- ship ventured to open it without necessity. Cyrus
with Euryalus, a young Trojan,and with opened it throughcuriosity, and was struck to
him he entered,in the'dead of night, the ene-
my's find within these words : If thy avarice had
As they were returning victori- not been insaliable, thou never wouldst have vio- lated
camp.
ons,after much bloodshed,theywere perceived the monuments of the dead. Herodot. 1,
A queen of Egypt,who built a third
by the Rutulians,who attacked Euryalus. Ni- sus, c. 185.
in endeavouring t o rescue his friend from pyramid.
the enemy's darts, perished himself with him, NiTRiA, a country of Egypt,v?ith two towns
and their heads were cut off and fixed on a of the same name, above Memphis.
to the camp. NiVARiA, an island at the west of Africa,
spear, and carried in triumph
Their death was greatlylamented by all the supposedto be Teneriff, one of the Canaries,
and their friendship, like that of Piin. 6, c. 32.
Trojans, great
a Pyladesand an Orestes,or of a Theseus and No AS, a river of Thrace, falling into the Is*
Pirithous, is become proverbial. Virg.JEn. ter. Herodot. 4, c. 46.
A king of Dulichium, re- markable NocMON, a Trojankilled by Turnus. Virg.
9, V. 176, Sic.
for his probity and virtue. Homer. ^n. 9, V. 767.
Qd. 18. A kingof Megara, son of Mars, or NoctilOca, a surname of Diana. She
more probablyof Pandion. He inheritedhis had a temple at Rome, on mount Palatine,
father'skingdom with his brothers, and receiv-
ed where torches were generallylightedin the
as his the
portion country of Megaris. The night. Varro. de L. L. 4. Horat. 4, od. 6^
"

peace of the brothers was interrupted by the V. 38.

hostilitiesof Mino?, who wished to avenge the NoLA, an ancient town of Campania,Avhich
death of his son Androgeus,who had been became a Roman colonybefore the firstPunic
murdered by the Athenians. Megara was be- sieged,w^ar. It was founded by a Tuscan, or, accord- ing
and Attica laid waste. The fate of Ni- sus to others,by an Eubcean colony.It issaid
that Virgil had introduced the name of Nola
dependedtotally upon a yellowlock,which,
as longas it continued upon
his head,according in his Georgics, but that,when he was refused
of
to the words of an oracle,promisedhim life,a glass water by the inhabitants as he passed
and success to his affairs. His daughterScyl- throughthe city, he totally blotted it out of his
la (often called Xiscia Virgo,)saw from the poem, and substituted the word ora, in the
walls of Megara the royalbesieger, and she 225th line of the 2d book of his Georgics. Nola
became desperately enamoured of him. To was besiegedby Annibal,and bravelydefend- ed
obtain a more immediate interview with this by Marcellus. Augustus died there on his re- turn

obiect of her passion, she stole away the fa- tal' from Neapolisto Rome. Bells were first
hair from her father's head as he was invented there in the beginningof the fifth
taken, but century, from which reason they have been
asleep; the town was iminediately
Minos disregarded the services of Scylla, and called A''ol(B or Campana, in Latin. The in- ventor
she threw herself mto the sea. The gods was St. Paulinus, the bishop of the
who died A. D. 431, though many
changed her into a lark, and Nisus assumed place, gine
ima-
the nature of the hawk at the very moment that bells were known long before,and
that he gave himself death,not iO fallinto the only introduced into churches by that prelate.
nually Before his time, congregations
enemy's hands. These two birds have conti- were called to
been at vaiiance with each olher, and the church by the noise of wooden rattles,
at the sight of (sacra ligna.)Paierc. 1, c. 7. Suet. in Aug.
Scylla,by her apprehensions "
"

her father,seems to suffer the punishment Sit. 8, V 517, 1. 12, V. 161." A. Gellius, 7,c. 20.
which her perfidy deserved. ApoUod.3, c. 15. "Liv. 23, c. 14 and 39, 1.24, c. 13.
^Paiis. 1, c. \9."Sirab. 9." Ovid. Met. 8, v. NoMADES, a name givento allthose uncivil-ized
6, Lc." Virg.G. 1, v. 404, Lc. peoplewho had no fixed habitation*and
NisYKos, an island in the MrCRn sea, at who continually changed the placeof their
the west of Rhodes, with a *own of the same residence to go in quest of fresh pasture,for
name. It was originally joinedto Jie island the jmmerous cattlewhich theytended. There
of Cos, accordingto Pliny,and "t bor^ the were Nomades in Scythia, India,Arabia,and
name of Porphyria.Neptnie, Avho was posed Africa. Those of Africa were
sup- afterwards call- ed
to have separated th"m 'mW a blow oi JVumidia7is, by a small change of the letters
his trident,and to have then over\" helmed the w ilif'hcomposed their name. Ital. 1, v. 215.
giantPolybotes, was worshippeathere,and " Piin. 5, c. o. Herodot. 1, c. 15,1.4, c. 187.
"

Apollod.
called jYisf/reus. 1; c 6.~JVfe/"r,
2, c "Strab. 7." Mela, 2, c. 1,1.3. c. 4." F^r^."?.
7._5/,y7) IA " 9 .3,v. Si3.~.p(rff. 8; c i^.
 NO NO
NesfA,a Diod. 11." Sil. 14,
town of Sicily. kings,made
many incursionsupon the Romafi^;
V. 266. and were at last conqueredunder Tiberiu^
NoME5TANUs, an epithetappliedto L. and the countrybecame a dependentprovince.
Cassius as a native of Nomentum. He is In the reignof Dioclesian, Noricum was ded
divi-
mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury into two parts,Ripenseand Mediterra- nean.
and dissipation. Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 102, and The iron that was drawn from Noricum
alibi. was esteemed excellent, and thence J^oricu9
Nomentum, a town of the Sabines in Italy, etisis was used to express the goodnessof a
famous for wine, and now called Lamcntana. sword. Dionys. Perieg. Strab. 4. Plin. 34,
" "

The dictator, Q. Servilius Priscus, gave the c. 14." Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 5." Horat. 1,od. 16,v.
Veientes and Fidenates battle there,A. U. C. 9." Orirf.JVfe^ 14,v. 712.
312, and totally defeated them. Ovid. Fast. 4, NoRTHipPus, a Greek tragic poet.
V. 905." Ltv. 1,c. 38, 1.4, c. 22." Virg. JFm. 6, NoRTiA, a name givento the goddessof For,-
V. 773. tune among the Etrurians. Lav. 7, c. 3.
NoMii, mountains of Arcadia. Pavs. NoTHus, a son of Deucalion. A sur-
name

NoMiDS, a surname given to Apollo,be- cause of Darius,kingof Persia, from his ille-gitimacy.
he fed ("f^'O" pasco)the flocks of king
Admetus in Thessaly. Cic. de A''at.D. 2, c. NoTiuM, a town of ^Eolia,near the Cay-
33. s(er. It was peopledby the inhabitants of
NoNACRis, a town of Arcadia,which re- ceived Colophon,who left their ancient habitations
its name from a wife of Lycaon. because Notium was more conveniently ated
situ-
There was a mountain of the same name in in beingon the sea shore. Liv. 37, c. 26,
the neighbourhood. Evander is sometimes 38, 39. .,
called Konacrius heros, as beingan Arcadian NoTus, the south wind, called also Auster.
by birth,and Atalanta JYonacria, as beinga NoviE (tabernce), the new shopsbuilt in the
native of the place. Curt. 10, c. 10. Ovid. forum at Rome, and adorned with the shields
"

Fast. 5, V. 97. M"t. 8, fab. 10." Pans. 8, c. of the Cimbri. Cic. Oral. 2, c. 66. The
17,"c. Veteres tabemce were adorned with those of
Nonius, a Roman soldier,imprisoned for the Samnites. Liv. 9, c. 40.
payingrespectto Galba's statues, ":c. Tacit. NovARiA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, aow
Hist. 1, c. 56. A Roman who exhorted his JVovara in Milan. Tacil. Hist. 1,c. 70.
countrymen afterthe fatalbattle of Pharsalia, NovATUs, a man who severely attacked the
and the flight of Pompey, by observing that character of Augustus,under a fictitious name.
eightstandards (aguiloe) stillremained in the The emperor discovered him, and onlyfined
camp; to which Cicero answered,rede,si no- bis him a small sum of money.
cum graculis helium esset. NovEsjuM, a town of the UWi, on the west
NoNNius Marcellus, a grammarianwhose of the Rhine, now called JVuys^ near Cologne.
treatise de varia signijicatione verborum was Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 26, he.
edited by Mercer, 8vo. Paris, 1614. NoviODUNUM, a town of the JEdui ia
NoNNus, a Greek writer of the 5th century, Gaul, taken by J, Caesar. It is pleasantly
who wrote an account of the embassy he had situatedon the Ligeris, and now called JVoyorip
undertaken to JCthiopia, among the Saracens or, as others suppose, JVevera. Cces.Bell. G.
and other eastern nations. He is also known 2, c. 12.
by his Dionysiaca, a wonderful collection of NovioMAGus, or Neomagus, a town of Gbm],
heathen mythologyand erudition,edited 4to. now JVizeux in Normandy. Another called
Antwerp,1569. His paraphrase on John was also JS^emeles, now Spire. Another in Bata-
edited by Heinsius,8vo. L. Bat. 1627. via,now JVimeguen, on the south side of the
NoNus, a Greek physician, whose book de Waal.
errmium morborum curalio7ie, was edited in NoviuM, a town of Spain,now JVoya.
12mo. Argent, 1568, Novius Priscus, a man banished from
NopiA or Cnopia, a town of Bceotia, where Rome by Nero, on suspicion that he was
Amphiaraushad a temple. accessary to Piso's conspiracy.Tacit, jinn.
Nora, now JVour,a placeof Phrygia, where 15, c. 71. A man who attemptedto as- sassinate
Eumenes retired for some time,"c. C. Kepos. the emperor Claudius. Two bro-thers
A town. Vid. Norax. obscurely born, distinguished in the age
NoRAX, a son of Mercury and Eurytbaea, of Horace for their officiousness. Horat. 1,
who led a colony of Iberians into Sai-dinia, sat. 6.
where he founded a town, to which he gave Novum Comum, a town of Insubria,oa
the name of Nora. Paus. 10, c. 17. the lake Larinus,of which the inhabitants
NoRBA, a town of the Volsci. Liv.2, c. 34. were called JVovocomenses. Cic. ad Div. 13,
Caisarea, a town of Spainon the Tagus. c. 35.
C. NoRBAM's, a young and ambitious Ro- man Nox, one of the most ancient deities among
who opposedSylla, and joinedhis inte- rest the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From
to that of young Marius. In his consulship her union with her brother Erebus, she gave
he marched against Sylla,by whom he was birth to the Day and the Light. She was
defeated, k,c. Plul. A friend and general of also the mother of the Parcae,Hesperides,
Augustus, employedin Macedonia against the Dreams, of Discord,Death, Momus, Fi-aud,
republicans. He was defeated by Brutus, ",c. he. She is called by some of the poetsthe
NorTcum, a country of ancient Illyricum, mother of all things, of gods as well as of
which now forms a part of modern J5aranaand men, and therefore she was worshippedwith
Austria. It extended between the Danube, great solemnity by the ancients. She had "
and part of the Alps and Vindelicia. Its sa- famous statue in Diana's templeat Ephesus.
^'*ige inhabitants, who were once governed by It wa" usual to oifer her a black sheep,as

W
 NU NU
a^e was the mother of the furies. The cock duringhis whole reign,remained shut as a
was also offered to her,as that bird proclaimsmark of peace and tranquillity at Rome.
the approach of day, during the darkness of Numa died after a reignof 43 years, in which
the night. She is represented as mounted on he had givenevery possible encouragement to
a chariot and covered with a veil bespangledthe useful arts, and in which he had cultivated
with stars. The constellations generally went peace, B. C. 672. Not only the Romans, but
before her as her constant messengers. times
Some- also the neighbouringnations,were eager to
she is seen holdingtwo children under pay theirlast offices to a monarch whom they
iserarms, one of which is black, representing revered for his abilities, moderation, and hu- manity.
tdeath, or rather night,and the other white, He forbade his body to be burnt ac- cording

representing sleepor day. Some of the mo- derns to the custom of the Romans, but he
have described her as a woman veiled ordered it to be buried near mount Janiculum,
in mourning,and crowned with poppies,and with many of the books which he had written.
carried on a chariot drawn by owls and These books were accidentally found by one
bats. Virg. ^n. 6, v. 9o0.--0vid. Fast. 1, of the Romans about 400 years after his death,
V. 455." Paw*. 10, c. S8."Hesiod. Theog.125 and as theycontained nothingnew or interest-
ing,
and 212. but merely the reasons why he had made
NucERiA, a town of Campania, taken by innovations in the form of worshipand in the
Annibal. It became a Roman colony under religion of the Romans, they were burnt by or- der

Augustus, and was called JVuceria Constantia, of the senate. He leftbehind one ter
daugh-
or Alfaitrna.It now bears the name of JVb- called Pompilia, who married Numa cius,
Mar-
eeraf and contains about thirty thousand in-habitants.and became the mother of Ancus Martins
Lucan. 2, v. 472." Ltr. 9, c. 41, 1. the fourth king of Rome. Some .say that he
27, c. 3." /to/.8, V. ^\." Tacit. Ann. 13 and had also four sons, but this opinionis illfound- ed.
14. A town of Umbria, at the foot of the Phit. in vita. Varro. " Liv. 1, c. IS
"
"

Apennines. Strah. Plin. " Plin. 13 and 14, kc."Flor. 1, c. 2." I7r^.
NuiTHONES, a peopleof Germany, possess- ing JEn. 6, v. 809, 1.9, v, 562." Cic. de jYat. D,
the country now called Mecklenburgand 3, c. 2 and 17." Fa/. Max. 1,c. 2,.-^Dionys.
Pomerania. Tacit. G. 40. Hal. 2, c. 59." Ovid. Fast. 3, ",c. One of
Noma Marcius, a man made governor of the Rutulian chiefs killed in the nightby Nisus
Rome by Tullus Hostilius.He was son-in-law and Euryalus. Vid. JEn. 9, v. 454.
of Numa Pompilius, and father to Ancus Mar- NuMANA, a town of Picenum in Italy,of
tius. Tadt. A. 6, c. 1 \."Uv. 1,c. 20. which the people were called Numanaits,
Numa Pompilius, a celebrated philosopher, Mela, 2, c. 4.
born at Cures, a village of the Sabines,on the NuMANTiA, a town of Spain, near the
day that Romulus laid the foundation of sources of the river Durius,celebrated for the
Rome. He married Tatia the daughterof war of fourteen years, which, though unpro- tected
Tatius the king of the Sabines, and at her by walls or towers, it bravelymain- tained
death he retired into the country to devote againstthe Romans. The inhabitants
himself more freelyto literary pursuits. At obtained some advantagesover the Roman
the death of Romulus, the Romans fixed upon forces,till ScipioAfricanus was empowered
him to be their new king,and two senators to finish the war, and to see the destruction of
were sent to acquainthim with the decisions Numantia. He began the siege with an
of the senate and of the people. Numa ed
refus- army of sixty thousand men, and was bravely-
their offers,and it was peated opposedby the besieged,
not but at the re- who were no more

solicitationsand prayers of his friends,than 4000 men able to bear arms. Both ar- mies

that he was prevailed upon to accept the roy-

alty. behaved with uncommon valour,and the
The beginningof his reignwas popular,courage of the Numantines was soon changed
and he dismissed the 300 body guardswhich into despairand fury. Their provisions gan
be-
his predecessor had kept around his person, and theyfed upon the flesh of their
to fail,
observingthat he did not distrust a people horses,and afterwards of that of their dead
who had compelled him to reign over them. companions, and at last were necessitated
He was not, like Romulus, fond of war, and to draw lots to kill and
devour one another.
military expeditions, but he appliedhimself to The melancholy situation of their affairs ob-
liged
tame the ferocity of his subjects, to inculcate some to surrender to the Roman ral.
gene-
in their minds a reverence for the deity,and Scipiodemanded them to deliver them-
selves
to quelltheir dissentions by dividing all the up on the morrow; they refused,
citizens into different classes. He established and when a longertime had been grantedto
different orders of priests, and taughtthe Ro-
mans their petitions, they retired and set fire to
not to worshipthe deity by images; and their houses, and all destroyedthemselves,
from his example no graven or painted statues B. C. 133, so that not even one remained to

appearedin the temples or sanctuaries of adorn the triumph of the conqueror. Some
Rome for upwards of 160 years. He raged
encou- historians,however, deny that, and support
the reportwhich was spreadof his pay-
ing that a number of Numantines delivered them-
selves
regularvisitsto the nymph Egeria,and into Scipio'shands, and that fiftyof
made use of her name to givesanction to the them were drawn in triumph at Rome, and
Jaws and institutions which he had introdu-
ced. the rest sold as slaves. The fallof Numan-
tia
He established the college of the vestals, was more gloriousthan that of Carthage
and told the Romans that the safety of the or Corinth, though inferior to them. The
empire depended upon the preservation of conqueror obtained the surname of Kumanti-
the sacred muylt or ahidd which, as was rally nus.
gene- Flor. 2, c. IS"Appian. Ibcr."Paterc.
believed,had droppeddown ven. 2, c. 3." Cic. 1. of."Strab.Q.^Mda,
from hea- 2, c. 0
He dedicated a templeto Janus,which; Pint. "llorat. 2, od. 12;v. 1.
 NU NU
Nt'MANTiNA, a woman accused
under Tibe-
rius JNi^MiDiA,an inland country of Africa,r
of making her husband
insane by enchant-
ments, which now forms the kingdom o( Algiersand
kc. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 22. Bildnlgerid. It was bounded on the north by
NuMANUs Remulus, a Rutulian who accus- ed the Mediterranean sea, south by Gajlulia, west
the Trojansof edeminacy. He had raai'- by Mauritania, and east by a part of Libya
ried the younger sister of Turnus, and was which was called Africa Propria. The inhabi- tants
killed bv Ascanias during the Rutuiian war. were called J^omades, and afterwards
Virg.JEn. 9, v. 592, "". Mnnidop.. It was the kingdom of Masinissa,
NuMKNEs, a follower of the doctrines of who was the occasion of the third Punic war,
Plato and Pathagoras,born at Apamea in on account of the ofience he had received from
Syria. He flourished in the reignof M. An- the Carthaginians.Jugurthareignedthere,
toninus.
as also Juba the father and son. It was quered,
con-

NuMENiA, or Neo3ienia, a festival observ- ed and became a Roman province,of

by the Greeks at the beginningof every which Sallust was the first governor. The
Junar month, in honour of all the gods,but Numidians were excellent warriors,j-andia
especiallyof Apollo, or the Sun, who is their expeditions they alwaysendeavoured to
justlydeemed the author of lightand of engage with the enemy in the night time.
whatever distinction is made in the months, They rode without saddles or bridles, whence
seasons, days, and nights.It was observed theyhave been called infrceni. They had their
with games and publicentertainments, which wives in common as the rest of the barbarian

were providedat the expense of rich citizens, nations of antiquity.Sallust. in Jug. Flor. "

and which were always frequentedby the 2, c. lo."Slrab. 2 and i7." Mela, 1, c. 4, "c.
poor. Solemn prayers were otfered at Athens "
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 764.
for the prosperity
duringthe solemnity, of the NuMiDius QuADRATus, a govcmoF of Syria
The demi-godsas well as the heroes
republic. under Craudius. Tacit. Ann. 12.
of the ancients,were honoured and invoked NuMisTRo, a ^town of the Brutii in Italy.
in the festival. Liv. 46, c. 17.
NuMENius, a who supposedthat
philosopher NuMiTOR, a son of Procas, king of Alba,
Chaos, from which
the world was created, who inherited his father'skingdom with his
was animated by an evil and maleficent soul. brother Amulius, and began to reign con- jointly

He lived in the second century. with him. Amulius was too avaricious
JNuMENTANA VIA, a road at Rome, which to bear a colleague on the throne ; expel-
led
Jed to mount Sacer, throughthe gate Vimi- his brother, and that he might more
nalis. Liv. 3, c. 52. safelysecure himself he put to death his sou
NuMERiA, a goddess at Rome who presidedLausus, and consecrated his daughterIlia to
over numbers. Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 11. the service of the goddessVesta, which manded
de-
NuMERiANus, M. Aurelius,a son of the perpetual celibacy.These greatpre- cautions
emperor Carus. He accompanied his father were rendered abortive. Ilia be-
came
into the east with the title of Caesar, and at pregnant, and though the two children
his death he succeeded him with his brother whom she brought forth were exposed in
Carinus, A. D. 282. His reign was short. the river by order of the tyrant,their life
Eight months after his father'sdeath, he was was preserved,and Numitor was restored to
murdered in his litter by his father-in-law his throne by his grandsons, and the tyranni-
cal
Arrius Aper, who accompanied him in an usurper was put to death. Dionys.Hal. "

expedition.The murderer, who hoped to Liv. 1,c. 3. Plul. in liomul. Ovid. Fast. 4, " "

ascend the vacant throne,continued to follow V. 55, ".C. Virg. "

JEn. 6, v. 768. A son of
the litteras ifthe emperor was alive, tillhe Phorcus who fought with Turnus againstM-
found a proper opportunityto declare his neas. Virg,JEn. 10, v. 342. A rich and
sentiments. The stench of the body however dissolute Roman in the age of Juvenal 7, v. 74.
soon discovered his perfidy, and he was crificed NuMiTCRius, a Roman
sa- who defended Vir- ginia,
to the fury oi the soldiers. Numeria- to whom Appiuswished to offer violence.
nus has been admired for his learning as well He was made military tribune. Q. Pullus,
as his moderation. He was naturally an quent a generalof Fregeliae,
elo- ".c. Cic. dt Inv, 2, c,
speaker, and in poetry he was inferior
to no writer of his age. A friend of the NuiMONius. Vid. Vala.
emperor Severus, NuNcoREWs, a son of Sesostris king of E-
JNuMERius, a man who favoured the es- cape gypt, who made an obelisk,some ages after
of Marius to Africa,"i.c. A friend of broughtto Rome, and placedin the Vatican.
Pompey taken by J. Caesar's adherents,"c. Plin. 36, c. 11. He iscalled Pheron by He- rodotus.
Pirn.
JNuMiciA VIA, one of the great Roman NuNDiNA, a goddesswhom the Romans
i"oads which led from the capital to the town invoked when they named their children.
of Brundusium. This happened the ninth day aftertheir birth,
IS'Cmicus, a small river of Latium, near whence the name of the goddess, A'ona dies.
Lavinium, where the dead body of iEneas was Macrob. Sat. 1, c. 16,
found, and where Anna, Dido's sister, drown-
ed NuNDiNiE. Vid. Feria*.
herself. Virg.JEn. 7, v. 150, kc. Sil. NuRs^a:,a town of Italy.Virg.JEn. 7,
1, v. :WJ."Ovid. Met. 14, v. 358, "ic. Fast. 3, v. 744.
V. 643. A friend of Horace, to whom he NiRsciA, a goddess who patronized the
addressed 1 ep. 6. Etrurians. Juv. 10, v. 74.
NuMiDA, a surname givenby Horace, 1 od. NuRsiA, now Aorza, a town ofPicenum
3G, to one of the generalsof Augustus,from whose inhabitantsare called J\yrsini. Its si- tuation
his conquestsin Numidia. Some suppose that was exposed, and the air cousidered as
a isPomponius,
others Plotiub.
 NY NY
nnwholesome. Sil.It.8, v. 416. Virg.Mn. above " 3000, accordingto Hesiod, whose pow-
er
7, V. 116." Mariial. 13, ep. 20." Lif. 28, was extended over the diflferent placesof
c. 45. the earth, and the various functions and oc"

Is\'TRiA,a town of Illyricum.Polyb.2. cupationsof mankind. They were ped

worship-
Nycteis, a daughterof Nycteus, who was by the ancients,though not with so much,
mother of Labducus. A patronymicof An- solemnityas the superiordeities. They had
tiopethe daughterof Nycteus, mother of Am- no templesraised to their honour, and the on-
ly

phion and Zetbus by Jupiter,who had assu-

med offeringsthey received were milk,honey,
the siiape of a satyr to enjoy her com-
pany. oil,and sometimes the sacrifice of a goat.
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 1 10. They generally
were represented as young and
j"}VcTELiA,
festivalsin honour of Bacchus, beautifulvirgins, veiled up to the middle, and
observed
[Vid.Nyctelius,] on mount Cithae- sometimes they held a vase, from which they
ron. Plut.in Symp. seemed to pour water. Sometimes they had
IVvcTELius, a surname of shells instead of vases.
causegrass, leaves,and
Bacchus, be- It
his
orgieswere celebratedin the night.was deemed unfortunate to see them nakttd,
(w5 nox, riKtw perficio.) The word and such sight
lalex J\'t/c- was generally attended by a de-
lirium,
teliusthence signify wine. Senecain (Edip. to which Propertius
" seems to allude ia
Pans. 1,c. 40." Ovid, ^fet.4,v. 15. this verse, wherein he speaksof the innocence
Nycteus, a son of Hyrieusand Clonia. and simplicity of the primitive ages of the
A son of Chthonius. A son of Neptune by world,
Celene, daughterof Atlas,kingof Lesbos, or A'ecfuerat nudas pcsna videre Deas.
of Thebes, accordingto received
the more The nymphs were generallydistinguished by
opinion. He married a nymph of Crete cal- led an epithetwhich denoted the placeof theii*
Polyxo or Almathaea, by whom he had two residence; thus the nymphs of Sicilywere
daughters,Nyctimene and Antiope. The called Sicelidis; those of Corycus,Corycides,
firstof these disgraced herselfby her criminal "LC. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 320, 1. 5, v. 412, 1. 9,
amours with her father, into whose bed she 651, "c. Fast. 3, v. 169." Pans. 10, c. 3. "

introduced herself by means of her nurse. Plut. de

def. Orpheus.Arg. Hesiod. Orac. "
"

When the father knew the incest he had com- TheGg."Propert.

mitted, 3, el. 12." Homer. Od. 14.
he attempted to stab his daughter, Nymph^um, a port of Macedonia. Ct"r.
who was immediatelychangedby Minerva to btU. civ.
in- A promontory of Epirus on the
an owl. Nycteusmade war against Epopeus, Ionian sea. A placenear the \\'allsofApol-
who had carried away Antiope, and died of a lonia,sacred to the nymphs, where Apollohad
wound which he had received in an engage-
ment, also an oracle. The placewas also celebrated
leavinghis kingdom to his brother Ly- for the continual flames of fire which seemed
cus, whom he entreated to continue the war, to rise at a distance from the plains.It was
and punishAntiopefor her immodest conduct. there that a sleeping satyrwas once caughtand
[Vid. Antiope.]Pau^. 2, c. 6. Hygin. fab. broughtto Syllaas he returned from the Mi-
"

157 and 204." Ovid. Met. 2, v. 590, "ic. 1. 6, v. thridatic war. This monster had the same
110, itc. features as the poets ascribe to the satyr. He
NvcTiMESE, a daughterof Nycteus.
interrogated I'td.
by Sylla, and by his interpre-
wasters,
Nycteus. but his articulations were unintelligible,
Nyctisius, a son of Lycaon, king of Ar- and the Roman
cadia. spurnedfrom him a creature
He died without issue,and left his which seemed to partakeof the nature of a
kingdom to his nephew Areas, the son of Ca- beast more than that of a man. Plut. in Syl-
li5to. Paus. 8, c. 4. la."Dio. 41." Plin. 5, c. 29."Strab. l."Liv.
Nymb^um, a lake of Peloponnesusin La- 42, c. 36 and 49. cityof Taurica Cherso-
A
conia. Id. 3, v. 23. nesus. The buildingat Rome where the
NymphjE, certain female deities among the nymphs were worshipped, bore also this name,
ancients. They were generallydivided into being adorned with their statues and with
two classes, nymphs of the land and nymphs fountains and water-falls, which afforded an
of the sea. Of the nymphs of the earth,some agreeable and refreshing coolness.
presidedover woods, and were called Dryades Nymph^us, a man who went into Caria at
and Hamadryades,others presided over tains,
moun- the head of a colonyof Melians,iic. Polycen. 8.
and were called Oreades,some presided NvMPHiDius, a favourite of Nero, who
over hillsand dales, and were called JS'apcecE, said that he was descended from Caligula. He
k.c. Of the sea nymphs, some were called was raised to the consular dignity, and soon
Oceanides, JSYreides, JVaiades, Potamidts, after disputed the empire with Galba. He was
Limnades, 8ic. These presidednot only over slain by the soldiers, i^c. Tacit. Ann. 15.
the sea, but also over fountains,
rivei*s, streams, Nymphis, a native of Heraclea, who wrote
and lakes. The nymphs Sxed their residence an history of Alexander's lifeand actions, di-
vided
not the sea, but also on
only in mountains, into 24 books. JEHan. 7, dt Anim.
rocks,in woods or caverns, and their grottos Nymphodorus, a writer of Amphipolis.
were beautified by evergreens and delightful A Syracutan who wrote an history of
and romantic scenes. The nymphs were Sicily.
mortal
im-
accordingto the opinionof some my- Nympholeptes, or Nymphomanes, pos-sessed
thologists; others supposed that, like men, by the nymplis.This name was given
they were subjectto mortality, thoughtheir to the inhabitants of mount Cithieron,who be- lieved
life was of longduration. They lived for se-
veral that tliey were inspired
by the nymphs.
thousand years accordingto Hesiod, or Plut. i}iAris!.
as Plutarch seems obscurelylo intimate,they Nymphon, a native of Colophon, Stc. Cic.

lived above 9720 years. The number of the adfru.1.

nymphs is not known.
precisely There were Nypsius, a generalof Dionysiusthe tyrant.
 NY NY
"wfeo took Syracuse, and put all the inhabit-
ants common manner, that if a twig was planted
to the sword. Diod. 16. in the ground in the morning, it immediately
Nysa or Nyssa, a town of Ethiopia,at the produced grapes, which were full ripein the
south of Egj'pt, or according to others, evening. A city of Thrace. Another
of Arabia. This city,with another of the seated on the top of mount Parnassus, and
same name in India,wassacred to the god Bac- chus, sacred to Bacchus. Juv. 7, v. 63.
who was educated there by the nymphs NvsiEus, a surname of Bacchus, because he
of the place,and who received the name of was worshippedat Nysa, Propert. 3, el. 17,
Dionysius, which seems to be compounded of V. 22. A son of Dionysiusof Syracuse. C.
A"; "" NuTse,the name of his father, and that of JYep. in Dion.
the placeof his education. The god made this NysAs, a river of Africa,rising in -SIthiopia.-
placethe seat of his empire and the capital of Nysi^e poKTiE, a small island in Africa.
the conquerednations of the east. Diodorus,in Nysiades, a name given to the nymphs
his third and fourth books, has givena prolixof Nysa, to whose care Jupiterintrusted the
account of the birth of the god at JVysa, and education of his son Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3,
"f his education and heroic actions. Mela, 3, V. 314, Sic.
c. T."Ovid. Met. 4, v. 13, kc."Ital 7, v. 198. Nysiros,an island. Vid. Nisyros.
"Curt. 8, c. 10." Virg.JEn. 6, v. 805. Nysius, a surname of Bacchus as the pr""
Accordingto some geographers there were tecting god of Nysa. Cic. Flac. 25.
no less than ten placesof the name of Nysa. Nyssa, a sisterof Mithridates the Great.
One of these was on the coast of Eubcea, fa-mous Plut.
for its vines,which grew in such an un-

oc OC
ARSES, the original
name of Artaxerxes
Perseis, Pluto, Thoe, Polydora,
aure, Melo*
O Memnon. bosis,Dione, Cerceis,Xantha, Acasta, lanira,
Oarus, a river of Sam atia,fallinginto the Telestho,Europa, Menestho, Petrea,Eudora,
Palus Moeotis. Hercdot 4. Calypso,Tyche, Ocyroe, Crisia,Amphiro,
Oasis, a town about the middle of Libya,at with those mentioned by Apollodorusexcept
the distance of seven daysjourneyfrom The-bes Amphitrite. Hyginus mentions 16 whose
in Egypt,where the Persian army sent by names are almost gdl different from those of
Cambyses to^plunder Jupiter Ammon's temple Apollodorus and Hesiod,which difference pro-
ceeds
was lost in the sands. There were two other from the mutilation of the original text.
citiesof that name very littleknown. Oasis be-
came The Oceanides, as the rest of the inferior
a placeof bani^iment under the lower deities,were honoured with libations and
empire. Strab. 17. Zosim. 5, c. 97. Hero- sacrifices. Prayerswere
" " offered to them, and
dot. 3, c. 26. they were entreated to protect sailors from
Oaxes, a river of Crete which received its storms and dangerous tempests. The Argo- nauts,
name from Oasus the son of Apollo. Virg. before they proceeded to their expe-dition,
Ed. 1, V. 66. made an offering of flour,honey, and
Oaxus" a town of Crete where Etearchus oil,on the sea shore, to all the deities of the
reigned,wiio founded Cyrene. A son of sea, and sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated
Apolloand the nymph Anchiale. their protection. When the sacrifice was made
Obringa, now Ahr, a river of Germany on the sea shore,the blood of the victim was
falling
into the Rhine above Rimmagen. received in a vessel, but when it was in open
Obxjltronius, a quajstorput to death the blood was
by sea, permittedto run down
Galba's orders,"c. Tacit. into the waters. When the sea was calm the
OcALEA or Ocalia, a town of Bceotia. sailors generally offered a lamb or a young
Homer. 11. 2. A daughter of Mantineus, pig,but if it was agitated by the winds, and
who married Abas, son of Lynceus and Hy- rough,a black bull was deemed the most ac-ceptable

permnestra,by whom she had Acrisius and victim. Jlomer.Od. 3. Horat. " "
Jpol^
Prmtus. Apollod. 2, c. 2. ion. Arg. Virg.G. 4, v. 341.
" "Hesiod. Theog.
Ocr.iA,a woman who presided over the sa-
cred ^49."Apollod^.
1.
rites of Vesta for 57 years with the great-
est Oceanus, a powerful deityof the sea, son
sanctity. She died in the reignof Tiberius, of Ccelus and Terra. He married Tetbys,by
and the daughter of Domilius succeeded her. whom he had the most principal rivers,such
Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 86. as the Alpheus,Peneus, Strymon, he. with
OcEANiDEs, and OcEAjfiTiDES,sea nymphs, a number of daughters, who are called from
daughters of Oceanus, from whom they him Oceanides. [^Vid.Oceanides.]Accord-ing
received their name, and of the goddess to Homer, Oceanus ivas the father of all
Tethys. They were 3000 according to the gods,and on that account he received fre- quent
Apollodorus, who mentions the names of visits from the rest of the deities. He
seven of them ; Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, is generally represented as an old man with a
Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis. Hesiod, longflowingbeard,and sitting upon the waves
speaksof the eldest of them,and reckons 41, of the sea. He often hoids apikein his hand,
Pitlio,Admete, Prynno, lanthe, Rhodia, while ships under sailappear at a distance, or

Hippo, Callirhoe,Urania, Clyraene,Idyia,a sea monster stands near him. Oceanus pre-
Pasithoe,Clythia, Zeuso, Galnxaufe, PJex- .sided over every partof the sea, and even the
 cc oc
rivers were su"bjected Tke an- 1her brother and her husband.
to his power. Antony proved
rients superstitious
were in their worship to for some time attentive to her,but he soon ter
af-
"Oceanus, and revered with great solemnitya^ despisedher for Cleopatra,and when she
deityto whose care they intrustedthemselves attemptedto withdraw him from thisunlawful
when goingon any voyage. Hesiod. Theog. amour by goingto meet him at Athens,she was
"

Ovid. Fast, o, v. 81, ":c. ^^pollod. 1. Cic. de secretly

" " rebuked and totally banished from his
/fat. D.'S,c. 2^." Homer. 11. presence. This aifront was highlyresented by
Ocellus, an ancient philosopher of Luca- Augustus, and though Octavia endeavoured to
nia. Vid. Lucanus. pacifyhim by palliating her husband's beha-
viour,
OcELUM, a town of Gaul. C(BS. Bell. G. 1, he resolved to revenge her cause by arms.
c. 10. After the battle of Actlum and the death of
OcHA, a mountain of Eubcca, and the name Antony, Octavia, forgetful
of the injuries
she
"f Eubcea itself. A sister of Ochus buried
had received, took into her house all the chil- dren
alive by his orders. of her husband, and treated them with,
OcHESius, a generalof .^tolia in the Tro- jan maternal tenderness. Marcellas her son by
war. Homer. II. 5. her firsthusband was married to a niece of Au-gustus,
OcHus, a surname giventoArlaxerxestbeSd and publicly intended as a successor to
kingof Persia. [Vid.Artaxerses.] A man his uncle. His sudden death plunged all his
of Cyzicus who was killed by the Argonauts.familyinto the greatestgrief.Virgil, whom
A princeof Persia, who refused Augustuspatronized, undertook
Flacc. 3. upon himself
to visithis native country for fear of givingall to pay a melancholytribute to the memory of
the women each a pieceof gold. Plut. a young man whom Rome regardedas her fu- ture
A river of India,or of Bactriana. Plin. 6, c. father and patron. He was desired to re- peat

16, 1. 31, c. 7. A king of Persia. He ex-

changed his composition in the presence of Augus-
tus
this name for that of Darius. Vid. and of his sister. Octavia burst into tears
Darius Nothus, as soon as the poet began; but when he men-
tioned,

OcNUs, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, Tu Marcellus eris,she swooned away.
who assisted iEneas against Turnus. He built This tender and pathetic encomium upon the
a town which he called Mantua after his mo-
ther's merit and the virtue of young Marcellus was
name. Some suppose that he is the liberally rewarded by Octavia, and Virgilre- ceived

game as Bianor. Virg.Ed. 9, Mn. 10, v. 198. 10,000 sesterces for every one of the
A man remarkable for his industry.He verses. Octavia had two daughters by Antony,
had a wiferemarkable
as for her profusion ; Antonia Major and Antonia Minor. The elder
she alwaysconsumed and lavished away what-
ever married L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whoni
the labours of her husband had earned. she had Cn. Domitius the father of the em-
peror

He is representedas twisting a cord,which an Nero by Agrippina the daughter of

ass standingby eats up as soon as he makes it,Germanicus. Antonia Minor, who was as
whence the proverbof the cord of Ocnus often virtuous and as beautiful as her mother, mar-
ried

appliedto labour which meets no return, and Drusus the son of Tiberius,by whom she
lost. Propert.
which is totally 4, el.3, v. 21. " had Germanicus, and Claudius, who reigned
Plin. 35, c. 11." Pau*. 10,c. 29. before Nero. The death of Marcellus tinually
con-

OcRicuLUM, now Otricoli,a town of Um- preyed upon the mind of Octavia,
bria near Cic.pro. Mil.
Rome. Liv. 19,c. 41. who died of melancholyabout 10 years before
"

OcRiDioN, a kingof Rhodes who was reck- oned the Christian era. Her brother paidgreatre- gard

in the number of the gods after death. to her memory, by pronouncinghimself

Plut. in GrcEC. qucest. 27. her funeral oration. The Roman peoplealsd
OcRisiA, a woman of Corniculum, who showed their respect for her virtues by their
was one of the attendants of Tanaquil the wish to pay her divine honours. Suet, in -Aug,
wife of TarquiniusPriscus. As she was Plvi. in Anton, kx,.
"
A daughterof the
throwinginto the flames,as offerings, some of emperor Claudius by Messalina. She was be-
trothed
the meats that were served on the table of to Silanus,but by the intrigues of
Tarquin,she suddenly saw in the fire what Agrippina,she was married to the emperor
Ovid callsobscceniforma virilis. She informed Nero in the 16th year of her age. She was
the queen of it,and when by her orders she soon afterdivorced on pretence of ban'enness,
had approachednear it, she conceived a son and the emperor married Poppaja,who exer-
cised
who was called Servius TuUius, and who being her enmity upon Octavia by causingher
educated in the king's family,afterwards suc- ceeded to be banished into Campania. She was wards
after-
to the vacant
throne. Some suppose recalled at the instance of the people,
Ihat Vulcan had assumed that form whicn was and Poppeea,who was resolved on her ruin,
presentedto the eyes of Ocrisia,and that the caused her againto be banished to an island,
god was the father of the sixth kingof Rome. where she was ordered to kill herselfby open-
ing
Plut. de fort.Rom." Plin. 36, c. 27." Ovid. her veins. Her head was cut off and car-
ried

Fast. 6, V. 627. to Poppaea. Sutt. in Claud. 27, m JVer.

OcTAciLLius, slave whoawas ted,
manumit- 7 and 35." Tacit. Ann. 12.
and who afterwards taught rhetoric at OcTAVjANus, or OcTAVius C^sAR, the ne-phew
Rome. He had Pompey the Great in the of Cajsar the dictator. After the battle
number of his pupils.Hueton. in EUit. Mar- of Actium and the final destruction of the
"

iial. 10,ep. 79. Roman republic, the servile senate bestowed

OcTAviA, a Roman lady sisterto the em-peror upon hiai tliolilleand surname o( Augustusas
Augustus and celebrated for her beauty expressive of his greatnessand dignity. Vid.
and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, Augustus.
and afterhis death M. Antowy. Her marriage OcTAvius, a Roman ofiicer Viho brought
v'iiliAiitOQV was a politicalstep to reooncile Perseus, kingof Macedouin,a prisoner to th"
 OD OD
consul. He was sent by his countrymen to before bim, on pain of being devoted to i'll"
be to Ttolemy Eupator,tlie
guardian young stant destruction,
with all his family,if he
king of Egypt^ wliere he behaved with the dared to refuge. Odenatus disdained the sum-
mons
of SapOr, and
greatestarfbganee. He was assassinated by opposed force to force.

Lysias,who was before regent of Egypt. The He obtained some advantages over the troops
murderer was Rome.sent A man
to who of the Persian monarch, and took his wife

opposedMetellus in the reduction of Crete by prisonerwith a greatand rich booty. These

means of Pompey. He was obligedto re-tire services were seen with gratitude by the Ro-
mans;
from the island. A man who banished and Gallienus,the then reigning em-
peror,

Cinna from Rome and became remarkable for named Odenatus as his colleague on the
his fondness of discipline.
probityand He throne, and gave the title of Augustus to
was seized and put to death by order of his his children,and to his wife the celebrated
successful rivals Marius and Cinna. A Ro-
man Zenobia. Odenatus, invested with new power,
who boasted of being in the numbeiyof resolved to signalizehimself more ously
conspicu-
Caesar's murderers. His assertions were false, by conqueringthe northern barbarians,
he punished as if he liad been aoices- but his exultation was short,and he perished
yet was

sary to the conspiracy. A lieutenant of by the daggerof one of his relations,whom

Crassus in Parthia. He accompanied his ge- neralhe had slightly offended in a domestic enter-
tainment.
to the tent of the Parthian con"iueror, He died atEmessa, about the 267th
and was killed by the enemy as he attempted year of the Christian era. Zenobia succeeded
to hinder from carryingaway
them Crassus. to all his titlesand honours.
-""A of Cilicia. He died in his Odessus, a sea port town at the west of
governor
province,and Lucullus made applications to the Euxine sea in Lower Mocsia, below the
succeed him, "ic. A tribune of the people mouths of the Danube. Ovid. 1, Trist. 9,
at Rome, whom Tib. Gracchus his ColleagueV.37.
Weposed. A commander of the forces of Odeum, a musical theatre at Athens. Vi-
Antony againstAugustus. An officer who truv. 5, c. 9.
killed himself,he. A tribune of the peo-
ple, Odinus, a celebrated hero of antiquity,
who debauched a woman of Pontus from who flourished about 70yearsbefore the Chris-
tian
her husband. unfaithfut to him,
She proved era, in the northern parts of ancient Ger-
many,
her. He \fas con^ or the modern
upon which he murdered kingdom of Denmark.
deraned under Nero. Tacit. Ann. ^ JtMst. He was at once
"
a priest,
a soldier,a poet, a
Plut. in vilis. Flor. Liv. "c.
" "
A poet in monarch, and a conqueror. He imposedupon
the Augustanage intimate with Horace. He the credulity of his superstitiouscountrymen,
also distinguished himself as an historian. He-
rat and made them believe that he could raise the
1. Sat. 10,V. 82.
.
dead to life, and that he was acquaintedwith
OctodOrus, a village in the modern country futurity. When he had extended his power,
of Swit^ez'land,now called Martigny. Cces. and increased his fame by conquest, and by
B. G. 3, c. 1. he
persuasion, resolved to die in a different
OcTOGESA, a town of Spain,a littleabove manner from other men. He assembled his
the mouth of the Iberus,now called Mequi- and with the sharppointof a lance he
friends,
nensa. Cas. B. G. 1, c. 61. made on his
nine different wounds in the
body
OcTOLOPWuM, a place of Greece. Liv. form of
as he expiredhe ed
a and
circle,
declar-
31. he was goinginto Scythia, where he should
OcYALUS, one of the Phascians with Alci- become one of the immortal gods. He fur-
ther
nous. Homer. Od. added, that he would prepare blissand fe- licity
OcYPETE, one of the Harpieswho infected for such of his countrymen as lived a
whatever she touched. The name signifiesvirtuous life,who fought with intrepidity, and
"wiftflying. Hesiod. Tlieog.
265. "pollod.1, who died like heroes in the field of battle.
"

c. 9. A daughterof Thaumas. A These injunctions had the desired effect ; his

daughterof Danaus. countrymen superstitiously believed him, and
OcYROE, daughterof Chiron by Chariclo, always recommended
a themselves to his pro-
tection
who had the giftof prophecy. She was whenever they engaged in a battle,
changed into a mare, [Vid. Melanippe.]and they entreated him to receive the souls of
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 638, kc. A woman daugh- such as had fallen in war.
txr of Chesias, carried away by Apolloas she OurrEs, a son of Ixion, killed by Mopsus,
was goingto a festival at Miletus. at the nuptials of Pirilhous. Ovid. Met. 12,
Oden ATUS, a celebrated princeof Palmy- ra. V. 457. A prince killed at the nuptials of
He earlyinured himself to bear fatigues, Andromeda. Id. ib. 5, v. 97.
and by huntingleopards and wild beasts,he Odoacer, a king of the Heruli, who de- stroyed
accustomed himself to the labours of a mi- litary the western empire of Rome, and
life. He was faithfulto the Romans ; called himself king of Italy, A. D.476.
and when Aurelian had been taken prisoner Odomanti, a people of Thrace, on the
by Sapor,king of Persia, Odenatus warmly eastern banks of the Slrymon. Liv. 45, c. 4.
interested himself in his cause, and solicited Odowes, a peopleof Thrace.
a letter to the
his release by writing conc^ueror Odrys/e, an ancient peopleof Thrace, be- tween
and sendinghim presents. The king ot Per- sia Abdera and the river Jster. The epi- thet
was offended at the liberty of Odenatus; of Odrysiusis often applied to a Thraciau.
he tore the and
ordered
letter, the presents Ovid. Met. 6, v. 490, 1. 13, v. 554." S/af. Ach.
which were otlercd to be thrown into a river. 1,V. 184." Liu. 39, c. 53.
To punish Odenatus, who had the impudence, Odvssea, one of Homer's epic poems, in
a5 he observed, to pay homage to so great a which he describes in 24 books the adventures
rnonarch as himself,
lieordered him to appear of Ulysses
on his rettirn from the Trojan was'-
 (ED (EB
with other material circumstances. The whole and Jocasta. As beingdescended from Venus-
ef the action comprehends no more than 55 by his father'sside,(Edipuswas born to be
days.It is not so esteemed as the Iliad of that exposed to allthe dangersand the calamities
of
which Juno could inflictupon the posterity
poet. Vid. Homerus.
OoyssEUM, a promontory of Sicily,
at the the goddess of beauty. Laius the father of

westofPachynus. informed by the oracle,as soon

(Edipus,
was

(Ea, a cityof Africa,now Tripoli.Pliyi.5, he married Jocasta,that he must perishby

as

c. 4."Sil. Ital.3, V. 257. Also a place inthe hands of his son. Such dreadful intelli-
gence
-/Egina.Herodot. 5, c. 83. awakened his fears,and to prevent the
(Eagrus or CEager, the father of Or- pheustulfillingof the oracle,he resolved never to
by Calliope.He was kingof Thrace, apprpach Jocasta ; but his solemn resolutions
and from him mount Hamus, and also the were violated in a fitof intoxication. Thtt
Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, has queen became pregnant, and Laius,stillintent
received the appellation of (Eagrius,though to stopthis evil,ordered his wife to destroy
Servius,in his commentaries, disputesthe her child as soon as it came into the world.
explanation of Diodorus,by asserting that the The mother had not the courage to obey, yet
ffiagrius is a river of Thrace, whose waters she gave the child as soon as born to one of hep
supplythe streams of the Hebrus. Ovid, in domestics, with orders to expose him on th"
Jb. 414." ^poUon. 1, arg." Virg. G. 4, v. mountains. The servant was moved with pity,
624." Hal. 5, V. 463." Diod."Apollod. 1, c. 3. but to obey the commandof Jocasta,he bored
CEanthe, and Q2anthia, a town of Phocis, thefeetof the child and suspended him with
where Venus had a temple. Fans. 10, c. a twigby the heels to a tree on mount Cithee-
38. ron, where he was soon found by one of the-
(Eax, a son of Naupliiisand Clymene. shepherdsof Polybus king of Corinth. The
He was brother to Palamedes, whom 'he ac- shepherd carried him home ; and Peribcea.
companied

to the Trojan war, and whose the wife of Polybus,who had no children^
death he highlyresented on his return to educated him as her own child,with maternal
Greece, by falsing disturbances in the family tenderness. Tlie accomplishments of the
of some of the Grecian Crd. infant,
princes.Dictys. who was named (Edipus, on account of
2."Hygin. fdih.117.
".Spollod. the swellingof his feet {^*h^tumto y^oU;pedes,)
(Ebalia, the ancient name of Laconia, soon became the admiration ofthe age. His
tvhich it received from king (Ebalus,and companions envied his strengthand his ad- dress
thence Q^balidespeur is applied to Hyacinthus ; and one of them, to mortify his rising
as a native of the country, and (Ehalius san- guis ambition,told him he was an illegitimate child.
is used to denominate his blood. Pans. 3, This raised his doubts: he asked Peribcea,
c. l."Apollod. 3, c. 10. The same name is who, out of tenderness, told him, that his sus-
picions

given to Tarentum,because built by a Lace- were ill founded. Not satisfied with
diemonian colony,whose ancestors were vernedthis,
go- he went to consult the oracle of Delphi*
by (Ebalus. Virg. G. 4, v. 125" 5'i/ and was there told not to return home, for if
12, V. 451. he did, he must necessarily be the murderer
(Ebalus, a son of Argalusor Cynortas,of his father, and the husband of his mother.
who was kingof Laconia. He married Gor- This answer of the oracle terrified him ; he
gophone the daughterof Perseus, by whom knew no home but the house of Polybus,
he had Hippocoon, Tyndarus, kc. Pau3. therefore he resolved not to return to Corinth,
3, c. \."^ipoliod. 3, c. 10. A son of Telon where such calamities apparentlyattended
and the nymph Sebethis, who reignedin the him. He travelled towards Phocis, and in his
neighbourhood of Neapolis in Italy. Virir
^' journeymet in a narrow road Laius on a

^n.7, V. 734. chariot with his arm-bearer. Laius haughtily

(Ebares, a satrapof Cyrus,againstthe ordered (Edipus to make way for him. pus
(Edi-
Medes. Polyczn.
7. A groom of Darius son refused, and a contest ensued, in which
of Hystaspes. He was the cause that his mas- ter Laius and his arm-bearer were both killed.
obtained the kingdom of Persia, fice As (Edipuswas
by his arti- ignorantof the qualitySife
in making his horse neighfirst. [Vid.Da- ofthe rank of the men whom he had just kH IIS,
Fius Ist.JHerodot. 3, c. 85" Justin. 1,c. 10. he continued his journey,and was attracted
(Echalia, a country of Peloponnesusin to Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx. This
Laconia,with a small town of the same name. terrible monster, whom Juno had sent to lay-
This town was destroyedby Hercdies, while waste the country. [Vid. Sphynx,]resorted
Eurytuswas kingover it,from which circum- stance in the neighbourhood of Thebes, and devoured
it is often called Eurylopolis. A all those who attemptedto explain, without
small town of Eaboea, where, accordingto success, the enigiuas which he proposed. The
some, Eurytasreigned, and not in Peloponne-
sus. calamitywas now become an objectof public
Strah. 8, 9 and 10. Virg.
"
.JEn. 8. v, 291. concern, and as the succesbfulexplanation of an
" Ovid. Heroid. 9, Md. 9, v. 136." 5o;)/ioc. in enigma would end in the doalh ofthe snyhnx,
Track. 74 and Schol. at the death of Laius had 'ascen-
Creou, who ded
of the throne of Thebes, promised his crown
(EcLiDES, patronymic Amphiaraus,
a son

"f (Ecleus. Ovid. Md. 8, fab. 7. and Jocas(ato him who succeeded in the at- tempt.
(EcLEUs. Vid. Oicleus. The enigma proposedwas this: What
(EcuMENios, wrote in the middle of the animal in the morning walks upon four feet, "lt
10th centurya paraphrase of some ofthe books noon upon two, and in the eveningupon three?
of the New Testament in Greek, edited in 2 This was lefttor (E.lipus toe.xplain;he came to
vols. foi. Paris Itiyl. Ibe monster and said,that man, in the morn-
ing

(Edipudia,a fountain of Thebes in Boeotia. of life,

walks upon his hands and his kei ;
(Edipus,a son of Laius,king of Thebes when ht)has attained the year'! of m"nh"od',
60
 (EN (EN
he walks upon ln'"two legs;and in the eren- whom he had Tydeus, In a general sacrificej?^
his old age with the assistance which (Eneus made to all the godsupon
ing,he supports ing
reap-
of a staff. The monster, mortified at the true the rich produce of his fields, he forgot

explanation, dashed his head againsta rock Diana, and the goddessto revenge this unpar-
donable
and perished. (Edipusascended the throne neglect,incited his neighbours to take
of Thebes, and married Jocasta, by whom he up arms againsthim, and besides she sent a
had twosons, Polynicesand Eteocles,and two wild boar to laywaste the country of Calydo-
daughters,Ismene and Antigone. Some years nia. The animal was at last killed by Melea-
ger
after,the Theban territories were visited with and the neighbouring princesof Greece,
a plague; and
the oracle declared that it in a celebrated chase,known by the name of
should cease only when the murderer of king the chase of the Calydonianboar. Some time
Laius was banished from Boeotia. As the death after, Meleagerdied,and (Eneus was drivea
of Laius had never been examined, and the from his kingdom by the sons of his brother.
circumstances that attended it never known, AgriusDiomedes, however,his grandson, soon

this answer of the oracle was of the greatestrestored him to his throne;but the continual
concern to the Thebans ; but (Edipus, the misfortunes to which he was exposed,render-
ed
friend of his people, resolved to overcome him melancholy.He exiled himself front

every difficulty by the most exact inquiries. Calydon,and lefthis crown to his son-in-law
His researches were successful,and he was Andremon. He died as he was going to Ap-
soon provedto be the murderer of his father. golis.His body was buried by the care oC,
The melancholydiscovery was rendered the Diomedes, in a town of Argoliswhich from,
more alarming, when (Edipusconsidered,that him received the name of (Enoe. It is report-
ed
he had not only murdered his father,but that that (Eneus received a visitfrom Bacchus ,
he had committed incest with his mother. In and that he suffered the god to enjoy the
the excess of his griefhe put out his eyes, as favours of Althsea,
and to become the father of
unworthy to see the light, and banished self
him- Dejanira, for which Bacchus permittedthat
from Thebes, or, as some the wine of which he was
say, was ed
banish- the patron should
by his awn retired towards
sons. He tica,be called among
At- the Greeks by the name of
led by his daughterAntigone,and came (Eneus (oiw@"j. Hygin.fab. 129. Jlpollod. 1,c^ "

near Colonos, where there was a grove sacred 9." Homer. II.9, v. b^9."Diod. 4." Paiw. 2,
to the Furies. He remembered that he was c. 25." Ovid. Met. 8, v. 510.
doomed by the oracle to die in such a place, (ENi.iDiE, a town of Acarnania. Liv. 26,
and to become the source of prosperity to the c. 24, 1. 38, c. 11.

country,in which his bones were buried. A (Enides, a patronymicof Meleagerson of

messenger upon this was sent to Theseus, (Eneus. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 10.
kingof the country, to inform him of the re- solution (Enoe, a nymph who married Sicinus the
of (Edipus. When Theseus arrived, son of Thoas, king of Lemnos. From her the
CEdipus acquainted him, with a propheticisland of Sicinus has been called (Enoe.
voice, that the gods had called him to die in Two villages of Attica were also called (Enoe.
the placewhere he stood ; and to show the Herodot. 5, c. 74. Plin. 4, c. 7. " A cityof
truth of this he walked himself, without the as- Argolis,
sistance where (Eneus fled when driven from
of a guide,to the spot where he must Calydon. Pans. 2, c. 25" A town of Elia
expire. Immediately the earth opened and in the Peloponnesus. Strab. JipoUod.1, c. "

(Edipus disappeared.Some suppose that S."Paus. 1, "c.

(Edipushad not children by Jocasta,and that (Enomaus,a son of Mars by Steropethe
the mother murdered herself as soon as she daughter of Atlas. He was king of Pisa in
knew the incest which had been committed. Elis,and father of Hippodamia by Evaretc
His tomb was near the Areopagus,in the age daughterof Acrisius, or Eurythoa,the daugh-
ofPausanias. Some of the ancient poets re-
presentter of Danaus. He was informed by the ora-
cle

him in hell,as suflfering the punish-

ment that he should perishby the hands of hi*
which crimes like his seemed to deserve. son-in-law;therefore as he could skilfully drive
Accordingto some, the four children which a chariot,he determined to marry his daugh- ter
he had were by Euriganea,the daughter of only to him who could out-run him, on
Periphas, whom he married after the death condition that all who entered the listshould
of Jocasta. Apollod.3, c. 5. Hygin.fab. 66, agree to lay down their life if conquered.
"

",c. Eurip.in Phaniss. ".c. Sophod.(Edip.Many had already

"
"
perished; when Pelopssoa
Ti/r.h Col. Anlig."ic. Hesiod. Theog. 1.
"
of Tantalus,proposedhimself.
"
He previously
Homer. Od. U, c. 210." Pans. 9, c. 5, "c." bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of (Enomaus,
Stat. Theb. 8, v. 642. Senec. in (Edip. Pin-
" dar. by promising
"
him the enjoyment of thefavouie
Olymp. 2. Diod. 4. Athen. 6 and 10 of Hippodamia,if he proved victorious. Myr-
"
"

tilus
(Eme, a daughterof Danaus, by Crino. gave his master an old chariot,whose
JipoUod. axle-tree broke on the course, which was froia
(Enan.thes, a favourite of young Ptolemy Pisa
to the Corinthian isthmus, and (Eno-
maus
king of Egypt. was killed. Pelopsmarried Hippodamia^
(Ene, a small tmva of Argolis.The people and became king of Pisa. As he expired,
are called (Eneadat. (Enomaus entreated Pelopsto revenge the per-
fidy
(Eni: A, a river ofAseyria.Jimmian. of Myrtilus, which was executed. Those
(Enkus, a king of Calydon in .^Etolia,son that had been defeated when Pelops entered
of Parthaon or and Euryte. He
Portheu.';, the list were Marmax, Alcathous, Euryalus,
married Althai the daughterof Thestius,by Eiiryniachus, Capetus,Lasius, Acrias, Chal-
whom he had Clymenns, Meleager,Gorge, codon, Lycurgus,Tricolonus, Prias,Aristo-
and Dejanira. After Althaj's death, he mar-
ried maclius, /Eolius,Eurythrus,and Chronius.
Periboea the daughterof Hippopous,by .^'Jpullod.
2, c. 4. " Diod. 4.
"
Pans. 5" c. 17,lu
 (EN OG

0, c. 11, "c. " Rhod.

Jjpollon. 1.
"

Proptrt.1, banished by the emperors. They were celled

OrwZ. in 76. 367.
"1. 2, V. 20." ^r/. Am. 2, v. Iscia and Pontia.
2."Heroid. 8, v. 70. (Enotkus, a sonof Lycaon of Arcadia. He
(Enon, a partof Locris on the bay of Co- passedinto Magna Graecia with a colony,and
rinth. gave the name of (Enotria to that part of the
"

(Enona, an ancient name of the island country where he settled. Dionys.Hal. 1,c.
^gina. It'isa\so caWed (Enopia. Herodot.8, U."Pam. 1, c. 3.
a. 46. Two vHhigesof Attica are also cal-
led small islands neas
(ENuSi?:, Chios. Plin. 5,
GEnona, or rather (Enoe, A town of c. 3 J. Thucyd.8. Others on the coast of
"

Troas, the birth place of th" nymph (Enone. tlie Peloponnesus, near Messenia. Mela, 2, c.
Strab. 13. 17." Plin. 4, c. 12.
(Enone, a nymph of mount Ida,daughterof (Eowus, a son of Licymnius,killed at Spar*
the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As she had ta,where he accompanied Hercules;and as
received the gift of prophecy,she foretold to the hero liad promised Licymnius to bring
Paris,whom married before he was
she covered
dis- back his son, he burnt the body, and presented
to be the
son of Priam, that his voy-
age the ashes to the afflictedfather.From this cir-
Into Greece wou4d be attended with the cum.stance arose a custom of burningthe dead
most serious consequences, and the total ruin among the (ireeks. Schol. Homer. II A
of his country,and that he should have re- course small river of Laconia. Liv. 34, c. 28.
to her medicinal knowledge at the hour (Eroe, an island of BcEotia formed by th"
of death. Ail these predictions were fulfilled; Asopus. Herodot. 9, c. 50.
and Paris when he had received the fatal (Eta, now Banina, a. celebrated mountain
"wound, ordered his body to be carried to between Thessalyand Macedonia, upon which
CEnone, in hopes of beingcured by her assist-
ance. Hercules burnt himself. Its heighthas given
He expiredas he came sence occasion to the poets to feignthat the sun,
into her pre-
; and (Enone was so struck at the sightmoon, and stars rose behind it. Mount (Eta,
of his dead body, that she bathed it with her properlyspeaking,
is chain of moun-
a long
tains

tears,and stabbed herself to the heart. She which runs from

the straits of Ther-
mopylae
was mother of Corythus by Paris,and this the gulfof Malia, in a western
and
son perishedby the hand of his father when direction, to mount Pindus, and from thence
be attempted, of OEnone, to
at the instigation to the bay of Ambracia. The straits or
persuadehim to withdraw his affection from passes of mount (Eta are called the straitsof
Helen. Diclys.Crtt. Ovid de Rem. Amor.
"

Thermopylaefrom the hot baths and mineral

V. Htroid. 5.
457. Lucan. 9." waters which are in the neighbourhood.
(Enopia,one of the ancient names of the These passes are not more than 25 feet in
island j^^gina.Ovid. Mel. 7, v. 473. breadth. Mela, 2, c. 3.-~CaiiUl. 66, v. 54,
(Enopid"S, a mathematician of Chios. "Apollod. 2, c. 7."Paus. 10, c. 20, ",c."
Diod. 1. Ovid. Heroid. 9, Met. 2, v. 216, 1. 9, v. 204,
(Enopion, a son of Ariadne by Theseus, hc^ Virg.Eel. 8. Plin. 25, c. 6. Seneca
" " "

or, accordingto others, by Bacchus. He in Med. Lucan. 3, he. A" small town at
married Helice,by whom he had a daughter the foot of Mount ffito near Thermopylae.
called Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant (Exi'Lus,or (Etylum, a town of Laco-
nia,
Orion became enamoured. The father un-
willing which received itsname from (Etylus, one
to givehis daughterto such a lover, of the heroes of Argos.Serapis had a temple
and afraidof provokinghim by an open refu- sal, there. Paus. 3, c. 25,
evaded his applications, and at last put out OiELLLs, a man whom, thoughunpolished,
his eyes when he was intoxicated. Some pose Horace
sup- representsas a character exemplary
that this violence was offered to Orion for wisdom, and moderation.
economy,
after he had dishonoured Merope. ffinopionHoTat, 2, sat. 2, v, 2.
received the island of Chios from Rhadaman- Ofi, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de
thus,who had conqueredmost of the islands Germ. 28.
of the iEgean sea, and his tomb was stillseen Ogdolapis, a navigableriver flowing from
there in the age of Pausanias. Some suppose, the Alps.Slrab. 6.
and with more probability, that he reigned Ogworus, a king of Egypt.
not at Chios, but at yEgina,which from Oglosa, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, east
him was culled ffinopia.Plat, in Tkes. Apol- of Corsica,famous for wine, and now
"

called
lod. 1, c. 4^." Diod. Pans. 7, c. 4. Apollon.Monte Christo. Plin. 3, c. 6.
"

Rhod. 3. OoMius, a name of Hercules among the

(Enothi, the inhabitantsof (Enotria. Gauls. Lucian. in Here.
(Enotria, a part of Italywhich was wards
after- Ogoa, a deityof Mylassa in Caria, under
called Lucania. It received this name whose temi)le, as was supposed,the ssa pas-
sed.
from CEnotrus the son of Lycaon, who settled Paus. 8, c. 10.
there with a colonyof Arcadians. The (Eno- Ocur.NiA LEX, by Q. and Cn. Ogulnius,
trians afterwards spreadthemselves into Um- tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 453. It in-
creased
bria and as far as Lalium, and the country of the number of Pontilices and
augurs
the Sabines,accordingto some writers. The from four to nine. The addition was made to
name of (Enotria is sometimes appliedto Italy.both orders from plebeianfamilies. A Ro-
man
That partof Italy where (Enotrus settled, was lady as poor as she was lascivious. Juv.
before inhabited by the Ausones. Dionys.Hal. 6, v. 351.
2,c. \\.-^Puus. 1, c. S."Virt^.JEn. 1, v. 536, Ogyges a celebrated monarch, the most
1.7,v.85." //a/.8,v. 220. ancient of those that reignedin Greece. He
CEnotrTdes, two small islands on the coast was son of Terra, or, as some
suppose, of
of Lucania, where some of the JRomans were Neptune,and married Thebe the daughterof
 OL OL
Jupiter.He reignedin Bceotia,which, from OixHiNiuM, or OlcixNium, now Didcignoy
him, is sometimes called Ogygia,and his pow-
er a town of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic. Liv. 45,
also extended over Attica. It is suppo- c. 26.
was sed
that he was of Egyptianor Phoenician ex- traction Oleades, a peopleof Spain. Liv. 21, c. 5.
; but his origin, as well as the age in Olearos, or Oliros, one of the Cyclade?,
which he lived,and the duration of his reign,about 16 miles in circumference, separated
are so obscure and unknown, that the epithetfrom Paros by a strait of seven miles. Virg,
of Ogygian is often apj)lied to every thing of Jf-ln. 3, V. nQ."Ovid. Met. 7, v. 4m." Slrab.
dark antiquity.In the reignof Ogygis there 10." Plin. 4, c. 12.
was a deluge, which so inundated the territo-
ries Oleatrum, a town of Spain,near Sagun-
of Attica, that they remained waste for tum. Slrab.
near 200 years. This, though it is very un-
certain, Olen, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flo"i-
is supposed to have happenedabout rished some time before the age of Orpheus,
1764 years before the Christian era, previousand composed many hymns, some of which
to the deluge of Deucalion. According to were regularly sung at Delphion solemn oc- casions.

some writers, it was owing to the overflowing Some suppose that he was the first
of one of the rivers of the country. The who established the oracle of Apollo at Del- phi,
reignof Ogyges was also marked by an un-
common where he firstdelivered oracles. Hero-
appearance in the heavens, and as it dot. 4, c. 35.
is reported, the planetVenus changed her co- lour, Olenius, a Lemnian, killedby his wife. Val.
diameter, figure, and her course. Varro. Fl. 2, v. 164.
de R. R.3, c. l."Paus. 9, c. b."Aug. de Civ. Olenus, a son of Vulcan, who married Le-
D. 18, he. thgea,a beautiful woman, who preferred self
her-
Ogygia, a name of one of the gates of to the goddesses. She and her husband
Thebes in Boeotia. Lucan. 1, v. 675. were changed into stones by the deities. Ovid.
One of the daughters of Niobe and Amphion, Met. 10, V. 68. A famous soothsayer of
changedinto stones. Apollod. Pans. 9, c. 8. Etruria. Plin. 28, c. 2.
"

""An ancient name of Bceotia, from Ogy-

ges Olenus, orOLENUM, a town of Peloponne-
sus,
who reignedthere. The island of Ca-
lypso, between Patrae and Cyllene, The goat
oppositethe promontory of Lacinium Amalthaea,which was made a constellation by
in Magna Grascia,where Ulysseswas ship-
wrecked.
Jupiter,is called Olenia, from its residence
The and
situation, even the exist-
ence there, Paus 7, c 22." Ovid. Met. 3."Strab.
of Calypso's island,is disputedby some 8. "

Apollod.1, c. 8. Another in ^Etolia.

writers. Plin. 3, c. 10. Homer. Od. 1,v. 52 "
Oleorus, one of the Cyclades,now Anti
and 85, 1.5, v. 254, Para.
Ogyris, an island in the Indian ocean. Olgasys, a mountain of Galatia.
OicLEUs, aAntiphatesand Zeux-
son of Oligyrtis, a town of Peloponnesus.
ippe,who married Hypermneitra, daughter Olinthus, a town of Macedonia.
of Thestius, by whom he had Iphianira, Po- Olisipo, now Lisbon,a town of ancient
lybcea,and Amnhiaraus. He w as killed by Spain on the Tagus,surnamed Felicitas Jidiuy
Laomedon when defendingthe shipswhich (Plin.4, c. 22,)and called by some Ulyssippo,
Hercules had brought to Asia when he made and said to be founded by Ulysses. Mela, 3,
war against Troy. Homer. Od. 15. Diod. 4. c. 1. S"linus 23. "
"

-".ipollod. 1, c. 8, I. 3, c. 6. Perns. 6, c. 17. "

Olitingi, a town of Lusitania. Mela, 3,
OiLEus, a king of the Locrians. His fa-
ther's
c. 1.

name was Odoedocus, and his mother's Oeizon, a town of Magnesia,in Thessaly.
he Hovier.
Agrianome. He married Eriope,by whom
had Ajax, called Oileus from his father, to T. Ollids, the father of Poppaea,destroyed
discriminate him from Ajax the son of Tela- on account of his intimacyw ith Sejanus, "c.
mon. had also another son called Medon,
He Tacit. Ann. 13, c, 45. A river risingin the
by a called Khene.
courtezan Oileus was one Alps,and falling into the Po, now called the
of the Argonauts. Virg.JEn. 1, v. 45. "
Oglio. Plin. 2, c. 103.
ApoUon. 1. Hygin.fab. 14 and 18. Homer.
"
"
Ollovico, a princeof Gaul,called the friend
11. 13 andIb."Jpollod. 3, c. 10. of the republicby the Roman senate. C(ES%
Olane, one of the m.ouths of the Po. Bell. G. 7, c. 31.
A mountain of Armenia, OLMiiE, a promontory near Megara.
Olanus, a town of Lesbos. Olmius, river of Bceotia, near
a Helicon,
Oi.ASTR^, a people of India. Lucan. 3, sacred to the Muses. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 284.
V. 249.~P/m. 6, c. 20. Olooson, now^ Alessone,
a town of Magnesia.
Olba, or Olbus, a town of Cilicia. Horn.
Olbia;a town of Sarmatia at the conflu-
ence 0L0P"YXus,a town of Macedonia, on mount
of the Hypanis and the Boryslhenes, Athos. Herodot. 7, c. 22.
about 15 miles from the sea according to Pliny. Olp^e,a fortifiedplaceof Epirus, now Forte
It was afterwards called Boryslhenes and MUe- Castri.
topolis, because peopledby a Milesian colony, Olus, (untis,)a town at the west of Crete.
and is now supposedto be Oczakovo. Slrab. 7. Olympeum, a place of Delos. Anotlier
" Plin. 4, c. 12. A town of Bithynia. in Syracuse.
Mela, 1,c. 19. A town of Gallia Narbo- Olympia, (orum,)celebrated games which
uensis, Mela, 2, c. 5. The capital of Sar-
dinia.received their name, either from Olympia,
Claudian. where they were observed, or from Jupiter
Oi.Bius, ariver of Arcadia. Paus.S, c. 14. Olympius, to whom they were dedicated.
Olbus, one of iEta's auxiliaries. Val. Fl. They were, accordingto some, instituted by
e, V. 639. Jupiter,afterhis victory
over the Titans,and
 OL OL
firstobserved by the Idaei Dactyli, B. C. 1453, scribed with a letter,
I were thrown into asiivcr
Some attribute the institution to Pelops,after [urn, and such as drew the same letter.were
lie had obtained a victoryover CEnomaus and obligedto contend
I one with the other. He
married Hippodamia ; but the more probable, Iwho had an odd letter remained the last,and
and indeed the more received opinionis,that he often had the advantage, as he was to en-
counter

they were firstestablished by Hercules in hon-

our the last who had obtained the superi*
of JupiterOlympius,after a victoryob- orityover his adversary. He was called"?*V.'.
tained
over Augias,B. C. 1222. Strabo ob- jectsIn these games were exhibited running, leaping,
to by observing,
thisopinion, that if they wrestling,
boxing,and the throwing of the
had been established in the age of Homer, the quoit,which was called altogether7rtvT""t^}^v,
or

poet would have undoubtedly spokenof them, quinquertium.Besides these,there were horse
as he is in every particular careful to mention and chariot races, and also contentions in
the amiasements and diversions of the ancient poetry, eloquence, and the fine arts. The
Greeks. But they were neglectedafter their onlyreward that the conqueror obtained,was
first institution by Hercules, and no notice a crown of olive ; which, as some suppose, was
was taken of them accordingto many writers,in memory of the labours of Hercules, which
tillIphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of Spar-
ta, were accomplishedfor the universal good of
them, and institutedthe celebra-
renewed tion mankind, and for which the heio claimed no
with greater solemnity. This reinstitu- other reward but the consciousness of having
brated been the friend of humanity. So small and
tion,which happened B. C. 884, forms a cele-
epoch in Grecian history, and is the triflinga reward stimulated courage and vir- tue,
beginningof the Olympiads.[Vid.Olympias.] and was more the source of greathonours
They, however, were neglectedfor some time than the most unbounded treasures. The sta-
tues
afterthe age of Iphitus,tillCoroebus,who ob-
tained of the conquerors, called Olympionicae,
a victoryB. C. 776, reinstituted them were erected at Olympia, in the sacred wood
to be regularlyand constantly celebrated. The of Jupiter.Their return home was that of a
care and superintendance of the games were warlike conqueror; they were drawn in a cha-
riot
intrusted to the peopleof Elis,tillthey were by four horses,and every where received
excluded with the greatestacclamations.
by the Piseeans B. C. 364, after the Their en-
trance

destructionof Pisa. These obtained great into their native citywas not through
from this appointment; theywere
privileges the gates,but, to make it more grand and
in dangerneither of violence nor war, but they more solemn, a breach was made in the walls.
were permitted to enjoy their possessionsout
with- Painters and poets were employed in cele-
brating
molestation,as the games were celebrated their names ; and indeed the victories
vrithin their territories. Only one person su- severally
perintended obtained at Olympia are the subjects
tillthe 50th olympiad,when two of the most beautiful odes of Pindar. The
were appointed. In the 103d olympiad,the combatants were naked ; a scarfwas originally
number was increased to twelve, accordingto tied round their waist, but when it had en-
tangled
the number of the tribes of Elis. But in the one of the adversaries, and been the
followingolympiad, they were reduced to cause that he lost the victory, itwas laid aside,
eight,and afterwards increased to ten, which and no regardwas paidto decency. The Olym- pic
number continued till the reign of Adrian. games were observed every fifthj'^ear,or
The presidents were obligedsolemnlyto swear, to speak with greater exactness, after a revo- lution
that they would act impartially, and not take of four years, and in the firstmonth of
any bribes, or discover why theyrejected some the fifthyear, and they continued for five suc-
cessive
of the combatants. They generally sat naked, days. As they were the most ancient
and held before them the crown which was and the most solemn of allthe festivalsof the
preparedfor the conqueror. There were also Greeks, it will not appear wonderful that they
certain otHcers to keep good order and regu- drew so many peopletogether,not only the
larity,
called uxvrxi,much the same as the Ro-
man inhabitantsof Greece, but of the neighbouring
lictors,of whom the chief was called islands and countries. Find. Olymp. 1 and 2.
"\uT"px",-. No women were permittedto ap- pear Strab. e." Pans. 5, c. 67, kc"Diod. 1, kc.
at the celebration of the Olympian games, "Plut. in Thes. Lye. kc. ^lian. V. H- 10,
and whoever dared to trespassthis law, was V. 1. "Cic. Tusc. 1,c. 46. " Lucian. de Gym.
immediatelythrown down from a rock. This, Tzels. in Lycophr."Aristotel."Stat. Theb. 6.
however,was sometimes neglected, for we find ~C. JVtp.in Pr(zf."Virg. G. 3, v. 49. -A
not only women present at the celebration,but town of Elis in Peloponnesus,where Jupiter
also some among the combatants,and some warded had a temple with a
re- celebrated statue 50 cu-
bits
with the crown. The preparations for high,reckoned one of the seven wonders
these festivals were great. No person was per- of the world. The Olympicgames were brated
cele-
mitted
to enter the listsif he had not regularly in the neighbourhood. Strab. 8. "

exercised himself ten months before tliecele- brationPmcs. 3, c. 8.

at the public gymnasium of Elis. No Olympias, a certain space of time which
unfair dealings allowed,and whoever at- elapsedbetween the celebration of the Olym-
were tempted pic
to bribe his adversary, was subjected games. The Olympic games were brated
cele-
to a severe fine. No criminals, nor such as were afterthe expiration of four complete
conjiected with impious and guilty persons, years, whence some have said that theywere
suffered to presentthemselves as combat-
were ants observed every fifth year. This period of
; and even the father and relations were time was called Olympiad,and became a cele-
brated
obligedto swearthat theywould have recourse era among the Greeks, who computed
to no artifice which might decide the victorytheir time by it. The custom of reckoning
in favour of theirfriends. The wrestlers were time by the celebration of the Olympicgames
appointedby lot. Some little balk, saper- was not introduced at the firstinsUlutiou of
 OL OL
these festivals,but to speakaccurately, only Sucli barbaritiesdid not longremain unpun-
the year in which Coroebus obtained the prize.ished; Cassander besieged her inPydna,wher"
This olympiad, which has always been oned
reck- she had retired with the remains of her fami-
ly,
the first,fell,accordingto the accurate and she was obligedto surrender afteran
and learned computations of some of the mo-
derns, obstinate siege.The conqueror ordered her
exactly776 years before the Christian to be accused,and to be to death. A put body
era, in the year of the Julian period
3938, and of 200 soldiers directed to put the bloody
were

23 years before the buildingof Rome. The commands into execution, but the splendour
games were exhibited at the time of the full and majestyof the queen disarmed their cour- age,

moon, next afterthe summer solstice ; there-

fore and she was at last massacred by those
the olympiads were of unequal lengths,whom she had cruelly deprivedof their chil-
dren,
because the time of the full moon differs 11 about 316 years before the Christian era.
days every year, and for that reason they Justin. 7, c. 6, I. 9, c. 7. Plut. in Jilex.-^ "

sometimes began the next day afterthe sol- stice,Curl. Paus."""A

" fountain of Arcadia,which
and at other times four weeks after.The flowed for one year and the next was dry.
computationsby olympiads ceased, as some Pam. 8, c. 29.
the year 440 of the
suppose, after the 364th,in Olympiodoros, a musician, who taught
Christian era. It was universally adopted,not Epaminondasmusic. C. JVep. A native of
only by the Greeks, but by many of the neigh-
bouringThebes, in Egypt,who flourished under Theo-
countries,though still the Pythian dosius 2d, and wrote 22 books of history, ia
games served as an epochto the people of Greek, with the seventh
beginning consulship
Delphi and to Bceotians,the Nemaean
the of Honorius, and the second of Theodosius,
games to the Argivesand Arcadians, and the to the period
when Valentinian was made peror.
em-
Isthmian to the Corinthians and the tants
inhabi- He
also an of an em-
wrote
account bassy

Peloponnesianisthmus.
of the To the of the barbarian nations of the
to some

historyis much indebted. They north,",c. His styleis censured by some

olympiads as

have served to fix the time of many moment- low, and unworthy of an historian. The com-
mentaries

"us events, and indeed before this method of of Olympiodoruson the Meteora of
computing time was observed, every page of Aristotle, were edited Aid. 1550, in fol. apud.
Mstory is mostlyfabulous,and filledwith ob-
scurity An Athenian olficer,presentat the battle
and contradiction, and no true chrono-
logical of Platffia,
where he behaved with great va-
lour.

account can be properly establisned and Plut.

maintained with certainty. Tiie mode of com-
putation, Olympius, a surname of at Jupiter Olym-
whichused afterthe suppression
was pia,where the god had a celebrated tempi"
of the olympiads aad of the consular fastiof and statue,which passedfor one of the seven
JRorae, was more useful as it was more sal
univer- wonders of the world. It was the work of
of the creation of the Phidas.
; but while the era Paus. 7, c. 2. A native of Car-
thage,
world prevailed in the east, the western nations called also Nemesianus. Fid. Neme-
in the 6th century began to adopt vviih more sianus. A favourite at the court of Ho-
norius,
propriety the Christian epoch,which was pagated
pro- who was the cause of Stilicbo's deatli.
in the 8th century, and at last,m the Olympus, a physician of Cleopatra, queea
10th,became legaland popular. A cele- brated of Egypt,who wrote some historical treatises.
woman who was daughterof a kingof Plut. in Anion. A poet and musician of
Epirus,and who married Philipkingof Mace- donia, Mysia, son of Maeon and disciple to Maisyas.
by whom she had Alexander the Great. He lived before the Trojanwar, and distin- guished
Her haughtiness, and more probabiyher infi-
delity, himself by his amatory elegies, his
obligedPhilipto repudiateher, and hymns, and particularly the beautiful airs
to marry Cleopatra,the niece of king Atta- which he composed,and which were stillpre-
served
lus. Olympias was sensible of this injury, in the age of Aristophanes.Plato in
and Alexander showed his disapprobationof Min. Jlristot.Pol. 8.
" Another musician of
by retiring from the Phrygia,who lived in the
bis father's measures age of Midas. He
court to his mother. The murder of Philip,is frequently confounded with the preceding.
"which soon followed this disgrace,and which Pollux. 4, c. 10. A son of Hercules and Eu-
some of Olym-
have attributed to the iutiigues pias, bcea. Jlpollod- A mountain of Macedonia
productive
was of the greatestextrava- and Thessaly, now iMcha. The ancients sup-
posed
honour
The
IjancieaT. queen paid the highest that ittouched the heavens with its top;
to her husband's murderer. She gatheredhis and, from that circumstance,theyhave placed
mangled limbs, placed a crown of goldon his the residence of the godsthere,and have made
head, and laid his ashes near those of Philip.it the court of Jupiter.It is about one mile
The administration of Alexander, who had and a half in perpendicular height, and is co-
vered

succeeded his father,was, in some instance, with pleasant woods, caves, and grottoes.
"liensive to Olympias; but,when the ambition On the top of the mountain, accordingto the
of her son was concerned, she did not scruplenotions of the poets, there was neither wind
to declare publicly, that Alexander was not the nor rain, nor clouds, but an eternal spring.
son of Philip, but that he was the offspring of Homer. II. 1, he. Virg.Mn. 2, 6, he. Ovid.
" "

an enormous serpentwhich had supernaturally

Met. Lucan. 5.
"
Mda, 2, c. 3. Strab. 8.
" "

introduced itselfinto her bed. When Alexan- A mountain of Mysia,called the Mysian Olym-
pus,
iler was dead, Olympiasseized the government a name it stillpreserves. Another, in
of Macedonia, and, to establish her usurpation, El is. Another, in Arcadia. And ano-
ther,

she cruelly put to death Arida^us,with his wife in the island of Cyprus, now Santa
Auiydice,asalsoNicanor, the brother of Cas- Croce. Some suppose the Olympus of Mysia
sander,with one hundred leadingmen of Ma- and of Ciiicia to be the same. A town on

(^edon, who were inimical to her interest. the coast of Lycia.

 OM ON
Oltmpusa, a daughter of Thespius."pol him, and he laid himself down by his side.
The hero was awaked, and kicked the intruder
Olynthus, a celebrated town and republicinto the middle of the cave. The noise awoke
of Macedonia, on the isthmus of the penin- sula Omphale,and Faunus was discovered lying^
of Pallene. It became famous for its on the ground, greatlydisappointed and
flourishing situation, and for its frequentdis-
putes ashamed. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 305, hc."jjpollod.
with the Athenians,the Lacedaemoni-
ans, 1, c. 9,1.2, c. l."Diod. 4.~Propert. 3, eL 12,
and with king Philip, who destroyedit,
and sold the inhabitants for slaves. Cic. in Omphalos, a placeof Crete,sacred to Ju-
Verr. Plui. de Ir. coh. he.
" Mela, 2, c. 2. piter,
"
on the border of the river Triton. It
Herodot. 1,c. 121."Curt. 8, c. 9. received its name from the umbilical chord
Olyras, a river near which, (:m?*xoj)
Thermopylae, of Jupiter,
which fellthere soon after
as the report, attemptedto
mythologists tinguishhis
ex- birth. Diod.
the funeral pileon which Hercules Omphis, a king of India,who delivered
was consumed. Strab. 9. hjmself up to Alexander the Great. Curt. 8,'
Olyzon, a town of Thessaly. c. 12.
Omarius,a Lacedaemonian sent to Darius, OsjEVM, or O.EKEUM, a promontory and
"c. Curt. 3, c. 13. town of Dalmatia. Liv. 43, c. 19.
Ombi and Tentyra, two neighbouring ties
ci- Onarus, a priestof Bacchus, who is sup- posed
of Egypt,whose inhabitants were always to have married Ariadne after she
in discord one with another. Juv. 15,v. 35. had been abandoned by Theseus. Plut "i
Ombri. Vid. Umbri. Thes.
Omole or HoMOLE, a mountain of Thessa-
ly.
Onasimus,a sophist of Athens,who flourish-
ed
Virg.JEn. 7, v. There were
675. some in the reignof Constantine.
festivalscalled HomoUia, which were brated
cele- Onatas, a famous statuaryof Mgludi,boil
in BcEotia in honour of Jupiter, sur- of Micon. Pau^. 8, c. 42.
joamed Homoleius. OxVCHEMiTEs, a wind which blows from On-
Omophagia, a festivalin honour of Bac- chus. chesmus, a harbour of Epirus, towards Italy.
The word signifies tht mting of raw The word is sometimes speltArichesitesand
flesh. Vid. Dionysia. Anchemites. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 2.~Ptok-
Omphale, a queen of Lydia, daughterof mceus.
Jardanus. She married Tmolus, who, at his Onchestus, a town of Bceotia,founded by
death,lefther mistress of his kingdom. Om- phale Onchestus, a son of Neptune. Paus. 9, c. 24
had been informed of the great exploits Oneiok, a place of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c.
of Hercules,and wished to see so illustrious25.
a hero. Her wish was gratified. After of /Egi-
soon Onesicrittjs, a cynic philosopher
the murder of Eurytus, Hercules fell sick, na, who went with Alexander into Asia,and
and was ordered to be sold as a slave,that he was sent to the Indian Gymnosophists. He
might recover his health, and the rightuse of wrote an history of the king'slife, which has
his senses. Mercury was commissioned to sell been censured for the romantic, exaggerat- ed,
fcim,and Omphale bought him, and restored and improbablenarrative it gives, it ir-
bim to liberty.The
hero became enamoured asserted, that Alexander, upon readingit,said
of his mistress,and the queen favoured his that he should be glad to. come to lifeagain
passion, and had a son by hinx, whom some for some time, to see what receptionthe his-
torian's
call Agelaus,and others Lamon. From this work met with. Plui. in dltx."Curt,
son were descended Gyges and Crcesus ; but 9, G. 10.
this opinion is differentfrom the account Onesimus,a Macedonian nobleman,treated
which makes these Lydian mouarehs
spring with great kindness by the Roman emperorsi
from Alcasus,a of
Hercules,by Malis. He wrote an account of the lifeof the empe-
son
ror
one of the female servants of Omphale. Her-
cules Probus and of Carus,with great precision
is representedby the poets as so despe-
rately and elegance.
enamoured of the queen, that, to con-
ciliate Onesippus, a son of Hercules. Apollod.
her esteem, he spins by her side amoag Onesius,a kingof Salamis,who revolted
her women, while she covers herself with from the Persians.
the lion's skin,and arms herselfwith the club OifEToRiDEs,an Athenian officer,who
of the hero, and often strikes him with her attempted to murder the garrison which.
eandals for the uncouth manner with which Demetrius had stationed at Athens, ".c. Po-
ly
he holds the distaff,kc. Their fondness was an. 5.
mutual. As they once travelled together, Onium, a place of Peloponnesus,
near rinth.
Co-
they came to
grotto on mount
a Tmolus,
where the queen dressed herself in the ha-
bit Onoba, a town near the columns of Hercu-
les.
of her lover,and obligedhim to appear in Mela,3, c. 1.
a female garment. After they had supped, Onobai.a,a river of Sicily.
they both retired to rest in different rooms, Onochonus,a river of Thessaly, fallinginto
as a sacrifice on the morrow to Bacchus re- the Peneus. It was dried up by the army of
ijuired.In the night, Faunus,or rather Pan, Xei-xes. Herodot. 7, c. 196.
who was enamoured of Omphale, introduced Onomacritus, a soothsayer of Athens. If
himself into the cave. He went to the bed is generallybelieved, that the Greek poem.'
of the queen, but the lion's skin persuaded on the Argonauticexpedition, attributed to
him that it was the dress of Hercules,and Orpheus,was written by Onomacritus. Th"
therefore he repairedto the bed of Hercules elegantpoems of Musaeus are also,by some,
in hopesto find there the objectof his afl'ec- supposed io be the production of his pen.
tioM. The female dress of Hercules deceived He flonxishedabout 51" vear" before th*
 OP OP
Ghristian era, and was from
Athens of the Gracchi. He showed himself a moat
expelled
by Hipparchus,
one of Pisistratus. inveterate enemy
of the sons to C. Gracchus and his ad-
herents,
Herodot. 7, c. 6. A Locrian, who wrote and behaved duringhis consulship,
concerninglaws,kc. Bristol.2. Potit. like a dictator. He was accused of bribery,
Onomarchus, a Phocian, son of Euthy- and banished. He died of want at Dyrrachi-
crates, and brother of Philomelas,whom he
Sext. Plane. ^ tn Pis. Plut.
um. Cic. pro "

succeeded, as generalof his countrymen, in who killed one A of the Cimbri

Roman,
the sacred war. After exploits
of valour and
in single combat. A rich usurer at Rome
perseverance, he was defeated and slain in in the age of Horace, 2 sat, 3, v. 142.
Thessalyby Philipof Macedon, who ordered Opis,a town on the Tigris, afterwards call-
ed
kis body to be ignominiously hung up, for Antiocbia. Xenoph.Anah. 2. A nymph
the sacrilege offered to the temple of Delphi.who was among Diana's attendants. Virg.
He died 353 B. C. Arislot. Pol. 5, c. 4." JEn. 11, V. 532 and 867. A town near the
I"iod. 16. A man to whose care Antigonus mouth of the Tigris. One of Cyrene's at- tendants.
intrusted the keeping of Eumenes. C. JVep. Virg.G. 4, V. 343.
"inEum. Opiter, a Roman consul, ".c.
ONOMASTomDES,a Lacedaemonian dor
ambassa- Opitergini,a peoplenear Aquileia, on the
sent to Darius,"c. Curt. 3, c 13. Adriatic. Their chief city is called Opitergum,
Onomastus, a freedman of the emperor now Oderso. Lucan. 4, v. 416.
Otho. Tacit. Opites, a native of Argos,killed by Hector
Onophas, one of the seven Persians who in the Trojanwar. Homer. II.
conspired againstthe usurper Smerdis. Cle- OppiA, a vestal virgin, buried alive for her
sias. An officer in the expedition of Xerxes incontinence.
againstGreece. Oppia lex, by C. Oppius,the tribune,A.
Onosander, Greek writer,whose book De U. C. 540. It required that no woman should
'

Imiitutiont
Tmperatoris has been edited by wear above half an ounce of gold,have par-
ty-coloured
Schwebel, with a fol.INfo-
French translation, garments, or be carried in any
rimb. 1752. cityor town, or to any place within a mile's
Onythes, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by Tur- distance,unless it was to celebrate some cred
sa-

Bus. 514.
Virg.JEn. 12,v. festivalsor solemnities. This famous
Opalia, festivalscelebrated by the Romans law, which was made while Annibal was in
in honour of Ops, on the 14th of the calends Italy,and while Rome was in distressed cir-
cumstances,
of January. created discontent,and, 18 years
Ophelas, a of Cyrene,defeated by after,
general the Roman ladies petitioned the assem-
bly

Agathocles. of the people that it might be repealed.

Opheltes, a son of Lycurgus, king of Cato opposed it strongly, and made many
Thrace. He is the same as Archemorus. Vid. satiricalreflections upon the women for their
Archemorus. The father of Euryalus, whose appearingin publicto solicit votes. The tri- bune
friendship with Nisus is proverbial. Virg.JEn. Valerius, who had presentedtheir pe-tition
9j v. 201. One of the companions of Acoetes, to the assembly,answered the objec-
tions
changed into a dolphinby Bacchus. Ovid. of Cato, and his eloquencehad such an
Met. 3, fab. 8. influence on the minds of the people,that the
OpHENsis, a town of Africa. Tacit. Hist.4, law was instantly abrogatedwith the unani-
mous
c. 50. consent of all the comitia,Cato alone
Ophiades, an island on the coast of Arabia, excepted. Liv. 33 aud 34. Cic. dc Orat. 3. "

so called from the great number of serpents Oppianus, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the
found there. It belongedto the Egyptiankings,second century. His father's name was Age-
and was considered valuable for the topaz it silaus,and his mother's Zenodota. He wrote
produced. Diod. 3. some celebrated for their eleganceand
poems
Ophias, a given to Combe,
patronymic as sublimity.Two of his poems are now tant,
ex-

of Ophius, an
slaughter unknown person. five books on fishing, called alieuticon,
Ovid. Met. 7, V. 382. and four on hunting, called cynegeticon. The
OpHioNEus, was an ancient soothsayer in the emperor Caracalla,was so pleasedwith his
age of Aristodemus. He was born blind. poetry,that he gave him a pieceof gold for
Ophis, a small river of Arcadia, which falls every verse of his cynegeticon ; from which
into the Alpheus. circumstance the poem received the name of
Ophiusa, the ancient name of Rhodes. the golden verses of Oppian. The poet died
A small island near Crete. A town of Sar- of the plague in the 3c"t.hyear of his age His
jiiatia. An island near the Baleares,so call-
ed countrymen raised statues to his honour, and
from the number of serpentswhich it pro-duced engravedon his tomb, that the gods had has-tened
serpens.)
("?"i It is now called Formen- to call back Oppian in the flower of
t^ra. youth,only because he had alreadyexcelled
OpnRYNiuM, a the Helles- all mankind.
town of Troas,on The best edition of his works is
ji"ont.Hector had a grove there. Slrab. 13. that of Schneider,8vo. Argent. 1776.
Opici, the ancient inhabitants of Campania, Oppidius, a rich old man introduced by
from whose mean occupations the word Opi- Horace, 2 sat. 3, v. 168, as wisely dividing
CU3 has been used to express disgrace.Juv. 3, his possessions among his two sons, and warn-
ing

V. 207. them againstthose follies, and that ex-

travagance

OriLius, a grammarian, who flourished which he believed he saw rising

about 94 years before Christ. He wrote a book in them.
called Libri Mumrum. C. Oppius, a friend of Julius Cajsar,cele-
brated
I/. OpiMius, a Roman who made himself for his lifeof ScipioAfricanus,and of
consul in oppositionto (be interest and efforts Pompey the Great, In the latter,
he paidnot
 OR OR
much regard
to and took
historicalfacts, eve- 1 mon.] The templeof Delphi
seemed to claim
ry opportunity to defame Pompey, to extol the a superiority |
over the other temples ; itsfame
character of his patron Caeear. In the age of,was once more extended,and its riches were
Suetonius, he was deemed the true author of so great, that not only privatepersons, but
the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish wars, even kingsand numerous armies,made it an
which some attribute to Caesar, and others to' objectof plunderand of rapine. The manner
A. Hirtius. Tacit. "nn. 12. Suet, in Cies.^i. of delivering
" oracles was different. A priest-
ess
An officer sent by the Romans against at Delphi [Fie?. Pythia] was permitted to
Mithridates, He met with illsuccess, and was pronounce the oracle of the god,and her de- livery
"ent in chains to the king,"c. A Roman, of the answer was alwaysattended with
who saved his aged father from the daggerof acts of apparentmadness and desperatefury.
the triumvirate. Not only women, but even doves, were the
Ops, (opis,) the daughterof Ccelus and Ter- ra, ministers of the temple of Dodona, and the
the same as the Rhea of the Greeks, who suppliant votary was oftea startled to \xeas his
married Saturn, and became mother of Jupi-
ter. questions readilyanswere J tiy the decayeu
She was known among the ancients by trunk,or the spreadingbranches of a neigh- bouring
the different names of Cybde, Bona Dea, oak. ^nnr^on conveyed his answer*
Magna Mater, T/iyn,Tellm, Proserpina, and in a plainand open manner ; but Amphiaraus
"ven of Juno and Minerva; and the worship required many ablutions and preparatorycere- monies,
which was paid to these apparently several and he generally communicated his
deities,was offered merely to one and the oracles to his suppliants in dreams and visions.
the gods. The word Sometimes
same
person, mother of the first words that were heard,
be derived from Opus; because after issuing from the temple, were deemed
Ops, seems to
the goddess,who is the same as the earth, the answers of the oracles, and sometimes the
gives nothing without labour. Tatius built noddingor shakingof the head of the statue,
her a temple at Rome. She was generallythe motions of fishes in a neighbouring lake,
with her righthand or their reluctance in acceptiagthe food which
represented as a matron,

opened,as if offeringassistance to the help- less, was offered to them, were as strongand valid as
and holdinga loaf in her lefthand. Her the most express and the minutest explana- tions.
festivalswere called Opalia,",c. Varro de The answers were aho sometimes given
l^ L_ 4."Dionys.Hal 2, kc." Tibull. el. 4, v. in verse, or written on tablets, but their mean-
ing
"8."Flin. 19,c. 6. was alwaysobscure, and often the cause of
Optatos, one of the fathers whose works disaster to such as consulted them. Croesus,
were edited by Du Pin, fol.Paris,1700. when he consulted the oracle of Delphi,was
OpTiMus MAXiMus, cpithets givento Jupiter,told that,if h^ crossed the Halys, he should
to denote his greatness,omnipotence,and destroy a great empire; he supposedthat that

supreme goodness. Cic. D. K. D. 2, c. 25. empire was the empire of his enemy, but un- fortunately

Opus, {ppunlis,) a city of Locris,on the Aso- itwas his own. The words of Credv
pus, destroyed by an earthquake. Strab. 9. "
ie, ^acida, Romanes vincere posse, which
Mela, 2, c. 3." Lir. 28, c. 7. Pyrrhusreceived when he wished to assistthe
Ora, a town of India, taken by Alexander. Tarentines against the Romans, by a favourable
One of Jupiter's mistiesses. interpretation for himself,proved his ruin.
Oraculum, an answer of the gods to the Nero was ordered by the oracle of Delphi,
questions of men, or the place where those to beware of 73 years; but the pleasing idea
answers were given. Nothingis more famous that he should live to that age rendered him
than the ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, careless, and he was soon convinced of his
Rome, ".C. They were supposedto be the mistake,when Galba, in his 73d year, had the
will of the gods themselves,and they were presumptionto dethrone him. It is a ques- tion
consulted,not onlyupon every important ter,
mat- among the learned,whether the cracles
but even in the affairsof private life. To were givenby the inspiration of evil spirits,
make peace or war, to introduce a change of or whether they proceeded from tiie impos- ture
government,to planta colony,to enact laws, of the priests.Imposture, hovvev^er, and
to raise an edifice,to marry, were sufficient forgery, cannot long flourish, and falsehood
reasons to consult the will oi the gods. Man- kind, becomes its own destroyer ; and, on the con-
trary,

in consulting them, showed that they it is well known how much confidencs
wished to pay implicit obedience to the com-
mand an enlightened age, therefore,much more

of the divinity, and, when theyhad been the credulous and the superstitious, places
favoured with an answer, they acted with upon dreams and romantic stories. Some
more spirit and with more vigour,conscious have strongly believed,that all the oracles of
that the undertaking had met with the sanction the earth ceased at the birth of Christ,but
and approbation of heaven. therefore,
In this, the supposition is false. It was, indeed,the
it will not appear wonderful that so many beginningof their decline,but they remaiiied
placeswere sacred to oracular purposes. The in repute,and were consulted,though,per- haps,
small provinceof Bceotia could once boast of not so frequently, till the fourth centu-
ry,
her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same when Christianity began to triumph over
number. IS'otonlythe chief of the gods gave paganism. The oracles often suffered them- selves
oracles,but,in process of time, heroes were to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it
admitted to enjoy the same privileges; and is well known that Lysanderfailed in the at- tempt.
the oracles of a Trophonius and an Antinous Herodotus, who first mentioned the
were soon able to rival the fame of Apolloand corruption which often prevailed in the oracu-
lar
of Jupiter.The most celebrated oracles of templesof Greece and Egypt, has been
antiquity were those of Dodona, Delphi, piterseverely
Ju- treated for his remarks by the histo-
rian
Amraon,"c. [Vid.Dodona, Delphi,Am- Plutarch. Demojithencs is also a witness
"1
 OR OR
of the corruption, and he observed, that the an entertainment ; and it also enforced,that
oracles of Greece were servilely subservient to during supper, which was the chief meal
the will and pleasure of Philip, kingof Mace-
donia, among the Romans, the doors of
every house
as he beautifully expresses it by the should be leftopen.
word (;t\i7T7:i{st\:If some of the Greeks, and Orchomenus or Orchomenum, a town of
other European and Asiatic countries, paid so Bceotia, at the west of the lake Copais. It
much attention to oracles, and were so fullywas ancientlycalled Minyeia,and from that
persuadedof their veracity, and even divinity, circumstance, the inhabitants were often cal-
led
many of their leadingmen and of their philo-
sophers Minyans of Orchomenos. There was at
were apprizedof the deceit, and paid Orchomenos a celebrated temple, built by
no regardto the command of priests whom Eteocles son of Cephisus, sacred to the Gra-
ces,
money could corrupt,and interposition silence. who were from thence called the Orcho-
The Egyptiansshowed themselves the most menian goddesses. The inhabitants founded
superstitious of mankind, by their blind ac- Teos in conjunctionwith the lonians,under
to the imposition of the priests, who the sons of Codrus. Plin. 4, c. 8. Htrodot.
ijuiescence "

and happiness1, c.
them that the safety 146." Paws. 9, c. 37." Strab. 9.
persuaded
of their lifedependedupon jfifeirere motions A town of Arcadia, at the north of Manti-
of an ox, or the tameness of a crot.^dile.nea. Homer. II. 2. A town of Thessaly,
Homer, II.Od. 10." Htrodot. 1 and H."Xeno-^a with a river of the same name. Strab. "

memor. Strab. 5, 7, ".c. Paus.

" 1, kc. j" son "
" of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, who
gave
Pint, de defect, orat. de J^ges.^ de Hor. ma- lign." his name to a city of Arcadia, "c. Paus. 8.
Cic. de Div. 1, c. 19." Justin. 24, c. 6. A SOB of Minyas, king of Bceotia,who
^Liv. dn."JElian. V. H. 6."C. JVep in Lys. gave the name of Orchomenians to his sub-
jects.
"^Arisloph. in Equit. ^ Plut. Demosth. Phil. " He died without issue, and the crown
" Ovid. Met. 1. devolved to Clymenus, the son of Presbon,
Or^a, a small country of Peloponnesus."c. Paus. 9, c. 36.
Paus. 2, c. 30. Certain solemn sacrifices Orcus, one of the names of the god of hell,
of fruits offered in the four seasons of the the same as Pluto, though confounded by
mild and temperate r^reather.some with Charon. He had a temple at
year, to obtain
They were oftered to the goddesses who sided Rome.
pre- The word Orcus,is generally used t"
over the seasons, who attended upon signify the infernal regions. Herat. 1,od. 29,
the sun, and who received divine worshipat kc." Virg. JEn. 4, v. 502, he" Ovid. Mel. 14,
Athens. v. 116, ".C.
Orasus, a man who killed Ptolemy, the Orcvnia, place of Cappadocia,where
a

Euraenes defeated by Antigonus.

son of Pyrrbus. was

Orates,
a river of European Scythia, Ordessus, a river of Scythia,which falls
Ovid, Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 47.
ex As this river into the Ister. Herodot.
is not now known, Vossius reads Cretes, a Obuovices, the people of North Wales ia
ylver which is found in Scythia.Val Place. 4, Britain, mentioned by Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 63.
V. Ill9." Thucyd.4. Oreaoes, nymphs of the mountains (o^v
Orbelus, a mountain of Thrace or donia. moiu) daughtersof Phoroneus
Mace- and Hecate.
Some call them Orestiades,and givethem Ju- piter
OrbIlius Pupillus, a grammarian of for father. They generallyattended
Beneventum, who was the first instructor of upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting.
the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the Virg.Mn. 1, V. 504." Homer. //. Q."Slrab. 10.
of Cicero, and there, public "Ovid. Met. 8, v. 787.
consulship as a

teacher, fame than money.

acquired
more He Oreas, a son of Hercules and Chryseis.
was of a severe
naturally disposition, of which Orest.", a peopleof Epirus. They receiv- ed
his often felt the
pupils effects. He lived al their name from Orestes,who fled to Epi- rus
most to his 100th year, and lost his memory when cured of his insanity.Lucan. 3,
some time before his death. Suet, de Jllust.V. 249. Of Macedonia. Liv. 33, c. 34.
Gr. 9."Horai. 2, ep. 1, v. 71. Orestes, a son of Agamemnon and Clytem-
Orbitaniun, a town of the Samnites. nestra. When his father was cruelly murder-
ed
Liv. 24, c. 20. by Clytemnestra and .S^gisthus, young
Orbona, a mischievous goddessat Rome, Orestes was saved from his mother's dagger
who, as it was supposed, made children die. by means of his sister Electra, called Laodicea
Her templeat Rome was near that of the by Homer, and he was privately conveyed to
Lares. Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 25." P/w. the house of Strophius, who was kingof Pho-
^ods
2, 7.
c. cis,and who had married a sister of Agamem- non.
islands on the northern coasts of
Orcades, He was tenderlytreated by Strophius,
called the Orkneys. They were who educated him with his son Pylades.The
Britain, now

unknown tillBritain was discovered to be an two young princes soon became acquainted,
island by Agricola, who presided there as go- and, from their familiarity,
vernor. arose the most in-
violable
Tacit, in Jigric.Jur. 2, v. 161, "
attachment and friendship. When
Orch.\lis, an eminence of Bceotia near Orestes was arrived to years of manhood, be
Haliartus,called also Alopecos. Plut. in Lys. visited Mycenge, and avenged his father's
Okchamus, a king of Assyria,father of death by assassinating his mother Clytemnes-
tra,
Leucothoe, by Eurynome. He buried his and her adulterer ^Sgisthus.The manner
daughteralive for her amours with Apollo.in which he committed this murder is various-
ly
Ovid. jMet. 4, v. 212. reported.Accordingto iEschylus, he was
Orchia lkx, by Orchius, the tribune, commissioned by Apolloto avenge his father,
A. U. C. 566. It was enacted to limit the and, therefore, he introduced himself, with
number of guests that were to be admitted to his friend Pylades, at the court of Mycen",
 OR OR
to bringthe
pretending news

Orestes from king Strophius.He was

of the death of the lettersof
at first were
he came
Iphigenia
addressed to Orestes himself,
these circumstances
to
and, there-
fore,
led to a total
Greece, llie^e
i
received with coldness,and, when soon

into the presence of iEgisthus,who wished discoveryof the connexions of the priestess
to inform himself of the particulars, he mur-
dered with the man whom she was going to immo-
late.
him, and soon Clytemnestrashared the Iphigenia was convinced that he was her
adulterer's fate. Euripidesand Sophocles brother Orestes,and, when the causes of their
mention the same circumstances, .^gisthusjourneyhad been explained,she resolved,with
was accordingthe
assassinatedafter Clytemnestra, two friends,
to flyfrom Chersonesus. and
to Sophocles; and, in Euripides, Orestes is to carry away the statue of Diana. Their flight
represented as murderingthe adulterer,while was discovered,and Thoas preparedto pursue
he offers a sacrifice to the nymphs. This them; but 'Minerva interfered, and told him
murder, as the poet mentions, irritates the that allhad been done by the will and approba*
guards,who were present, but Orestes ap- tion of the gods. Some
peases suppose that Orestes
their fury by tellingthem who he is, came to Cappadocia from Chersonesus, and
and immediatelyhe is acknowledgedking of that there he leftthe statue of Diana at Coma-
the country. Afterwards, he stabs his mother, na. Others contradict this tradition, and, ac-
cording

at the instigation of his sister Electra, after to Pausanias, the statue of Diana Or-
he has upbraidedher for her infidelity and thia was the same as that which had been car-
ried

crueltyto her husband. Such meditated mur- away from the Chersonesus. Some also
dei-s receive the punishment which, among suppose that Orestes brought it to Aricia, in
the ancients, was always supposed to attend Italy, where Diana's worshipwas established.
parricide. Orestes is tormented by the Furies, After these celebrated adventures, Orestes
and exiles himself to Argos,where sued ascended
he is stillpur- the throne of Argos,where he reign-
ed
goddesses.Apollohim- self in perfect security, and married Hermione,
by the avengeful
him, and he is acquitted by the una- the daughterof Menelaus, and
purifies nimous
gave his sister
opinionof the Areopagites, whom nerva to his friend Pylades. The marriageof Ores-
Mi- tes
herself institutedon this occasion,ac- cording with Hermione is a matter of dispute
to the narration of the poet iSlschylus, among the ancients. All are agreed that she
who flattersthe Athenians in his tragical story, had been promisedto the son of Agamemnon,
by representing them as passingjudgment, but Menelaus had married her to Neoptole-
even upon the godsthemselves. Accordingto raus, the son of Achilles,who had shown him- self
Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the mur-
der, so truly interested in his cause duringthe
not at Delphi, but at Trcezene, where Trojan war. The marriageof Hermione with
stillwas seen a large stone at the entrance of Neoptolemus displeased Orestes;he remem- bered

Diana's temple,upon which the ceremonies that she had been early promisedto him,
of purification had been performedby nine of and therefore he resolved to recover her by
ihe principal citizens of the place. There was force or artifice. This he effected by causing
also,at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a templededi Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or ing
assassinat-
eated to the Furies, near which Orestes cut him himself. Accordingto Ovid's epistle of
off one of his fingers with his teeth in a fitof Hermione to Orestes,Hermione had always
insanity.These different tiaditions are con- futed been faithful to her firstlover,and even itwas
by Euripides,who says that Orestes,by her persuasionsthat Orestes removed hex
after the murder of his mother, consulted the from the house of Neoptolemus. Hermione
oracle of Apolloat Delphi,where he was formed
in- was dissatisfiedwith the partiality of Neopto-
lemus
that nothingcould deliver him from for Andromache, and her attachmentfor
the persecutions of the Furies,if he did not Orestes was increased. Euripides, however,
bring into Greece Diana's statue, which was and others,speak differently of Hermione'e
in the "tauricaChersonesus, and which, as it attachment to Neoptolemus: she loved him so
is reportedby some, had fallen down from tenderly, that she resolved to murder mache,
Andro-
heaven. This was an arduous enterprise. who seemed to share,in a small degree.-
The king of Chersonesus always sacrificed on the affections of her husband. She was ready
the altars of the goddessallsuch as entered the to perpetratethe horrid deed when Oreste.'s
borders of his country. Orestes and his friend came into Epirus,and she was easily persuaded
were both carried before Thoas, the king of by the foreignprinceto withdraw herself,in
the place, and they were doomed ficed. her husband's absence, from a country which
to be sacri-
Iphigenia was then priestess of Diana's seemed to contribute so much to her sorrows.
temple,and it was her office to immolate Orestes,the better to secure the affections of
these strangers. The intelligence that they Hermione, assassinated Neoj"tolemas, [Vid.
were Grecians delayed the preparations, and Neoptolemus,]and retired to his kingdom of
Iphigenia was anxious to learn somethingabout Argos. His old age was crowned with peace
a country which had givenher birth. [Fit/. and security, and he died in the 90th year of
Iphigenia.]She even interested herself iu his age, leavinghis throne to his son Tisarne*-
their misfortunes, and offered to spare the life nes, by Hermione. Three yeai-s after, the
of one of them, providedhe would convey Heraclidae recovered the Peloponnesus, and
letters to Greece from her hand. banished the descendants of Menelaus
This was from
a difficult trial; never was the throne of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia,
friendship
more

truly displayed, accordingto the words of as some suppose, by the bite of a serpent ; and
Ovid, tx Pont. 3, el. 2. the Lacedaemonians, who hnd become his sub-
jects
Irejubet Fyladescarum moriturus Oreslem, at the death ot Menelaus, were directed
Hie negat; inquevicem pufipicU uterquevwri. by an oracle to bring his bones to Sparta.
At last Pylades gave way to the pressingen- They were,
treaties some time after, discovered at
of his friend,
and consented to carry Tegea; and bi^ statue appeared to be .leren
 OR OR
eubiti,accordingto the traditionsmentioned but his skillproved ineffectualin attempting
Herodotus and others. The friendship of to cure the fatal wound which his benefactor
by
Orestes and of Py lades became proverbial, and had received. After Julian's death,he fellin-
to
therv\o friends received divine honours among the hands of the barbarians. The best edi-
tion
the Scythians, and were worshipped in tem-
ples. of his works is that of Dundas, 4to. L.
Paus. 1. 2, 4, kc. Pater c. 1, c. 1 and Bat. 1745.-
" One of Actason's dogs,ab o((^,
S."Apollod.1, hc.-^Strah. 9 and \Z."Ovid. mans, and fiMm, scando. Ovid. Met.
Heruid. 8. Ex Pont. 3, el. 2. Met. 15. in lb. Oricum or Oricus, a town of Epirus,on
"^Luripid.in Or est. jindr. he. Ipliig. So- the Ionian sea, founded by a colony
"
"
from Col-
chis
in
phocl. Eleclr. kc. " in Eum.
JEschyl. /Igam. accordingto Pliny. It was called Dar
hc."Herodot. 1, c. 69."Hygin. fab. 120 and dania, because Helenus and Andromache,
261. "

Lye. Diclys.6, he.

Plut. in "
natives of Troy or Dardania, reigned over
" Pindar.
JEn. 3, he"
Pyth.2."Plin. 'SS.-^Virg. the country after the Trojan war.
Homer. It had a
Od. 3, V. 304, 1.4, V. d'S^." Tzetz. ad Lycophr.celebrated harbour,and was greatlyesteemed
1374. A son of Achelous. jipollod. A by the Romans on account of its situation,
man sent as ambassador by Attila,kingof the but it was not well defended. The tree which
Huns, to the emperor Theodosius. He was producesthe turpentinegrew there in abun-dance.
highlyhonoured at the Roman court, and his Virg.JEn. 10, v. 136. Liv. 24, c. 40. "

son Augustuluswas the last emperor of the "Plin. 2, c. 89" C'CE5.Bell. Civ. 3, c. 1, "c.
western A governor of Egypt un-
empire. der Lucan. 3, v. 187. "

the
Roman emperors. A robber of Oriens, in ancient geography, in taken for
Athens, who pretended madness, ".c. Aris- all the most eastern partsof the world, such
toph.ach. 4. 7. A generalof Alexander. as Parthia, India, Assyria, he.
Curt. 4, c. 108. Origen, a Greek writer, as much brated
cele-
Oresteum, a town of Arcadia, about 18 miles for the easiness of his manner, his hu-
mility,
from Sparta. It was founded by Orestheus, a and modesty, as for his learningand
son of Lycaon, and originally called Orestht- the sublimity of his genius. He was sur named

sium, and at'terwards Oresteum, from Orestes, Adamantus, from his assiduity, and became
the son of Agamemnon, who resided there for so rigid a Chris! ian, Itiat he made himself an
some after the murder of Clytemneslra.eunuch, by following
time the literalsense of a pas-
sage
Paus. 8, c. 8. Euripid.
" in the Greek testament, which speak*
Op.ESTiD.E, the descendants or subjectsof of the voluntaryeunuchs of Christ. He suf-fered
the
Or'-'stes, son of Agamemnon. They were martyrdom in his 69th year, A. C. 254.
driven from the Peloponnesusby the Hera- His works were excellent and numerous, and
clida?,and came to settle in a country which, contained a number of homilies,commenta-
ries
from them, was called Oreslidce. at the south-
west on the holyscriptures, and different trea-
tises,
of Macedonia, Some suppose that that besides the Hexapla,so called from its
part of Greece originally received its name being divided into six columns, the first"f
from Orestes,who fled and built there a cit} ,
contained the Hebrew text, the second,
which
which gave its founder's name to the whole text in Greek characters, the third,
the same

province.Thucyd.2 Liv. 31. the Greek

"
version of the Septuagint, the
AuREL. Orestilla, a mistress of Catiline. fourth,that of Aquila, the fifth,that of Sym-
Cic. ad Div. 7, c. 7. machus, and the sixth,Theodosian's Greek
Orf.stjS; or Orestida, apart of Macedonia. version. This famous work first gave the
Cic. de Harusp.16. hint for the compilationof our PolyglotBi-bles.
Oret/e, a peopleof Asiatic Sarmatia, on the The works of Origenhave been learn- edly
Eu.xine Sea. edited by the Benedictine monks, though
OiiETANi,a peopleof Spain,whose capital the whole is not 5"et completed,in four vols.
was Oretum, now Orelo. Liv. 21, c. 11,1. 35, fol. Paris, 1733, 1740, and 1759. The Hexa-
c. 7. plawas publishedin 8vo. at Lips. 1769,by
Oretilia, a woman who married Caligula, Car. Frid. Bahrdt
by whom she was soon after banished. Origo, a courtezan in the age of Horace.
OuEUM, one of the principal towns of Eu- Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 55.
bcea. Liv. 28, c. 6, Orinus, a river of Sicily.
Orga, or Org AS, a river of Phrygia, falling Oriobates, a generalof Darius at the bat- tle
into the iVJt^ander. 6lrab. Plin. of Arbela,he.
"
Curt. 4.
Orgessum, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 3L Orion, a celebrated giantsprung from the
c. 27. urine of Jupiter,Neptune, and Mercury.
Orgetorix, one of the chief
of the These three gods,as they travelled over
men Bce-
Helvetii,while Caesar was in Gaul. He form-
ed otia,met with greathospitality from Hyrieus,
a conspiracy against the Romans, and when a peasantof the country, who was ignorantof
accused, he destroyedhimself. Cces. their dignityand character. They were tertained
en-

Orgia, festivals in honour of Bacchus. with whatever the cottage afforded,

They are the same as the Bacchanalia,Dio- and, when Hyrieus had discovered that they
kc.
nysia, which
celebrated by the an-
were cients were gods, because Neptune told him to fill
to the triumphs of Bac-
commemorate chus up Jupiter's cup with wine, after he had serv-ed
in India. Vid. Dionysia. itbefore the rest, the old man welcomed
Oribasus, a celebrated physician, greatlythem by the voluntary sacrifice of an ox. Pleas-
ed
esteemed by the emperor Julian, in whose with his piety, the gods promised to grant
reignhe flourished. He abridged the works him whatever he required, and the old man,
of Galenus, and of all the most respectablewho had lately lost his wife,to whom he had
writers on physic, at the request of the em-
peror. promisednever to marry again, desired them
He accompanied Julian into the east, that,as he was childless, theywould givehim
 OR OR
a S0B without another marriage. The gods risesabout the ninth day of March, and sets
consented, and they ordered him to bury in about the 21st of June, is generallysupposed
the ground the skin of the victim,into which with great
to be accompanied, at its rising,
they had all three made water. Hyrieus rains and storms, it has acquiredthe epithet
did as they commanded, and when, nine of aquosu.s, given it by Virgil.Orion was
months after,he dug for the skin, he found buried in the island of Delos, and the monu- ment
in it a beautifulchild,whom he called Urion, which the peopleof Tanagra in Bceotia
ah urina. The name was changed into Orion showed, as containingthe remains of this
by the corruption of one letter,as Ovid says,. celebrated hero, was nothingbut a cenotaph.
Ferdidit antiquumlitleraprima sonum. Orion The daughtersof Orion distinguished selves
them-
soon rendered himself celebrated,and Diana as much as their father, and, when the
took him among her attendants,and even came oracle had declared that Bceotia should not be
be-
deeplyenamoured of him. His giganticdelivered from a dreadful pestilence before
stature, however, displeased CEnopion,kingof two of Jupiter'3children were immolated on

Chios, whose daughter Hero or Merope he the altars,they joyfullyaccepted the offer,
demanded in marriage. The king, not to and voluntarily sacrificed themselves for the
deny him openly,promisedto make him his good of their country. Their names w^ere
son-in-law as soon as he delivered his island Menippe and Metioche. They had been care-
fully
from wild beasts. This task, which CEnopion educated by Diana, and Venus and Mi-
nerva
deemed impracticable, was soon performed had made them very rich and valuable
bv Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward. presents. The deities of hell were struck at
CEnopion,on pretence of complying,intoxi-
cated the patriotism of the two females, and imme-
diately
his illustriousguest,and put out his eyes two to arise from the
stars were seen

on the sea shore, where he had laid himself earth, which stillsmoked
with the blood, and
down to sleep. Orion findinghimself blind
they were placedin the heavens in the form
when he awoke, was conducted by the sound of a crown. Accordingto Ovid, their bodies
to a neighbouring forge,where he placedone were burned by the Thebans, and, from their
of the workmen on his back, and, by his di-
rections,
ashes, arose two persons, whom the gods
went to a placewhere the rising sun soon after changed into constellations. Diod,
was seen with the greatestadvantage. Here 4." Homer. Od. 6, v. 121, 1. 11, v. 309."
he turned his face towards the luminary,and, Virg.JEn. 3, v. bVI."ApoUod. 1, c. A." Ovid.
as reported,he immediatelyrecovered Met. 8 and 13. Fast. 5, "ic." Hi/gin.fab. 126,
it is
his eye-sight, and hastened to punishthe per-fidious and F. A. 2, c. 44, k.c."Frop(,rt.2, el. 13."
crueltyof (Enopion. It is said that Virg.M.n. 1, he. Horat. 2, od. 13,1. 3, od. 4
Orion was an excellent workman in iron ",and and 27, epod. 10, Sic. Lucan. 1, "c. Ca- " "

that he fabricated a subterraneous palacefor lull, de Btren. Falephat.1. Farthen. erotic.

" "

Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had inspired20.

with love, carried him away into the island of Orissus, a prince of Spain,who put Ha-
Delos, to enjoy his company curity milcar to flight,
with greaterse- 6ic.
of
; but Diana, who was jealous this, stroyed Ori SULLA
de- LiviA, a Roman matron, taken
Orion with her arrows. Some say away from Piso, ".c.
that Orion had provoked Diana's resentment; Oritjc.,a people of India, who submitted
by offering violence to Opis,one of her female to Alexander, "x. Strab. 15,
attendants, or, according to others,because he Orithylv, a daughter of Erechtheus, king
had attemptedthe virtue of the goddessher- self. of Athens, by Praxithea. She was courted
According to Ovid, Orion died of the and carried away by Boreas, king of Thrace,
bite of a scorpion, which the earth produced, as she crossed the llissus, and became mother
to punishhis vanityin boasting that there was of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetes,and Calais, Apol^
not on earth any animal which he could not Ion. 1. ApoUod. 3, c," 15. Orpheus. Ovid, "
"

conquer. Some say that Orion was the son Met. 6, V. 706. Fast. 5, v. 204." Pawj. 1, c.
of JSeptune and Euiyale,and that he bad re- ceived 19, 1.5, c. 19. One of the Nereides. *

from his father the privilege and power A daughterof Cecrops,who bore Europus
of walking over the sea without wettinghis to Macedon. One of the Amazons, famous
feet. Others make him son of Terra, like the for her warlike and intrepid spirit.Justin. 3,
rest of the giants.He had married a nymph c. 4.
called Sida before his connexion with the fa-mily Oriti.vs,one of the hunters of the Calydo-
of CEnopion; but Sida was the cause of nian boar. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 8,
her ow-n death,by boastingherselffairerthan Oriundus, a river of lUyricum. Uv. 4Ai
Juno. According to Diodorus, Orion was a c.31.
celebrated hunter, superiorto the rest of Ormesus, a king of Tbessaly,son of Cer-
mankind by his strength and uncommon ture. caphus. He built a town
sta- which was called
He built the port of Zancle, and forti-
fied Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor. Ho-
the coast of Sicilyagainstthe frequent mer. II. 9, v. 448. k man who settled at
inundations of the sea, by heapinga mound of Rhodes. A son of Eurypylus, "c.
earth, called Pelorum, on which he built a Or.sba, a town of Argolis, famous for a
templeto the gods of the sea. After death, battle fought there between the Lacedsemo--
Orion was placedin heaven, where one of the nians and Argives. Diod.
constellations stillbears his name. The stellation
con- Orneates, a surname of Priapus, at
of Orion, placednear the feetof the Ornea.
bull,was composed of 17 stars, in the form of Orneus, a centaur, son of Txion and the
a man holdinga sword, wliich has givenoc-casion Cloud. Ovid. .Met. 12, v, 302. A son of
to the poets often to speak of Orion's Erechtheus,kingof Athens, who built Ornea,
sword. As tliaconstellationof Orion,which in Peloponnesus. Pau*. 2, c. 2$.
 OR OR
Ornithic, a wind blowing from the north its name from Oropus, a son of Macedea.-
in the spring, and so called from the It was
pearance
ap- the frequent cause of quarrels betweem
aves). Colum.
of birds (o^i'^sj, 11, ttie Boeotians and the Athenians,whence some
c. 2.
have called it one of the cities of Attica,and
Oknithon, a town of Phoenicia, between was at last confirmed in (he possession of the
and Sidon. Athenians, by Philip, king of Macedon. Ara-
Tyre
Ornitus, a friend of ^neas, killed by Ca-
milla phiaraus had a templethere Pans. 1, c. 34. "

in the Rutulian wars. Virg.Mn. 11, Strab. 9. A small town of Eubcea.

y. 677. Another in Macedonia.
Ornospades, Parthian, driven from his
a Orosius, a Spanish writer,A. D. 416, who
by Artabanus- He assisted Tiberius,published an universal history,
in seven books,
country
from the creation to his own
and was made governor of Macedonia, iic. time, in which,
Tadt Ann. 6, c. 37. thoughlearned,diligent, and pious, he betray-
ed
Ornytion, a son of rinth,
Co- king of
Sisyphus, a great ignoranceof the knowledge of his-
torical
father of Phocus. Pau^. 9, c. 17. facts,and of chronology.The best
Ornytus, a man Cyzicus,killed by the edition is that of Havercarap,4to. L. Bat. 1767.
of

Argonauts,"c. Val Fl. 3, v. 173. Orospeda, a mountain of Spain. Strab. 3.

Oroanda, a town of Pisidia,now Haviran. Orpheus, a son of (Eager,by the muse
Liv. 38, c. 18. Calliope.Some suppose him to be the son of
Orobia, a town of Eubcea. Apollo,to render his birth more illustrious.
Milan. He receivedlyrefrom Apollo,or, according
Orobii, a peopleof Italy,
near a

Orodes, aprinceofParthia, who murder-

ed to some, from Mercury, upon which he
his brother Mithridates, and ascended his playedwith such a masterlyhand, that even
throne. He defeated Crassus, the Roman the most rapid rivers ceased to flow, the sa-
umvir,
tri- vage

and pouredmelted golddown the throat beasts of the forest forgot their wild-
"f his fallen enemy, for his ness, and the mountains
to him
reproach moved to listen to his
avarice and ambition. He followed the inter-
est song. All nature seemed charmed and ani-
mated,
of Cassius and Brutus at Philippi.It is and the nymphs were his constant
said,that,when Orodes became old and infirm,companions. Eurydicewas the onlyone who
his thirty children applied to him, and dispu-
ted, made a deep impressionon the melodious
in his presence, their rightto the succes-
sion. musician, and their nuptials were celebrated.
Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained Their happiness, however, was sljort ; Aris-
the crown from his father,and, to hasten him taeus became enamoured of Eurydice, and,
out of the world, he attemptedto poisonhim. as she fled from her pursuer, a serpent,
The poisonhad effect,and Phraates, still tbat was
no lurkingin the grass, bit her foot,
determined his father's death, strangledand she died of the poisonedwound.
on Her
him with his own hands, about 37 years before loss was severelyfelt by Orpheus, and he
the Christian era. Orodes had then reigned resolved to recover her, or perishin the at-
tempt.
about 50 years. Justin. 42, c. 4.^Paterc. 2, With his lyre in his hand, he en-
tered

c. 30. Another king of Parthia, murdered the infernal regions,and gained an

Josephus, 18. Jud. "A son admission to the palaceof Pluto. The
for his cruelty. easy"

of Artabanus, kin^of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. kingof hell was charmed with the melodyof
One ot the friends of ^neas in Ita-
ly, his strains,and, accordingto the beautiful
6^ c. 33.
killedby Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10,v. 732, expressions of the poets, the wheel of Ixion
"c. stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still,
a Persian
of Sardis,fa-
governor mous Tantalus forgothis perpetualthirst,and
Or(Etes,
for his cruel murder of Polycratea.He even the furies relented. Pluto and Pro- serpine
died B. C. 521. Herodot. were moved with his sorrow, and
Oromedon, a lofty mountain in the island consented to restore him Eurydice, pro-vided
of Cos. Theoci-it.7. A giant. Propert. 3, he forebore looking behind till he
el. 7, v. 48. had come to the extremest borders of hell.
Orontas, a relation of Artaxerses, sent to The conditions were gladlyaccepted, and
Cyprus, where he made peace with Evagoras, Orpheus was already in sightof the upper
iic. Polyan.7. regionsof the air, when he forgot his pro-
mises,
Orontes, a satrap of Mysia, B. C. 385, and turned back to look at his long
who rebelled from Artaxerses, he. Id. A lost Eurydice. He saw her, but she instantly
of Armenia. Id. A king of the vanished from his eyes. He attempted to
o-overnor
Lyciansduringthe Trojanwar, who followed follow her, but he was refused admission ",
iEIneas, and perished in a shipwreck.Virg.and the only comfort he could find,was to

.En. 1, v. 117,1. 6, V. 34. A river of Syria,sooth his griefat the sound of his musica!
in Coelosyria,and falling,ter instrument, in grottos, or
af- the moun-
(now Asi.)rising on tains.

a rapidand troubled course, into the Me- He separatedhimself

totally from the
diteri-anean,below Antioch. According to societyof
mankind ; and the Thracian men,
wo-

Strabo, who mentions some fabulous accounts whom he had otlended by his coldness

concerningit,the Orontes disappeared under to their amorous passion,or, accordingt"

"'round,for the space of five miles. The word others, by his unnatural gratifications, and
Ih-onttus is often used as Syrius. Dionys.impure indulgences, attacked him while they
Per ieg."Ovid. Md. 2, v. 24Q.-^Strab. 16." celebrated the orgiesof Bacchus, and after
Patu. 8, c. 20. they had torn his body to pieces,they threw
Orophersks, a man dom his head into the Hebrus, which still arti-
who seized the king- culated
of Cappadocia.He died B. C. 154. the words Eui^dice! Eurydice! as
Ohopus, a town of Bceotia,on the borders it was carried down the stream into the
of Attica,near tho Euripus, which received JEgean sea. Orpheus wa3 one of tb" Ar-
 OR OS

gonauts,of which celebrated expedition he tyrantof Sicyon,who mingledseverity witU

wrote a poeticalaccount stillextant. This justice in his government. The sovereignau-
thority

is doubted by Aristotle, who says, according to remained upwards of 100 years in his
Cicero, that there never existed an pheus,
Or- family.
but that the poems which pass un-
der OrthjEa, a daughter of Hyacinthus. ^pol'
his name, are the compositions of a Py- lod.
thagorean
philosopher named Cercops. Ac-cording Orthe, a town of Magnesia. Plin.
to some of the moderns, the ^rgo- Orthia, a surname of Diana at Sparta.
nautica,and the other poems attributed to In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be
Orpheus,are the productionof the pen of whipped. [Vid. Diamastigosis.]Plut. in
Onamacritus, a poet who lived in the age of Thes. he.
tyrantof Athens. Pausanias,how-
Pisistratus, ever, Orthosia, a town of Caria. Liv. 45, c.
and Diodorus Siculus, speak of Or-
pheus25.- Of Phoenicia. Plin. 5, c. 20.
as a greatpoet and musician,who dered
ren- Orthrus, or Orthos,a dog which ed
belong-
himself equallycelebrated by his know-
ledge to Geryon, from whom and the Chimaera,
of the art by the extent of
of war, sprung the sphynx and the
Nemaean lion. He
his and by
understanding, the laws which he had two heads, and was sprung from the union
enacted. Some maintain that he was killed of Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed
by a thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria by Hercules. Hesiod. Theog.310. Apollod. "

in Macedonia, according to Apollodorus. The 2, c. 5.

inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb Ortona. Vid. Artona.
was in their city,and the people of mount Ortygia, a grove near Ephesus, Tacit.
Libethrus, in Thrace, claimed the same our, Ann. 3, c. 61.
hon- A small island of
Sicily,
gales within the bay of Syracuse,which formed
and farther observed, that the nightin-
which built their nests near his tomb, once one of the four quarters of that great
than all other birds. city. It was in thisisland that the celebrated
sang with greatermelody
Orpheus,as some report,after death received fountain Arethusa arose. Ortygiais now the
divine honours ; the muses gave a honourable only partremainingof the once famed Syra- cuse,
burial to his remains, and his lyrebecame one about two miles in circumference, and
of the constellations in the heavens. The inhabited by 18,000 souls. It has suffered,
best edition of Orpheus, is that of Gesner, likethe towns on the eastern coast, by the
8vo. Lips.1764. Diod. 1, kc. Pans. 1, ";c. eruptions
"
of .^tna. Virg.JEn. 3, v. 694. "

"Apollod 1, c. 9, hc."Cic. de Nat. D. 1, Rom. Od. 15,V, 403. An ancient name of

G. 2S."Jipollon. l."Virg.JFm. 6, v. 645. G. the island of Delos. Some suppose that itre- ceived

4, V. 457, "c. Hygin. fab. 14, ",c. Ovid.

" this name
" from Latona, who fled thither
Met. 10,fab. 1, "c. 'l.11, fab. I." Plato. Po- when changed into a quail, (ae^E,)by Jupiter,
lit,10." Horat. 1,od. 13 and Orpheus. to avoid the pursuits
35." of Juno. Diana was cal-
led
Orphica, a namethe orgies which
by
Ortygia^ as beingborn there ; as also Apol-
lo.
of Bacchus were they had
called,because
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 651. Fast. 5, v. 692."
been introduced in Europe from Egypt by Virg. .En. 3, v. 124.
Orpheus. Ortygius, a Rutulian killed by iCneas.
Orphane, a nymph of the infernal regions,Virg.JEn. 9, v. 573.
mother of Escalaphus by Acheron. Ovid. Orus, or HoRus, one of the gods of the
Met. 5, V. 549, Egyptians, son of Osiris and of Isis. He sisted
as-

Orsedice, a daughterof Cinyrasand Me- his mother in avenginghis father, who

tharme. Apollod. had been murdered by Typhon. Orus was
Orseis, a nymph who married Hellen. skilled in medicine ; he was acquaintedwith
Apollod. futurity,and he made the good and the hap-
piness
Orsillus, a Persian who fled to Alexan-
der, of his subjects the sole object of his
when Bessus murdered Darius. Curt. 5, government. He was the emblem of the suu
0.31. among the
Egyptians,and he was generally
Orsilochus, a son of Idomeneus, killed represented
as an infant,swathed in variega-
ted
by Ulyssesin the Trojan war, ".c. Homer. clothes. In one hand he held a stafl^,
which
Od. 13, V. 260. A son of the river Al- terminated in the head of a hawk, in the other
pheus. A Trojan killed by Camilla in the a whip with three thongs.Herodot. 2. Plut. "

Hutulian wars, ".c. Virg.JEn. 11, v. 636 de Isid. ^ Os."Diod. 1. The first king of
and 690. Trcezene. Paus. 2, c. 30.
Orsines, one of the officers of Darius,at Oryander, a satrap of Persia,Sic. Po-
the battle of Arbela, Curt. 10,c. 1. lyan.7.
Orsippus, a man of Megara, who was vented Oryx, a place of Arcadia
pre- on the Ladon.
from obtaining a prizeat the Olympic Pauj. 8, c. 25.
games, because his clothes were entangled Osaces, a Parthian general, who received
as he ran. This circumstance was the cause a mortal wound from Cassius. Cic. ad Att. 5,
that,for the future, all the combatants were ep. 20.
obligedto appear naked. Paus. 1,c. 44. OscA, a town of Spain, now Huesca, in
M. Ortalus, a grandson of Hortensius, Arragon. Liv. 34, c. 10.
who was induced to marry by a presentfrom OscnoPHORiA, a festival observed by the
Augustus,who wished that ancient familynot Athenians. It receives its name "to tou ^epiie
t",-
to be Tacit.
extinguished. Jinn. 2, c. 37. aryjeg, from tarryingboughs hung up with
"

Val. Max.3, c. 6. Sud. in Tiber. "

grapes, called o"rx"". Its originalinstitutionis
Orthagoras, a man wiio wrote a tise
trea- thus mentioned by Plut. in Thes. Theseus,
on India, "c. JFAian. de Anim. A at his return from Crete, forgotto hang out
musician In the age of Epaminondas." A the white sail by which his fatherwas
"
to be
 OS OS
of
itpprizeu bis Success. This aeriect was OsiNDS, a king of Clusium, who assisted
fatalto -^geus,who threw himself into the .^neas against Turnus. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 655.
sea and perished. Theseus no sooner ed
reach- Osiris,a great deityof the Egyptians,son
the land, than he sent a herald to inform of Jupiterand Niobe. All the ancients great-
ly
his father of his safe return, and in the mean differ in their opinions concerningthis cele-
brated
time he hegan to make the sacrificeswhich he god,but they all agree that as kingof
vowed when he firstset sail from Crete. The Egypt, he took particular care to civilize his
herald, on his entrance into the city, found subjects, to polish their morals,to givethem
the peoplein greatagitation. Some lamented good and salutarylaws, and to teach them
the king's death, while others, elated at the agriculture. After he had accomplished a re-
form
"udden news of the victory of Theseus, crown-
ed at home, Osiris resolved to go and
the herald with garlands in demonstration spreadcivilization in the other parts of the
of their joy. The herald carried back the earth. He left his kingdom to the care of
garlandson his staffto the sea shore, and after his wife Isis,and of her faithful minister
he had waited till Theseus had finished his Hermes or Mercury. The command of his
sacriiii.e, he related the melancholystoryof troops at home was leftto the trust of Hercu-
les,
the king's death. Upon this,the people ran a warlike officer. In his expedition Osiris
in crowds to the city,showingtheir grief by was accompanied by his brother Apollo,and
cries and lamentations. From that circum-
stance by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan. His march
therefore, at the feast of Oschophoria,was through ^Ethiopia, where his army wa"
not the herald,but his staff, is crowned with increased by the addition of the Satyrs, a

garlands, and all the people that are sent hairy

pre- race of monsters, who made dancing
always exclaim "a"x"-j, ", the first of and playingon musical instruments their chief
ts

which expresses haste, and the other a con- study. He afterwards passedthroughArabia
steination or depression of spirits.The his- torian and visited the greatestpart of the kingdoms
further mentions, that Theseus, when of Asia and Europe, where he enlightened the
he went to Crete,did not take with him the minds of men by introducingamong them
usual number of virgins, but that instead of the worshipof the gods,and a reverence for
two of them, he filledup the number with two the wisdom of a supreme being.At his return
youthsof his acquaintance, whom he made home Osiris found the minds of his subjects
pass for women, by disguising their dress, and roused and agitated. His brother Typhon had
by usingthem to the ointments and perfumesraised seditions,and endeavoured to make
of women as well as by a long and successful himself popular. Osiris, whose sentiments
imitation of tlieir voice. The imposition suc-
ceeded, w^ere always of the most pacific nature, en-
deavoured

their sex was not discovered in Crete, to convince his brother of his ill
and when Theseus had triumphed over the conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the attempt.
Minotaur, he, with these two youths, led a Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment,
procession with branches in their hands,in the and cut his body to pieces, which were ded
divi-
same habit which is stillused at the celebration among the associates of his guilt.Typhon,
of the Oschophoria. The branches which accordingto Plutarch,shut up his brothe.*-in
were carried were in honour of Bacchus or of a coffer and threw him into the iNile. The
Ariadne, or because they returned in autumn, inquiries of Isis discovered the body of her
when the grapes were ripe. Besides this pro- husband on
cession, the coast of Phoenicia,where it
there were also a race exhibited,in had been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon
which only young men, whose parents were stole it as it was cai-ryingto Memphis, and he
both alive,u ere permitted to engage. It was divided it amongst his companions,as was fore
be-
usual for them to run from the temple of Bac- chus observed. This crueltyincensed Isis;
to that of Minerva, which was on the she revenged her husband's death,and with
sea shore. The place where they stoppedher son Orus she defeated Typhon and the
was called ot^"k?""*s
,
because the bouglis which partisans of his conspiracy.She recovered
they carried in their hands were deposited the mangled piecesof her husband's body,the
there. The rewards of the conqueror was a genitalsexcepted, which the murderer had
cup called five
7nv'^"ttxo-c, fold,because it con-tained thrown into the sea; and to render him all
a mixture of five different things, wine, the honour which his humanitydeserved, she
honey, cheese, meal, and oil. Plut. in. Thts. made as many statues of wax as there were
Osci, a peoplebetween Campania and the mangled piecesof his body. Each statue con- tained

country of the Volsci, who assisted Turnus a pieceof the flesh of the dead arch
mon-

againstJEneA.?,. Some supposedthat theyare ;and Isis,after she had summoned in her
the same the word
as the 0/?i", Osci being a presence one by one, the priests of allthe dif-
ferent
diminutive or abbreviation of the other. The deities in her dominions,gave them each
language,the plays,and ludicrous expressions a statue,intimating, that in doing that she had
of this nation,are often mentioned cients, preferred
by the an- them to all the other communities
and from their indecent tendency some of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn
suppose the word obscanum, (quasi osceman,) oath that they would keep secret that mark
is derived. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 14. Cic. Fam.
"
of her favour, and endeavour to show their
7,ep.l."Lip. 10, c. 20." Strab. b."PLin. 3, sense of it by establishing a form of worship
c. 5." FiVg.^n.T, v.730. and payingdivine honours to their prince.
Oscics, a mountain with a river of the They were further directed to choose what-ever
same name in Thrace. Thucyd. animals theypleased to represent the per-
son
Oscus, a generalof the fleet of the emperor and the divinity of Osiris, and tbeywere
Otho Tacit. \,hist. 17. enjoinedto pay the greatestreverence to that

Osi, a peopleof Germany. Tadl. G. 28 representative and to bury it when

of divinity,
and 43. dead with the greatestsolemnity.To render
 OS OT
establishment
tiieir more popular, each sacer-
dotal riverTiber by Ancus Martius,kingof Romci
body had a certain portion of land allot-
ted about 16 miles distantfrom Rome. It had a
to them to maintain them, and to defray celebrated harbour,and was so pleasantly uated
sit-
the expenses which necessarily attended the that the Romans generally spent a part
sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That part of of the year there as in a country seat. There
the body of Osiris which had not been recov- ered, was a small tower in the port,like the Pharos
was treated with more particular tion
atten- of Alexandria, built the wreck of a
upon
by Isis, and she ordered that it should largeshipwhich had been sunk there, and
receive honours more solemn,and at the same which contained the obelisks of Egypt vvitli
time more mysterious than the other members. which the Roman emperors intended to adorn
[Vid.Phallica.] As Osiris had particularly in- the capital
structed of Italy.In the age of Strabo the
his subjects in cultivating the ground, sand and mud depositedby the Tiber had
the priests chose the ox to representhim, and choked the harbour, and added much to the
paidthe most superstitious veneration to that size of the small islands, which sheltered the
animal. [Vid. Apis.] Osiris,accordingto shipsat the entrance of the river. Ostia and
the opinionof some mythologists, is the same her harbour called Portus,became gradually
as the sun, and the adoration which is paidby separated, and are now at a considerable tance
dis-
different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a from the sea. Flor. 1,c. 4, 1. S, c. 21. "

Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, "c. isthe same as Liv. 1, c. 33.

"

Mela, 2, c. 4. Seuton. Plin.

" "

that which Osiris received in the Egyptian OsTORius Scapula, a man made nor
gover-
temples. Isisalso after death received divine of Britain. He died A. D. 55. Tacit. Ann.
honours as well as her husband, and as the ox 16, c. 23. Another, who put himself t"
was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris,so the death when accused before Nero, "c. Id. 14,
cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. c. 48. Sabinus,a man who accused Sora-
Nothingcan givea clearer idea of the power nus, in Nero's reign. Id. 16,c. 33.
and greatnessof Osiris than this inscription,OsTRACiNE, a town of Egypt,on the con- fines
which has been found on some ancient mo- numents; of Palestine. Plin. 5, c. 12.
Saturn, the youngest of all the OsYMANDYAs, a magnificent king of Egypt
gods,was my father ; I am Osiris,who con- ducted in a remote period.
a largeand numerous army as far as Otacihus, a Roman consul sent against the
the deserts of India, and travelled over the Carthaginians, he.
greatestpart of the world, and visited the Otanes, a noble Persian,one of the sevea
streams of tlieIster,and the remote shores of who conspiredagainstthe usurper Smerdis.
the ocean, diffusing benevolence to all the in- habitants
It was throughhim that the usurpationwas
of the earth. Osiris was generallyfirstdiscovered. He was afterwards appoint-
ed
represented with a cap on his head like a by Darius over the sea coast of Asia Minor,
mitre,with two horns ; he held a stick in his and took Byzantium. Herodot. 3,c. 70, "c.
left hand, and in his right a whip with three Otho, M. Salvius, a Roman emperor
thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head descended from the ancient kingsof Etruria.
of a hawk, as that bird, by its quick and He was one of Nero's favourites, and as such,
piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun. he was raised to the highest officesof the state,
Fhit. in Idd. ^ Os."FIerodot. 2, c. 144." and made governor of Pannonia by the in- terest
Diod. I." Homer. Od 12, v. 323." JEliati.de of Seneca, who wished to remove hint
Anim. 3. Lucan. de Dea
"
Syr. Plin. 8."
" from Rome, lest Nero's love for Poppaja
A Persian general,who lived 450 B. C. should prove his ruin. After Nero's death
A friend of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. Otho conciliated the favour of Galba the new
Virg.J"n. 12,v. 458. emperor; but when he did not gain his point,
OsisMii,a peopleof Gaul in Britany.Mela, and when Galba had refused to adopt him as
3, c. 2."Cas. B. G. 2, c. 34. his successor, he resolved to make himself ab- solute
OsPHAGus, a river of Macedonia. Lit'.31, without any regardto the age or digni- ty
C.39. of his friend. The great debts which he had
OsRHOENK, a country of Mesopotamia, contracted encouraged his avarice, and he
which received this name from one of its caused Galba to be assassinated, and he made
kings called Osrhoes. himself emperor. He was acknowledgedby
OssA, a loftymountain of Thessaly,once the senate and the Roman people,but the
the residence of the Centaurs. It was merly sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany render-
for- ed
joined to mount Olympus, but Her- cules, his situation precarious, and it was ly
mutual-
as some report, separatedthem, and resolved that their respective rightto the
made between them the celebrated valleyof empire should be decided by arms. Otho ob-tained
Tempe. This separation of the two tains
moun- three victories over his enemies, but in
was more probablyeffected by an earth a general engagement near Brixellum, his
-

fjuake, which happened,as fabulous accounts forces were defeated,and he stabbed himself
represent,about 1885 years before the Chris- tian when all hopesofsuccess were vanished,after
era. Ossa was one of those mountains a reignof about three months, on the 20ih of
which the giants, in their wars againstthe April, A. D. 69. It has been justlyobserved,
gods,heaped up one on the other to scale the that the last moments of Otho's lifewere those
heavens with more facilitv. Mela, 2, c. 3. "
of a philosopher.He comforted his soldiers,
Chid. Met. 1, v. 156, 1. 2, v. 225, 1. 7, v. who lamented his fortune,and he expressed
22^1. Fast. 1,V 3"J7,I. 3, v. 441." 67/-"6. 9. his concern for their safety, when they ear-nestly
" Lucan. 1 and 6. "

Virg.G. 1, v. 281. A solicited to ; ay him the last friendly

town of Macedonia. offices before he stabbed himself, and he ob- served
OsTEODES, an island near the Lipariisles. that it was better that one inan should
(""riA,a town built at the mouth of the die,than that all should be involved in ruin
62
 ov ov
for his obstiuacf His . nephew was pale and [peclatfons were frustrated; his son boos
was

fearingthe anger
distressed, and haughtinessIa poet, and nothingcould deter from
him
of the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, ; pursuing his natural though he
inclination,
and observed,that Vitellius would be kind and iwas often reminded that Homer lived and
affectionate to the friends and relations of died in the greatestpoverty. Every thinghe
Otho, since Otho was not ashamed to say, that wrote was expressedin poeticalnumbers, a^
in the time of their greatestenmity, the he liimself says, et quod tentabam scribere ver- sus

mother of Vitellius had received every friend-

ly erat. A lively genius and a fertile ima-
gination
treatment from his hands. He also burnt soon gained him admirers;the
tne letters which, by falling
into the hands of learned became his friends;Virgil,Proper-
Vitellius,mightprovokehis resentment againsttius,Tibullus,and Horace, honoured him with
those who had favoured the cause of an un- their correspondence
fortunate ; and Augustus patron-
ised
general. These
noble and humane him with the most unbounded liberality.
sentiments in a man who
the associate of These favours,however, were
was but momentary,
Nero's shameful pleasures,and who stained and the poet was soon after banished to To-
his hand in the blood of his master, have ap- mos, on the Euxine sea by the emperor. The
to some wonderful, and passedfor the true cause of this sudden exile is unknown.
f)eared
eatures of policy, and not of a naturallytuous Some
vir- attribute it to a shameful amour with
and benevolent heart. Plut. in rita. Livia the wife of Augustus, while bthei-s sup-
"

port
Suet." Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 50, !kc."Juv. 2, v. that it arose from the knowledge which
90. Roscius,a tribune of the people,who, Ovid had of the unpardonableincest of the
in Cicero's consulship, made a regulation to emperor with his daughter.Julia. These rea-
sons

permitthe Roman knightsat publicspectacles are indeed merelyconjectural ; the cause

to have the 14 firstrows after the seats of the was of a very private and very secret nature,
senators. This was opposed with virulence of which Ovid himself is afraid to speak,a"
by some, but Cicero ably defended it, "c. it arose from error and not from criminality.
Horal. ep. 4, v. 10. The father of the Ro- man It was, however, somethingimproper in the
emperor Otho was the favourite of family and court of Augustus, as these line*
Claudius. seem to indicate :
Othuyades, one of the 300 Spartanswho Cur aliquid vidi f Cvr noxia Ivmina fecif
foughtagainst300 Argives,when those two Our inprudenti cognitaculpamihi est ?
rations disputed their respectiverightto Inscius Jictaon vidit sine vesta Dianum ;
Thyrea. Two Argives,Alcinor and Cronius, Prmdafuitcanibm non minus ilk suis.
and Othryades,survived the battle. The Ar-
gives Again,
went home of their
to carry
ncAvs the Inscia quodcrimen viderunt luniina plector,
but Othryades,who
victory, had been onedreck- Peccatumqueoculos est habuisse tneum.
among the number of the slain,on count And
ac- in another place,
of his wounds, recovered himself and Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen el
carried some of the spoilsof which he had error,
Stripped the Argives,into the cimp of his culpatilenda mihi est.
Jillerixisfacti
countrymen ; and after he had raised atrophy, In his banishment, Ovid l"etrayed his pusil-
lanimity,
and had written with bis own blood the word and however afflictedand distressed
tici on his shield, he killed himself,unwillinghis situation was, yet the flattery and impa-
tience
to survive the death of his countrymen. Val. vvhicb he showed in his writingsare a
Max. 3, c. 2.
"
Plut. Parall. A mic
patrony- disgrace
to his pen, and expose him more to
givento Pantheus, the Trojan priestof ridicule than pity. Though he his
prostituted
Apollo,from his father Othryas. Virg.vEw. pen and his time to adulation, yet the peror
em-

2, v. 319. proved deaf to all and

entreaties, sed
refu-
Othryonkus, a Thracian who came to his most ardent friends at
to listen to
the Trojan war in hopes of marryingCassan-
dra. for the return of the poet
Rome, who wished
He was killed by Idomeneus.
Ovid, who undoubtedly wished for a Brutus
Homer.
II. 13. to deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus,
Othrvs, a mountain, or rather a chain of continued his flattery even to meantiess; and
mountains in Thessaly,the residence of the when the emperor died,he was so mercenary
Centaurs. Sirab. 9. Herodot. 7, c. 129.
"
as to consecrate a templeto
" the departedty-rant
Virg.^n. 7, v. 675. on the shore of the Euxine, where he
Otreus, a king of Phrygia, son of Cisseus, roi^iilarly ottered frankincense every morning.
and brother to Hecuba. Tiberius proved as regardless as his predeces-
sor
Otroeda, a small town on the confines of to the entreaties which were made far
Bithynia. Ovid, and the poet d.i"3din the 7th orStli yeai*
Orus and Ephialtes, sons of Neptune. of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age,
Vid. Aloides. A. D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the
Otvs, a prince of Paphlagonia,who i-c- year 1508 of the Christian era, the following
voltedfrom the Persians to Agesilaus.Xenoph. epitaphwas found at Stain, in the moderu
OviA, a Roman lady, wife of C. Lolllus. kingdom of Austria.
Cit.Mtt. 21. Hie situs est vates quem Diri Caisarisira
P. OviDi'js Naso, a celebrated Roman ..iugvsti patriacedcre jussit humo.
poet born at Sulmo, on the 20th of March, Sapc.miser voluU patriisocewnbtre terris,
about 43 B. C. As he vi as intended for the iScdfrustra ! Hunc illifata dedere locum.
bar, his father sent him eailyto Rome, and Thh. however, is an imposition lo render cel-
removed him to Athe;isin the si.xteenth year ebraled an obscure coiiier of the world which
of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study never contained the bones of Ovid. The
of eloquencewas great,but the father'sex- greatestpait of Ovid's poem-j ai-e remainrng.
 ov oz
His Metatnoi'phoaesin 15 books estvemely
are 1 OviKiA LEX, was enacted to permit the
curious,on account of the many different my- |censors to elect and admit among the munber
thological facts and traditions which they re-i of the senators the best and the worthiest of
late, but they can have no claim to an epicjthe people.
poem. la composingthis,the poet was more OviNius,a freedman of Vatinius, the friend
indebted to the then existing traditions, and to of Cicero, he. Quintil. 3, c. 4. Quiiitus,
the theogony of the ancients,than to the a Roman senator, punishedby Augustus for
powers of his own imagination.His Fasli disgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra.
were divided into 12 boolis, the same number Eutrop. 1.
ai? the constellations in the zodiac; but of these, OxATHREs, a brother of Darius, greatly
six have perished, and the learned world have honoured by Alexander, and made one of his
reason to lament the loss of a poem which generals.Curt. 7, c. 5. Another Persian,
must have thrown so much lightupon the re- ligiouswho favoured the cause of Alexander. Curt.
rites and ceremonies, festivalsand sa- crifices Oxidates, a Persian whom Darius con-
demned

of the ancient Romans, as we may to death. Alexander took him pri-soner,

judge from the six that have survived the rava- ges and some time after made him gover-
nor
of time and barbarity.His Trivia, which of Media. He became oppressive and wa?
are divided into five books, contain much gance removed.
ele- Curt. 8, c. 3, 1.9, c. 8.
and softness of expression, as also his Oaimes, a peopleof European Sarmatia.
Elegies
on difterent subjects.
The Heroides are OxioNi?:,a nation of Grermans, whom perstitious
su-

nervous, spirited, and diffuse,

the poetry is ex-
cellent, traditions representedas havingthe

the languagevaried, but the expres-

sions countenance human, and the rest of the body
are often too wanton and indelicate, a like that of beasts. Tacit, de Germ. 46.
fault which is common in his compositions. Oxus, a largeriver of Bactriana,now Gi-
His three books of Amorum, and the same hon, falling into the east of the Caspiansea.
number de Arte Amandh with the other de Plin. 16, c. 6. Another in Scythia.
Remtdio Amoris, are written with greatele- gance, OxYAREs, a king of Bactriana, who rendered
sur-
and contain many flowery descriptions ; to Alexander.
but the doctrine which they hold forth is dan- gerous, OxYCANUs, an Indian prince in the age of
and they are to be read with caution, Alexander, ".c.
as theyseem to be calculated to corrupt the OxYDRACiE, a nation of India. Curt. 9, c.4.
heart,and sap the foundations of virtue and OxYLus, a leader of the Heraclidse,when
morality. His Ibis,which is written in imita- tion they recovered the Peloponnesus. He was
of a poem of Callimachus of the same rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. Paus. 5,
name, is a satirical performance. Besides c. 4. A son of Mars and Protogenia.Apol-
these, there are extant some fragmentsof lod. I,c. 7.
other poems, and among these some of a tra-
gedy OxYNTHEs, a kingof Athens,B. C. 1149.
called Medea. The talents of Ovid as a He reigned12 years.
dramatic writer have been disputed, and some OxYPoRDs, a son of Cinyras and Metharme.
have observed,that he who is so often void of Apollod. 3, c. 14.
sentiment,was not born to shine as a tragedian. OxYRYNCHUs, a towH of Egypt on the Nile.
Ovid has attemptedperhapstoo many sorts of Strab.

poetry at once. On whatever he has written, OziNEs, a Persian imprisonedby Craterus,

he has totally exhausted the subject and left because he attemptedto revolt from Alexan-
der.
nothingunsaid. He every where paints nature Curt. 9, c. 10.
with a masterly hand, and gives strength to Oz6l." or Ozon, a people who inhabited
the most vulgar expressions. It has been judi-
ciously the eastern parts of jEtolia,which were ed
call-
observed,that his poetry after his ban-
ishment Osolea. This tract of territory
layat the
from Rome, was rit north of the bay of Corinth, and extended
destitute of that spi-
and vivacity
which we admire
in his other about twelve miles northward. They received
compositions.His Fasti are perhapsthebest their name from the bad stench (o"f"!) of their
written of all his poems, and afterthem we bodies and of their clothing, which was the
may fairly rank his love verses, his Heroides,raw hides of wild beasts, or from the offensive

and after all his Mctamorp/ioses, which were smell of the body of Nessus the centaur, which
not totally finished when Augustus sent him after death was leftto putrify in the country
into banishment. His Epistles from Pontus, without the honours of a burial. Some de- rive
are the language of an abject and pusillanimous it with more proprietyfrom the stench
flatterer. However critics may censure the of the stagnatedwater in the neighbouring
indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is lakes and marshes. According to a fabulous
to be acknowledged that his poetry contains tradition, they received their name from a
greatsweetness and elegance, and, like that of very different circumstance : Duringthe reio'n
Tibullus, charms the ear and captivates the of a son of Deucalion,a bitch broughtinto the
mind. Ovid married three wives, but of the world a stick instead of whelps. The stick
last alone he speaks with fondness and affec- tion. was plantedin the groundby the king,and it
He had onlyone daughter, but by which grew up to a largevine and producedgrapes,
of his wives is unknown ; and she herselfbe- came from which the inhabitants of the
country
mother of two children,by two hus- bands.were called OzoIce,not from "^"',to smell bad,
The best editions of Ovid's works are hut from ot^, a brancJi or sprout. The name
those of Biirman, 4 vols. 4to. Amst. 1727 ; of of Ozolaj, on account of its indelicatesignifi-
cation,
L. Bat. 1670, inSvo. and of Utrecht, in 12mo. highlydispleased the inhabitants, and
4 vols. 1713. Ovid. Trist.3 and 4, kc"Pa- theyexchanged it soon for that of if'^.toliani.
terc. 2. "Martial. 3 and 8. A man who ac- Pan*
companied 10. r :^"?" -/frrwrfo/.8, c. 32.
his friend CiEsonius when banished
from Rome by ?\ero. Martini. 7, ep. 43.
 PA
Titus Julius, generalof raendation of Cicero andQuintilian,
who
PACATIANUS,
the Roman armies, who proclaimedhim-
self
a

strong rays of genius and perfection

ceived
per-

emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of frequently the

beaming through clouds of the
reign. He
Philip's after defeated, barbarityand ignoranceof the times. The
was soon

A. D. 249, and put to death, kc. poet in his old age retired to Tarentum, where
Paccics, an insignificant poet in the age of he died in his 90th year, about 131 years be-
fore
Doraitian. Juv. 7, v 12. Christ. Of all his compositionsabout 437
Paches, an Athenian who took Mitylene,scattered lines are preservedin the collections
"c. ^rist. Polit. 4. of Latin poets. Cic. de Orat. 2, ad Heren.2, c.
Pachinus, or Pachynus,now P(issaro,a 27."Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. ^Q."Quintil.10,c. 1.
promontory of Sicily, about two
projecting Padj5:i, an Indian nation, who devour their
miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, sick before they die. Herodoi. 3, c. 99.
at the south-east corner of the island, with a Padinum, now Bondeno, a town on the Po,
small harbour of the same name. Slrab. 6. where it beginsto branch
"
into different chan-
nels.
Mela, 2, c. I." Virg.JEn, 3, v. 699." Paus. 5. Plin. 3, c. 15.
c. 25. Padua, a town called also Patavivm, in the
M. Paconius, a Roman put to death by country of the Venetians, founded by Antenor
Tiberius, ",c. Suei. in Tib. 61. A stoic immediatelyafterthe Trojan war. It was the
philosopher,
son of the preceding. He was native placeof the historian Livy. The inha- bitants
banished from Italyby Nero, and he retired were once so powerful that they could
from Rome with the greatestcomposure and levyan army of 20,000 men. Slrab. 5. Me- la, "

indifference, ^rrian. 1, c. 1. 2, c. 4." Virg.JEn. 1, v. 251.

Pacorus, the eldest of the thirtysons of Padus, (now called the Po) a river in Italy,
Orodes, kingof Parthia,sent against Crassus, known also by the name of Eridanus, which
whose army he defeated,and whom he took forms the northern boundary of the territories
prisoner.He took Syria from the Romans of Italy.It rises in mount Vesulus, one of the
and supportedthe republicanparty of Pom- highestmountains of the Alps,and after it has
pey, and of the murderers of Julius Caesar. collected in its course the waters of above 30
He was killed in a battle by Ventidius Bassus, rivers,discharges itselfin an eastern direction
B. C. 39, on the same day (9thof June) that into the Adriatic sea by seven mouths, two of
Crassus had been defeated. Flor. 4, c. 9. which only,the Plana or Volano, and the
"

Horal. 3, od. 6, v. 9 A king of Parthia, Padusa, were formed by nature. It was merly
for-
who made a treatyof alliance with the Ro-
mans, said that it rolled golddust in its sand,
",c, Another, intimate with king which was carefully searched by the inhabi-
tants.
Decebalus. The consuls C. Flaminius Nepos, and
Pactolus, celebrated river of Lydia, P. Furius Philus,were
a the firstRoman rals
gene-
risingin mount Tmolus, and falling into the who crossed it. The Po is famous for the
Hermus after it has watered the cityof Sar- death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention,
des. It was in this river that Midas washed was thrown down there by the thunderbolts of
himself when he turned into goldwhatever he Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258, he" Mela, 2,
touched ; and from that circumstance it ever c. 4."Lucan. 2, he" Virg.JEn. 9, v. 680."
after rolled golden sands, and received the Strab. 5. Plin. 37, c. 2.
name of Chrysorrhoas. It is called Tmolus by Padusa, the most southern mouth of the
Pliny, Strabo observes, that ithad no golden Po, considered by^some writers as the Po it-
self.
sands in his age. Virg.JEn. 10, v, 142. "
Strab. \^Vid.Padus.] It was said to abound in
18." Oviil. Met.UyV. 86." Herodul. 5, c. 110. swans, and from it there was a cut to the town
"Plin. 33, c. 8. of Ravenna. Virg.JEn. 11, v. 455.
Pactyas, a Lydian intrusted with the care P^AN, a surname of Apollo,derived from
of the treasures of Croesus at Sardes. The the word pcean, an hymn which was sung in
immense riches which he could command, his honour, because he had killed the serpent
corruptedhim, and to make himself indepen- dent, Python, which had givencause to the people
he gathered a large army. He laid siegeto exclaim,lo Paean ! The exclamation of lo
to the citadel of Sardes,but the arrival of one Paean ! was made use of in speakingto the
of the Persian generals soon put him to flight.other gods,as itoften was a demonstration of
He retired to Cumee and afterwards to Les-
bos, joy. Juv. 6, v. 111." Ovid. Met. 1, v. 538, 1,
where he was delivered into the hands of 14, v. 720." Lwcan. 1, he" Strab. 18.
Cyrus. Htrodot. 1,c, 154, he. Paus. 2, c. "
P^DAUETus, a Spartan,who, on not being
35. elected in the number of the 300 sent on an
Pactye, a town of the Thracian Cherso- expedition, he. declared,that instead of being
nesus. mortified,he rejoicedthat 300 men better
Pactyes, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephe- than himself could be found in Sparta. Plut.
sus. Slrab. 14. in Lye.
Pacdvius, M. a native of Brundusium, PiEDius, a lieutenant of J. Caesar in Spain,
son of the sister of the
poet Ennius, who who proposeda law to punish with death all
distinguished himself by his skillin painting, such as were concerned in the mui'der of his
and by his poeticaltalents. He wrote satires patron,",c.
and tragedieswhich were representedat PiEMANi, a peopleof BelgicGaul, supposed
Rome, and of some of which the names are to dwell in the presentcountry at the west of
preserved,as Peribcea,Hermione, Atalanta, Luxemburg. Cas. G. 2, c. 4.
nione, Teucer, Antiope, he. Orestes was Fxati, a Greek historian. Plut. in Thes.
considered as the best finished performance; A celebrated physicianwho cured the
the style, however, though rough and without wounds which the gods received during the
6hker purity
or elegance,
deserved tlie wax- Trojanwar. Ftoax hiai physiciansare some-
 PA PA
tsBies called Paonii, and herbs serviceable in of Athamas and Ino. His original name wa^
medicinal processes PcBonix herbce. Virg. JEn. Melicerta. and he assumed that of Palsmon,
7, V. 1^9." Ovid. Met. 15,v. 535. after he had been changed into a sea deityby
PiEONES, a peopleof Macedonia who inha-
bited Neptune. [Vid.Melicerta.] A noted gram-
marian
a small partof the country
called Pceonia. at Rome in the age of Tiberius,who
Sftme believe that they were descended from made himself ridiculous by his arrogance and
a Trojancolony. Pans. 5, c. 1. " Herodot. 5, c. luxury.Juv. 6, v. 451. Martial. 2, ep. 86.
"

13, "c. A son of Neptune, who was amongst the Ar-gonauts.

P;E6NiA,acountry of Macedonia, at the west ApoUod.
of the Strymon. It received itsname from Pae-
on, townPal/epaphos, the ancient
of Paphos',
a son of settled there. Liv. in Cyprus,adjoining
Endymion, who to the new. Strab. 14.
42, c. 51, 1.45, c. 29. A small town of Attica. PaLjEpharsalus, the ancient town of Phar-
PiSONiDES, a name givento the daughters of salus in Thessaly. Cas. B. A. 48.
Pierus, who were defeated by tlie Muses, be- cause Paljephatus, an ancient Greek philosopher,
their mother was a native of Paeonia. whose age is unknown, thoughit can be ascer-
tained

Ovid. Met. 5, ult. fab. that he flourished between the times of

PiEos, a small town of Arcadia. Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote 5 books rfe
'
PiEsos, a town of the Hellespont, called also of which only the firstremains,
incredibilibus,
Apczsos, situated at the north of Lampsacus. and in it he endeavours to explainfabulous
When the inhabitants migrated and mythological
destroyed
itwas traditions by historicalfacts.
to Lampsacus, where they settled. They were The best edition of Palaephatus is that of J.
of Milesian origin.Strab. 13 Homer. II. 2. Frid. Fischer, in 8vo. Lips.1773.
" An he-
roic
PiESTPM, of Lucania, called also
a town poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on

and Posidonia by the Greeks, where

J{eptunia the creation of the world. A of
disciple
the soil producedroses which blossomed twice An historianof
Aristotle,born at Abydos.
a year. The ancieut walls of the town, about Egypt.
three miles in extent, are stillstanding, and Pal^polis, a town of Campania, built by a
likewise venerable remains of temples and Greek colony,where Naples afterwards was
porticoes.The Sinus Pcestanus, on which it erected. Liv. 8, c. 22.
stood,is now called the gulfof Salerno. Virg. Pal^ste, a village of Epirus near Oricus,
G. 4, V. \\9."0vid. .Met. 15,v. 708. Pont. 2, where Caesar firstlanded with his fleet. Lm-
el. 4, V. 28. can. 5, V. 460.
PiETOviuM, a town of Pannonia. Paljcstina, a provinceof Syria, "lc. Hero-
C^cinnaP^tus, the husband of Arria. [Vid. dot. 1, c. 105." 5i7.It. 3, v. 606." S/}a6. 16.
Arria.] A governor of Armenia, under Ne- ro- PaljEstinus,an ancient name of the river
A Roman who conspired with Catiline Strymon.
against his country. A man drowned as he Pal5:tyru3, the ancient town of Tyre, on
was goingto Egypt to collect money. Propert.the continent. Strab. 16.
3, el. 7, V. 5. Palamedes, a Grecian chief,son of Nau-
PAGiE, a town of Megaris. Of Locris. pliusking of Eubcea by Clymene. He was
Plin. 4, c. 3. sent by the Greek princeswho were going to
Pagasve or Pagasa, a town of Magnesia,in the Trojan war, to bringUlyssesto the camp,
Macedonia, with an harbour and a promonto-
ry who, to withdraw himself from the expedition,
of the same The shipArgo was built pretendedinsanity
name. ; and the better to impose
there,as some and accordingto Pro- upon his friends,
suppose, used to harness different ani- mals
pertius, the Argonautsset sail from that har- to a plough, and sow saltinstead of barley
bo'ur. From that circumstance, not only the into the furrows. The deceit was soon ceived
per-
shipArgo,but also the Argonauts themselves, byjPalamedes; he knew that the regret
were ever after distinguished of to part from his wife Penelope,whom
by the epithet he had
PagascEUs.Plinyconfounds Pagasaswith De- latelymarried, was the only reason of the
meTrias, but they are different,and the latter pretendedinsanity of Ulysses ; and to demon-
strate
was peopledby the inhabitants of the former, this,Palamedes took Teleraachus, whom
who preferred the situation of Demetrias for Penelope had lately brought into the world,
its conveniences. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 1, 1.8, v. and put him before the ploughof his father.
.349." Lwca/i. 2, v. 715, 1. 6, v. 400." Mela, 2, c. Ulyssesshowed that he was not insane,by
3 and 1." Strab. 9." Propert. I, el.20, v. 17." turning the plougha different way, not to hurt
Plin. 4, c. S."ApoUon. Wind. 1, v. 238, ";c. his child. This having been discovered,Ulys- ses
Pagasus, a Trojankilled by Camilla. Virg. was obligedto attend the Greek princesto
Mn. 11, V. 670. the war; but an immortal enmity arose tween
be-
Pagr^, a town of Syria,on the borders of Ulyssesand Palamedes. The king of
Cilicia. Strab. 16. Ithaca resolved to take every opportunity to
Pagus, a mountain of -r.olia. Pans. 7, c. 5. distress him ; and when all his expectations
Pai.acjum, or Palatium, a town of the were frustrated, he had the meanness to bribe
Thraciaii Chersonesua. A small village, on one of his servants, and to make him diga
the Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards hole in his master's tent, and there conceal a
built. largesum of money. After this,Ulysses
Pal;e, a town at the south of Corsica,now forgeda letter in Phrygiancharacters, which
St. Bonifacio. kingPriam
was supposedto have sent to Pa- lamedes.
PALiEA,a town of Cyprus. Of Cephalle- In the letter tiie Trojankingseem-
ed

nia. to entreat Palamedes to deliver into fcis

Pal"apulis, a small island on the coast of hands the Grecian army, according to the
Spain. Strab. conditions which had been previously agreed
Paliemon, or Palkmon, a sea deity;son npon, when he received the money. This
 PA PA
letterwas
forged carried by means of Ulyssesthe very day that Romulus beganto laytWfr
before the princes of the Grecian army. Pa- foundation of the citv of Rome. Virg.G. 3,
lamedes was summoned, and he made the V. 1 and 294." Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 722, kc"Pa-
most solemn protestations of innocence, but terc. 1, c. 8.
all was in vain; the money that was ed
discover- Sura, a writer removed from
Palforius
in his tent served only to corroborate the Domitian, who suspected hina of
the senate by
accusation. He was found guiltyby all the
attachment kc, Jav. 4, v. 53.
to Vitellius,
army, and stoned to death. Homer is silent Palibothra, a cityof India, supposed now
about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and to be Patna, or, according to others,Mlaha-
Paasanias mentions that it had been reported bad. Strab. 15.
by that Ulysses and
some Diomedes had Palici, or Palisci, two deities,sons of
drowned him in the sea, as he was fishing on Jupiterby Thalia, whom^schylus calls Mtn"f
the coast. Philostratus, who mentions the in a tragedywhich is now lost,accordingto
tragical storyabove related, adds,that Achilles the words of Macrobius. The nymph jEtna,
and Ajax buried his body with greatpomp on when pregnant,entreated her lover to remove
the sea shore, and that they raised upon it a her from the pursuits of Juno. The god con-
cealed

small chapel,where sacrifices were regularly her in the bowels of the earth, and
oflfered by the inhabitants of Troas. medes when
Pala- the time of her delivery was come, th"
was a learned man as well as a soldier,earth opened,and broughtinto the world two
and, accordingto some, he completedthe al- phabet
children,who received the name of Palici,
of Cadmus by the addition of the four otTre Tou TTxini *""r^x*,
because theycame againinto
letters,S, $, /., s, during the Trojan war. the world from the bowels of the earth. These
To him also is attributed the invention of deities were worshipped with great ceremo-
nies
dice and backgammon ; and, it is said,he was by the Sicilians, and near their temple
the firstwho regularly ranged an army iii a were two small lakes of sulphureouswater,
line of battle,and who placedsentinels round which were supposed to have sprung out of
a camp, and excited their vigilance and atten-
tion the earth at the same time that they were
by givingthem a watch word. Hygin. born. Near these poolsit was usual to take
fab. 95, 105, ",c, Amllod. 2, ",c. Diclys.
" the most solemn oaths,by those who wished
"

Cret. 2, c. 15." Ovid. Met. 13, v, 56 and 308." to decide controversies and quarrels. If any of
Pam. 1, c. 31."Manil. 4, v. ^b."Philoslral. the persons who took the oaths perjured them-
selves,
V. 10, c. 6. " in
Euripid. Phce/niss." Martial. 13, they were immediatelypunishedin a
ep. 75. " Plin. 7, c. 56. supernaturalmanner by the deities of the
Palantia, a town of Spain. Mela, %
c. 6. place,and those whose oath was sincere de-
parted
Palatinus mons, celebrated hill,the
a unhurt. The Palici had also an oracle
largestof the seven hills on which Rome was which was consulted upon greatemergencies,
built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the and which rendered the truest and most une- quivocal

fii-stfoundation of the capital of Italy, in a answers. In a superstitious age, the

quadrangular form, and there also he kept his altars of the Palici were stained with the blood
court, as well as Tullas Hostilius, and Au- of human
gustus, sacrifices,but this barbarous tom
cus-

and all the succeedingemperors, from was soon abolished,and

the deities were
which circumstance the word Palalium has satisfied with their usual offerings. Virg,
ever since been appliedto the residence of a ^En. 9, V. 5S5." Ovid. Met. 5, v. 506." Diod. 2.
monarch or prince. The Palatine hill re-ceived "Macrob. Saturn. 5, c. lO."Ital. 14,v. 219.
its name from the goddess Pales, or Palilia, a festivalcelebrated by the Ro- mans,
from the Palaltni, who originallyinhabited in honour of the goddessPales. The
the place,or from balare or palare, the bleat- ceremony consisted in burningheapsof straw,
ingsof sheep,which were frequentthere, or and in leapingover them. No sacrifices were
'^andermg,
perhaps from the word palantes, but the purifications
oflfered, were made with
because Evander, when he came to settle in the smoke of horses' blood, and with the ashes
Italy,gatheredall the inhabitants, and made of a calf that had been taken from the bellyof
them all one society. There were some his mother, after it had been sacrificed,and
games celebrated in honour of Augustus,and with the ashes of beans. The purification of
called Palatine, because kepton the hill. Dio. tlie flocks was also made with the smoke of
Cass. 53." ItaJ. 12. v. 709." Lit'. 1, c. 7 and sidphur, of the olive,the pine,the laurel, and
33." Ovid. Met. 14, v. 822." Juv. 9, v. 23. the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese,boil-
ed
" Martial, i, ep. 71. Varro. de L. L. 4, c.
"
wine, and cakes of millet,were afterwards
3. Cic. in CalU.
" 1. Apollo, who was made goddess. This festival was ob-
to the served
worshipped on the Palatine hill,was also on the 21st of April, and it was during
called Palalinus. His templethere had been the celebration that Ron)ulus first began to
built,or rather repaired,by Augustus, who build his city. Some call this festival Parilia
had enriched it with a library, valuable for quasi a pariendo, because the sacrifices were
the various collections of Guek and Latin offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the
manuscripts which it contained,as also for the flocks. Ovid. Met. 11,v. 774. Fast. 4, v. 721,
books deposited
Sibylline there. Horat. 1,ep. ^c. I.6, v. 251." Propert.4, el. 1, v. 19." T/-
3, V. 17. bull.2,c\.5,V.87.
Palantium, a town of Arcadia. Palinurus, a skilful pilotof the ship of
Palkis, or PaLj*;,a town in the island of yEiieas. He fell into the sea in his sleep,and
Cephallenia.Pans. 6, c. 15. was three days exposed to the tempests and
^ALEs,
the goddess of sheepfolds and of the waves of the sea, and at last came safe to
pasturesamong the Romans. She was shipped
wor- the sea shore near Velia,where the cruel in-
habitants
with
great solemnityat Rome, and of the placemurdered him to obtain
ealled Pa/t/itf,
her festivals; were celebrated his clothes. His body was leftuoburied on the
 PA PA

sea shore,and as, accordingto the religion of 1, c. lAyhc."Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 422, "c. Met,
the ancient Romans, no person was suffered to 13, v. 3S6."Dictys. Cret. 1,c. ^.-^Jipollod. 3,
cross the Stygian lake before one hundred c. 12. Dionj/s. Hal
"
1, "c. Homer. II. 10. "
"

years were elapsed, ifhis remains had notbeen ^//"g. JEn. 2, v. 166, 1. 9, v. 151." P/a/. de reb.
decentlyburied,we find .a:neas,when he vis- ited Rom. Lucan.9.
" Dares. "

Phryg. Juv. 3, v.
" "

the infernal regions, speakingto Palinu- 139. "

rus, and assuring him, that though his bones Palladius, a Greek physician, whose tise
trea-
were deprived of a funeral,yet the place on fevers was edited 8vo. L. Bat. 1745,
wjjere his body was exposed should soon be A learned Roman under Adrian, he
adorned with a monument, and bear his name, Pallanteum, a town of Italy, or perhaps
and accordingly a promontory was called Pali- more properlya citadel, built by Evander, oa
nurus, now Puliauro. Virg.JF.n. 3, v. 513, 1. mount Palatine,from whence its name origi"
5, V. 840, "c. 1.6, V. M\."Ovul. dt Rem. 577. nates. Virgilsays, it was called after Pallas,
"Mela, 2, c. 4."Strab."Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 28. the grandfatherof Evander; but Dionysius
Paliscorum, or PalIcorum Stagnum, a derives its name from Palantium, a town of
sulphureouspool in Sicily.[FtVi. Palici.] Arcadia. Dionys.1, c. 31. Virg.JEn. "
8, v.
Paliuros, now Nahil, a river of Africa, 54 and 341.
with a town of the same name at itsmouth, Pallantia, a town of Spain,now PalenciOi,
at the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean on the river Cea. Mela, 2, c. 6.
Strab. 17. Pallantias, a patronymic of Aurora, as
Pallades,certain virgins,of illustrious being related to the giantPallas. Ovid. Met,
"

parents,who were consecrated to Jupiterby 9, fab. 12.

the Thebans of Egypt. It was requiredthat Pallantidis, the 50 sons of Pallas,the
themselves, an infamous of Pandion, and the brother of iEgeus.
theyshould prostitute son

custom, which was considered as a purifica-

tion, They w ere all killed by Theseus, the son of
duringwhich publicly
they were mourn- iEgeas,whom theyopposed when he came to

ell,and afterwards they permittedto take possession

were of his father's kingdom. This

marry. Slrab. 17. opposition they showed in hopes of succeed- ing

Palladium, a celebrated statue of Pallas. to the throne,as JEgeus leftno children,
It was about three cubits high,and represent-
ed except Theseus, whose legitimacywas even
the goddess as sitting and holdinga pikein disputed, as he was born at Troezene. Plut.
her righthand, and in her left a dislatf and a in Thes."Paus. 1. c. 22.
spindle.It fell down from heaven near the Palias, (adis)a daughterof Jupiter,the
tent of [lus, as that princewas building the ci-tadelsame as Minerva, The goddessreceived this
of Ilium. Some nevertheless suppose that name either because she killed the giantPai-
it fell at Pessinus in Phrygia,or, accordingto las, or perhaps from the spear which she
others,Dardanus received it as a presentfrom seems to brandish in her hands .) For
{7r"\\ii
his mother Electra. There are some authors the functions, power, and character of the
who maintain that the Palladium was made goddess,vid. Minerva.
with the bones of Pelopsby Abaris; but ApoUo- Pallas, (anlis) a son of king Evander,
dorus seems to say, that it was no more than sent with some troops to assist^neas. He
a pieceof clock-work which moved of itself.was killed by Turnus, the king of the Rutuii,
However discordant the opinionsof ancient after he had made a great slaughter of the
authors be about this famous statue, it is uni- versally
enemy. Virg.JEn. 8, v. 104, "z,c. One
agreed,that on its preservationde- pendedof the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He
the safety of Troy. This fatality was was killed by Minerva, who covered herself
well known to the Greeks duringthe Trojan with his skin,whence, as some suppose, she
war, and therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were is called Pallas. Apollod. 3, c. 12. A son of
commissioned to steal it away. They effected Crius and Eurybia, who married the nymph
their purpose, and if we relyupon the author-
ity Styx, by whom he had Victory, Valour, "c,
of some authors,theywere directed how to Hesiod. Theog. A son of Lycaon. A

carry it away by Helenus the son of Priam, son of Pandion, father of Clvtus and Butes.
who proved in this unfaithfulto his country, Ovid. Met. 7, fab. H ."Apollod. A freed-
because his brother Deiphobus,at the death man of Claudius, famous for the power and
of Paris, had married Helen, of whom he was the riches he obtained. He advised the em-
peror,

enamoured. Minerva was displeasedwith the his master, to marry Agrijipina, and to
violence which offered to her statue, and
was adopt her son Nero for his successor. It was
the
accordingtoVirgil, Palladium itself ed
appear- by his means, and those of Agrippina, that the
to have received lifeand motion, and by the death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero
flashes which started from its eyes, and its was raised to the throne. Nero forgotto
sudden springsfrom the earth, it seemed to whom he was indebted for the crown. He
show the resentment of the goddess. The true discarded Pallas,and some time aftercaused
Palladium, as some authors observe, was not him to be put to death, that he mightmake
carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but himself master of his great riches,A. D. 61.
onlyone of the statues of similar size and shape, Tacit. 12. .inn. c. 53.
which were placednear it,to deceive what- ever Pallkne, a small peninsulaof Macedonia,
sacrilegious persons attemptedto steal it. formeilycalled Phlegra, situate above the bay
The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was of Therma) on the Jilgean sea, and containing
conveyed safe from Troy to ItalyV)yvfeneas, live cities,the principalof which is called Pal-
and it was afterwards preserved by the Ro- mans lone. U was in this place,accordingto some
with tl'.e
greatest secrecy rmd venoiation, of the ancients,that mi engagement happc.ed
in the temple of Vesta, a circumstance wliich betVkCen the gods and the giants.Liv. 31, c.
none but the vestal virginsknew. Htrodian. 45,1. 45, c. SU."J-tVff. G. 4, r.B9l.-0vut.
 PA PA
Jikt.15,V. 357. A village of Attica,where a goat, of
as she tended her father'sflocks oh
Minerva had a temple, and where the Pal- mount Taygetus,before her marriagewith the
lantides chiefly resided. Herodot. 1,c. 161. kingof Ithaca. Some authors maintain that
"

Plut. in Thes. Penelopebecame mother of Pan duringthe

Pallenses, a peopleof Cephallenia, whose absence of Ulyssesin the Trojan war, and
chief town was called Pala,or Palaea. Liv. that he was the offspringof all the suitors that
38, c. 18." Polyb.5, c. 3. frequented the palaceof Penelope,whence he
Palma, a governor of Syria. received the name of Pan, which signifies all
Palmaria, a small island opposite Tarra- or every thing. Pan was a monster in appear-
ance,
cina,in Latiura. Plin. 3, c. 6. he had two small horns on his
head, his
Palmyra, the capital of Palmyrene,a try
coun- complexionwas ruddy,his nose flat,and his
on the eastern boundaries of Syria,now legs,
thighs, and feet,were
tail, those of a goat.
called Theudemor, or Tadmor. It is famous The education of Pan was intrusted to a nympb
for beingthe seat of the celebrated Zenobia, of Arcadia,called Sinoe,but the nurse, accord- ing
and of Odenatus, in the reignof the empe- ror to Homer, terrified at the sightof such a
Aurelian, Jt is now in ruins, and the monster, fled away and lefthim. He was wrap-ped
splendourand magnificenceof its porticos, up in the skin of beasts by his father, and
temples,and palaces,are now dailyexam-
ined carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the gods
by the curious and the learned. Plin.
longentertained themselves with the oddityof
6, c. 26 and 30. his appearance. Bacchus was greatly pleased
Palphurius, oneof the flatterers of Domi- with him, and gave him the name of Pan.
tfan. Juv. 4, V, 53. The god of shepherdschiefly resided in Arca-
dia,
Palumbinum, a town of Samnium. Liv. 10, where the woods and the most rugged
c. 45. mountains were his habitation. He invented
Pamisos, a river of Thessaly, fallinginto the the flute with seven reeds, which he called Sy-
rinx,
Peneus. Herodot. 7, c. 129." P/in. 4, c. 8. in honour of a beautiful nymph of the
Another of Messenia in Peloponnesus. same name, to whom he attemptedto offer vi"
Pammenes, an Athenian general,sent to olence, and who was changed into a reed. He
assist Megalopolis,againstthe Mantineans, was ''continually employed in deceiving the
".C. An astrologer. A learned Grecian, neighbouring nymphs, and often with success.
who was preceptor to Brutus. Cic. Brut. Though deformed in his shape and features,
97. Orat. 9. yet he had the good fortune to captivate Diana,
Pammon, a son of Priam and Hecuba. and of gaining her favour, be transforming
jipollod. himself into
a beautiful white goat. He was
Pampa, a village
near Tentyra,in Thrace. also enamoured of a nym[)h of the mountains
Juv. 15, v. 76. called Echo, by whom he had a son called
Pamphilus, a celebrated painterof Mace- donia, Lynx. He also paidhis addresses to Omphale,
in the age of Philip, distinguished above queen of Lydia,and it is well known in what
his rivals by a superiorknowledge of ture litera- manner he was received. [Vid.Omphale.}
and the cultivation of those studies which The worshipof Pan was well established, ticularly
par-
taughthim to infuse,more successfully, grace in Arcadia, where he gave oracles
and dignity into his pieces. He was founder on mount Lycaeus.His festivals, called by the
ef the school for painting at Sicyon, and he Greeks Lyccea, were broughtto Italyby Evan-
made a law which was observed not only in der,and theywere well known at Rome by the
Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but name of the Lupercalia.[Vid.Lupercalia.]
the children of noble and dignified persons The worship,and the different functions of
should be permittedto learn painting.Apel- Pan, are derived from the mythology of the
les was one of his pupils.Diog. A son of ancient Egyptians.This god was one of the
Neoclides, among the pupilsof Plato. Diog. eightgreat gods of the Egyptians,who ranked
Pamphos, a Greek poet, supposedto have before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans
lived before Hesiod's age. called Consentes. He was worshippedwith
Pamphyla, a Greek woman who wrote the greatestsolemnityall over
a Egy{!t. His
generalhistory in 33 books, in Nero's reign.statues represented him as a goat,not because
This history, so much commended by the an-
cients, he was reallysuch, but this was done for mys-
terious
is lost. reasons. He was the emblem of fe-
cundity,
Pamphvlia, a provinceof Asia Minor, an- ciently and they looked upon him as the
called Mopsopia,and bounded on the principle of all things. His horns, as some
south by a part of the Mediterranean, called observe, represented the rays of the sun, and
the Pamphylian sea, west by Lycia, north by the brightness of the heavens was expressed
Pisidia,and east by Cilicia. It abounded by the vivacity and the ruddiness of his com- plexion.

with pastures, vines,and olives,and was peo-

pled The star which he wore on his iireast,
by a Grecian colony. Strab. 14. Mela, was
"
the symbol of the firmament, and his
l."Paus. 7, c. 3." Plin. 5, c. 26." Liv. 37, c. hairylegsand feet denoted the inferiorparts
23 and 40. of the earth, sucli as the woods and plants.
Pan, was the god of shepherds, of hunts-
men, Some suppose that he appeared as a goat,be-
cause
and of all the inhabitants of the couutry. when the gods fled into Egypt in their
He was the son of
Mercury, by Dryope, ac- cording war against Pan transformed himself
the giants,
to Homer. Some give him Jupiterinto a goat,anexawiple which was immediately
and Callisto for parents, others Jupiterand followed by all thfedeities. Pan, according to
Ybis, or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus,^:.c.support some, isthe same as Faunus, and he is the
that he was the son of Mercury and t*cnclope, chief of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions,
the daughterof Icarius, ful that in the reignof Tiberius, au extraordinary
and that the god gain-
the atfectionsof the rlnder the form
princes'^ voire M'ns heard nfNTr the Echinades ia th"
 PA PA
JoHian sea, which exclaimed that the great longed, and the celebration was attended WAh
Pan was dead. This was readilybelieved by greaterpomp and solemnity. The festivals
the emperor, and the astrologers Avere sulted, were
con- two ; the greatPanathencEa(!^7 "'""),which'
but they were unable to explainthe were observed every 5th year, beginning on the
meaning of so supernatural a voice, which bably 22d of the month
pro- called Hecalombaon, or 7th
from the imposition of one of of July,and the lesser Panathencza (."""^*)
proceeded ;
the courtiers who attemptedto terrify Tibe- which were
rius. keptevery 3d year, or rather an- nually,

In Egypt,in the town of Mendes, which beginningon the 2lst or 20th of the
word also signifies a goat, there was a sacred month called Thargelion, corresponding to the
5th or 6th day of the month
goat keptwith the most ceremonious sanctity. of May. In the
The death of this animal was alwaysattended lesser festivalsthere were three games con-ducted

with the greatest solemnities, and like that of by ten presidents chosen from the tea
another Apis,became the cause of an univer-
sal tribes of Athens, who continued four years ia
mourning. As Pan usuallyterrifiedthe oflSce. On the eveningof the firstday there
inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that was a race with torches,in which men on foot,
kind of fear which often seizes men, and which and afterwards on horseback, contended.
is only ideal and imaginary, has received from The same was also exhibited in the greater
him the name of panicfear. This kind of festivals. The second combat was gymnical,
terror has been exemplified not only in indi-viduals,and exhibited a trialof strengthand bodily
but in numerous armies, such as that dexterity.The last was a musical contention,
of Brennus, which was thrown into the great- est first instituted by Pericles. In the songs
consternation at Rome, without any cause they celebrated the generous undertakingof
or plausible reason. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 396, 1. Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the
2, V.277. Met. 1, v. 689." Firg.G 1,v. 17. Pisistratidae, and of Thrasybulus,who vered
deli-
^n. 8, V. 343. G. 3, v. 892." Juv. 2, v. 142. Athens from its thirtytyrants. Phry-
"Pans. 8, c. 30." 7"a/. 13, v. 327." Farro de nis of Mitylenewas the firstwho obtained the
L. L. 5, c. 3. Liv. 1, c. 5. Dionys.Hal. 1.
"
" "
victoryby playingupon the harp. There
Herodol. 2, c. 46 and 145, Uc."Diod. 1." Or-
pheuswere besides other musical instruments,oa
Hymn. 10. Homer. Hymn, in Pan.
" " Lu- wliich theyplayed in concert, such as flutes,
cian. Dial. Merc. 4"Pan. "

.^polled. 1, c. 4. k.c. The poets contended in four plays, called

Panacea, a goddess,daughterof ^sculapi-from their number rtT^mxaytx. The lastof these
"s, who presidedover health. Lucan. 9, v. was a satire. There was also at Sunium an

918" PZin. 35, c. ll,"c, imitation of a naval fight.Whoever obtained

PANiETius, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, the victory in any of these games was ed
reward-
138 B. C. He studied at Athens for some with a vessel of oil, which he was permitted
time, of which he refused to become a citizen,to disposeof in whatever manner he pleased,
observing, that a good and modest man ought and it was unlawful for any other person to
to be satisfied with one country. He came to transport that commodity. The conqueror
Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils also received a crown of the olives which
Leelius and Scipiothe second Africanus. To grew in the groves of Academus, and were
the latter he was attached by the closest ties sacred to Minerva, and called /uo^j*m, from i^eo;,
of friendship and familiarity ; he attended him death,in remembrance of the tragical end oi"
in his expeditions and partookof all his plea- sures Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, who cut his
and amusements. To the interest of own legswhen he attemptedto cut down the
their countrymen at Rome the Rhodians were olive which had giventhe victory to Minerva

greatlyindebted for their prosperity and the in preference to his father,when these tw"
immunities which theyfor some time enjoyed.deities contended about givinga name to
Panaetius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, Athens. Some suppose that the word is de- rived
whose merit can be ascertained from the en- comiums from A'""", a part, because these olives
which Cicero bestows upon it. Cic. were givenby contribution by all such as at- tended
in Offic. de Div. 1. In Acad. 2, c. 2. de N. D. at the festivals. There was also a
2, c. 46. A tyrantof Leontini in Sicily, B. dance called Pyrrhichia, performed by young
C. 613. Polymi.5. boys in armour, in imitation of Minerva, who
PANiETOLiUM, a general assembly of the thus expressedher triumph over the van-
quished
^tolians. Liv 31, c. 29, 1.35, c. 32. Titans. Gladiators were also intro-
duced
Panares, a general of Crete, defeated by when Athens became tributary to the
Metellus, ",c. Romans. During the celebration, no persoa
Panariste, one of the waiting women was permittedto appear in dyed garments,
of Berenice, the wife of king Antiochus. and if any one transgressed he was punished
Polyan. 8. accordingto the discretion of the president of
Panathkn."a, festivalsin honour of Mi- nervathe games. After these things, a sumptuous
the patronessof Athens. They were sacrifice was ottered,in which every one of
first instituted by Erichtheus or Orpheus,and the Athenian boroughscontributed an ox, and
called Aihenaa ; but Tiieseus afterwards re the whole was concluded by an entertainment
Dcwed them, and caused them to be celebrated for all the company with the flesh that re- mained

and observed by allthe tribes of Athens,which from the sacrifice. In the greaterfes- tivals,
he had united into one, and from which rea- son the same rites and ceremonies were
the festivals received their Some
name. observed,but with more
usually solemnityand
suppose that theyare the same the Roman
as magnificence.Others were also added, parti- cularly
Qnitiquatria, as they are often called by that the procession, in which Minerva's
name among the Latins. In the first years of sacred ttitt;^-,
or garment, was carried. This
the institution,theywere cbservedoulyduring garment was woven by a select number of
one da\-,but afterwards the time was pro- railed i"vt:-"c:^", from \j^, tcark. Thev
virgin";
C:3
 PA PA
were superintended by two of the a??'!^''?^*,
or lius had a magnificent temple. A part of
young virgins, not above seventeen years of Arabia Felix,celebrated for the myrrh, frank-
incense,
age, nor under eleven, whose garments were and perfumes which it produced..
white and set off with ornaments of gold. Mi-
nerva's
Virg.G. 2, v. 139, 1. 4, v. 379." Cu/ex. 87."
j^ep/jwwas of a white colour, without Ovid. Met. 1,v. 309, hc."Diod. 5."Lucret. 2,
sleeves,and embroidered with gold. Upon it V. 417.
were described the achievements of the god-
dess, Panda, two deities at Rome, who presided
particularlyher victories over the giants.one over the openingsof roads ; and the other
The exploitsof Jupiter and the other gods over the openings of tovvn". Varro de P. JR.
were also represented there, and from that 1. JJ. Gell. 13, c. 22.
circumstance men of courage and braveryare Pandama, a girl of India favoured by Her-
cules,
said to be nlf.tttcttkoj,worthy to be portrayed "c. Polycen. 1.
in Minerva's sacred garment. In the proces-
sion Pandaria, or Pandataria, a small island
of the peplus, the followingceremonies of the Tyrrhenesea.
were observed. In the ceramicus, without the Pandakus, a son of Lycaon, who assisted
there was an enginebuilt in the form
city, of a the Trojansin their war againstthe Greeks,
ship, upon which Minerva's garment was He went to without a chariot,and the war
hung as sail,and the whole was conducted, therefore he generallyfoughton foot. He
a

not by beasts,as some have supposed,but by broke the truce which had been iigreed
upon
subterraneous machines, to the templeof Ce-
res between the Greeks and Trojans,and wounded
Eleusinia,and from thence to the citadel,Menelaus and Diomedes, and showed himself
where the pepluswas placedupon Minerva's brave and unusually courageous. He was al
statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or last killed by Diomedes; and jEneas, who
strewed with flowers,which was called jrxaxi,. then carried him in his chariot, by attempting
Persons of all ages, of every sex and quality, to revenge his death, nearly perished by the
attended the procession, which was led by old hand of the furious enemy. Dictys. Cret, 2,
men and carryingolive branches in c. 35. Homer. II.2 and 5. Hygin.fab, 112.
women " " "

their hands, from which reason

they were call-
ed Virg.JEn. 5, v. 495. Strab. 14. Serviui in "
"

boughs. Next loco.

bearers af green
^a\\s:;aj:i, A son of Alcanor killed with his bro-
ther
followed men of full age with shields and Britias by Turnus. Virg.JEn. 9, v. 735.
spears. They Were attended by the ^tm/.:*, or A native of Crete punishedwith death for
foreigners,
who carried small boats as a token beingaccessary to the theftof Tantalus. What
of their foreign
origin,and this theft was
from that account is unknown. Some, however,
they were boat bearers. After
called (r/."?"j"?o-e", suppose that Tantalus stole the ambrosia and
them came the women the nectar from the tables of the godsto which
attended by the wives
of the foreigners called ^V^o;''? because they he had been admitted,or that he carried away
carried water pots. Next to these came young a dog which watched Jupiter's templein Crete"
men crowned with millet and singing hymns in which crime Padarus was concerned, and
to the goddess, and afterthem followed select for which he suffered. Paudarus had two
virgins of the noblest families,called x"*/;(po.o",daughters, Camiroand Clytia,who were als"
basket bearers, because they carried baskets, deprivedof their mother by a sudden deaths
in which were certain things necessary for the and leftwithout friends or protectors. Venus
celebration,with whatever utensils were also had compassion upon them, and she fed them
requisite.These several necessaries were with
nerally
ge- milk, honey, and wine.
The goddesses
in the possessionof the chief manager were in their welfare.
all equallyinterested
of the festivalcalled "eyy^""^eo(,
who distributed Juno gave them wisdom and beauty,Diana a
them when occasion offered. The virginshandsome figureand regular features, and Mi-
nerva
were attended by the daughters of the foreign-
ers, instructed them in whatever domestic
who carried umbrellas and little seats, accomplishments can recommend a wife. nus
Ve-
from which they were named seat
Jfi^td^e^oi, wished
stillto make their happiness more

carriers. The boys,called w^oiUufx:*, as it may complete; and when they were come to nu-
bile

be supposed, led the rear clothed in coats years the goddessprayed Jupiter to grant
generallyworn at processions. The necessa-
ries them kind and tender husbands. But in her
for this and every other festival were pared
pre- absence the Harpiescarried away the virgins
in a publichall erected for that purpose, and delivered them to the Eumenides to share
between the Pirzean gate and the temple of the punishment which their father suffered.
Ceres. The management and the care of the Paus. 10, c. 30. Pindar.
whole was intrusted to the w^o^u^axj?, or people Pandahus, or Pandareus, a man who
employed in seeingthe rites and ceremonies had a daughter called Philomela. She was
properlyobserved. It w^as also usual to set all changed into a nightingale,after she had kill-
ed,
prisonersat liberty, and to present golden by mistake, her son Itylus, w hose death
crowns to such as had deserved well of their she mourned in the greatest melancholy
country. Some persons were also chosen to Some suppose him to be the same asPandiou;
singsome of Homer's poems, a custom which kingof Athens.
was firstintroduced by Hipparchusthe son of Pandataria, an island on the coast of Lu-
Pisistratus. It was also customary in this fes-
tival caiiia,tiow called Santa Maria.
and every other quinquennial festival, to Pandates, a friend of Datames at the court
of the Plalffians,whose of Artaxerxes. C. JS'ep.inDat.
pray for the prosperity
services had been so conspicuous at the battle Pa.ndemia, a surname of Venus, expres-
sive
of Marathon. Ptut. in Thes. Paus. Jlrc.2.
" of her greatpower
"
over the affections of
JElian. V. H. 8, c. 2.".ipol[od.
3, c. 14. mankind.
PanciijKa, Pakchea, or Panchaia, an 1 Panj)kmus, one of the surnames of the
'
of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter
ifiland Triphy-god of love, among the Egyptiansand the
 PA PA

Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of]her a beautifulbox, which she was ordered
whom was the vulgar, called Pandemus, and i to present to the man who married her;
another of a purer, and more celestial origin. and by the commission of the god, Mercury
Plut. in Erot. conducted her to Prometheus. The artful
Athens established mortal sensible of the deceit, and as he
Pandia, a festival at was
the
by Pandion, from whom it received itsname, had always distrusted Jupiter, as well as

because it observed in honour of ter,

Jupi- rest of the gods, since he had stolen fire away
or was

who can r^ 7t"vtx StytJttv,

move and turn all from the sun to animate his man of clay,he
that it sent away Pandora without sufteringhimself
thingsas he pleases.Some suppose
concerned the moon, because it does ^^xito-: to be captivatedby her charms. His brother
by showing itselfday Epiraetheuswas not possessedof the same
wjM, move incessantly
and night,rather than the sun, which never prudenceand sagacity.He married Pandora,
It was ted
celebra- and when he opened the box which she pre-
appears but in the day time. sented
after the Dionysia,because Bacchus is to him, there issued from it a multi-
tude
sometimes taken for the Sun or Apollo,and of evils and distempers,which dispersed
therefore the brother,or, will have it, themselves
as some all over the world, and which,
the sun and the moon.
from that fatalmoment, have never ceased to
Pandion, a king of Athens, son of Erich- atiict the human race. Hope was the only
thon and Pasithea,who succeeded his father, one who remained at the bottom of the box,
B. C. 1437. He became fatherof Procne and and it is she alone who has the wonderful pow- er
Erechtheus, and Butes. During of easing the labours of man, and of render-
ing
Philomela,
sucb abundance of corn, his troubles and less painfulin
his reignthere was an sorrows

wine, and oil,that it was publiclyreportedlife. Hesiod. Theog.4^Dios. Apollod. 1, c. T "

.

had personally Paus. 1, c. 24. Hygxn. 14. A daughter

that Bacchus and Minerva " "

visited Attica. He waged a successful war of Erechtheus kins:of Athens. She was sister
Labdacus king of Bceotia, and gave to Protogenia, who sacrificed herself for her
against
his daughterProcne in marriage to Tereus, country at the beginningof the Sceotian war.
king of Thrace, who had assisted him. The PandGrus, a son of Erechtheus king oi
treatment which Philomela received from her Athens.
brother-in-law, Tereus, [Vid.Philomela]was Pandosia, a towa in the country of the
the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and he Brutii, situate on a mountain. Alexander king
died,throughexcess of sorrow, after a reign of tbe Molossi died' there. Strab. 6. A
of 40 years. There was also another Pandion, town of Epirus. Ptin. 4, c. 1.
son of Cecrops 2d. by Metiaduca, who suc- ceeded Pandrosos, a daughter of Cecrops,king
to his father,B. C. 130. He was of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse.
driven from his paternaldominions, and fled She was the only one of the sisters who had
to Pylas, king of Megara, who gave him his not the fatalcuriosity to open a basket which

daughterPelia in marriage,and resignedhis Minerva had intrusted to their care. [Tii.

crown to bim. Pandion became father of Erich thonius,]
for which sincerity a temple

four children, called from him Pandionidce,was raised to her near that of Minerva, and
Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The a festivalinstituted to her honour, called Pan-
.Sgeus,
eldest of these children recovered his fa- drosia. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 138. "Apollod.3."
ther's
kingdom. Some authors have con-
founded Paus. 1, "c.
the two Pandions togetherin such Panenus, or Pyn^us, a celebrated painter,
an indiscriminate manner, that they seem who was for some time engaged in painting
to have been only one and the same person. the battle of Marathoji. Plin. 35.
Many believe that Philomela and Procne Panceus, a mountain of Ttiraqe, anciently
were the daughters, not of Pandion the 1st. called Mans Caraniinus,and joinedto mount
but of Pandion the 2d. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 676. Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus,
"

Apollod.3, c. 15 Paus. 1, c. 5.
"
Hygin. It was inhabited by four different nations. It
"

fab.48. A son of Phineus and Cleopatra,was on this mountain that Lycurgus,the Thra-
deprivedof his eye-sight by his father. Apol-
lod. cian king,was torn to pieces,and that Or- pheus
3, c. 15. A son of ^gyptus and He- called the attention of the wild beasts,
phffistina. A kingof the Indies in the age of and of the mountains and woods to listen to

Augustu.^. his song. It abounded in gold and silver

Pandora, a celebrated vvomaa, the
first mines. Herodot. 5, c. i6,"ic. I.7, c. 113. Virg. "

mortal female that ever lived,accordii"g to a. 4, V. 4"2.~Ovid. Fast. 3, v. T39." Tkucyd.

the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was 'l."Lucan. 1,v. 679, 1. 7, v. 482.
made with clayby Vulcan, at the request of Paniasis, a man who wrote a poem upoa
Jupiter, who wished to punishthe impietyand Hercules, ^c. Vid. Panyasis.
artifice of Prometheus, by givinghim a wife. Panionil.m, a placeat the foot of mount
When this woman of clayhad been made by Mycale, near the town of Ephesusin Asia Mi- nor,
the artist, all the gods vied
and received lite, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was iii
in making her presents. Venus gave her this jilace that allthe slates of.Io^iia assembled,
beautyand the art of pleasing ; the Graces either to consult for theirown safety and pros-
perity,
gaye her the power of captivating; Apollo or to cerebrate festivals,or to offer a
her how to sing;
latiglit .Mercuryinstructed h";r sacrifice for the good of allthe nation, whence
in eloquence;and Minerva gave her the most the name all Ionia. The deputies
5r"i.oi.o" of
rich and splendid ornaments. From all these the twelve Ionian cities which assembled
valuable presents,which she had received there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene,
from the gods,the Avoman was called Pandora, Epliesu.'5, Lebedos, Colophon, Clazoineuse*
which intimates that she had received every Phorcwa, Teos, Chios,Samos,and Erythrae. !(
necessary gift^*v S.'^v.Jupitor^(yorMii* ga'.o the bnll oirpred in sacriHcc bellowed, it WR";
 PA pa
accounted an omen of the highest favour, as Panormus, now called Palermo, a town of
the sound was particularly acceptableto the Sicily, built by the Phoenicians, on the north-
west
god of the sea, as in some manner it resem-
bled part of the island, w-ith a good and capa-
cious
the roaringof the waves of the ocean. harbour. It was the strongesthold of
Herodot. 1, c. 148, hc."Slrab. 14." Mela, 1, the Carthaginians in Sicily, and it was at last
c. 17. taken with diificulty by the Romans. Mela^
PANius,a place at Coelo-Syria, where An- 2, c. I.-Ital. 14, V. 262. A town of the
tiochus defeated Scopas, B. C. 198. Thracian Chersonesus. A town of Ionia,
Pannonia, large country of Europe, near
a Ephesus. Another in Crete, in
bounded on th" east
by Upper Mcesia, south Macedonia, Achia, Samos. A ""

by Dalmatia, west by JNoricum, and north by Messenian who insulted the religion of the
the Danube. It was divided by the ancients Lacedaemonians. Vid. Gonippus.
into lower and upper Pannonia. The jnhtib- Panotii, a peopleof Scythia, said to have
itants were of Celtic origin, and were vadedvery largeears.
firstin- Plin. 4, c. 13.
by J. Caesar,and conqueredin the reign Pansa., C. Vibius, a Roman consul, who,
of Tiberius. Philipand his son Alexander with A. Hirtius,pursuedthe murderers of J.
some ages before had successively conquered Caesar,and was killed in a battle near Mutina.
it. Sirmium was the ancient capital of all On his death-bed he advised young Octa-
Pannonia, which contains the modern provin- ces vius to unite his interest with that of Antony,
of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, if he wished to revenge the death of Julius
Windisch, March, with part of Servia, and of Caesar, and from his friendly
advice soon ter
af-
the kingdoms of
and Austria.Hungary
Lu- rose the celebrated second triumvirate.
can. 3, v. 220." Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. Some suppose that Pansa was
95, 1. 6, v. put to death by
109." Pltji.3." Dion. Cass. 49." Strab. 4 and Octavius himself,or throughhim, by the phy- sician
"7. Jomaiid.
"
Paierc. 2, c. 9. Suet. Aug.
" Glicon, who
"
poured poison into the
20. wounds of his patient.Pansa and Hirtius
Panolbius, a Greek poet, mentioned by were the two last consuls who enjoyed the
Suidas. dignity of chief magistratesof Rome witiifuU
Pakomphjeus, a surname of Jupiter, either power. The authorityof the consuls after-
because he w^as worshipped by every nation waids dwindled into a shadow. Paierc. 2, c.

on earth, or because he heard the prayers and 6."pio.46." Ovid. Trist. 3, el. b."Plut. fy
the which
supplications were addressed to Appian.
him, because the rest of the gods derived
or Pantagnostus, a brother of Polycrates,
from him their knowledge of futurity (yr^ityrantof Samos. Polycen.1.
omnis, o,u(;!y,
vox.) Ovid. Met. 11, v. 198. Ho-mer. Pantagyas, a small river on the eastern
"

II. 8. coast of Sicily, which fallsinto the sea, after

Panope, or Panopea, one of the Nereides, runninga short space in rough cascades over
Ti'hom sailors generallyinvoked in storms. rugged stones and precipices.Virg JEn. 3,
Her name signifies, ance., v. 689." //a/. 14,v. 232." Ovid. Fast.4,v. 471.
giving every assist-
or seeingevery thing. Hesiod. Theog. Pantaleon, a kingof Pisa,who presidedat
2dl." Virg.JEn. 5, v. 825." One of the the Olympic games, B. C. 664, after exclu-
ding
daughters of Thespius. Apollod.2, c. 7. A the Eleans,who on that account ed
expung-
town of Phocis, called also Panopeus. Ovid. the Olympiad from the Fasti,and called
Met. 3, V. \9."Liv. 32, c. l".-Paus. 10, c. 4. it the 2d' Anolympiad. They had called for
"Stat. Thtb. 7, v. 344." Homer. II. 2, v. 27. the same reason the 8th the 1st Anolympiad,
Orf. ll,v.580. because the Pisseans presided. An ^toiian
Panopks, a famous huntsman among the chief. Liv. 42, c. 15.
attendants of Acestes,kingof Sicily, who was Pantanus lacus, the lake of Lesina, is
of those that engagedin the situated in Apulia at the mouth of the Fren-
one
games exhib-
ited
by iEneas. Virg.ASn. 5, v. 300. to. Plin. 3, c. 12.
Panopeus, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, Pantauchus, a man appointed over iEtolia
who accompanied Amphitryon when he made by Demetrius,Lc. Plut.
war against the Teleboans. He was father to Panteus, a friend of Cleomenes, king of
Epeus, who made the celebrated wooden Sparta,he. Plut.
horse at the siegeof Troy. Pans. 2, c. 29. Panthides, a man who married Italia,
" the
Apollod. 2, c. 4. A town tweendaughter
of Phocis, be- of Tbemistocles.
Orchomenos and the Cephisus. JPaus. Panthea, the wife of Abradates, cele-
brated
10, c. 4." Strab. 9. for her beauty and conjugalaffection.
Panopion, a Roman saved from death by She was taken prisonerby Cyrus,who sed
refu-
the uncommon fidelityof his servant. When to visit her, not to be ensnared by the
the assassins came to murder him as being power of her personalcharms. She killed
proscribed,the servant exchanged clothes herself on the body of her husband, who
with his master, and let him [l^id.Ab-
radates.]
escape by a back had been slain in a battle,he.
door.' He afterwards went The
into his master's Xenoph. Cyrop. Suidas. "

bed, and suffered himself to be killed as if mother of Eumajus, the faithful servant of
^
/ anopion himself.
**f' Val. Max. Ulysses.
"g"",Panopulis, the cityof Pan,
called
a town of Eevpt, Pantheon, a celebrated temple at Rome,
"* also Clicmmis. Pan had there a Tern- built by Agrippa,in
the reignof Augustus,
pie, wliere he was worshipped with great and all the gods, whence
dedicated to the
solemnity, and representedin a statue
/asctVio
name ^": .'"55. It was struck with lightning
longis-nmo
6^credo. Diod. b."Slrab. 17. some time after,and partly destroyed.Adrian
Panoptes, a name of Argus, frojn the repaired it,and it stillremains at Rome, con-

power of his eyes. ^wUod. 2. veitetlinto a Christian temple,the admiration

 PA PA
"f the curious. Plin. 36, c. 15. " Marcell 16,Ithe Julian law.""
called Papia Popf Another
c. 10. Ip^a, because
enacted by the tribunes, it was

Pantheus, or Panthcs, a Trojan,son of ' M. PapiusMutilus, and Q. PoppaBus Secun-

Othryastbe priest of Apollo. When his coun-
try dus, who had received consular power from
was burnt by the Greeksj he followed the the consuls for six months. It was called the
fortune of JEneas,and was killed. Virg.JF.n. Julian law, after it had been published by or-
der

2, V. 429. of Augustus,who himself was of the Ju-

lian
Panthoides, patronymic of Euphorbus.
a family, Vid. Julia lex de Maritandis or-
the son Pythagoras is some-
of Fanthous. times dinibus. Another to empower the high-
as he asserted that priest
called by that name, to choose 20 virginsfor the service
he was Euphorbus during the Trojan war. of the goddessVesta. Another in the age
Horat. 1, od. 28, v. lO."Gvid. Met. 15, v 161. of Augustus. It gave tbe patron a certain
A Spartan generalkilled by Pericles at right to the property of his client,if he had
the battle of Tanagra. lefta specified sura of money, or ifhe had not
Panticap^um, now Kerche, a town of Tau- three children.
ricaChersonesus, built by the Milesians,and Papianus, a man who proclaimedhimself
governed some time by its own laws, and emperor some time after the Gordians. He
afterwards subdued by the kingsof Bosphorus.was put to death.
It was, accordingto Strabo, the capital of the Papias, an early Christian writer who first
European Bosphorus. Mithridates the Great propagatedthe doctrine of the Milennium.
died there. Plin. Strab. "
There are remaining some historical frag-
ments
Panticapes, a river of European Scythia, of his.
which fallsinto the Borysthenes, supposedto Papinianus, a writer, A. D. 212. Vid. M-
be the Samara of the moderns. Herodot. 4, c. myllusPapinianus.
54. Papinius, a tribune who conspiredagainst
Pantilius, a buffoon,ridiculedby Horat. 1, Caligula. A man who destroyedhimselff
Sat. 10, V. 78. kc. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 49.
Pantasis, ancient Greek, uncle to the
an Papiria, the wife of Paulus jEmylius.She
historian Herodotus. He celebrated Hercules was divorced. Plut.
in one of his poems, and the louians in an-
other, Papirius, a centurion engaged to rourd^,
and was universally esteemed. Alhen. 2. Piso,the proconsulof Africa. T(zcit.Hist. 4,
Pany.\sus,a river of Illyricum, fallingintoc. 49. A patrician, chosen rex sacrorum, af-
ter
the Adriatic,
near Dyrrhachium. Ptolem. the expulsion of the Tarquinsfrom Rome.
Papxus, a name of Jupiter
among thians. A Roman
tlie Scy- who wished to gratify his unna-
tural
Herodot. 4. desires upon the body of one of his slaves
Paphages, a king of Ambracia, killed by called Publilius. The slave refused, and was
a lioness deprived of her whelps. Or"id.in lb. inhumanly treated. This called for the inter-
ference
V. 502. of justice, and a decree was made
Paphia, a surname the which forbid any person to be detained in fet-
of Venus because ters,
goddess was worshipped at Paphos. An but only for a crime that deserved such a
ancient name of the island of Cyprus. treatment, and only tillthe criminal had suf- fered
Paphlagonia, now Penderachia, a coun-
try the punishmentwhich the law s directed.
of Asia Minor, situate at the west of the Creditors also had a right to arrest the goods
river Halys,by which it was separatedfrom and not the person of their debtors. Liv. 8,
Cappadocia. It was divided on the west c. 28. Carbo, a Roman consul who under-
took
from the Bithynians,by the river Parthe- the defence of Opimius,who was accused
nius. Herodot. 1, c. 72. Strab. 4. Mela. "
of condemning and putting
" "
to death a number
Plin." Curt. 6, c. 11." C/c. Rull. 2, c. 2 of citizens on mount Aventinus without the
and 19. formalitiesof a trial. His client was acquitted.
Paphos, now Bafo, a famous cityof the Cursor,a man w ho firsterected a sun-
dial
island of Cyprus, founded, as some suppose, in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, B. C.
about 1184 years before Christ,by Agepenor. 293 ; from which time the daysbegan to be di- vided
at the head of a colonyfrom Arcadia. The into hours. A dictator who ordered
goddessof beauty was particularly ped
worship- his master of horse to be put to death,because
there,and all male animals were offer- he bad fought
ed and conquered the enemies of
on her altars,W'hich though 100 in num-
ber, the republic
without his consent. The people
daily smoked with the profusionof interfered,and the dictator pardoned him.
\rabian frankincense. The inhabitants were Cursor made war the Sabines
against and quered
con-
very effeminate and and the young
lascivious, them, and also triumphed over the
virginswere permittedby the laws of the Samnites. His great severitydispleased
the
place,to get a dowry by prostitution.
Strab. people. He flourished about 320 years before
rt, Lc."Plin. 2, c. 96." Mela. 2, c. l."Ho- the Christian era. Liv. 9, c. 14. One of
Vier. Od. 8." Virg.JEn. 1, v. 419, ":c. 1. 10,v. his family,surnamed Pralextattis, from an
rA, he" Horat. 1, od. 30, v. I." Tacit. A. 3, action ot his whilst he wore the prcetexta, "
c. 62, H. 2, c. 2. certain gown for young men. His father of
Paphus, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue the same name, carried him to the senate
which had been changed into a woman by house,where affairsof the greatestimportance
Venus, Pygmalion.]Ovid.
[r/rf. Met. \Qy\. were then in debate before the senators. The
297. mother of young Papirius wished to know what
Papia r.Ex, de peregrinis, bune,had
i)y Papius(lietri- passed in the senate; but Papirius,
un-
willing
A. U. C. 688, which rcijuiredthat all to betraythe secrets of that august sembly,
as-
"^trnngersshould be driven away from Rome. amused his mother by telling
her that
li was afterwardsconfirmed and cxrcndef? hr \{ heA l-ocn considered whether it ivould be
 PA PA
more advantageous
to the republic
to givetwo Iplainsof Jericho there was a large with
palace,
wives to one husband, than two husbands to Ja garden beautifully
[)lanted
with trees,and
one wife. The mother of alarm- Icalled Balsami Paradisus.
ed,
Papirius
was

and she communicated to the I

the secret Parjetac^, or Taceni, a peoplebetween
Other Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, Media and Persia,where Antigonuswas de-feated
they assembled in the senate, petitioning that by Eumenes. C. JYep.in Eum. 8. "

one woman might have two husbands, rather Strab. 11 and 16."Plin. 6, c. 26.
than one husband two wives. The senators PARiETONiuM, a towu of Egypt at the west
astonished at this petition,but young Pa- of Alexandria, where Isis was
were pirius worshipped.
unravelled the whole mystery, and from The word ParcEtonius is used to signify tian,
Egyp-
that time itwas made a law araongthesenators, and is sometimes appliedto Alexandria,
that no young man should for the future be in- which
troduced was situate in the neighbourhood.
rius. Strab. n."Flor. 4, c. U.~-Lucan. 3, v. 295, 1.
into the senate house, except Papi-
This law was carefully observed tillthe 10,v. 9." Ovid. Met. 9, v. 712. A 2, el. 13,
age of Augustus, who permitted children of all V.7.
ages to hear the debates of the senators. Ma- Parali, a division of the inhabitants of At- tica
erob. Sat. 1, c. 6. Carbo, a friend of Cinna ; theyreceived this name from their being
and Marius. He raised cabals againstSylla near the sea coast, nx^it and "^;.
and Pompey, and was at last put to death by Paralus, a friend of Dion, by whose assis- tance
order of Pompey, after he had rendered him- self he expelled Dionysius. A son of Pe- ricles.
odious by a tyrannical consulship,and af-
ter His premature death was greatlyla-
mented
he had been proscribedby Sylla. A by his father. Plut.
consul defeated by the armies of the Cimbri. Parasia, a country at the east of Media.
Crassus, a dictator who triumphedover Parasius, a son of Philonomia by a shep-
herd.
the Samnites. A consul murdered by the He was exposedon Erymanthus by his
Gauls,k,c. A son of PapiriusCursor who mother, with his twin brother Lycastas.
defeated the Samnites, and dedicated a temple Their lives were preserved
to Romulus Quirinus. Maso, a consul,who Parc;e, powerfulgoddesses, who presided
conquered Sardinia and Corsica,and reduced over the birth and the lifeof mankind. They
them into the form of a province. At his re-
turn were three in number, Clotho,Lachesis,and
to Rome, be was refused a triumph,up- on Atropos,daughtersof Nox and Erebus,Jac-
which he introduced a triumphalproces-
sion, cordingto Hesiod, or of Jupiterand Themis,
and walked with his victorious army to accordingto the same poet in another poem.
the capitol, wearinga crown of myrtleon his Some make them daughtersof the sea. tho,
Clo-
head. His example was afterwards followed the youngest of the sisters, presidedover
by such generals as were refused a triumphby the moment in which we are born, and held a
the Roman senate. Val. Max. 3, c. 6. The distatfin her hand; Lachesis spun out all the
familyof the Papirii was patrician, and long events and actions of our life: and Atropos,
distinguishftd for its services to the state. It the eldest of the three, cut the thread of hu-
man
bore the different surnames of Crassus, Cur-
sor, lifewith a pairof scissors. Their diffe-
rent
Mugillanus,Maso, Prcelextatus,and tus,
Pec- functions are well expressedin this an-
cient
of which the three firstbranches became verse :

the most illustrious. Clotho colum retinet,Lachesis net, ^ Atropos

Papiri.v lex, by PapiriusCarbo, A. U. occat.

C. 621. It requiredthat,in passing or ing

reject- The name of the Parcae,according to V'arro, is
laws in the comitia,the votes should be derived a partu or parturiendo, because they
givenon tablets. Another, by the tribune presidedover the birth of men, and, by cor- ruption,

Papirius,which enacted that no the word/?/jfrca,is formed,{vom parla

person
should consecrate any edifice, place,or thing,or partus, but, according to Servius,they are
Tvithout the consent and permissionof the called so by Aniiphrasis, quod ncmini parcant.
people. Cic. pro domo 50. Another, A. The power of the Parcue was great and exten- sive.
U. C. 563, to diminish the weight,and in- crease Some suppose that Uiey were subjected
the value of the Roman as. ther, to none
Ano- of the gods but Jupiter ; while others
A. U. C. 421, to give the freedom support, that even Jupiterhimself was obedi-
ent
of the cityto the citizens of Acerrce. to their commands ;and indeed we see the
Another, A. U. C. 623. It was proposed,father of the gods,in Homer's Iliad, unwilling
but not passed.It recommended the right of to see PalrocliiS perish, yet obliged, by the sa-
choosinga man tribune of the peopleas often peiiorpower of the Fates,to aijfindonhim to
as he wished. his destiny.According to the more received
Papim.v lex was enacted to settle the opinions, theywere the arbiters of the lifi^and
rights of husbands and wives if they had no death of mankind, and \vi)atever good or evH
children." "Another, by which a person less befalls us in the world, immediately proceeds
than 50 years old could not marry another from the Fates or Parca;. Some make them
of 60. ministers of the king of hell,and represent
Pappus, a philosopher and mathematician them as sitting
at the loot of his throne ; others
of Alexandria, in the reignof Theodosius the representthem as placedon radiant thrones,
Great. amidst the celestial clothed in robes
spheres,
Papyrius. Vid. Papirius. sj)angled
with stars, and
wearing crowns on

Parabyston, a tribunal at Athens, where their heads. According to Pausanias, the

causes of inferiorconsequence were tried by names of the'Parca3 were different from those
11 judges. Pans. 1, c. 40. alreadymentioned. The most ancient of all
Pauvdisus, a town of Syria or cia.
Phoeni- as the ;^eograr)her observes, was Venus Urania?
Ftin. 6^ c. 23." 57;a", 16. In the who [uesided over the biith of men ; the s" "
 PA PA
"ond was Fortune ; flythia
wasthe third. To to destroy the child as soon as bom. The
these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who ten slave,either touched with humanity,
of- or influ-

disputes with Atroposthe rightof cuttingenced by Hecuba, did not destroy him, but
the thi-ead of human life. The worshipof the was satisfied to expose him on mount Ida,
Parcas was well established in some cities of where the shepherdsof the placefound him,
Greece; and though mankind were well con-
vinced and educated him as their own son. Some
that they were inexorable,and that it attribute the preservacionof his life, before he
%vas impossible to mitigatethem, yet theywere was tound by the shepherds, to the moiherlj
their divini-
ty, tenderness of a she-bear which suckled him.
eager to show a proper respect to
by raising them templesand statues. They Young Paris,, tl.ougheducated among herds
shep-
received the same worshipas the Furies,and and peasants, gave early proofsof cou-rage

their votaries yearlysacrificed to them black and intrepidity, and from his care in pro-
tecting
sheep,duringwhich solemnitythe priests were the flocks of mount Ida ugaiiistthe ra-
pacity

obliged to wear garlandsof flowers. The of the wild beasts, he obtained the name
Parcae were generallyrepresentedas three of Alexander {helper or defender.)He gained
old women with chapletsmade with wool, the esteem of all the shepherds,and his
and interwoven with the flowers of the cissus.
Nar- graceful countenance and manly deportment
They were covered with a white robe, recommended him to the favour'of (Enone, a
and fillet of the same colour, bound with nymph of Ida, whom he married, and with
chaplets One of them held a distaflf, another whom he lived with the most perfecttender-
ness.
the spindle, and the third was armed with Their conjugalpeace was soon ed.
disturb-
scissors,with which she cut the thread which At the marriageof Peleus and Thetis,
her sisters had spun. Their dress is differ-
ently the goddessof discord,who had not been in- vited
representedby some authors. Clotho to partake of the entertainment, showed
appears in a variegated robe, and on her head her displeasure by throwing into the assembly
is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff of the gods who were at the celebration of the
in her hand reachingfrom heaven to earth nuptials, a golden apple,on which were ten
writ-
The robe which Lachesis wore was ted
variega- the words, Detur pulchriori.All the
with a great number of stars, and near goddessesclaimed it as their own ; the conten-
tion
her were placeda variety of spindles.Atro-
pos at first became general,but at last only
W"is clothed in black ; she held scissors in three,Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wished to
her hand, with clues of thread of diflferentdispute their respectiveright to beauty. The
sizes,accordingto the lengthand shortness of gods,unwilling to become arbitersin an affair
the lives whose destinies theyseemed to con-
tain. ot so tender and so delicate a nature, appoint-
ed
Hyginusattributes to them the inven-
tion Paris to adjudgethe prizeof beautyto the
of these Greek letters, ", ,3,y.,r, v, and fairestof the goddesses;and indeed the shep-
herd
others call them the secretaries of heaven, seemed properlyqualified to decide so
and the keepersof the archives of eternity. great a contest, as his wisdom was so well
The Greeks call the Parcse by the different established, and his prudence and sagacityso
names of ^"t", .-j* ", which are
x")f,uuxefu.y,, well known.
pressive
ex- The goddessesappeared before
of their power and of their inexor-
able their judge without any coveringor ment,
orna-
decrees. Hcsiod. Theog.^ scut. Her. and each tried,by promises and en- treaties,

"Pans. 1, c. 40, 1. 3, c. li, 1. 5, c. 15." to gain the attention of Paris,and

Homer. II. 20. Od. l."Tfieocrit. \.~Calli- to influence his judgment. Juno promised
mach. in Dian."JElian. Anim. 10. Piiidar. him a "

kingdom; Minerva, military glory

Olymp. 10. J\^em. 7. Eurip. in Iphig. Plut. and Venus, the fairest woman
"
"

in the world
de faciein orbe Lunce. Hygin- in prof.fab. for his wife,as Ovid expresses it. Heroid 17,
"

Varro."Orph.liymn.
Sf-fah.Til." 5S.""pol- y. 118.
lon. i, iic.Claudian.
" de rapt. Pros. Ly- Unaquecum regnum;
"
bellidaret alteralau-
coph.^ Tzetz, he" Herat. 2, od. 6, "c." dem;
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 533." Lwcan. Z." Virg.Ed. Tyndaridis conjux, Tertia dixit,erij.
4, ^n. 3, ",c. Stnec. in Here. Fur.
" Stat. After he had heard their several claims and
"

Theb. 6. promises,Paris adjudged the prizeto Venus,

Parentalia, a festival annuallyobserved and gave her the goldenapple,to which,per- haps,
at Rome in honour of the dead. The friends she seemed entitled,as the goddess of
and relations of the deceased assembled on the beauty. This decision of Paris in favour of
occaiion,when sacrifices were offered,and Venus, drew upon the judge and his family
banquetsprovided,^neas firstestablishedit. the resentment of the two other goddesses.
Otid. Fast. 2, v. 544. Soon after,
Priam proposeda contest among
Park.vtium, a port and town of Istria. his
and other princes,
sons and promised to
Plin. 3, c. 19. reward the conqueror with one of the finest
Paris,the son of Priam,king of Troy, by bulls of mount Ida. His emissaries were sent
Hecuba, also called Alexander. He was tined,to procure the animal, and it was
des- found in
even before his birth,to become the the possession of Paris,who reluctantly ed
yield-
ruin of his country ; and when his mother, in it up. The shepherd was desirous of ob-
taining
the firstmonth of her pregnancy, had dream* again this favourite animal, and he
ed that she bhould bringforth a torch which went to Troy, and entered the listsof the
would set fire to her palace, the soothsayerscombatants. He was received with the great-
est
foretold the calamities which might be ex-
pected applause,and obtained the victory'^over
from the imprudence of her future son, his rivals,Nestor, the son of Neleus ; Cyc-
find which would end in the destruction of nus, son of Neptune ; Polites,Helenas, and
Troy. Priam, to prevent so great and so Deiphobus,sons of Priam. He also obtained
alarming an evil;ordered bis slave Archelaus a supciiority over Hector binwelf, un J the
 PA PA
enragedto
prince, see himself conquered by loctetes,which had been once in the possessioi?
an unknown stranger,pursued him closely,of Herculee,and that when he found himself
and Paris must have fallen a victim to his languidon account of his wounds, he ordered
brother's resentment, had he not fled to the himself to be carried to the feet of CEnone,
altar of Jupiter. This sacred retreat pre- servedwhom he had baselyabandoned, and who in
his life; and Cassandra, the daughter the years of his obscurity, had foretold him that
of Priam, struck with the similarity of the he would solicither assistance in his dyingmo-
ments.

features of Paris with those of her brothers, He expiredbefore he came into the
inquiredhis birth and his age. From these presence of (Enone, and the nymph stillmind-ful
circumstances she soon discovered that he of their former loves, threw hei*selfupon
was her brother,and as such she introduced his body, and stabbed herself to the heart,
him to her father and to his children. Priam aftershe had plentifully bathed it with her
acknowledged Paris as his son, forgetful of tears. Accordingto some authors, Paris did
the alarming dream which had influenced not immediatelygo to Troy when he left the
kim to meditate his death, and all jealousyPeloponnesus, but he was driven on the coast
ceased among the brothers. Paris did not long of Egypt,where Proteus, who was king of the
suffer himself to remain inactive ; he equipped country,detained him, and, when he heard
a fleet,as if willing to redeem Hesione, his fa- of the violence which had been offered to the
ther's
sister,whom Hercules had carried kingof Sparta, he kept Helen at his court,
away, and obligedto
marry Telamon, the son and permitted Paris to retire. [Vid.Helena.]
of iEacus. This was the pretendedmotive of Diclys. Cret. 1, 3, and 4. Apollod. 3, "

his voyage, but the causes were far diff"erent.c. 12. Homer. II. Ovid. Htroid. 5, 16, and
" "

Paris recollected that he was band \1." quint. Calah. 10, v.

to be the hus- 290."HoraL od.
of the fairestof women ; and if he had 3. Eurip. in Iphig. Hygin. fab. 92
"
and "

been led to form those expectations while he 273." Virg.JEn. 1, hc."JElian. V. IT. 12,
was an obscure shepherdof Ida, he had now c. 42.-~Paus. 10, c. 27." Ctc. de Div."
every plausible reason to see them realized,Lycophr.4^ Tzetz. in Lye. A ted
celebra-
since he was acknowledged son of the king of player at Rome, in the good graces
Troy. Helen was the fairestwoman of the of the emperor Nero, kc. Tacit. Ann. 13,
c. 19, "ic.
age, and Venus had promisedher to him. On
these grounds, therefore, he visited Sparta, the Parisades a kingof Pontus in the age of
residence of Helen, who had married Mene- Alexander the Great.- Another, king of
laus. He was received with every mark of re- spect, Bosphorus.

but he abused the hospitality of Mene- Parish, a peopleand a city of Celtic Gaul"
laus,and, while the husband was absent in now called Paris,the capital of the kingdom
Crete, Paris persuadedHelen to elope with of France. C(bs. Bell. G. 6, c. 3.
him, and to flyto Asia. Helen consented, and Parius, a river of Pannonia, falling int"
Priam received her into his palacewithout dif- ficulty,the Danube. Strab.
as his sister was reign Parisum, now
then detained in a fo- Camanar, a town of Asia
country,and as he wished to show him- self Minor, on the Propontis, where Archilochus
as hostile as to the Greeks.
possible This was born, as some say. Slrab. 10. " Plin. 7,
affair was soon productiveof serious quences.
conse- c. 2, 1.36, c. 5.
When Menelaus had married Helen, Parma, a town of Italy, near Cremona,
all her suitors had bound themselves by a lemn
so- celebrated for itswool, and now for itscheese.
oath to protecther person, and to defend The poet Cassius and the critic Macrobius,
her from every violence, [Fid.Helena,]and were born there. It was made a Roman ny
colo-
therefore the injuredhusband reminded them A. U. C. 569. The inhabitants are called
"f their engagements, and called upon them to Parmenensis and Pannani. Cic. Philip.14,
recover Helen. Upon this,all Greece took up Lfv. 39, c. 55.
"
Slrab. 5. Horat. 1, ep. 4,
" "

arms in the cause of Menelaus. Agamemnon V.3." Cic. Phil. 14, c. 3." Farro. L. L. 7, c.
was chosen general of all the combined forces,3l."Martial.%ep. 43, v. 4, 1.5, ep. 13, v. 3
and a regularwar was begun. [Firf. Troja] and 14,v. 155.
Paris,meanwhile, who had refused Helen to Parmenides, a Greek philosopher of Elis,
the petitions and embassies of the Greeks, who flourishedabout 605 years before Christ.
armed himself,with his brothers and subjects, He was son of Pyres of Elis,and the pupilof
to oppose the enemy; but the success of the Xenophanes,or of Anaximander, accordingto
war Vv as neither hindered nor accelerated by some. He maintained that there were onlytwo
his means. He foughtwith littlecourage, and elements,fireand the earth ; and he taught
at the very sightof Menelaus, whom he had that the first generation of men was produced
so recently injured, all his resolution vanished, from the sun. He first discovered that the
and he retired from the front of the army, earth was round, and habitable onlyin the two
where he walked before like a conqueror. In temperate zones, and that it was suspendedin
a combat with Menelaus, which he undertook the centre of the universe,in a fluid lighter
at the persuasion of his brother Hector, Paris than air,so that all bodies leftto themselves
must have perished, had not Venus interfered, fellon itssurface. There were, as he suppo-
sed,
and stolen him from the resentment versary. onlytwo sorts of philosophy one
of his ad- ed
found- "

He nevertheless wounded, in ano- ther on reason, and the other on opinion. He

battle,Machaon, Euryphilus, and Dio- digestedthis unpopularsystem in verses, of
medes; and, accordingto some opinions,he which a few fragments remain. Diog.
killed with one of his arrows the greatAchil-
les. Parmenio, a celebrated generalin the ar- mies

[Vid.Achilles.]The death of Paris is of Alexander, who enjoyed the king's

differently related ; some suppose that he was confidence, and was more attached to his per-
son
mortally wounded by one of the arrows of Phi- as a man than ;"-= a monarch. When Da"
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Jius king of Persia offered Alexander all the jeightymiles. Ithas borne the different names
country which lies at the west of the tes,
Euphra- I of Pactia, Minoa, Hirin, Demetrius, Zacyn-
with his daughter Statira in marriage; and thus, Cabaniis, and Hykassa. It received
10,00 talents of gold,Parmenio took occasion the name of Paros, which it stillbears,from
to observe, that he would without hesitation Paro?, a son of Jason, or as some maintain, of
accept of these conditions if he were der
Alexan- Parrhasius. The island of Paros was rich and
; so would /, were I Parmenio-, replied the powerful, and well known for its famous mar- ble,

conqueror. This friendship, so true and in- violable, which was alwaj-s used by the best statu- aries.
was sacrificed to a moment of re-sentment The best quarries were those of Mar-
and suspicion ; and Alexander, who pesus, a mountain where still caverns, of the
had too eagerlylistened to a lightand per- haps most extraordinary dtipth, are seen by modern
a false accusation, ordered Parmenio and travellers,and admired as the sources from
his son to be put to death, as if guilty of trea-
son whence the labyrinth of Egypt and the porti- coes
against his person. Parmenio was in the of Greece received their splendour.Ac- cording
70th year of his age, B. C. 330. He died in to Pliny, the quarries were so uncom-
monly

the greatestpopularity, and it has been judi- ciously deep,that, in the clearest weather, the
observed, that Parmenio obtained workmen were obligedto use lamps,from
many victories without Alexander, but Alex- ander which circumstance the Greeks have called
not one without Parmenio. Curt. 7, the marble Lychnites, worked by the light of
"c. "
Plut. in Jilex. lamps. Paros is also famous for the fine cat- tle
Parnassus, a mountain of Phocis, ancient- ly which it produces,and for its partridges,
called Larnassos, from the boat of Deu- calion and wildpigeons. The capital citywas called
(f^v*r^ which was carried there in the Paros. It was firstpeopledby the Phoenicians,
universal deluge. It received the name of and afterwards a colonyof Cretans settled ia
Parnassus from Parnassus the son of Neptune, it. The Athenians made war againstit,be- cause
by Cleobula, and was sacred to the Muses, it had assisted the Persians in the inva- sion
and to Apolloand Bacchus. The soil was bar- ren, of Greece, and took it,and it became a

but the vallies and the green woods that Roman provincein the age of Pompey. Ar-
covered its sides,rendered it agreeable, and chilochus was born there. The Parian mar- bles,

fit for solitude and meditation. Parnassus perhapsbetter known by the appellatioa
is one of the highestmountains of Europe, of Jirundelian, were engravedin this island ia
and itis easily seen from the citadel of Corinth, capital letters, B. C.264, and as a valuable chro- nicle,
though at the distance of about 80 miles. Ac- cording preservedthe most celebrated epochas
to the computationof the ancients, it of Greece, from the year 1582, B. C. These
is one day'sjourney round. At the north of valuable piecesof antiquity were procuredori- ginally
Parnassus,there is a largeplainabout eight by M. de Peirisc,a Frenchman, and
miles in circumference. The mountain, ac- cording afterwards purchasedby the earl of Arundel,
to the poets,had only two tops,called by whom theywere givento the university of
Hyampea and Tithorea,on one of which the Oxford,where they are stillto be seen. Pri-
cityof Delphiwas situated, and thence it was deaux published an account of all the inscrip-
tions
called Biceps. Strab. 8, 9. "
Ovid. Met. 1. v. in 1676. Mela, 2, c. 7. Strab. 5. C. "

317, 1.2, V. 221, 1.5, V. 218."Lucan. 5, v. 71, Kep. in Milt. S^ Alc." Virg.Mn. 1, v. 593.
1. 3, v. nS."Liv. 42, c. 16."Sil. It. 15, v. G. 3, V. 34." Ovid. Met. 3, v. 419, 1. 7, r.
3U."Mela, 2, c. 3." Pans. 10, c. 6."Propert.466." PZm. 3, c. 14, 1. 36, c. ll."Diod. 5,
2, el. 23, V. 13, 1.3, el. 11, v. 54. A son of and Thucyd. 1. Herodot. 5, Sic. Horat. 1,
" "

Neptune, who gave his name to a mountain od. 19,V. 6.

of Phocis. Parphorus, a native of Colophon, who,
Parnes, (etis), a mountain of Africa,at the head of a colony,built a town at the
aboundingin vines. Stat. 12. Theb. v. 620. foot of Ida, which was abandoned for a situa-
tion
Parnessus, a mountain of Asia near Bac- nearer his native city. Strab. 14. Pans. "

triana. Dionys. Per. 737. 7, c. 3.

Parni, a tribe of the Scythians, who inva-ded Parrhasia, a town of Arcadia, founded
Parthia. Strab. 11. by Parrhasius the son of Jupiter. The Ar- cadians
Paron and Heraclides, two youthswho are sometimes called Parrhacians, and
killed a man who had insulted their father. Areas Parrhasis,and Carmenta, Evander's
Plut. Apophth. mother, Parrhasiadea. Lucan. 2, v. 237. "

Paropamisos, a ridgeof mountains at the l^irg. ^n. 8, v. 3S4.~0vid. Met. 8, v. 315.

north of India, called the Stony Girdle,or Fast. 1,V. 61S." Trist. 1,v. 190." Paus. 8. c. 27.
Indian Caucasus. Strab. 15. Parrhasius, a famous painter, son of Eve-
Paropus, now Calisano,a town at the north nor of Ephesus, in the age of Zeuxis, about
of Sicily, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. 4 15 years before Christ. He was a great mas-ter

Polyij. 1, c. 24. of his profession, and particularly excelled

Paroreia, a town of Thrace, near mount in strongly expressingthe violent passions. He
Haemas. Liv. 39, c. 27. A town of Pelo-
ponnesus. was blessed with a greatgeniusand much vention,
in-
A districtof Phrygia Magna. and he was particularly happy in his
Strab. 12. designs.He acquiredhimself great reputa- tion
Paros, a celebrated island among the Cy- by his pieces, but by none more than that
clades, about seven and an half miles distant in which he allegorically represented the people
from Naxos, and twenty-eightfrom Delos. of Athens, with allthe injustice, the clemency,
Accordingto Pliny,itis half as large as Naxos, the fickleness, timidity, the arrogance, and in- consistency,
that is, about thirty-six or thirty-seven miles which so eminentlycharacterized
in circumference, a measure which some of that celebrated nation. He once entered the
the moderns have extended to fiftyand even Ibts against ZcuiJs,and when theyhad produ-
64
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pieces,the birds
ced their respective came to The Piartheniae, thoughapprehensive of pan
pickwith the greatestaviditythe grapes which ishment,were not visibly treated with greater
Zeuxis had painted.Immediately Parrhasius severity ; their calamitous condition was tentively
at-
exhibited his piece,and Zeuxis said,remove examined, and the Spartans,afraid
ffour curtain,that we may see the painting. of another conspiracy, and awed by their num-
The curtain was the painting, and Zeuxis ac- bei's,permittedthem to sail for Italy,witb
knowledged

himself conqueredby exclaiming. at their head. They

Phalantus,their ringleader
Zeuxis has deceived birds ; but Parrhasius has settled in Magna Graecia, and built Tarentum,
deceived Zeuxis himself. Parrhasius grew so about 707 years before Christ. Justin. 3, c.
vain of his art, that he clothed himself in pur-
ple, 5. Strab. 6. Paus. in Lacon. ".c. Plid, in
"
" "

and wore a crown of gold,calling him- Apoph.

self
the king of painters.He was lavish in Parthenias, a river of Peloponnesus,
his own praises, and by his vanitytoo often flowingby Elis. Paus. 6, c, 21. The an-
cient

exposedhimself to the ridicule of his enemies. name of Samos. Plin. 5, c. 31.

Plut. in Thes. de Poet. aud. Paus. 1, c. 28.
"
Parthenion, a mountain of Peloponnesus
"

Plin. 35, V. 10, Horat. 4, od. 8.

" A son of at the north of Tegea. Paus.
Jupiter, or, accordingto some, of Mars, by a Parthenius,a river of Paphlagonia, which,
nymph called Philonomia. after separating Bithynia,falls into the Eux-
Parthamisiris, a king of Armenia, in the ine sea, near Sesamum ; it received its name
feignof Trajan. either because the virginDiana, (jtzJj.q,)
Parthaon, a son of Agenor and Epicaste,bathed herself there, or perhapsit received
who married Euryte, daughterof Hippoda- it from the purityand mildness of its waters.
miis, by whom he had many children,among Herodot. 2, c. i04." Plin. 6, 2. A moun-
c. tain
wliora were (Eneus and Sterope, Parthaon of Arcadia, which was said to abound
M'as brother to Demonice, the mother of Eve- in tortoises. Here Telephus had a temple,
nus by Mars, and also to Molus, Pylus,and Atalanta was exposed on its top and brought
Thestius. He is called Portheus by Homer, up there. Paus. 8, c. 54. JElian. V. H. 13.
"

II. U."Jpollod. 1, c. I."Hysin. fab. 129 and "

.^polled. 2, c, 7. A favourite of the em-
peror

239. A son of Peripetusand father of Aris- Domitian, He conspiredagainsthig

tas. Paus. 8. imperialmaster, and assisted to murder him.
ParthenijE and Parthenu, a certain num- ber A river of European Sarmatia, Ovid.
of desperatecitizens of Sparta, During ex Pont. 4, el, 10, v. 49.- A friend of JE-
the Messenian war, the Spartanswere absent neas killedin Italy. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 748. " --

from their cityfor the space of ten years, and A Greek writer whose Romance de ^matoriie
it Vv'as unlawful for them to return, as they Affeclionibus has been edited in 12mo. Basils
had bound themselves by a solemn oath not 1531.
to revisit Spartabefore they had totally dued
sub- Parthenon, a temple of Athens, sacred
Messenia, This long absence alarmed to Minerva. It was destroyedby the Per- sians,
the Lacedaemonian women, as well as the and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles, in a
magistrates.The Spartanswere reminded by more magnificentmanner. All the circum*
their wives, that if they continued in their re- stances which
solution, related to the birth of Minerva
the state must at last decay for want were beautifully in
and minutelyrepresented
of and Avhen they had duly consider-
citizens, ed bass relief,
on the front of the entrance. The
this embassy,theyempowered allthe young of the goddess,
statue 26 cubits high,and made
men in the army, who had come to the war of goldand ivory,passed for one of the mas-
ter

while yet under age, and who therefore were piecesof Phidias. Plin. 34.
not bound by the oath, to return to Sparta, ParthenoPjEus, a son of Meleager and
and, by a familiarand promiscuous intercourse Atalanta,or, accordingto some, of Milanioa
with all (he unmarried women of the state, to and another Atalanta. He was one of the
raise a future generation.It wascarried into seven chiefs who accompanied Adrastus the
execution,and the children that sprang from king of Argos in his expedition againstThebes,
this union were called Partheniae,or sons of He was killed by Amphidicus. Apollod. 3, c.
virgins,(^ttm^U^",.')
The Avar with Messenia \)."Paus. 3, c. 12, 1. 9, c. 19.- A son of
was some time after ended, and the SpartansTalaus.
returned victorious; but the cold indifference Parthenope, one of the Sirens. A
with which they looked upon the Partheniae daughterof Stymphalus. "pollod. A city
was attended with serious consequences. The of Campania, afterwards
called INeapolis, or

Partheniae knew they had no legitimate thers,

fa- the new been beautified and
w'hen it had
city,
and no inheritance, and that therefore enlargedby a colony from
Euboea. It is now
their life depended upon their own exertions. called JVaptes. It received the name of Par-
thenope
This drove them almost to despair.They from one of the Sirens,whose body
joined with the Helots, whose maintenance was found "n the sea shore there. Virg. G.
was as precarious as their own, and it was tually 4, v.
mu- 5(54. Strab. 1 and 5.
"
Paterc. 1, c. 4.
" "

agreed to murder all the citizens of Homer. Od. 12, v. 167." //a/. 12, v. 33.
Sparta and to seize their possessions. This Pabthia, a celebrated country of Asia,
massacre was to be done at a generalassem-
bly, bounded on the west by Media, south by
and the signal was the throwingof a cap Carraariia, north by Hyrcania, and east by
in the air. The whole, however, was vered
disco- Aria,ike. containing, accordingto Ptolemy,
through the diffidence and apprehen-
sions 25 largecities, the most capital of which was
of the Helots ; and when the peoplehad called Hecaiompylos, from its hundred gates.
assembled,the Partheniae discovered that all Some su[)pose that the presentcapital of ihe
was known, by the voice of a crier,who pro- country is built on the ruins of Hecatompy-
4:Iaimed that no man should throw up his cap. los. According to some authors;the Far-
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fliatts were Scythians by origin,who made at the battle of Cunaxa, was revenged witit
an invasion on the more southern provinces of the grossestbarbarity, and Parysatissacri-
ficed
Asia, and at last fixed their residence near to her resentment all such as she found
Hyrcania. They long remained unknown concerned in his fall. She also poisonedSta-
and unnoticed, and became successivelybutary
tri- tira,the wife of her son Artaxerxes, and or-
dered

to the empire of the Assyrians, Medes, one of the eunuchs of the court to
and Persians. When Alexander invaded Asia.,be flayed alive,and his skin to be stretched
the Parthians submitted, like the other de- pendent
on two poles before her eyes, because he
provincesof Persia,and they were had, by order of the king,cut off the hand
tor some time under the power of Eumenes, and the head of Cyrus. These cruelties of- fended
Antigonus,Seleucus Nicanor, and Anliochus, Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother
tillthe rapacity and oppression of Agathocles,to be confined in Babylon; but theywere soon

a lieutenant of the latter,roused their spirit, afterreconciled, and Parysatisregainedallher

and fomented rebellion. Arsaces, a man of power and influence tillthe time of her death.
obscure origin,but blessed with great mili-tary Pliit.inArt."Ctes.
powers, placed himself at the head of Pasargaoa, a town of Persia, near Car-
his countrymen, and laid the foundation of mania, founded by Cyrus,on the very spot
the Parthian empire, about 250 years before where he had conquered Astyages. The
the Christian era. The Macedonians kingsof Persia were
tempted
at- always crowned there,
in vain to recover it;a race of active and the Pasargadajwere the noblest families
and vigilant princes, who assumed the sur-
name in Persia, in the number of which were the
of Arsacides, from the founder of their Ach"menides. Strab. 15. Plin. 8, c. 26. " "

kingdom, increased its power, and rendered Herodot. 1, c. 125." wlfe/cr, 3, c.8.
it so formidable,that, while it possessed18 Paseas, a tyrantof Sicyon in Peloponne-
sus,
kingdoms between the Caspianand Arabian father to Abantidas,k,c. Plut. in Arat.
seas, it even disputed the emj)ireof the Pasicles, a grammarian,he.
world with the Romans, and could never be Pasicrates, a kingof part of the island of
subdued by that nation,which had seen no Cyprus. Plut.
people on earth unconquered by their arms. Pasiphae, a daughterof the Sun and of
It remained a kingdom till the reignof Ar- Perseis,who married Minos king of Crete.
tabanus,w^ho was killed about the year 229 She disgracedherself by her unnatural pas- sion
of the Christian era, and from that time it for a bull,which, accordingto some thors,
au-

became a province of the newly re-established she was enabled to gratify by means of
kingdom of Persia under Artaxerxes, The the artistDgedalus, This celebrated bull bad
Parthians were naturally strong and warlike, been givento Minos by Neptune^to be offer- ed
and were esteemed the most experthorsemen on his altars. But as the monarch refused
and archers in the world. The peculiar cus-
tom to sacrifice the animal on account of his beau-
ty,
of discharging their arrows while they the god revenged his disobedience by in- spiring
were retiring fuU speed,has been greatly brated
cele- Pasiphaewith an unnatural love for it.
by the ancients,particularly by the This fabulous tradition,which is universally
poets, who all observe that their flight was believed by the poets, who observe that the
more formidable than their attacks. This Minotaur was the fruitof this infamous com- merce,

manner of fighting, and the wonderful dress

ad- is refuted by some writers,who sup- pose
and dexterity with which it was formed,
per- that the infidelity of Pasiphaeto her hus- band
gained them many victories. They was betrayedin her affection for an offi- cer
were addicted much to drinking, and to every called Taurus ; and that Dajdalus,by per- mitting
manner of lewdness,and their laws permitted his house to be the asylum of the two
them to raise children even by their mothers lovers,was looked upon as accessary to the
and sisters. Strab. 2, c. 6, he. Curt. 6, c. 11. gratification
" of Pasiphae'slust. From this
"Flor. 3, c. b."Virg. G, 3, v. 31, kc. Mn. 7, amour with Taurus, as it is farther remarked,
V. 60"-. Ovid, art. am.
"
1, ".c. Fast. 5, v. the queen became mother of twins, and the
580." Z"io. Cass. 40."Plol. 6, c. 5."Plin. Q, ni^Qae of Minolaunis arises from the resera-
c. 25. Polyb.5, ^c. Marctllin. Herodian. iJkpce
" " " of the children to the husband and the
3, Lc"Lucan. 1, v. 230, 1. 6, v. 50, 1. 10, v. mrer of Pasiphae. Minos had four sons by
63. "Justin. 41, c. 1. Horat.,l,od. 19, v. 11, Pasiphae,Castreus, Deucalion, Glaucus, and
"

1. 2, od.13,v, 17. Androgens, and three daughters,Hecate,

Parthini, a peopleof lUyricum, Liv. 29, c. Ariadne, and Phaedra, [t'id.Minotaurus.]
12, 1.33, c. 34, 1. 44, c. 30." Swe^ Aug. 19." Plato de Min."Plut.in 2, c. 1.
Thes."Apollod.
Cic. in Pis. 40. "

Virg.JFm. 6, v. 24. "

Hygin.fab. 40." Diod.
Parthyene, aprovinceof Parthia,accord-
ing 4." Ovid. Heroid. 4, v. 57 and 165.
to Ptolemy, though some authors support Pasithea, one of the Graces, also called
that it is the of Parthia itself.
name Agluia. Pans. 9, c. 35. One of the iNe-
Parysades, a kingof Pontus,B. C. 310. Di- ed. reides. Hesiod. A daughterof Atlas.
A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, Pasitigris, a name given to the river Ti-
gris.
who flourished 284 B. C. Strab. 15." Plin. 6, c. 20.
Parysatis, a Persian princess, wife of Da-
rius Passaron, a town of Epirus,where, after
Ochus, by whom she had Artaxerxes sacrificing to Jupiter, the kings swore to go-
vern
Memnon, and Cyrus the younger. She was accordint: to law, and the peoj)le to obey
so extremelypartial to her younger son, that and to defend the country. Plut. in Pyrrh."^
she committed the greatestcruelties to en-courage Liv. 45, c. 26 and 33.

his ambition,and she supportedhim Passxenus, a Roman who reduced Numi-

with all her interest in his rebellion againstdin, he. Tacit. Ann. Paiilus,a Romaa
his brother Memnon. The death of Cvrus nephew
knight, to the wh-^"
poet Propertins,
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compositionshe
elegiac imitated. He wise several
like-
countries, and it is said that the wrot#
attemptedlyricpoetry, and with suc-
cess, an history of the world. Strab. P/m.6, c. 17, "

and chose for his model the writings of Patrocli, a small island on the coast of
Horace. Plin. ep. 6 and 9. Crispus,a Attica. Paus. 4, c. 5,
man distinguishedas an orator, but more as Patroclus, one of the Grecian chiefs
the husband of Domitia, and afterwards of during the Trojan war, sou of Mencetius by
Agrippina,Nero's mother, kc. Tacit. Ann. Sthenele, whom some called Philomela,or Po-
ly
6, c. 20. mela. The accidental murder of Clysonymus,
Pasus, a Thessalian in Alexander's army, the son of Amphidamus, in the time of his
"c. youth,obligedhim to flyfrom Opus, where
Patala, a harbourmouth at the
of the his father reigned. He retired to the court of
Indus, in an island called Patale. The river Peleus kingof Phthia, where he was kindly
here beginsto form a Delta like the Nile. Pli-
ny received, and where he contracted the most in-
timate
placesthis island within the torrid zone. friendship
with Achilles the monarch's
Plin. 2, c. 73." Curl. 9, c. T."Strab. 15." son. When the Greeks went to the Trojan
Arrian. 6, c. 17. war, Patroclus also accompanied them at
Patara, (orum) now Patera, a town of the express command of his father,who had
Lycia,situate on the eastern side of the mouth visited the court of Peleus,and he embarked
of the river Xanthus, with a capacioushar- bour, with 10 shipsfrom Phthia. He w^as the con-
stant

a temple,and an oracle of Apollo,sur- companion of Achilles; he lodgedin the

named Patareus, where was preservedand when
same his friend refused to ap-
tent ; and pear
shown in the age of Pausanias, a brazen cap in the field of battle,because he had
which had been made by the hands of Vulcan, been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus imi- tated
and presented by the god to Telephus. The his*exampie, and by his absence was the
god was supposed by some to reside for the cause of the overthrow of the Greeks. But
six winter months at Patara, and the rest of at last Nestor prevailed on him to j-eturn to
the year at Delphi. The citywas greatly em- the war,
bellished and Achilles permittedhim to ap- pear
by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who tempted
at- in his armour. The valour of Patroclus,
in vain to change its original name to togetherwith the terror which
in- the sightof
that of his wife Arsinoe. Liv. 37, c. 15. the arras of Achilles inspired,
"
soon routed
Strab. U."Pau^. 9, c. Al."Horat. 3, od. 14, the victorious armies of the Trojans, and
V.64." Oiirf.Met. 1,V. 516." Mela, \,c. 15. obligedthem to flywithin their walls for safe- ty.
Patavium, a cityof Italy,at the north of He w ould have broken down the walls of
the Po, the shores of the Adriatic,
on now led the city; but Apollo,w^ho had interested him-
cal- self
Padua, and once said to be capableof send-
ing for the Trojans, placedhimself to oppose
20,000 men into the field. [Vid.Padua.] him, and Hector, at the instigation of the god,
It is the birth place of Livy,from which rea- son dismounted from his chariot to attack him, as
some writers have denominated Patavini- he attemptedto strip one ofthe Trojanswhom
iy those peculiarexpressions and provincial he had slain. The engagement was obstinate,
dialect, which theyseem to discoverin the his- but at last Patroclus was oveipowered by the
of Hector, and the interposition
tonar:'s ?\y\e. not strictly agreeableto the pu-rity valour of
and refined language of the Roman thors Apollo. His arms
au- became the property of the
who flourished in or near the Augustan conqueror, and Hector would have severed
age. Martial. 11, ep 17, v. 8. Quintil 1, c. 5, his head from his body had not Ajax and
"

66, 1.8, c. 13." LtV. 10, c. 2, 1. 41, c. 27." Menelaus intervened. His body was at last
Strab. 5. Mela, 2, c. 4. recovered and carried to the Grecian
"

camp,
Patercui.us, a Roman whose daughter,where Achilles received it with the bitterest
Sulpicia, w'as pronouncedthe chastest matron lamentations. His funeral was observed with
at Rome. Plin. 7, c. 35. Velleius,an his-
torian.the greatest solemnity. Achilles sacrificed
Vid, Velleius. near the burningpiletwelve young Trojans,
P.TiziTHEs, one of the Persian Magi, who besides four of his horses and two of his dogs*
raised his brother to the throne because he and the whole was concluded by the exhibition
resembled Smerdis, the brother of Cambv- of I'uneralgames, in which the conquerors were
ses, kc. Herudot. 3, c. 61. Qi liberally rewarded by Achilles. The death
Patmos, one of the Cyclades, with a small of Patroclus,as it is described by Homer,
town of the same name, situate at the south of gave rise to new events ; Achilles forgot his
Icaria. and measiiring30milesin circumference resentment againstAgamemnon, and entered
accordingto Pliny, or onlyISaccordiiig to mo-
dern the field to avenge the fall of his friend,and
travellers.It has a largeharbour, near his anger w as gratified only by the slaughter
which are broken columns, the most an-
some cient of Hector, who had more powerfully kindled
in that part of Greece. The Romans his wrath by appearingat the head of the Tro-
nerally
ge- jan
banished their culprits there. It is now armies in the armour which had been
called Palmosa. Strab Plin. 4, c. 12.
" taken from the body of Patroclus. The patro-
nymic
Pairx., an ancient town at the north-west oi Actorides is often appliedto Patroc-
lus,
of Peloponnesus,
ancientlycalled Aroe. ana
Di- because Actor was father to Mencetius.
hadthere a temple,and a famous statue Diclys. Cret. 1, ".c. Homer. II. 9, "lc. Apol-
"
"

of gold and ivory. Pans. I.e. 6. Ovid. Met lod. 3, c. 13." Hygin.fab. 97 and 276." Orirf.
"

6, V. 417" Lu'. 27, c. 29." Mela, 2, c. 3. Met. 13, v. 273. A son of Hercules. Apol-
Patho, a daughter of Thestius. Apollod.lod. An officer of PtolemyPhiladelphus.
An epicureanphil()soi)her intimate with Patron, an Arcadian at the games bited
exhi-
Cicero. Cic. ad Div. 13, c. 1. by iEneas in Sicily.Virg.JEn. 6, v.
Patrocles, an officer of the fleet of 298.
Seleucus and Antiocbus. He discovered PA.TR0US, a surname of Jupiteramong the
 PA PA
Greeks,represented by his statues as having honoured with the consulship about the 60tb
three eyes, which some that year of his age.
suppose to signify After this appointmenthe
he reignedin three different places,in hea- ven, behaved with uncommon vigour,and soon a
on earth,and in hell. Paiw. 2. general engagement was fought near Pydna,
Patulcius, a surname of Janus, which The Romans obtained the victory, and Per-
seus
he received a paleo because the doors of his saw himself deserted by all his subjects.
t"mple were alwaysopen in the time of war. In two days the conqueror made himself mas-
ter
he of all Macedonia, and soon
Some suppose that he received it because after the fugi-
tive
presidedover gates, or because the year be- gan monarch was broughtinto his presence.
by the celebration of his festivals. Ovid. Paulus did not exult over his fallen enemy ;
Fast. 1, V. 129. but when he had gentlyrebuked him for his
Paventia, a goddess who presidedover temerityin attacking the Romans,
he addres-
sed
terror at Rome, and who was invoked to pro- himself in a pathetic
the officers
speechto
tect her votaries from its eiFects. ^ug. de of his army who surrounded him, and feelingly
Civ.4,c. 11. enlargedon the instability of fortune,and the
Paula, the first wife of the emperor He- vicissitude of allhuman affairs. When he had
liogabalus.She was daughterof the prefectfinally settled the government of Macedonia
of the pretorian guards. The emperor divor-
ced with ten commissioners from Rome, and after
her, and Paula retired to solitude and ob- he had sacked 70 citiesof Epirus,
scurity and divided
with composure. the booty amongst his soldiers, Paulus return-
ed
Paulika, a Roman lady who married Sa-turn to Italy. He was received with the usual
inus, a governor of Syria, in the reignof acclamations,and thoughsome of the seditious
the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugalpeace soldiers attempted to prevent his triumphal
was disturbed,and violence was offefed to her entryinto the capitol, yet three days were pointed
ap-
virtue by a young man called Mundus, who to exhibit the fruits of his victories-
was enamoured of her, and who caused
had Perseus with his wretched family adorned the
her to come to the templeof Isis by means of triumphof the conqueror, and as they were
the priests of the goddess,who declared that dragged through the streets,before the cha- riot
Anubis wished to communicate to her some-
thing of Paulus, they drew tears of compassion
of moment. Saturninus complainedto from the people. The riches which the Ro-
mans
the emperor of the violence which had been derived from this conquest were mense,
im-
offered to his wife, and the temple of l?is was and the people were freed from all
overturned and Mundus banished, he. Jo- seph.taxes tillthe consulship of Hirtius and Pansa ;
A. 18, c. 4. The wife of the philoso-
pher but while every one of the citizens received
Seneca, who attemptedto killhim when some benefit from the victories of Paulus,the
IVero had ordered her husband to die. The conqueror himself was poor, and appropria-
ted
emperor however prevented her, and she for his own use nothingof the Macedo-
nian
lived few years after in the greatest
some lancholy.
me- treasures except the library of Perseus.
Tacit,Jinn. 15,c. 63, "c. A sister In the office of censor, to which he was wards
after-
of the emperor Adrian. The wife of the elected, Paulus behaved with the
emperor Maximinus. greatestmoderation, and at his death,whick
Paulinus Pompeius, an officer in Nero's happened about 168 years before the Chris- tian
reign,who had the command of the German not only the Romans, but their
era,
armies, and finished the works on the banks enemies confessed, by their lamen-
very tations,
of the Rhine, which Drusus had begun 63 the loss which they had sustain-
ed.
years before. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 53. nius.
Sueto- " He had married Papiria,by whom he
A Roman general,the first who had two sons, one of which was adopted by
crossed mount Atlas with an army. He the family of Maximus, and the other in
wrote a historyof this expeditionin Africa, that of ScipioAfricanus. He had also two
which is lost. Paulinus also distinguished daughters,one of whom married a son of
himself in Britain,he. He followed the arms Cato, and the other ililius Tubero. He af-
terwards
of Otho againstVilellius. Plin. 5, c. 1. divorced Papiria; and when his
Valerius,a friend of Vespasian. Julius,a friends wished to reprobate his conduct in
Batavian nobleman, put to death by Fon- doingso, by observingthat she was young and
teius Capito,on cit. handsome, and that she had made
pretence of rebellion. Ta- him father
H. 4, c. 13. family,of fine
Paulus replied,
a that the shoe
Paulus iEniYLius,a Roman, son of the which
he then wore was new and well made,
.^mylius who fell at Cannae, was celebrated but that he was obligedto leave it off,though
for his victories, and received the surname of no one but himself,as he said,knew where it
Macedonicus from his conquest of Macedo-
nia. pinchedhim. He married a second wife,by
In the earlypart of lifehe distinguished whom he had two sons, whose sudden death
himself hy his uncommon application, and by exhibited to the Romans in the most engaging
his fondness for military discipline. His first view, their father's philosophyand stoicism.
appearance in the fieldwas attended with great The elder of these sons died five days before
success, and the barbarians that had revolted Paulus triumphedover Perseus,and the other
in Spain were reduced with the greatestfaci- lity three days after the publicprocession.Thii
under the power of the Romans. In his domestic calamitydid not shake the firmness
firstconsulship liisarms were directed againstof the conqueror; yet before he retired to a
the Ligurians, whom he totally subjected.His private station,he haranguedthe people,and
applications for a second consulshipproved in mentioning the severityof fortune upon
abortive ; but when Perseus the kingof Mace- donia his family, he expressedhis wish that every
had declared war against Rome, the abi-
litiesevil might be averted from the republicby
of Paulus were remembered, and he was tJjesarrifiee of the domestic prosperityof an
 PA PA
iadividtial. Plut. in vit"."Liv. '^, 44, fcc. preceding. He was grossly and unnaturally
Samosatenus, an abused by Attalus, of the friends of Phi-
lip,
^Justin. 33, c. 1, "c. one

Maxi- and when he complainedof the injuries he

Author in the reign of Gallieuus.
mus. [Vid-Maximus Fabius.] iEginela,had received,the kingin some measure garded
disre-
whose work was edited his remonstrances, and wished them to
a Greek physician,
L. ^raylius,a con- be forgot. This incensed Pausanias ; he resol- ved
epud.Md. fol. 1528. sul,

who, when opposedto Annibal in Italy, to revenge himself,and when he had

checked the rashness of his colleagueVarro, heard from his master Hermocrates the so-
phist,

and recommended an imitation of the conduct that the most effectual way to render

of the great Fabius, by harassingand not himself illustrious, was to murder a person
the in the held. His advice was who had signalized himself by uncommon tions
ac-
facing enemy
rejected, and the battle of Canns, so rious
glo- ; he stabbed Philip as he entered a pub- lic
theatre. After this bloodyaction he attempt-
to Annibal, and so fatal to Rome, soon ed
Paulus wounded, but when to make his escape to his chariot,which
followed. was

he might have from the slaughter,

escaped by waited for him at the door of the city, but he

acceptinga horse generously otfered by one was stoppedaccidentally by the twigof a vine,
of his officers,be disdained to fly,and per- and felldown. Attalus, Perdiccas,and other
ished
Horat. od. friends of Philip, who pursuedhim, immedi-
ately
by the darts of the enemy.
39. Julius, Latin fell upon him and despatched him. Some
12, V. 38. " Liv. 22, c. a
that Pausanias committed this mur-
poet in the age of Adrian and Antoninus. support
der

pieces ed
recommend- at the instigation of Olympias,the wife of
He wrote some poetical
by A. Gellius. Philip, and of her son Alexander. Diod. 16.
Vid. if^mylius.
"
Justin. 9. Plut. in Apoph.
" A king of
'
Paulus.
Favor, an emotion of the mind which re- ceived Macedonia, deposed by Amyntas, after a
divine honours among the Romans, year's reign.Diod. Another who attempt-
ed
considered of most tremendous to seize upon the kingdom of Macedonia,
and was a
her name in from which he was preventedby Iphicrates
power, as the ancients sw^ore by the Athenian.
most solemn Tullus Hostilius, A friend of Alexander the
tbe manner.

of the first who Great, made governor of Sardis. A cian

physi-
the third king Rome, was
in the age of Alexander. Plut. A ce-
built her temples,and raised altars to her
lebrated

of orator and historian, who settled at

honour, as also to Pallor, the goddess ness.
pale-
Cic. de JVat.D. 8, c. 17. Rome, A. D. 170, where he died in a very ad- vanced
who greatly age. He wrote an history of Greece in
Pausanias, a Spartangeneral,

signalized himself at the battle of Plataea, ten books, in the Ionic dialect,in which he
with great precision
very gives,
and geographical
against Persians. The Greeks were
the
of the situation of its
sensible of his services, and they rewarded his knowledge, an account

merit with a tenth of the spoils taken from the different cities, their antiquities, and the seve-
ral

afterwards set at the head curiosities which they contained. He has

Persians. He was
of the Spartanarmies, and extended his con- quests
also interwoven mythology in his historical
in Asia ; but the haughtiness of his be- account, and introduced many fabulous tradi- tions
him eneniies, and the and superstitious stories. In each book
baviour created many
Athenians soon obtained a superiority in the the author treats of a separate country, such
affairsof Greece. Pausanius was dissatisfied as Attica,Arcadia,Messenia, Elis,kc. Some
and he offered to betray suppose that he gave a similar description of
with his countrymen,
Greece to the Persians, if he received in mar- riage
Phoenicia and Syria. There was another

as the reward of his perfidy, the daugh-

ter Pausanias,a native of Cassarea in Cappadocia,
of their monarch. His intrigues were covered
dis- who wrote some declamations,and who isof- ten
of who trusted
in- confounded with the historian of that
by means a youth, was
The best edition of Pausanias isthat of
with his letters to Persia, and who re- fused name.

to go on the recollection that such as Khunius, fol. Lips,1696. A nian

Lacedaemo-
in that office before had who wrote a partial account of his coun-
try.
had been employed
A statuaryof Apollonia, whose abili-
ties
never returned. The letters were given to
and the perfidy of Pau- were displayed in adorningApollo's tem-
ple
the Ephori of Sparta,
for at Delphi. Pans. 10, c. 9. A king of
sanias laid open. He fled safety t o a ple
tem-
of that Sparta, of the family of the Eurysthenidee, who
of Minerva, and as the sanctity
died 397 B. C. after a reignof 14 years.
placescreened him from the violence of his of Sicyon,the firstwho
surrounded Pausias, a painter
pursuers, the sacred building
was
understood how to apply colours to wood
with heaps of stones, the first of which was
or

of fire. He made a beautiful

carried there by the indignantmother of the ivoryby
means

He was starved to death in painting of his mistress Glycere,whom he re-presented

unhappy man. the ground,and ma-
the temple, and died about 471 yeai-s before as sittingon king

the Christian era. There was a festival, and garlandswith flowers,and from this cir- cumstance

solemn instituted in his honour, in the picture, which was bought af- terwards
games
free-born contended. by Pucullus for two talents, receiv-
ed
w^hich only Spartans
of Sleplmnoplocon. Some time
There was also an oration spokenin his praisC; the name
after the death of Pausias, the Sicyonian.s
in which his actions were celebrated, larly
particu-
the battle of Plataea, and the defeat of were obligedto partwith the pictures theypos-
sessed,
to deliver themselves from an mous
enor-
Mardonius. C Mp. m vita. Plut. in Arul. S,-
"

Them."Hcrodot. 9. A favourite of Philip debt,and M. Scaurusthe Roman bought

king of Macedonia. He accompaniedthe them all,in which were those of Pausias, to
adorn the theatre, whichliad been built du- ring
prince in an expeditionagainstthe lUyrians,
killed. Another, at the his edileship. Pausias lived about 360
in which he was
before Christ. Plin. 35, c. 11.
very intimate w ilh the
vears
court of Philip,
king
 FE PE
Paisilttpus,a mountala near Naples" Pedo, a lawyer,patronized by Doipitianv
"which receives itsname from the beautyof its Juv. 7, V. 129. Albinovanus. [Vid.Albi*
situation,(-"-"" cessare
'^u'^/;, faciodolor.)The novanus.]
natives show there the tomb of Virgil, and re-
gard Pedianus Asconius, flourishedA. D. 76.
it with the highest veneration. There Pedum, a town of Latiura, about ten miles
were near some fish ponds belonging to the from Rome, conquered by Camiilus. The in- habitants
The mountain is now famous for a were called Pedani. Liv. 2, c. 39,1
emperor.
subterraneous passage, near half a mile in 8, c. 13 and \4."Horat. 1- ep. 4., v. 2.

length, and 22 feetin breadth,which aififords a Peg*, a fountain at the foot of mount Arr
safe and convenient passage to travellers. Stat. ganthusin Bithynia, into which Hylas fell*
4. Sylv. 4, V. 52." Pfo'n.8, c. d3."Strab. 5." Propert. 1,el.20, v. 33.
Senec. ep. 5 and 57. Pegasides, a name givento the musesy
Pax, an allegorical divinity among the an- cients.from the horse Pegasus, or from the fountain

The Athenians raised her a statue, which Pegasushad raised from the ground,by
which represented her as holdingPlutus,the striking it with his foot. Ovid, Her. 15, v. 27.
god of wealth, in her lap,to intimate that PiEGASis,a name givento (Enone by Ovid*
and to opulence,(Her.5.)because she was daughter of theriver
peace givesrise to prosperity
and theywere the firstwho erected an altar ("n:") Cebrenus.
to her honour after the victories obtained by Pegasium Stagnum, a lake near Ephesus*
Timotheus over the Lacedasmonian power, which arose from the earth when Pegasuf
thoughPlutarch asserts it had been done after struck itwith his foot.
the conquestsof Cimon over the Persians. Pegasus, a winged horse,sprung from the
She was represented among the Romans with blood of Medtisa,when Perseus had cut oft' her
the horn of plenty, and also carrying an olive head. He received his name from his being
branch in her hand. The emperor Vespasianborn, according to Hesiod, near the sources
built her a celebrated templeat Rome, which (rTiryyi) of the ocean. As soon as born he left

was consumed by tire in the reignof Com- the earth,and flew up into heaven, or rather,
modus. Tt was customary for men of learn-
ing accordingto Ovid, he fixed his residence on
to assemble in that temple,and even to mount Helicon,where, by striking the earth
deposittheir writings there,as in a placeof with his foot,he instantly raised a fountain,
the greatestsecurity. Therefore,when it which has been called Hippocrene. He be- came
was burnt, not only books, but also many the favourite of the muses ; and being
valuable things, jewels,and immense sures, afterwards tamed by Neptuneor Minerva, he
trea-
were lostin the generalconflagration. was givento Bellerophon to conquer the Chi-
C. JVep. in Timoth. 2. Plut. in Cim.
" "
Paus. 9, maera. No sooner was thisfiery monster de-stroyed,
c. 16. than Pegasusthrew down his rider,
Paxos, a small island between Ithaca and because he was a mortal,or rather, according
the Echinades in the Ionian sea. to the more received opinion, because he at- tempted
Peas, a shepherd, who, according to some, to flyto heaven. This act of temeri-
ty
set on fire the pileoh which Hercules was in Bellerophon, was punishedby Jupiter,
burnt. The hero gave him his bow aad ar- rows. who sent an insect to torment Pegasus, which
Apollod. 2. occasioned the melancholyfallof his rider.
Ped^us, an illegitimate son of Antenor. Pegasuscontinued his flight up to heaven,and
Homer. 11.7. was placedamong the constellations by Jupi- ter.
Pedacia, a woman of whom Horace, 1, Perseus, according to Ovid, was mounted
sat. 8, v. 30, speaks as of a contemptible racter.
cha- on the horse Pegasus, when he destroyed the
sea monster which was goingto devour An- dromeda.
Pedani. Vid. Pedum. Hesiod. Theog.282. Horat. 4,od.
"

Pedanius, a prefect of Rome, killed by one 11,V. ^."Horner. II.6, v. 179." Mpollod. 2,c.
of his slaves,for havingdenied him his liber- ty, 3 and 4. Lycophr.
" 17. Pans. 12,c. 3 and 4.
"
"

"c. Tacit. 14,Ann. c. 42. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 785." Hygin.fab. 57.

Pedasa, iprum,) a town of Caria,near Ha- Pelago, an eunuch, one of Nero's favour- ites,
licarnassus. Liv. 35, c. 30. ".C. Tacit.Ann. 14,c. 69.
Pedasus, a son of Bucolion, the son of Lao- Pelagon, a man killed by a wild boar.
medon. His mother was one of the Naiads. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. A son of Asopus and
He was killed in the Trojan war by Eu- Metope. A Phocian, one of whose men
ryalus.Homer. II. 6, v. 21. One of the conducted Cadmus, and showed him where,
four horses of Achilles. As he was not im-
mortal,according to the oracle, he was to build a city.
like the other three,he was killed by Pelagonia, one of the divisions of Mace- donia
Sarpedon. Id. 16. A town near Pylosin at the north. Liv. 26, c. 26,1.31, c. 29L
ihe Peloponnesus. Pef.arge,a daughterof Potneus, who re- established
Pediadis, apartof Bactriana, throughwhich the worshipof Ceres in Boeotia.
the Oxus flows. Polyb. She received divine honours after death.
Pedias,the wife of Cranaus. Paus. 9, c. 25.
Pedius Bl^sus, a Roman, accused by Pelasgi, a peopleof Greece, supposedto
the peopleof Cyrene,of plundering the tem-
ple be one of the most ancient in the world.
of ii^sculapius. He was condemned der
un- They firstInhabited Argolis in Peloponnesus,
Nero, "ic. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 18. which,from them, received the name oi Pelas'
A nephew of Julius Caesar, who commanded giOfand about 1883 years oefore the Christian
one of his legions in Gaul, ".c. Poplicola, a era, they passedinto .iflmonia, and were terwards
af-
lawyerin the age of Horace. His fatherwas dispersed in several partsof Greece.
one of J. Caesar's heirs,and became consul Some of them fixed their habitation in Epirus,
with AugustusafterPansa's death. others in Crete,others in Italy, and others in

L
 PE PE
Lesbos. From ation murder
these different changesof situ- of Eurytus,by Acastus the
king of
Pelasgians,all the Greeks are the country. His residence at lolchos was
in the
indiscriminately called Pelasgians, and their short;Astydamia, the wife of Acastus, be- came
country Pelasgia, thoughmore properlyspeak-
ing, enamoured of him ; and when she found
it should be confined to Thessaly, Epirus,him insensible to her passionate declaration,
and Peloponnesus,in Greece. Some of the she accused him of attemptsupon her virtue.
Pelasgians, that had been driven from Attica The monarch believed the accusa-
partially tions
settled in Lemnos, where some time after of his wife,but not to violate the laws of
they carried some Athenian women, whom hospitalityby puttinghim instantly to death,
they had seized in an expedition on the coast he ordered his officers to conduct him to
"f Attica. They raised some children by these mount Pelion, on pretence of hunting, and
captivefemales,but theyafterwards destroyedthere to tie him to a tree, that he might be- come
them, with their mothers, throughjealousy, the prey of the wild beasts of the place,.
because they differed in manners as well as The orders of Acastus were faithfully obeyed ;
languagefrom them. This horrid murder but Jupiter, who knew the innocence of his
was attended by a dreadful pestilence, and grandsonPeleus,ordered Vulcan to set him
they were ordered, to expiatetheir crime, to at liberty.As soon as he had been delivered
do whatever the Athenians commanded them. from danger,Peleus assembled his friends to
This was to deliver their possessions into their punishthe illtreatment which he had receiv- ed
hands. The Pelasgians seem to have received from Acastus. He forcibly took lolchos,
their name from Pelasgus, the firstking,and drove the kingfrom his possessions, and put to
founder of their nation. Paus. 8j c. 1. Strab. death the wicked Astydamia.After the death
"

6. "Herodot. 1. Plut. in Rom.

" "
Virg. JEn. of Antigone,Peleus courted Thetis,of whose
3. Ovid. Met.
" " Flacc."
Senec. in Med. ^ superiorcharms Jupiter himself had been
Agtm. enamoured. His pretensions, however, were
Pelasgia, or Pelasgiotis, a country of rejected, and as he was a mortal, the god-dess
Greece, whose inhabitants are called Pelasgi, fled from him with the greatest abhor- rence
or PelasgiotcB. Every country of Gi'eece, and ; and the more effectually to evade his
all Greece in general, is indiscriminately ed
call- inquiries, she generallyassumed the shape
Pelasgia, though the name should be more of a bird,or a tree, or of a tigress.Peleus
particularly confined to a part of Thessaly,became more animated from her refusal; he
situate between the Peneus, the Aliacmon, offered a sacrifice to the gods,and Proteus
and the Sperchius. The maritime borders of informed him that to obtain Thetis he must
this part of Thessalywere afterwards called surpriseher while she was asleep in her
Magnesia,though the sea, or its shore,stillre- tained grotto, near the shores of Thessaly.This
the name of Pelasgicus Sinus,now the advice was immediately followed, and The- tis
gulfof Volo. Pelasgiais also one of the an- cient unable to escape from the grasp of Pe- leus,
names of Epirus, as also of Peloponne-
sus. at last consented to marry him. Their
Vid. Pelasgi. nuptialswere celebrated with the greatest
Pelasgus, a son of Terra, or, accordingto solemnity,and all the gods attended, and
others,of Jupiterand Niobe, who reignedin made them each the most valuable presents.
Sicyon,and gave his name bitantsThe goddessof discord was
to the ancient inha- the only one of
of Peloponnesus. the deities who was not present, and she
Pelethronii, an epithet givento the Lapi- punishedthis seemingneglectby throwingan
thas,because they inhabited the town of Pele- appleinto the midst of the assemblyof the
thronium,at the foot of mount Pelion in Thes- saly gods,with the inscription of detur pulchriori. -

; or because one of their number bore the [Vid. Discordia.] From the marriage of
name of Pelethronius. It is to them that man-
kind Peleus and Thetis was born Achilles,whose
are indebted for the invention of the bit education was earlyintrusted to the Centaur
with which they tamed their horses with so Chiron, and afterwards to Phcenix, the son
much dexterity.Virg. G. 3, v. 115. Ovid. of Amyntor. Achilles went
" to the Trojan
Met. 12, V. 452." Lucan. 6, v. 387. war, at the head of his father's
troops,and
Peleus, a king of Thessaly, of ^acus
son Peleus gloriedin havinga
who was son perior
su-
and Endeis, the daughterof Chiron. He mar-
ried to all the Greeks in valour and pidity.
intre-
Thetis,one of tlie Nereids,and was the The death of Achilles was the source
only one among mortals who married an im- of grief
mortal. to Peleus ; and Thetis,to comfort her
He was accessary to the death of his husband, promised him immortality, and or-dered

brother Phocus, and on that account he was him to retire into the grottos of the isl- and
obligedto leave his father'sdominions. He of Leuce, where he would see and con-
verse

retired to the court of Eurytus,the son of with the manes of his son. Peleus had
Actor, who reignedat Phthia, or, accordinga daughtercalled Potydora,by Antigone.Ho- mer.
to the less received opinion of Ovid, he fled II.9, V. 482. Eurip.in Androm.
"
Catul. "

to Ceyx, king of Trachinia. He was purifiedde Nupl. Pel. S^ Thet."Ovid. Hero id. 5. Fast.
of his murder by Eurytus, with the usual 2, Met. 11,fab. 7 and S."Apollod.3, c. 12."
ceremonies, and the monarch gave him his Pans. 2, c, 29." Z"iW. 4. Hygin.fab. 54.
daughterAntigone in marriage. Some lime Peliades, the daughterof Pelias. Vid,
after this,Peleus and Eurytus went to the Pelias.
chase of the Calydonian boar, where the fa- Pelias, the twin brother of Neleus, was
ther-in-law
was accidentallykilled by an arrow son of JVeptuneby Tyro,the daughterof Sal-
which his son-in-law had aimed at the beast. moneus. His birth was concealed from the
This unfortunate event obligedhim to banish world by his mother, who wished her father to
biiusellfrom the court of Piithia, and he re-
tired be ignorant of her incontinence. He was posed
ex-

to lolchos, where he wa^ purifiedof the in the woods, but bis lifewas preserved
 PE PE
and he received the name
by shepherds, ofPe- suraed, and refused to give the Peliades the
lias,from a of lead in his promised assistance,
spot of the colour and the bones ofPelias
face. Some time after this adventure, Tyro {did not even receive a burial. The Peliades
married Cretheus,son of aEolus, king of lol- ' were four min number, Alceste, Pisidice, Pe-
chos, and became mother of three children,of lopea,and Hippothoe, to whom Hyginus
whom .^son was the eldest. Meantime Pelias adds Medusa. Their mother's name was

visited his mother, and was received in her fa-

mily,Anaxibia,the daughter of Bias, or Philomache,
and afterthe death of Cretheus,he un- justly the daughterof Amphion. After this parri- cide,
seized the kingdom, which belongedto the Peliades fled to the court of Adme-
the children of Tyro,by the deceased mon- arch. tus, where Acastus, the son-in-law of Pelias,
To strengthenhimself in his usurpa-
tion, pursued them, and took their protector pri- soner.
Pelias consulted the oracle, and when he The Peliades died,and were buried in
was told to beware of one of the descendants Arcadia. Hygiyi. fab. 12, 13, and 14. Ovid. "

of -^olus,who should come to his court with .^ftt.7, fab. 3 and 4."Heroid. 12, v. 129."
one foot shod, and the other bare,he private-
ly Paus. 8, c. 11. .^pollod.
"
1, c. 9. Seneca in"

removed the son of i5^son,afterhe had pub-

liclyMed.".^poUod..4ri?. l." Pindar. Pyth. 4."
declared that lie was dead. These pre-
cautions Diod. 4. A Trojan chief wounded by
proved abortive. Jason, the sou of Ulyssesduringthe Trojan war. He survived
TEson, who had been educated by Chiron, re- turned the ruin of his
countiy, and followed the for-tune
to lolchos when arrived to years of of .^neas. Virg.JEn. 2, v. 435. The
maturity, and as he had lost one of his shoes in shipArgo is called Pelias arbor,built of the
crossing the river Anaurus, or the Evenas, Pe- lias trees of mount Pelion. The spear of Achil-
les.
immediatelyperceivedthat this was the Vid. Pelion.
person w^hom he w^as advised so much to dread. Pelides, a patronymic of Achilles, and of
His unpopulEU-ity prevented him from actingPvrrhus, as being descended from Peleus.
with violence against a stranger,whose uncom-
mon Virg.Mn. '2,V. 264.
dress,and commanding aspect,had raised Peligni, a people of Italy, who dwelt
admiration in his subjects.But his astonish-
ment near the Sabines and Marsi, and had Cor-
was excited when he saw Jason arrive finium and Sulmo for their chief towns. The
at his palace,with his friends and his rela-
tions, most expertmagicians were among the Pe-
ligni,
and boldlydemand the kingdom which accordingto Horace. Liv. 8, c. 6 and
he usurped. Pelias was conscious that his 29, 1.9, c. 41." Grid ex Pont. 1, el. 8, v. 42."
complaintswere well founded, and there-
fore, Sfrab. 5."Horat. 3, od. 19,v. 8.
to divert his attention, he told him that Pelignus, a friend of the emperor Clau- dius,
he would voluntarily resignthe crown to made governor of Cappadocia. Tacit,
him, if he went to Colchis to avenge the dnn. 12, c. 49.
death of Phryxus,the sou of Athamas, whom Pelin^us, a mountain of Chios.
.ffieteshad cruelly murdered. He further Pelinn-sum, or Pelinna, a town of
observed, that the expedition would be at- Macedonia.
tended Strab. 14, Liv. 36, c. 10 and 14.
"

with the greatestglory,and that no- thing Pelion and Pelios, a celebrated mountain
but the infirmities of old age had pre-
ventedof Thessaly, whose top is covered with pin"
him himself from vindicating the hon-
our trees. In their wars againstthe gods,the gi-ants,
of his country, and the injuries of his as the poets mention, placedmount Ossa
family,by punishingthe assassin. This,so upon Pelion,to scale the heavens
with mor"
warmly recommended, w^as as warmly ac- cepted facility.
The celebrated spear of Achilles,
by the young hero, and his intended which nonebutthe hero could wield,had beeix
expedition was made known all over Greece. cut down on this mountain, and was thence
{Vid.Jason.]During the absence of Jason, called Pelias. It was a presentfrom his pre-
ceptor
in the Argonauticexpedition, Pelias mur-
dered Chiron, who, like the other Centaurs"
^son and all his family; but accord-
ing had fixed his residence here. Ovid. Mel. 1,v.
to the more received opinion of Ovid. 155,1.13, V. 199." Mela, 2, e. 3." Strab. 9.^
iEson was still livingwhen the Argonauts Virg.G. 1,V. 281, 1. 3, v. 94." 5'enec. in Here.
returned,and he was restored to the vigourof ^ Med.
youth by the magic of Medea. This sudden Pelium, a town of Macedonia. Lav. 31,.
change in the vigour and the constitution of c. 40.
^son, astonished all the inhabitants of lol-
chos, Pell.v,a celebrated towm of Macedonia,on
and the daughtersof Pelias,who had the Ludias, not far from the sinus Thermaicus,
received the patronymic of Pe/iarfes, sed
expres- which became the capitalof the country after
their desire to see their father's infirmities theruin of Edessa. Philip,king of Macedo-
nia,
vanish, by the same powerful arts. Medea, was educated there, and Alexander thfe
who wished to avenge the injuries which Great was born there,whence he is often cal-
led
her husband Jason had received from Pelias, Pellfens Juvenis. The tomb of the poet
raised the desires of the Peliades,by cuttingEuripideswas in the neighbourhood. The
an old pieces,
ram and boiling
to the flesh in epithet Pellmus is often appliedto Eg}'pt or
a afterwards turningit into a Alexandria, because the Ptolemies, kings of
caldron, and
fine young lamb. After they had seen this the country,w^ere of Macedonian origin. Mar-
tial.
successful experiment; the Peliades cut their 13,ep. 85." Lucan. 5, v. 60, 1. 8, v. 475.
father'sbody to pieces, after they had drawn and 607, 1. 9, v. 1016 and 1073,1. 10,v. 65."
all the blood from his veins,on the assurance Mela, 2, c. S.-^Strab. I."Liv. 42, c. 41-.
that Medea would replenishthem by her Peli.ane, a town of Laconia with a fountain
incantations. The limbs were immediately whose waters have a subterraneous comrau-
put into a caldron of boilingwater, but nicatiou with the waters of another fountain.
Medea suffered t-b" flesh to be totally con- Paus.3,c.21.^Slrab.S.
 PE PE
'

Pellkne, a town Achaia, in the Pelo-

of ponnesus,
goner,butEpaminondasrestoredhim to liberty.
at the Sicyon,famous for The perfidy
west of of Alexander irritated him, and he
its wool. It was built by the giantPallas,or was killed bravelyfighting in a celebrated bat-
tle
accordingto others by Pellen of Argos,son of in which his troops obtained the victory,
Phorbas, and was the country of Proteus the B. C. 436 years. He received an able
honour-
sea god. Slrah. 8." Pans 7, c. 26."Liv. 33, burial ; the Thebans showed their sense
14. for his merit by their lamentations
c. ; they
Pelopea, or Pelopia, a daughter of Thyestes sent a powerful army to revenge his death
the brother of Atreu.s. She had a son by her on the destruction of the tyrant of Pherae
father,who had offered her violence in a and his relations, and his children were sented
pre-
wood, without knowing that she was his own with immense donations by the cities
daughter. Some suppose that Thyestespur- poselyof Thessaly.Pelopidas is admired for his
committed as the oracle had
this incest, valour,as he never engaged an enemy with-
out
Lifcu-raedhim that his wrongs should be aven-
ged, obtainingthe advantage.The impo- verished
arid his brother destroyed, by a son who state of Thebes before his birth,
should be born from him and Jiis daughter.and after his fall, plainly demonstrates the
This proved too true. Pelopea afterwards superiority of his genius and of his abilities,
married her uncle Atreus, who kindlyrecei-
ved and it has been justlyobserved that with
in his house his wife's illegitimate child, Pelopidasand Epaminondas the glory and
called .ffigysthus, because preservedby goats, the independenceof the Thebans rose and
when exposedin the mountains,
(:iiyj;) ^gys- set. Plut. S^ C. JYepin vitu."Xenoph.Hist.
thus br.came bis uncle's murderer. [Vid.Ms,ys-G."Diod. \6.~-Polyb.
Peloponnesiacum
thus.j Hypn. fab. 37, kc."JElian. V. H. 12." Beleum, a celebrated
Ovid. inib. v. 359. Seneca. inAgam. war which continued for 27 tween
be-
"

years
PELOPviiA,a festival observed by the peo-
ple the Athenians and the inhabitants
of Elis in honour of Pelops. It was kept of Peloponnesuswith their respective allies.
lops It is the most famous
in imitation of Hercules,who sacrificed to Pe- and the most interest-
ing
in a trench,as it Avas usual, when the of all the wars which have happened
manes and the infernal gods were the objectsbetween the inhabitants of Greece ; and for
of Vvorship. the minute and circumstantial description
Pelopia, a daughterof Niobe. A daugh-
ter vyhich
wo have of the events and revolu-
tions
of Pelias. The mother of Cycnus. which mutual animosity produced, we
a celebrated
Pelopidas, genera!of Thebes, are indebted more particularly to the cor-
rect

son of
Hippoclus. He was descended of an and authentic writings of Thucydides
illustrious family, and was remarkable for his and of Xenophon. The circumstances which
immense possessions, which he bestowed with gave birth to this memorable war are these :
greatliberality to the poor and necessitous. the power of Athens under the prudent and
Many were the objectsof bis generosity; vigorousadministration of Pericles,was ready
al-
but "w^hen Epaminondas had refused to ac- cept extended over Greece, and it had pro-
cured
his presents,Pelopidasdisregardedall itselfmany admirers and more enemies,
his wealth, and preferred ment when the Corcyreans,who had been planted
before it the enjoy-
of his friend's conversation and of his by a Corinthian colony,refused to pay to their
poverty. From their friendship and course founders those marks of respect and reverence
inter-
the Thebans derived the most consider-
able which among the Greeks every colony was
advantages. No sooner had the interest obliged to pay to its mother country. The
of Spcrta prevailed at Thebes, and the friends Corinthians wished to punishthat infidelity;
of liberty and national independencebeen ban- ished and when the peopleof Epidamnus,a consi-derable
from the city,than Pelopidas, who was town on the Adriatic,hadbeeninvaded
in the number of the exiles,resolved to free by some of the barbarians of Illyricum, the
his countiy from foreign slavery. His planwas peopleof Corinth gladlygranted to the Epi-
bold and animated, and his deliberations were damnians that assistance which had in vain
slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas, who had been solicited from the Corcyreans,their
been left by the tyrantsat Thebes, as being in founders and their patrons. The Corcyreans
appearance a worthless and insignificant sopher,
philo- were offended at the interference of Corinth
animated the youthsof the city, and at in the affairs of their colony; they manned
last Pelopidas, with eleven of his associates,tered a fleet,
en- and obtained a victoryover the Co-
rinthian
Thebes, and easily massacred the friends vessflswhich had assisted the Epi-
of the tyranny, and freed the country from for-
eign damnians. The subsequentconduct of the
masters. After this successful enterpi'ise, and
Corcyreans, their insolence to some of
Pelopidaswas unanimouslyplacedat the head the Elians who had furnished a few ships
of the government, and so confident were the to the Corinthians, provoked the Pelopon-
Thebans of his abilitiesas a general trate, nesians, and the discontent became
and a magis- ral.
gene-
that theysuccessively re-elected him 13 Ambassadors were sent by both parties
times to fillthe honourable oflficeof governor to Athens, to claim its protection and to
of Bceotia. Epaminondas shared with him the justify these violent proceedings.The
est
great-
sovereignpower, and itwas to their valour and pait of the Athenians heard their va-
rious

prudence that the Thebans were indebted for reasons with moderation and with
a celebrated victoryat the battle ofLeuctra. compassion,but the enterprising ambition of
In a warwhich Thebes carriedon against Alex- Pericles prevailed,
ander, and when the Corcyreans
tyrantofPheras,Pelopidaswas appoin- ted had reminded the peopleof Athens, that in
commander ;but his imprudence in trus- ting all (he states of Peloponnesusthey had to
himself unarmed into the enemy's camp, dread the most malevolent enemies, and the
nearly p rovedfatal to him. He was taken pri- most insidious of rivals,they were listened to
 PE PE
with attention,and promisedsupport. countrymen to join the Peloponnesiancon-
were federates.
This stepwas no taken than the Corin-
sooner thians This was stronglyopposed; but
appealedto the other Grecian states,and both parties obtained by turns the superiority,
particularly to the Lacedasmonians. Their and massacred,v/ith the greatest barbarity, all
complaintswere accompaniedby those of the those who obstructed their views. Some time
peopleof Megara and of ^gina, who bitterly after,Demosthenes the Athenian generalin-vaded
inveighedagainst the cruelty,injustice,
and in-
solence ./Etolia, Avhere his arms were attended
of the Athenians. This had due with the greatestsuccess. He also fortified
weightwith the Lacedaemonians,who had long Pylosin the Peloponnesus, and gainedso many
beheld with concern and with jealousythe am-
bitious advantagesover the confederates, that they
power of the Athenians, and they de- sued for peace, which the insolence of Athens
termined
to support the cause of the Corin-
thians. refused. The fortune of the war soon after
However, before they proceededto changed,and the Lacedajmonians, under the
hostilities,
an embassy was sent to Athens to prudentconduct of Brasidas, made themselves
represent the danger of enteringinto a war masters of many valuable placesin Thrace.
with the most powerfuland flourishing of all But this victorious progress was soon stopped
the Grecian states. This alarmed nians, by the death of their general,and that of
the Athe-
but when Pericles had eloquently spo- Cleon, the Athenian
ken commander; and the
of the resources and the actual strength of pacific dispositionof Nicias,who was now^ at
the republic, and of the weakness of the allies, the head of Athens, made overtures of peace
the clamours of his enemies were silenced, and and universal tranquillity. Plistoana^, the king
tlie answer which was returned tans, of the Spartans,
to the Spar- wished them to be accepted;
was taken as a declaration of war. The but the intriguesof the Corinthians prevented
Spartanswere supportedby all the republicsthe discontinuation of the War, and therefore
of the Peloponnesus,except Argos and part hostilities began anew. But while war was
of Achaia, besides the peopleof Megara,Bceo- carried on with various success in different
tia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas, Ambracia, and partsof Greece, the Athenians engaged in a
Anactoi'ium. The Plataeans, the Lesbians,Ca- new expedition
; theyyieldedto the persua-
sive
rians,Chians, IMessenians,Acarnanians, Za- eloquenceof Gorgiasof Leontiura,and
cynthians,Corcyreans,Dorians, and Tlira- the ambitious views of Alcibiades,and sent a
cians,were the friends of the Athenians,with fleet of 20 shipsto assist the Sicilian states
all the Cyclades,exceptEuboea,Samos, Melos, againstthe tyrannical power of Syracuse,B.
and Thera. The firstblow had alreadybeen C. 416. This was \varmlyopposedby Nicias ;
struck,May 7, B. C. 431, by an attempt of the but the eloquenceof Alcibiades prevailed,
and
Boeotians to surprise Plataia;and therefore a powerfulfleet was sent against the capital
of
Archidamus king of Sparta,who had in vain Sicily.These vigorous,
thoughimpolitic
sures
mea-

recommended moderation to the allies,

ed
enter- of the Athenians,were not viewed with
Attica at the head of an army of 60,000 indifference by the confederates. Syracuse, in
men, and laid waste the country by fireand her distress, implored the assistance of Co- rinth,
sword. Pericles,who was at the head of the and Gylippuswas sent to direct her ope-
rations,
government, did not attempt to oppose them and to defend her against the power of
in the field ; but a fleet of a hundred and her enemies. The events of battleswere bious,
du-
fifty shipsset sail without delay,to ravage the and thoughthe Athenian army was mated
ani-
coasts of the Peloponnesus. Megara was also by the prudenceand intrepidity of Ni-
cias,
depopulatedby an army of 20,000 men, and and the more hastycourage of Demosthe-
nes,
the campaign of the firstyear of the war was yet the good fortune of Syracuseprevail-
ed
concluded in celebrating, v.ith the most so-
lemn ; and, after a campaign of two years of
pomp, the funerals of such as had nobly bloodshed, the fleets of Athens were totally
fallen in battle. The following year was ruined,and the few soldiers that survived the
markable
re-

for a pestilence which raged in destructive siege, made prisoners of war. So

Athens, and which destroyed the greatest part fatal a blow threw the people of Attica into
of the inhabitants. The publiccalamitywas consternation and despair,and while they
stillheightenedby the approach of the Pelo- soughtfor resources at home, they severely
ponneslan army on the borders of Attica,and felt themselves deprivedof support abroad,
by the unsuccessful expeditionof the Athe-
nians their allies were alienated by the intrigues
of
againstEpidaurus,and in Thrace.
The the enemy, and rebellion was fomented in
which had carried
pestilence away so many of their dependentstates and colonies on the Asi- atic
the Athenians proved also fatalto Pericles,and coast. The threatened ruin, however,
he died about two years and six months after was timelyaverted,and Alcibiades,who hatl
the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. been treated with cruelty by his countrymen,
The following did not give rise to deci- and who had for some time resided in Sparta,
years
siv-eevents ; but tiic re\^lt of Lesbos from the and directed her military oj)eration3, now erted
ex-

alliance of the Athenians was productive of himself to defeat the designs of the con-
federates,
fresh troubles. Mitylene,the capitalof the by inducingthe Persians to espouse
island, was recovered, and the inhabitants the cause of his country. But a short time af- ter,
treated with the greatestcruelty.The island tiic internaltranquillity of Athens was turbed,
dis-
of Corcyra became also the seat of new tions,
sedi- and Alcibiades,by wishingto abolish
and those citizens who had been carried the democracy, called away the attention of
away prisoners by the Corinthians,and for his felio'.v-citizensfrom the persecution of a
l"oliticalreasons treated with lenity,and taught war which had alreadycost them so much
to despisethe alliance of Athens, were no blood. This,however, was but momentary;
sooner returned home than they raised coni- the Athenians soon afterobtained a naval vic-
tory,
raotion.'s,
and endeavoured to persuade
Iheir and the fleetAvas
P"lopounesiau def"at-
 PE PE
ed by Alcibiades.The Athenians beheld joinedthem to the city; all their ships, except
with rapture the success of their arras: but 12, were to be surrendered to the enemy j
when in the absence of Alcibiades,they were
their fleet, to resignevery pretension to their
had been defeated and destroyed near Andros, ancient dominions abroad ; to recall from ban-
ishment
by Lysander,the Lacedaemonian admiral,they all the members of the late aristocra-
cy
showed their discontent and mortification by ; to follow the Spartansin war, and, in the
eagerly listening to the accusations which time of peace, to frame their constitution ac-cording

were brought againsttheir naval leader,to to the will and the fjrescriptions of
whom had acknowledgedthem-
theygratefully selves their
Peloponnesianconquerors. The terms
indebted for their former victories. Al-cibiades
were accepted,and the enemy entered the
was disgraced in the public assembly,harbour, and took possession of the city, that
and ten commanders were appointedto suc-
ceed very day on which the Athenians had been ac- customed

him in the management of the republic. to celabrate the anniversary of the

This changeof admirals, and the appointment immortal victory which their ancestors had ob-
tained
of Callicratidasto succeed Lysander,whose over the Persiansabout 76 years before,
office had expiredwith the revolvingyear, near the island of Salamis. The walls and for- tifications
producednew operations.The Athenians fit- ted were instantlylevelled witli the
out a fleet,and the two nations decided ground,and the conquerors observed, that in
their superiority near Arginusee, in a naval the demolition of Athens, succeedingages
battle. Callicratidas was and the Lace-
killed, would fixthe era of Grecian freedom. The day
dseraonians conquered ; but the rejoicings was concluded with afestival,and the recitation
which the intelligenceof this victory occasion- of one
ed of the tragediesof Euripides, in which
were soon when
stopped, it was known that the misfortunes of the daughterof Agamem-
non,
the wrecks of some of the disabled ships of the who was reduced to misery,and banished
Athenians,and the bodies of the slain, had not from her father'skingdom, excited a kindred
been saved from the sea. The admirals were sympathy in the bosom of the audience,
accused in the tumultuous assembly,and im- mediately
who melted into tears at the recollection
condemned. Their successors in of-
ficethat one moment had likewise reduced to;
were not so prudent, but they were more misery and servitude the capitalof Attica,
tmfortunate in their operations. Lysanderwas which was once called the common ness
patro-
againplacedat the head of the Peloponnesian of Greece, and the scourge of Per-
sia.
forces, instead of Eteonicus,who had succeed-
ed This memorable event happened about
to the command at the death of Callicrati-
das. 404 years before the christian era, and 30
The age and the experience of this gene-
ral tyrantswere appointedby Lysander over the
seemed to promisesomethingdecisive, and government of the city. Xen. Groec. Hist.
indeed an opportunity
was not Plut. in Lys.Per. Mcib. Nic. ^ Ages. Diod.
longwantingfor " "

of his military
the display character. The su- 1 1,",c. Aristophan.Thucyd. Plalo.
periority " " Arist. " "

of the Athenians over that of the Lycias. Isocraies. C. Nep.inLys.Alcib.

" " ".c. "

Peli^onnesians, rendered the former insolent,Cic.inoff. 1,24.

proud, and negligent,and, when they had Peloponnesus, a celebrated peninsulawhich
forsaken
imprudently their shipsto indulgecomprehends the most southern parts of
their indolence,or pursue their amusements Greece. It received its name from Pelops,
on the sea shore at ^Egospotamos,Lysander who settled there, as the name indicates
attacked their fleet, and his victory was plete.
com- n!/"',the island ofPelops),
(77"iA.5^@, it had been
Of one hundred and eighty sail,only called before Argia^Pelasgia,and Argoligf
nine escaped,eightof which fled under the and in its form, it has been observed by the
eoramand of Conon, to the island of Cyprus, moderns, highly to resemble the leaf of the
and the other carried to Athens the melancholy planetree. Its presentname is Morea, which
news of the defeat. The Athenian prisonersseemsto be derived citherfrom the Greek word
were all massacred;and when the Peloponne-
sian yofjix, or the Lat in moms, which signifiesa mul-
berry
conquerors had extended their dominion tree,which is found there in greatabun-
dance.
over the states and communities of Europe and The ancient Peloponnesus was divided
Asia,which formerlyacknowledgedthe power Messenia,Laconia,
into six dift'erentprovinces,
of Athens, theyreturned home to finish the Elis,Arcadia, Achaia propria,and Argolis,
war by the reduction of the capital of Attica. to which some add Sicyon. These provinces
The siegewas carried on with vigour, and sup-
portedall bordered on the sea sliore,except Arca-
dia.
with firmness,and the firstAthenian The Peloponnesuswas conquered, some

who mentioned capitulation to his countrymen, time afterthe Trojan war, by the Heraclidae
was instantly sacrificed to the furyand the in-
dignation
or descendants of Hercules, who had been
of the populace, and all the citizens forcibly expelledfrom it. The inhabitants of
unanimouslydeclared,that the same moment this peninsula rendered themselves illustrious,
would terminate their independenceand their like the rest of the Greeks, by their genius,
lives. This animated language, however, was their fondness for the fine arts,the cultivation
not longcontinued;the spirit of faction was of learning, and the profession of arms, but
not yet extinguished at Athens ; and itproved, in nothing more than by a celebrated war,
perhaps, more destructive to the public liberty,which they carried on against Athens and her
ihantheoperalionsand assaults of tliePelopon- allies for 27 years, and which from them re- ceived

nesian besiegers. Duringfourmonths, negocia- the name of the Peloponnesianwar,

tions were carried on with the Spartans by the [Vid.Peloponnesiacumhelium.] The Pelo- ponnesus
aristocratical part of the Athenians,and at last scarce extended 200 miles in length,
it was agreedthat,to establish the peace, the and 140 in breadth, and about 663 miles in
of the Athenian harbours must be
fortifications circumference. It was from
separated Greece
demolished; together with the longwalls which by the narrow isthmus oi Corinth, which, as
 PE PE

beingonlyfive miles broad, Demetrius, Cse- portionof land,and offered to him a sacri- fice.
others,attemptedin vain The place where this sacrifice had
sar, Nero, and some
to cut, to make a communication between been ofi'ered,was religiously observed,and
the bay of Corinth and the Saronicus sinus. the magistrates of the country yearly,on
Strah. 8."Thucyd."Diod. 12, "c. Pans. 3, c. coming into office,made there an offering
1.
21, 8, c. i."Mela, 2, c. Z."Plin. 4, c. 6." of a black ram. During the sacrifice, the
Herodot. S,c.AO. soothsayerwas not allowed, as at other times,

Pklopea MiENJA, is appliedto the citiesof to have a share of the victim, but he alone

Greece, but more particularlyto Mycenag and who furnished the wood, was permittedto
take the neck. The
Argos,where the descendants of Pelopsreign- ed. wood for sacrifices,
be observed, was alwaysfurnished
Virg.JEn. 2, v. 193. as may
Pelops, a celebrated prince,son of Tan- talus by some of the priests, to all such as fered
of-
king of Fhrygia. His mother's name victims, and they received a price
was Euryanassa, or accordingto others Eu- equivalentto what they gare. The white
orDione.
prytone, or Eurystemista, He wras poplarwas generallyused in the sacrifices
murdered by hi'sfather,M^ho wislied to try made to Jupiterand to Pelops. The dren
chil-
the divinity of the gods who had visited of Pelops by Hippodamia were, Pi-
Phrygia,by placingon their table the limbs theus, TrcEzene, Atreus, Thyestes,he. be- sides
of his son. The gods perceived his perfidious some by concubines. The time of his
cruelty, and they refused to touch the meat, death is unknown, though it is universally
except Ceres, whom the recent loss of her agreed,that he survived for some time Hip-
podamia.
daughterhad rendered melancholyand inat- tentive. Some suppose that the Palladium
She eat one of the shoulders of of the Trojans was made with the bones of
Pelops, and therefore, when Jupiter had Pelops. His descendants were called Pelo-
compassionon his fate,and restored him to pida. Pindar,who in his firstOlympicspeaks
life,he placed a shoulder of ivory instead of of Pelops,confutes the traditionsof his ivory
that which Ceres had devoured. This shoul-
der shoulder,and says that Neptune took him up
had an uncommon power, and it could to heaven, to become the cup-bearer to the
heal by its very touch, every complaint, and gods,from which he was expelledwhen the
remove every disorder. Some time after, the impiety of Tantalus wished to make kind
man-

kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros, partakeof the nectar and the entertain-
ments
king of Troy, on pretence that he had car- ried of the gods. Some suppose that Pe- lops
away his son Ganymedes. This rape first instituted the Olympic games in
had been committed by Jupiterhimself;the honour of Jupiter, and to commemorate tke
war, nevertheless,was talus, victorywhich
carried on, and Tan- he had obtained over maus.
(Eno-
defeated and ruined, was obligedto Paus. 6, c. 1, ";c. Apollod.2, c. 5.
"

flywith his son Pelops,and to seek a shel- ter"

Eurip. in Jphig. Diod. 3. Strab. 8.
"
" "

in Greece. This tradition is confuted by Mela, 1, c. 18." Pindar. Od. l." Virg.G.S,
some who support, that Tantalus did not fly v. 7." Ovid. Met. 6, v. 404, kc.-^Hygin. feb.
into Gi'eece,as he had been some time before 9, 82 and 83.
confined by Jupiterin the infernal regions Pelor, one of the men who sprang from
for his impiety,and therefore Pelops was the the teeth of the dragon killed by Cadmus.
only one whom the enmity of Tros perse-
cuted. Paus. 9, c. 5.
Pelops came to Pisa, where he be-
came Peloria, a festivalobserved by the Thes-
one of the suitors of Hippodamia, the salians, in commemoration of the news which
daughterof king (Enomaus, and he entered they received by one Pelorius, that the
the listsagainst the father,who promisedhis mountains of Tempe had been separatedby
daughter only to him who could out-run an earthquake,and that the waters of the
him in a chariot race. Pelopswas not terri-
fied lake which lay there stagnated, had found a
at the fate of the 13 lovers,who before passage into the Alpheus,and leftbehind a
him had entered the course against(Eno-
maus, vast, pleasant, and most delightful plain,"c.
and had, accordingto the conditions mhen. 3.
proposed,been put to death when conquered. Pelorus, (v.is-dis.v. ias-iados) now cape
He previously bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer Faro, one of the three greatpromontories of
of (Enomaus, and therefore he easily obtained Sicily, on whose top was erected a tower to
the victory. \^Vid. (Enomaus.] He married direct the sailor on his voyage. It lies near
Hippodamia, and threw headlong into the the coast of Italy, and received its name from
sea Myrtilus, when he claimed the reward of Pelorus, the pilotof the ship which carried
his perfidy.Accordingto some authors, Pe-lops away Annibal from Italy. This celebrated
had received some winged horses from general,as it is reported,was carried by
Neptune, with which he was enabled to out- run the tides into the straits of Charybdis,and
(Enomaus. When he had established as he was ignorantof the coast, he asked
himself on the throne of Pisa, Hippodamia's the pilot of the shipthe name of the promon-
tory,
possession, he extended his conquests over which appearedat a distance. The pi- lot
the neighbouring countries, and from him told him, it was one of the capes of Si-
cily,
the peninsula, ot which he was one of the but Annibal gave no credit to his infor-
mation,
monarchs, received the name of Pelopon-
nesus and murdered him on the spot on
Pelops,after death, received divine the apprehensionthat he would betray him
honours, and he was as much revered above into the hands of the Romans, He was, how-
ever,
all the other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter soon convinced of his error, and found
was above liie rest of the gods. He had a that the pilot had spoken with great fidelity
,

temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter,and, therefore,to pay honour to his memory,
v/here Hercules consecrated to him a small and to atone for his cruelty, ho gave him ^
 PE PE
funeral,and
magnificent ordered that the pro Daphne,as daughter
of Peneus. Ovid. Mtt.
montoiy should bear his name, and from that 1,V. 452.
time it was called Felorum. Some suppose Penelius, one of the Greeks killed in the
that this account is false,and they observe, Trojan war. Homer. 11.2, v. 494. A son of
that it bore that name before the age of An- Hippalmus among the Argonauts.
nibal. Val. Max. 9, c. 8. Mela, 2, c. 7. "

Penelope, a celebrated princessof Greece,

"

Strab. b."Virg. Mn. 3, v. 411 and 687." daughterof Icarius,and wife of Ulysses, king
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 350, 1. 13, v. 727, 1. 15, v. of Ithaca. Her marriagewith Ulysses was brated
cele-
706. about the same time that Menelaus
Pelt^e, a town of Phrygia. married Helen, and she retired with her hus-
band
Pelusium, now Tinch, a town of Egypt, to Ithaca, againstthe inclinationof her
situate at the entrance of one of the mouths of father,who wished to detain her at Sparta,
the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is about her native country. She soon afterbecame
20 stadia from the sea, and it has received the mother of Telemachus, and was
obligedto
name of Pelusium from the lakes and marshes part with greatreluctance from her husband,
(57")\"^,) which in its neighbourliood. It whom the Greeks obligedto
are
go to the Trojan
was the key of Egypt on the side of Phcenicia,war. [F^irf.
Palamedes.] The continuation of
as it was impossible to enter the Egyptianter- hostilities
ritories for ten years mcde her s.adand me-
lancholy
without passingby Pelusium, and ; but when Ulyssesdid not return
therefore on that account it was like the other princesof Greece at the con-
always well clusion
fortified
and garrisoned, as it was of such im-
portance of the war, her fears and anxieties
for the security of the country. It wei-e increased. As she received no gence
intelli-
produced lentils, and was celebrated for the of his situation,
she was soon beset by a
linen stuffs made there. It is now in ruins. number of importuning suitors,who Avished
Mela, 2, c. 9."Colum. 5, c. 10." Si7.//. 3, v. her to believe that her husband was wrecked,
ship-
25." Liican. 8, v. 466, 1.9, v. 83, 1. 10, v. 53." and that therefore she ought not
Liv.44, c 19, 1.45, c. U." Strab. Yl."Virg. longerto expect his retui-n,but forget his loss,
G.1,V. 228. and fix her choice and affections on one of her
Penates, certain inferiordeities among the numerous admirers. She received tiieirad- dresses
Romans, who presidedover houses and the with coldness and disdain
; but as she
domestic affairsof families.They were call-
ed was destitute of power, and a prisoner as it
Penates, because theywere
generallypla-
ced were in their hands, she yet flattered them
in the innermost and most secret parts of with hopes and promises,and declared that
the house, in penitissimd adium parte,quod,as she would make choice of one of them, as
Cicero says, penitus insident. The placewhere soon as she had finished a pieceof
tapestryon
they stood was afterwards called Penetralia,which she was employed. The work Avas done
and they themselves received the name of in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their ea-
ger
Penetrates. It was in the option of every expectations, by undoingin the nightwhat
master of a family to choose his Penates, and she had done in the day-time. This artificeof
therefore Jupiterand some of the superiorPenelope has givenrise to the proverb of Pe-
gods are often invoked as patronsof domestic nelope'szveb, which is applied to whatever bour
la-
affairs. Accordingto some, the gods Penates can never be ended. The return of
were prehended Ulysses,after
divided into four classes ; the firstcom- an absence of twenty years, how-
ever,
all the celestial, the second the delivered her from fears and from her
sea gods,the third the gods of hell,and the dangeroussuitors. Penelope is described by
last all such heroes as had received divine Homer as a model of female virtue and chas-
tity,
honours after death. The Penates were ginally
ori- but some more modern writers dispute
the manes of the dead, but when her claims to modesty and continence, and
perstition
su-

had taughtmankind
to pay uncom-
mon they representher as the most debauched and
reverence the statues and images of voluptuous
to of her sex. Accordingto their opi-
nions
their deceased friends,their attention was therefore, she liberally gratified the de-
sires
soon exchangedfor regularworship,and they of her suitors, in the absence of her hus-
band,
were admitted by their votaries to share im- mortality and had a son whom she called Pan, as if
and power over the world, with a to show that he was the offspring of all her ad-
mirers.
Jupiteror a Minerva. Tlie statues of the Pe- nates Some, however, sup{)Ose, that I'an
were generally made with wax, ivory,was son of Penelopeby Mercury,and that he
silver, or earth,accordingto the affluence of was born before his mother's marriagewith
tiie worshipper,and the only offerings they Ulysses. The god,as it is said,deceived Pe- nelope,
received were wine, incense,fruits, and some-
times under the form of a beautifulgoat,as
the sacrifice of lambs, sheep,goats,k.c. she was tendingher father's flocks on one of
In the early ages of Rome, human sacrifices ,themountains of Arcadia. After the return
were offered to them ; but Brutus, who pelled of Ulysses,
ex- Penelopehad a daughter,who
the Tarquins, abolished this unnatural was called Ptoliporthe ; but if we believe
custom. When offerings were made to them, the traditions that were longpreserved atMan-
their statues were crowned with garlands,tinea,Ulyssesrepudiatedhis wife for her in- continence
poppies, or garlic,and besides the monthly duringhis absence, and Penelope
day that was set apart for their worship,Iheir fled to Sparta,and afterwards to Mantinea,
festivalswere celebrated duringthe Saturnalia. w here she died and was buried. After the
Some have confounded the Lares and the Pe- nates,death of Ulysses, accordingto Hyginus, she
but dilferent. Cic. de JVat. married Telegonus,
tlieywere her husband's son by Circe,
J). 2, c. 27. Ver. 2.
Diomjs. 1.
"
by order of the goddessMinerva. Some say
I'EKDALitM, a ))romonloryof Cyprus. that her original
name was Arnea,or Amirace,
Pi.NEiA or PjNEis, an epithetujipHedto and that she was called Penelope, when some
 PE Pl
river birds called Penelopes bad saved her Virg. M.n. 1, T. 495, I. 11, v. ""2." Dares.
from the waves of the sea, when her father had Phryg."Lycophf.in Cass. 995, kc.~Huicin
^"^
exposed her. Icarius had attemptedto de- stroyfab. 112.
her,because the oracles had told him PentheusjSOD ofEchion and Agave, was
that his daughterby Periboea would be the kingof Thebes in Bceotia. His refusalto ac- knowledge
most dissolute of her sex. and a disgrace to the divinity of Bacchus was ded
atten-
his family. JlpollocL 3, c. 10. Puns. 3, c. 12. with the most fatal lie for-
bade
consequences.
"

Homer. II. 4'' Od. Ovid. Heroid. 1,Met.

" Aris- " his subjectsto pay adoration to this new-
tot. Hist. anim. 8. Hygin.fab. 127. viristoph.
"
"
god : and when the Theban women had gone
in Avib. Plin. 37. out of the cityto celebrate the of Bac-
"

orgies
chus,
Peneus, a river ofThe.ssaly, rising on mount Pentheus, apprizedof the debauchery
Pindus, and falling into the Thermean gulf,which attended the solemnity, ordered the god
after a wandering course between mount Ossa himself,who conducted the religious tude,
multi-
and Olympus, through the plains of Tempe. to be seized. His orders were obeyed
It received its name from Peneus, a son of with reluctance, but when the doors of the
son
pri-
Oceanus and Teihys. The Peueus anciently in which Bacchus had been coniined,
ed
open-
inundated the plains of Thessaly, tillan earth-
quake of their own accord, Pentheus became
separatedthe mountains Ossa and more irritated, and commanded his soldiers to
Olympus, and formed the beautiful vale of destroythe whole band of the bacchanals.
Tempe, where the waters formerlystagnated. This,however,was not executed,for Bacchus
From this circumstance, therefore, itobtained inspired the monarch with the ardent desire of
the name of Araxes, ab xgMTtra^ scindo Daphne, seeingthe celebration of the orgies.Accord-
. ingly
the daughterof the Peneus, accordingto the he hid himself in a wood on mount Ci-
fables of the mythologists, was changed into a thcuiODjfromvv hence he couidseeali ihe cere- monies
laurel on the banks of this river. This tradi- tion unperceived. But here his curiosity-
arises from the quantity of laurels which soon provedfatal; be was descried oy tliebac- chanals,
grow near the Peneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 452; and they all rushed him. His
upon
hc."Strab. 9." Mela, 2, c.^." Virg.G. 4, v.^ mother was the tirstv.ho attacked him, and
317. " Diod. 4. Also a small river of Elis in her examplea\ as instciiiiiy followedby her two
Peloponnesus, better known under the name sisters, Ino and Autonoe, and his body was
of Araxes. Fazis. 6. c. 24. Sirab. 8 and 11. torn to pieces. Euripidesintroduces Bac-
"

chus
Penidas, one of Alexander's friends,who among his priestesses, when us
Penthe-
went to examine Scythiaunder pretenceof an was put to cieaiu;but Ovid, who relates
embassy. Curt. 6, c. 6. the whole in the same differsfrom
manner,
PENNiNiE ALPES, a certain part of the Alps. the Greek poet only in saying,that not Bac- chus
Liv. 21, c. 38. himself,but one of his priests,was ent.
pres-
Pentapulis, a of India.
town A part of The tree on which the bacchanals found
Africa near Cyrene. It received this name Pentheus,was cut down by the Corinthians,
on account of the fivecitieswhich it contain-
ed by order of the oracle,and with ittwo statues
; Cyrene,Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais or ofthegodof wine were made, and placed
Barce, and Apollonia.Plin. 5, c. 5. Also in the forum. Hygin. fab. IB^." TheocHt.
part of Palestine,containing the five cities of 2Q."0vid. Met. 3, fab. 7, 8, and 9.
Virg
Gaza, Grath,Ascalon,Azotus, and Ekron. ^n. 4, V. 4m." Pans. 2, c. b."Apollod.3,
Pentelicus, a mountain of Attica,where c. 5."Euripid.in Bacch.-^Senec. Phcenis "

were found quari-ies of beautiful marble. "^- Hipp.

Slrab. 9." Pans. 1, c. 32. Penthilus, a son of Orestes by Erigone,the
Penthesilea, a queen of the Amazons, daughterof .^gysthus, who reignedconjointly
daughterof Mars, by Otrera,or Orithya.She with his brother Tisarnenus at Argos. He
came to assist Priam in the last years of the was driven some time afterfrom his throne
by
Trojan war, and foughtagainstAchilles, by the Heraclidai,and he retired to Achaia,and
whom she was slain. The hero was so struck thence to Lesbos, where he
planteda colony
with the beautyof Penthesilea, ped Pans. 5, c. 4."Strab. 13.~Faterc. 1, c. 1.
when he strip-
lier of her arms, that he even shed tears Penthvlls, a princeof Paphos,who assis- ted
lor havingtoo violently sacrificed her to his fu-
ry. Xerxes with 12 ships. He was seized by
Thersites laughed at the partiality of the the Greeks, to whom he communicated
many
hero,for whicJi ridicule he was instantly killed. importantthings concerningthe situationof
Lycophrou sa\'s, that Achilles slew Thersites the Persians, kc. Htrodot. 7, c. 195.
because he had put out the eyes of Penthesilea Peparethos, a small island of the iEgeaa
when she was yet alive. The scholiast of Ly- sea, on the coast of Macedonia,about 20 miles
cophron dittei-sfrom that opinion,and de- in circumference. It abounded in olives,
clares, and
that it was commonly believed,that itswines have alwaysbeen reckoned excellent.
Achilles olFercd violence to the body of Pen- They were
thesilea not, however, palatable before
when she was dead,and that Thersites they were seven 3ears old. Plin. 4, c. \2.
was killed because he bad reproached the hero Ovid. Met. 7, V. 470." Lt'r. 28, c. 5, 1. 31,
'
for this infamous action,in the presence of all c. 28.
the Greeks. The death of Thersites so offen-
ded Pepiinos, a town of Laconia. Pam. 3,'
Dioniedes,that he dragged the body of c. 26.
Penthesilea out of the camp, and threw itinto Pephredo, a sea nymph, daughter of
the Scamander. It is generallysupposed,Phorcysand Ceto. She was born with white
that Achilles was enamoured of the Amazon hair,and thence surnamed Graia. She had a
before he foughtwith her, and that she had sister called Enyo. Hesiod. Th.
2'70."J3pol-
by him a son called Cayster. Dictys.Crtt. lod.
3 and ^."Puus. 10, c. 31." Q. Calab. 1." Vt.^s.A,or BERiEjij of
a country Judasa,
 PE PE
A partof Ca- down from the top of a tower, and put him to
near Egypt. PUn. 5, c. 14.
to Rhodes. Liv. 32, c. 33. A death. Perdix was changedinto a bird which
ria,opposite
of the Mityleneans in .SoUa. Liv. 37, bears his name. Hygin fab. 39 and 274.
colony "

C.21. Apollod. 3, c. \b."Ovid. Met. 8, v.220,-"c.

.
, ^

Perasippus, an ambassador sent to Danus Peren'na. Vid. Anna.

by the Lacedaemonians,
".c. Curt. 3, PepvEnnis,a favourite of the emperor Com-
c.

13. modus. He is described by some as a virtu-

ous
Percope, a city which assisted Priam ringdu- and impartialmagistrate, while others
the Trojan war. Vid. Percote, painthim as a cruel,violent,and oppressive
Percosids, a man acquainted with futurity.tyrant,who committed the greatestbarbari-
ties
He attemptedin vain to dissuade his two to enrich himself. He was put to death
sons to go to the Trojan war, by telling them for aspiringto the empire. Herodian.

that they should perish there. Pereits,a son of Elatus and Laodice, grand-
son
Percote, a town on the Hellespont,be-
tween of Areas, He left only one daughter
the called NecBra, who mother of Auge and
Abydosand Lampsacus,near shore.
sea- was

of Cepheusand Lycurgus. Apollod.

Artaxerses gave it to Themistocles, 3. Paus. "

to maintain his wardrobe. It is sometimes 8, c. 4.

called Percope. Herodot. 1, c. 117. Hom.
"
Perga, a town of Pamphylia. Vid. Perge.
Perdiccas, the fourth king of Macedonia. Liv. 38, c. 57.
B. C. 729, was descended from Teraenus. He Pergamus, Pergama, (Plur.)the citadel of
increased his dominions by conquest, and in the cityof Troy. The word is often used for
the latter partof his life, he showed his son Ar- Troy. It situated in the most
was elevated
geus where he wished to be buried, and told partof the town, on the shores of the river
him that as long as the bones of his descend-
ants Scamander. Xerxes mounted to the top of
and successors on the throne of Macedo-
nia this citadel when he reviewed his troopsas he
were laid in the same grave, so long would marched to invade Greece. Herodot. 7,c. 43.
the crown remain in their family. These "Virg. M.n. 1,v. 466, ",c.
injunctionswere obsev:ved till the time of Pergamus, now Bergamo,a town of Mysia,
Alexander, who buried out of Macedonia.
was on the
banks of the Caycus. It was the ca-
pital

Herodot. 7 and S." Justin. 7, c. 2. ther,

Ano- of a celebrated empire called the king-
dom
king of Macedonia, son of Alexander. of Pergamus,which was founded by Phi-
He reignedduring the Peloponnesian lajterus,
war, an eunuch, whom Lysimachus, after
and assisted the Lacedaemonians againstA- the battle of Ipsus,had intrusted with the
thens. He behaved with greatcourage on the treasures which he had obtained in the war.
throne, and died B. C. 413, after a long Philseterus made himself master of the trea-
sures

reignof gloryand independence, daringwhich and of Pergamus in which they were

he had subdued some of his barbarian neigh-
bours.deposited, B. C. 283, and laid the foundations
Another, king of Macedonia, who of an empire,over which he himself presided
"was supported on his throne by Iphicrates the for 20 years. His successors began to reignin
Athenian, against the intrusions of Pausanias. the following order : his nephew Eumenes cended
as-

He was killed in a war againstthe Iliyrians, the throne 263 B. C. ; Attains,241 ; Eu-
menes
B. C. 360. Justin. 7, Sic. One of thefriends the second, 197; Attains Philadelphus,
and favourites of Alexander the Great. At the 159; Attalus Philomator, 138,who, B. C. 133,
king'sdeath he wished to make himself abso-lute leftthe Roman peopleheirs to his kingdom,as
and the ring which he had received from he had no children. The right of the Romans,
;
the hand of the dying Alexander, seemed in however, disputed
was by an usurper, who
some measure to lavosjr his pretensions. The claimed the
empire as his own, and Aquilius
better to support his claims to the throne, he the Roman generalwas obligedto conquer the
married Cleopatra,the sister of Alexander, different cities one by one, and to gaintheir
and strengthened himself by making a league submission by poisoningthe v/aters which were
with Eumenes. His ambitious views were conveyed to their houses, tillthe whole was
easily discovered by Antigonusand the rest of reduced into the form of a dependentprovince.
the generalsof Alexander, who all wished, The capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was
Jike Perdiccas,to succeed to the kingdom and famous for a library of 200,000 volumes, which
honours of the deceased monarch. Antipater,had been collected by the different monarchs
Craterus, and Ptolemy, leaguedwith Antigo- nus who had reignedthere. This noble collection
against Iflm, and aftermuch bloodshed on was afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleo-
patra,
both sides, Perdiccas was totallyruined, and with the permission of Antony, and it
at last assassinatedin his tent in Egypt,by his adorned and enriched the Alexandrian library,
own officers, about 321 years before the Chris-
tian tillit was most fatally destroyedby the Sara-
cens,
era. Perdiccas had not the prudence A. D. 642. Parchment was firstinvent-
ed
and the address which were necessary to con-
ciliate and made use of at Pergamus,to transcribe
the esteem and gain the attachment books, as Ptolemy king of Egypt had forbid- den
of his fellow soldiers,and this impropri-
ety the exportation of papyrus from his king-
dom,
of his conduct alienated the heart of his in order to prevent Eumenes from ma-king

friends,and atlast proved his destruction. a library as valuable and as choice as tliat

Plut. in Alex."Diod. 17 and 18." Cur/. 10." of Alexandria. From this circumstance ment
parch-
C. Mp. Eum."JElian. V. H. 12. has been called c/iar/"/7erg'amena. Gale-
Pr.RDix, a young Athenian,son of the sis- ter nusthe physician and ApoUodorus the mytho-
of Daedalus. He invented the saw, and logist were born there. .-Esculapius was the
seemed to promiseto become a greaterartist chief deity of the country. PUn. 5 and 15. "

than had ever been known. His uncle was Isid. 6, c. n."Strab.l3."Liv. 29, c. 11,1.31,
jealousof his rising fame,and he threw him c. 4Q."Pliii. 10,c. 21,1. 13,c. 11. A son of
 PE PE
and Andromache, who, as
"-eoptoleraus some ly,son of Xanthippusand Agariste.He was
suppose, foundedPergamus in Asia. Pans. naturallyendowed with greatpowers, which
1, c. 11. he improved by attendingthe lectures of Da-
mon,
Perge, a town of Pamphylia,where Diana of Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under
had a magnificent temple,whence hersurname these celebrated masters he became a mander,
com-

of Pergaea.Apollonius the geometrician was a statesman, and an orator, and gain-

ed
born there. Mela, 1, c. 14. Strah. 14.
" the atFections of the peopleby his uncom- mon
Pergus, a lake of Sicily near Enna, where address and well directed liberality.
Proserpinewas carried away by Pluto. Ovid, When he took a share in the administration of
o, V. 386. publicaffairs, he rendered himself popularby
Periandev, a tyrant of Corinth,son ofCyp- opposingCimon, who was the favourite of the
selns. The firstyears of his government were nobility, and to remove eveiy obstacle which
mild and popular, but he soon learnt to be- come stood in the way of his ambition,he lessened
oppressive,when he h^d consulted the ty- rantthe dignity and the power of the court of the
of Sicily about the surest way of reigning. Areopagus,which the peoplehad been taught
He received no other answer but whatever ex- for ages to resi)ect
planation and to venerate. He also
he w'ished to take placeon the Si- cilian attacked Cimon, and caused him to be ban- ished
tyrant's having,in the presence of his by the ostracism. Thucydidesalso,who
messenger, pluckedin a field all the ears of had succeeded Cimon on his banishment}
corn which seemed to tower above the rest. shared the same fate,and Pericles remained
Periander understood the meaning of this an- swer. for 15 years the sole minister,and as it may
He immediately surrounded himself be said the absolute sovereignof a lepublic
with a numerous guard,and put to death the which always showed itselfso jealousof its
richest and most powerful citizens of Corinth. liberties, and which distrusted so much the
He was not only cruel to his subjects, but his honestyof her magistrates. In his ministerial
fiamily also Avere objects of his vengeance. He capacityPericles did not enrich himself,but
committed incest with his mother, and put to the prosperit}'^ of Athens was the objectof his
death his wife Melissa,upon false accusation. administration. He made war against the La-cedemonians,
He also banished his son Lycophron to the is- land and restored the temple of
of Coreyra, because the youthpitied and Delphi to the care of the Phocians,who had
wept at the miserable end of his mother, and been illegally deprivedofthat honourable trust.
detested the barbarities of his father, Perian- der He obtained a victory over the Sicyonians near

died about 585 years before the Christian Nemaa, and waged a successful war against the
era, in his 80th year, and by the meanness of inhabitants of Saraos at the requestof his fa- vourite
his flatterershe was reckoned one of the seven mistress Aspacia. The Peloponnesian
wise men of Greece. Though he was tyranni- cal, war was fomented by his ambitious views.
yet he patronized the fine arts ; he was [Vid.Peloponnesiacumbellum,]and when
fond of peace, and he showed himself the he had warmly representedthe flourishing
friend and protectorof geniusand of learning. state, the opulence,and actual power of his
He used to say, that a man oughtsolemnlyto country,the Athenit'ns did not hesitatea mo- ment

keep his word, but not to hesitate to break it, to undertake a war againstthe most
if ever it clashed with his interest.He said al- so powerful republics of Greece, a war which
that not only crimes oughtto be punished,continued for 27 years, and which was cluded
con-

but also every wicked and corrupted thought. by the destruction of their empire,and
Diog.in vita. Arist. 5, Polit. Paus. 2.
" " the demolition of their walls. The arms of the
A tyrantof Ambracia, whom some rank with Athenians were for some time crowned with
the seven wise men of Greece, and not the ty- rantsuccess ; but an unfortunate expedition raised
of Corinth. A man distinguished as a clamours againstPericles,and the enraged
physician, but contemptible as a poet. Plut. populaceattributed all their losses to him, and
'" Lucan. to make atonement for their ill success, they
Periarchus, a naval commander of Spar-
ta condemned him to pay 50 talents. This loss
conqueredby Conon. Diod. of popularfavour by republican capricedid
Perib(ea, the second wife of OEneus, king not so much attect Pericles as the recent death
of Calydon, was daughterof Hipponous. She of all his children,and when the tide of un- popularity
became mother of Tideus. Some suppose that was passedby,he condescended to
CEneus debauched her, and afterwards marri- ed come into the public assembly,and to view
her. Hygin.fab. 69. A daughterof Al- with secret pridethe contrition of his fellow
cathous,sold by her fathferon suspicionthat citizens, who universally begged his forgive-
ness
she was courted by Telamon son of j5Cacus, for the violence which tliey had offered
kingof^gina. She was carried to Cyprus, to his ministerial character. He was again
where Telamon the founder of Salamis mar- ried restored to allhis honours, and if possible vested
in-
her, and she became mother of Ajax. with more power and more authority
She also married Theseus,according to some. than before; but the dreadful pestilence which
She is also called Eribcea. Pans. 1, c. 17 and had diminished the number of his family,
42. "

Hygin.97. The wife of Polybus,king provedfatal to him, and about 420 yeai's be- fore
of Corinth,who educated (Edipus as her own Christ, in his 70th year, he fella sacrifice
child. A daughterof Eurymedon, who be- came to that terrible malady,which robbed Athens
mother of Nansithous by Neptune. of so many of her citizens, Pericles was for
The mother of Penelope,accordingto some 40 years at the head of the administration, 2"
authors. years with others,and 15 alone, and thu flour- ishing
Peribomius, a noted debauchee, ".c. Juv. state of the empireduringhis govern- ment
2, V. 16. gave occasion to the Athenians public!;
Pericles, an Athenian of a nollt fami- to lament his loss, and venerate his memory.
f^6
 PE PE
As he was expiring, and seeminglysenseless, ] Perilaus, an officer in the army of Alex- ander
his friends that stood around his bed expatiated the Great. Curt. 10. A tyrant of
with warmth on the most glorious actions of his Argos.
life, and the victories which he had won, when Perileus, a son of Jcarius and Peribcea.
he suddenly interrupted their tears and con-
versation, Perilla, a daughter of Ovid the poet.
by saying, that in mentioningthe ex-ploits She was extremelyfond of poetry and litera-
ture.
that he had achieved, and which were Ovid. Fast. 3, el. 7, v. 1.
common to him with all generals, they had Perillus, an ingeniousartist at Athens,
forgotto mention a circumstance which reflec- ted who made a brazen bull for Phaiaris, tyrantof
far greatergloryupon him as a minister, a Agrigentum. This machine was fabricated to
and
general, above all.as a man. It is,says he, put criminals to death by burning them alive,
that not a citizen in Athens has been obligedto and it was such that their cries were like the
put on mourning on my account. The Athe-
nians roaringof a bull. When Perillus gave itPha- iaris,
were so pleasedwith his eloquencethat the tyrantmSde the firstexperimentup- on
theycompared itto thunder and lightning, and the donor, and cruelly put him to death by
as to another father of the gods,theygave him lighting a slow fire under the bellyof the bull.
the surname of Olympian. The poets,his flat-terers,
Plin. 34, c. 8. Ovid, in art. ^m. I, v. 653, in
"

said that the goddess of persuasion, ib. 439. A lawyer and usurer in the age of
with all her charms and attractions, dwelt up-
on Horace. Horat. 2,^at. 3, v. 75.
his tongue. When he marched at the head Perimede, a daughter of yEolus, who
of the Athenian armies, Pericles observed that married Achelous. The wife of Licym-
he had the command of a free nation that were nius. A woman skilledin the knowledge of
Greeks, and citizens of Athens. He also de-
claredherbs and of enchantments. Theocril. 2.
that not only the hand of a magistrate, Perimela, a daughter of Hippodamus,
but also his eyes and his tongue should be pure thrown into the sea for receiving the addres-
ses
and undefiled. Yet greatand venerable as this of the Achelous, She was changed into
character may appear, we must not forget the an island in the Ionian sea, and became one of
folliesof Pericles. His vicious partiality for the Echinades. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 790.
the celebrated courtezan Aspasia,subjected Perinthia, a play of Menander's. Te-
him to the ridicule and the censure of his fel-
low rent.And.prol. 9.
citizens ; but if he triumphedover satire Perinthus, a town of Thrace, on the
and malevolent remarks, the Athenians had Propontis,ancientlysurnamed Mygdonica.
occasion to execrate the memory of a man It was afterwards called Htradea-, in honour of
who by his example corruptedthe purityand Hercules, and now Erekli. Mela, 2, c. 2. "

innocence of their morals, and who made li- centiousness

Pam. I, c. 29." Plin. 4, c. U."Liv. 33, c. 30.
respectable, and the indulgence Peripatetici, a sect of philosophers at
of every impure desire the qualification to Aristotle. They received
of the Athens, disciples
soldier as well as of the senator. Pericles lost this name from the place where they were
all his legitimate children by the pestilence, taught,called Ptripatoriy in the Lyceum, or
and to call a natural son by his own name he because they received the philosopher's tures
lec-
was obligedto repeala law which he had as The Peri-
they walked (";"5r"Tow.-ei.) patetics
made against spuriouschildren,and which he acknowledged the dignity of human
had enforced with great severity.This son nature, and placedtheir sumrnum honuin not
called Pericles,became one of the ten gene- in the pleasures sensation,but in the
of passive
rals
who succeeded Alcibiades in the admin-
istrationdue exercise of the moral and intellectual fa- culties.
of aflairs, and like his colleagues he The habit of this exercise,when ded
gui-
was condemned to death by the Athenians, by reason, constituted the highestexcel-
lence
after the unfortunate battle of Arginusaas. of man. The philosopher contended that
Faus. 1, c. 25. Phdinvitd.
"

Quintil.
"
12, c our own happinesschiefly depends upon our-
selves,
9."Ck. de Oral. S.",mian. V. H.4,c. 10." and thoughhe did not requirein his
Xe.nop/i. Hist. G. Thucyd.
"

followers that self-command to which othei"S

Periclymknus, one of the twelve sons of pretended, yet he allowed a moderate degree
ISeleus, brolher to Nestor, killed by Hercu of perturbation, as becoming human nature,
les. He was one of the Argonauts,and had and he considered a certain sensibility of pas-
sion
received from Neptune his grandfather the totally necessary, as by resentment we
of changing himself into whatever enabled to and the smart
injuries,
power are repel
ehape he pleased. Jipollod.Ovid. "
Md. 12, which past calamities have renders
inflicted,
556. careful avoid the
V. us to repetition.Cic. Acad.
Peridia, a Thcban woman, whose son was 2, he.
killed by Turnus in the Rutulian war. Virg Peripiias, a who
man attempted,with
JEn. 12, v. 515. Pyrrhus,Priam's palace,he. Virg.JEn. 2,
Periegetes Dionysius, a poet. Vid. Dio- V. 476. A son of iEgyptus,who married
nysius. Actaea. jSpollod.
2, c. 1. One of the La-
Perieres, a son of tEoIuS;
accordingto piths. Ovid. Met. 12,v. 449.
or Oneoftho
others of Cynortas.
Apollod. The (chario-
teer firstkingsof Attica,before the age of Cecrops,
of Mencpceus. Id. accordingto some authors.
Perigenes, an officer of Ptolemy,he. Periphates, a robber of Attica,son of
Perigo.nE; a woman who had a son called Vulcan, destroyedby Theseus. He is also
JVIelanippus, by Theseus. She was daughter called Corynetes. Hygin.38. Diod. 5. "
*

of Syiiuis the famous robber, whom Theseus Periphemus, an ancient hero of Greece,
killed. She mairied Deioneus the son of Eu- to whom Solon sacrificed at Salamis,by order
rytus,by consent of Theseus. Pint, in Thcs. of the oracle.
"Faus. 10,c. 25. Pebisades,a peopleof Illyricura.
 PE PE
pERistHENEs, a son of who
iEgyptus, ried
mar- Pers^, the inhabitants of Persia. Vid.
Electra. Ap. Persia.
Peritanus, an Arcadian who enjoyedthe Persjeus, a philosopher
intimate with An-
of Helen afterher elopement with tigonus,
by Avhom he was the
company appointedover
Paris. The offended lover punishedthe crime Acrocorinth. He flourished B. C. 274. Diog.
by mutilation, whence mutilated persons were Laert. in Zenon.
called Peritani in Arcadia. Ptol. Heph. 1,m Persee, fountain near Mycenae, in Pelo-
a ponnesus.
init. Pans. 2, c. 16.
Peritas, a favourite dog of Al.?xander the Perseis, one of the Oceanides. A pa-
tronymic
Great, in whose honour the monarch built of Hecate
a as daughterof Perses.
city. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 69.
Peritonium, a town of Egypt on the west-
ern Persephone, a daughterof Jupiterand
side of the Nile, esteemed of greatimpor-
tance, Ceres, called also Proserpine.[Vid.Proser-
pina.]
as beingone of the keys of the coun-
try. The mother of Amphion by Jasus.
Antony was defeated there by C. Gallus, Persepolis, a celebrated city,the capital
the lieutenant of Augustus. of the Persian empire. It was laid in ruins by
Permessus, a river of Bceotia,risingin Alexander after the conquest of Darius. The
mount Helicon, and flowingall round it. It reason of this is unknown. Diodorus says that
received its name from Permessus the father the sight of about 800 Greeks, whom the Per-
sians
of a nymph called Aganippe,who also gave had shamefullymutilated,so irritated
her name to one of the fountains of Helicon. Alexander,that he resolved to punishthe bar- barity
The river Permessus, as well as the fountain of the inhabitants of Persepolis, and of
Aganippe,were sacred to the Muses. Slrab. the neighbouringcountry, by permitting his
S."Propert. 2, el. 8. soldiers to plundertheir capital.Others sup- pose
Pero, or Pekone, a daughter of Neleus, that Alexander set it on fire at tlieinsti-
gation
kingof Pylos,by Chloris. Her beautydrew of Thais, one of his courtezans, when
many admirers, but she married Bias son of he had passed the day in drinking, and in
Amythaon, because he had, by the assistance riot and debauchery. The ruins of Perse- polis,
of his brother Melampus, IVid.Melampus,] now Estakar, or Tehel-Minar^ stillas- tonish
and according to her father'sdesire,recovered the modern traveller by their gran-
deur
some oxen which Hercules had stolen away, and magnificence.Curt. 5, c. 7. Diod. "

and she became mother of Talaus. Homer. Od. 17, Sic. Jlrrian. Plut. in Alex.
" " " Justin. 11,
11, V. 284."Propert. 2, el. 2, v. 17." Pans. 4, c. 14.
c. 36. A daughter of Cimon, remarkable Perses, a son of Perseus and Andromeda.
for her filialaffection. When her father had From him the Persians,who were originally
been sent to prison, where his judgeshad con-demned called Cephenes,received their name. He-
him to starve, she supportedhis life rodot. 7, c. 61. A kingof Macedonia. Vid.
by givinghim the milk of her breasts, as to her Perseus.
own child. Val. Max. 5, c. 4. Perseus, a son of Jupiterand Danae, the
Peroe, a fountain of Boeotia called afterPe- daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius had con- fined

roe, a daughterof the Asopus. Pam. 9, c. 4. his daughterin a brazen tower to pre-
vent
Perola, a Roman who meditated the death her becoming a mother, because he was
of Hannibal in Italy. His father Pacuvius to perish, accordingto the words of an oracle^
dissuaded him from assassinating the Cartha-
ginian by the hands of his daughter's son, Perseus
general. was no sooner born IVid. Danae] than he
Perpenna, M. a Roman who conquered was thrown into the sea with his mother
Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prisoner.Danae. The hopes of Acrisius were trated
frus-
He died B. C. 130. Another who joinedthe ) the slender boat which carried Danae
rebellion of Sertorius, and opposedPompey. and her son was driven by the winds upoa
He was defeated by Metellus,and some time the coasts of the island of Seriphos, one of
after he had the meanness to assassinate Ser-
torius,
the Cyclades,where they were found by a
whom he had invited to his house. He fisherman called Dictys,and carried to Poly-
fell into the hands of Pompey, who ordered dectes the king of the place. They were
him to be put to death. Plut. in Sert. treated with great humanity, and
"
Perseus
Paterc. 2, c. 30. A Greek who ed
obtain- was intrusted to the care of the priests of
the consulship at Rome. Val. Max. 3, Minerva's temple. His risinggenius and
C.4. manly courage, however, soon displeased Po-
Perperene, a place of Phrygia,where, lydectes, and the monarch, who wished t"
as some
suppose, Paris adjudged the prizeof offer violence to Danae, feared the resent-
ment
beautyto Venus. Strab. 5. of her son. Yet Polydectcsresolved
Perranthes, a hiil of Epirus,near Am- to remove every obstacle. He invited all
bracia. Liv. 38, c. 4. his friends to a sumptuous entertainment,
PKRRHiEJBiA, a part of Thessalysituate on and it was requisite that all such as came
die borders of the Peneus, with a beauti-
ful
extendingbetween should present the monarch
the town of Atraxandthevaleof The horse. Perseus in the number of
Tempe. was
inhabitants were driven from their possessions the invited,and the more particularly so,
by tiieLapithaj, and retired into ^tolia,where as Polydecte^knew that he could not re- ceive

part of the country received the name of Perr- from him the present which he pected
ex-
/iMia. Propert.2, el. 5, v. 33." Strab. 9." from all the rest. Nevertheless Per-
seus,
Liv. 33, c. 34, 1.39, c. 34. who wislied not to appear inferior to
Peras, or Perse IS, one of the Oceanides, the others in magnificence,told the king
mother of ^tes, Circe, and Pasipl)ae, by that as he could not give him a horse, he
Apollo. JItsioif.Thcog."^pollod. 3. would bring him the head of Medusa, the
 PE PE
only one of the Gorgons who was subjectinto a largemountain
which bore the same
to mortality.The offer was doubly agree-
able name in the
deserts of Africa. On the mor-
row

to Polydectes, as it would remove seus

Per- Perseus continued his flight,
and as he
from Seriphos,and on account of its passedacross the territories of Libya,he dis-
covered,
seeming impossibility, the attempt mightper-
haps on the coasts of ^Ethiopia,the naked
end in his ruin. But the innocence of Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster. He
Perseus was patronized by the gods. Pluto struck at the siglit,
was and oft'eredher father
lent him his helmet, which had the wonderful Cepheusto deliver her from instant death if

power of making itsbearer invisible ; Minerva he obtained her in marriageas a reward of

gave him her buckler, which was as dent

resplen-his labours. Cepheus consented, and imme-
diately
as he received from Mercury
glass;and Perseus,raising himself in the air,flew
wings and the telaria, with a short daggermade towards the monster, which was advancingto
of diamonds, and called herpe. Accordingto devour Andromeda, and he plungedhis dag- ger
it was from Vulcan, and not from in his rightshoulder,and destroyedit.
some,
Mercury, that he received the herpe,which This happy event was attended with the great- est
was in form like a scythe. With these rejoicings. Perseus raised three altars to
arms Perseus began his expedition, and tra-
versedMercury, Jupiter,and Pallas,and after he
the air, conducted by the goddess nerva.
Mi- had oft'ered the sacrifice of a calf,a bullock,
He w^ent to the Graiae,the sisters of and a heifer, the nuptials were celebrated with
the Gorgons, who, accordingto the poets,had the greatestfestivity. The universal joy,
wings like the eye and
Gorgons,but only one however, was soon disturbed. Phineus, An-
dromeda's
one tooth betweenthem all, of whicb they uncle, entered thepalace with a
made use, each in her turn. They were three number of armed men, and attemptedto car-
ry

in number, accordingto iEschylusand Apol- away the bride, whom he had courted and
lodorus y or only two, accordingto Ovid and admired long before the arrival of Perseus.
Hesiod. With Pluto's helmet, which render-
ed The father and mother of Andromeda fered,
inter-
him invisible, Perseus was enabled to steal but in vain ; a bloody battle ensued,
their eye and their tooth while they were and Perseus must have fallen a victim to the
asleep,and he returned them onlywhen they rage of Phineus, had not he defended himself
gons at last with the same
had informed him where their sisterstlie Gor- arms which provedfatal
resided. When he had received every to Atlas. He showed the Gorgon's head to
necessary information, Perseus flew to the his adversaries, and theywere turned
instantly
habitation of the Gorgons, which was situate to stone, each in the posture and attitude in

beyond the western ocean, accordingto He-

siod which he then stood. The
friends of Cepheus,
and Apollodorus ; or in Libya,accordingand such shared not
as supportedPerseus,
to Ovid and Lucan, or in the deserts of Asiatic the fate of Phineus, as the hero had previ- ously
Scythia, accordingto iEschylus.He found warned them of the power of JMedusa's
these monsters asleep,and as he knew that head, and of the services which he received
if he fixed his eyes upon them, he should be from it. Soon after this memorable ture
adven-
instantly changedinto a stone, he continually Perseus retired to Seriphos, at the very
looked on his shield,which reflected all the moment that his mother Danae fled to the
objectsas clearlyas the best of glasses.He altar of Minerva to avoid the pursuit of Poly-
dectes,
approached them, and with a courage which who attemptedto offer her violence.
the goddess Minerva supported, he cut off Dictys, who had saved her from the sea, and
Medusa's head with one blow. The noise who as some
say was the brother of Polydecte:?,
awoke the two immortal sisters,but Pluto's defended her against the attempts of her ene-
mies,
helmet rendered Perseus invisible, and the at-
tempts and therefore Perseus,sensible of his me-
rit
of the Gorgons to revenge Medusa's and of his humanity,placed him on the
death proved fruitless; the conqueror made throne of Seriphos, afterhe had with Medusa's
his way throughthe air, and from the blood head turned into stones the wicked Polydectes
which dropped from Medusa's head sprang all and the officers who were the associates of his
those innumerable serpentswhich have ever guilt.He afterwards restored to Mercury his
since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. talaria and his wings, to Pluto his helmet, to
Chrysaor also,with his goldensword, sprung Vulcan his sword, and to Minerva her shield ;
from these dropsof blood, as well as the horse but as he was more particularlyindebted to the
Pegasus,which immediatelyflew throughthe goddessof wisdom for her assistance and pro-
tection,
air,and stoppedon mount Helicon, where he he placedthe Gorgon'shead on her
became the favourite of the Muses. time
Mean- shield,or rather, accordingto the more ceived
re-
Perseus had continued his journey across opinion,on her asgis.After he had
the deserts of Libya,but the approach of night finished these celebrated exploits, Perseus ex-
pressed

obliged him to alight in the territories of At-

las, a wish to return to his native country,
king of Mauritania. He went to the and accordingly he embarked for the Pelopon-
nesus,
monarch's palace,where he hoped to find a with his mother and Andromeda. When
kind reception by announcing himself as the he reached the Peloponnesiancoasts he was in- formed
son of Jupiter,but in this he was disappointed. that Teutamias, king of Larissa,was
Atlas recollected that,according to an ancient then celebratingfuneral gamesin honour of his
oracle,his gardensw ere to be robbed of their father. This intelligence drew him to Larissa
fruitby one of the sons of Jupiter, and there-
fore to signage himself in throwing the
quoit, of
he not only refused Perseus the hospital-
ity which, accordingto some, he was the inventor.
he demanded, but he even offered violence But here he was attended by an eviLfate, and
to his person. Perseus findinghimself infe-rior had the misfortune to kill a man with a quoit,
to his powerfulenemy, showed him dusa'swhich
Me- he had thrown in the air. This was
head, and instantly
Atlas was changed no other than his grandfatherAcrisius,whe
 PE PE
"n the first
intelligencethat his grandson had walls of Pydna, B, C. 168, he was the first
reached the Peloponnesus, fled from his king-
dom who ruined his own cause, and by flying as

of Argos to the court of his friend and soon as the battle was begun, he leftthe ene-
my

allyTenlamia?, to prevent the fulfilling

of masters of the field. From Pydna,Perseus
the oracle,which had fled to Samothrace, but he was soon
obligedhim to treat his ed
discover-
daughterwith so much barbarity.Some sup-
pose in his obscure retreat,and broughtinto the
with Pausanias, that Acrisius had gone presence of the Roman conqueror, where the
to Larissa to be reconciled to his grandson,meanness of his behaviour exposedhim to ri- dicule,
whose fame had been spreadin every cityof and not to mercy. He veas earned to
Greece; and Ovid maintains that the grand- father Rome, and draggedalongthe streets of the ci- ty
was under the strongestobligations to to adorn the triumph of the conqueror.
his son-in-law, as throughhim he had received His family were also exposed to the sightof
his kingdom,from which he had been forcibly the Roman populace,who shed tears on view- ing
driven by the sons of his brother Prcetus. in their streets, draggedlike a slave,a mon-
arch

This unfortunate murder greatly depressed the who had once defeated their armies,and
spirits of Perseus: by the death of Acrisius spreadalarm all over Italy, by the greatness of
he was entitled to the throne of Argos,but his military preparations, and by his bold un- dertakings,

he refused to reignthere ; and to remove self

him- Perseus died in prison,or ac- cording

from a placewhich reminded him of the to some, he was put to a shameful

parricide he had unfortunately committed, he death the first year of his captivity.He had
exchangedhis kingdom for that of Tirynthus,two sons, Philip and Alexander, and one daugh-
ter,
and the maritime coast of Argolis, where Me- whose name is not known. Alexander,the
gapenthesthe son of Prcetus then reigned.younger of these,was hired to a Roman car- penter,

When he had finally settled in this partof the and led the greatestpart of his life in
Peloponnesus,he determined to laythe foun- dations obscurity, tillhis ingenuity raised him to no- tice.

of a new city,which he made the He was afterwards made secretaryt"

capital of his dominions, and which he called the senate. Liv. 40, ".c. Justin. 33, c. 1, ".c.
"

Mycenm, because the pommel of his sword, Plut. in Paulo.

" Ftor. 2, c. 12. Propert.
" "
4,
called by the Greeks myces, had fallenthere. el. 12,V. 39.
The time of his death is unknown, yet it is Persia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia,
nniversally agreedthat he received divine hon-
ours which in its ancient state extended from the
like the rest of the ancient heroes. He Hellespontto the Indus, above 2800 miles,
had statues at Mycenas and in the island of and from Pontus to the shores of Arabia,
and
Seriphos, the Athenians raised him a tem-
ple, above 2000 miles. As a province, Persia was
in which they consecrated an altar in hon-
our but small,and accordingto the description of
of Dictys,who had treated Danae and Ptolemy, it was bounded on the north by
her infant son with so much paternaltender-
ness. Media, west by Susiana, south by the Persian
The Egyptians also paidparticularour
hon- gulf,and east by Carmania. The empire
to his memory, and asserted that he often of Persia,or the Persian monarchy, was first
appearedamong them wearingshoes two cu- bits founded by Cyrus the Great, about 569 years
long, which was always interpreted as a before the christian era, and under the suc- ceeding

signof fertility, Perseus had by Andromeda, monarchs it became one of the most
Alceus, Sthenelus, Nestor, Electryon,and considerable and powerfulkingdoms of the
Gorgophone, and after death, according to earth. The kingsof Persia began to reignin
6ome mythologists, he became a constellation the following order: Cyrus,B, C. 669 : Cam-
in the heavens. Herodot. 2, c. 91. Jlpollod.
"
byses,529 : and afterthe usurpation of Smer-
2, c. 4, ^c."Paus. 2, c. 16 and 18,1.3, c. 17, dis for 7 months, Darius 621 : Xerxes the
hc."Apollon.Arg.4, v. 1609." /"a/.9, v. 442. Great 485 : Artabanus 7 months, and Artax-
" Ovid. Met. 4,fab. 16,1.6, fab. 1,",c. Lucan. "
erxes Longimanus 464: Xerxes II. 425:
9, V. 668." Hygin. fab. 64." Hesiod. Theog. Sogdianus 7 months, 424: Darius II. or
270. ^ Scul. Here" Find. Pyth.7, S^Olymp.3. Nothus 423: Artaxerxes II. or Memnon
"Ital. 9."Propert. 2."Athen. VS." Homer. II. 404 : Artaxerxes III. or Ochus, 358 : Arses
14. Tzetz. in Lycoph.17.
" A son of Nestor or Arogus 337, and Darius III. or Codo-
and Anaxibia. Apollod.1, c. 9. A writer manus, 336, who was conquered by Alex-
ander
who publisheda treatise on the republic of the Great 331, The destruction of the
Sparta, A philosopher, disciple to Zeno. Persian monarchy by the Macedonians was sily
ea-

Vid. Persasus. effected, and from that time Persia became

Perseus, or Perses, a son of Philip king tributary to the Greeks, After the death of
of Macedonia. He distinguished himself like Alexander, when the Macedonian empirewas
is father,by his enmity to the Romans, and divided among the officers of the deceased
when he had made sufficient preparations, he conqueror, Seleucns Nicanor made himself
declared war againstthem.His operations, master of the Persian provinces, tillthe revolt
however, were slow and
injudicious ; he want-
ed of the Parthians introduced new revolutionsiu
courage and resolution, and though he at the east, Persia was partlyreconqueredfrom
firstobtained some advantagesover the Ro- man the Greeks, and remained tributary to the
armies, yet his avarice and his timidityParthians for near 600 years. After this the
proved destructive to his cause. When Pau- sovereignty was againplacedinto the hands of
lus was appointedto the command man tiie Persians, by the revolt of Artaxerxes, a
of the Ro-
armies in Macedonia, Perseus showed his common soldier,A. D. 229, who
became the
inferiority
by his imprudent encampments, founder
second of the
Persian monarchy,
and when he had at lastyieldedto the advice which proved .so inimical to the power of the
of his officers,
who recommended a generalRoman enjperors. In their national idjaracter,
eMjagemcnt, and dra^wiuphisforces near the the Persians were warlik(^ ; tlier were earJv
 PE PE
taught to ride,and to handle the bovr,and by unimpeached, his modesty remarkable, and
the manly exercises of hunting, they were in- his benevolence universally admired. He dis-
tinguished
nured to bear the toilsand fatigues of a milita- himself by his satiricalhumour, and
Their national valour,however, soon made the faults of the orators and
ly life. poets of his
degenerated, and their want of employment age the subject of his poems. He did not even
at home soon rendered them unfit for war. spare Nero, and the more effectuallyto expose
In the reignof Xerxes, when the empire of the emperor to ridicule, he introduced into
Persia in the most flourishing
was state,a small his satires some of -his verses. The torvami-
number of Greeks Were enabled repeatedly to malloneis impleruntcornua hombis, with the
repelfor three successive days, an almost in- three following
numerable verses, are Nero's according to
army. This celebrated action, some. But though he was so severe upon
which happened at Thermop3iae,shows in a the vicious and ignorant, he did not forget his
strong light the superiority of the Grecian sol-diers friendship for Cornutus,and he showed his re-
gard
the Persians, and the battles that for his character and abilities
over by making
before,and a short time after, were fought be- mention
tween of his name with g'-eatpropriety in
the two nations at Marathon, Salamis, his satires. It was by the advice of his learn-
ed
Platsea,and Mycale,are againan incontestible preceptorthat he corrected one of his po- ems
proofthat these Asiatics had more reliance upon in which he had compared Nero to Midas,
their numbers and upon the splendour ness and at his representation
and rich- he altered the words
of their ai'ms, than upon the valour and dis- Auriculas asini Mida
cipline rex habet,into Aariculnn
of their troops. Their custom, too pre- valentasini quisnon habet y Persius died in the
among eastern nations, of introducing 30th year of his age, A. D. 62, and leftail his
luxuryinto the camp, provedalso in some sure
mea- books, which consisted of seven hundred vo-
lumes,
destructive to their military reputation, and a large sum of money, to his precep-
tor,
and the view which the ancients giveus of the but Cornutus onlyaccepted the books, and
of Xerxes, of his cooks, stage-dancers, returned the money to the sistersand friends of
army
concubines, musicians, andperfumers,isno ry
ve- the deceased. The satires of Persius are six in
favourable signof the sagacity of a monarch, number, blamed by some for obscurity of style
who, by his nod, could command millions of and of language.But thoughtheymay
appear
men to flock to his standard. In their religion almost unintelligible to some, it ought to be
the Persians were very superstitious, theypaid remembered that theywere read with pleasure
the greatestveneration to the sun, the moon, and with avidity by his contemporaries,and
and the stars,and theyoffered sacrificesto fire,that the only difficultieswhich now appear to
but the supreme deitywas never representedthe moderns, arise from thr"ir not knowing
by statues among them. They permittedpo- the various characters which
lygamy, they described,
and it was no incest among them to the vices which they lashed, and the errors
marry a sister,or a mother. ments which they censured.
In their punish- The satires of Persius
they were extremelysevere, even to are generallyprinted with those of Juvenal,
barbarity. The monarch always appeared the best editions of which will be found to be
with the greatest pomp and dignity ; his person Hennin. 4to. L. B. 1695, and Hawkey, 12rao.
was attended by a guard of 15,000 men, and Dublin 1746. The best edition of Persius,se-parate,

he had besides, a body of 10,000 chosen horse-

men, is that of Meric Casaubon, 12mo.
called immortal. He styled himself,like Lond. 1647. Martial. QuhUil.10,c. 1. Au-
"
gust, "

the rest of the eastern monarchs, the king of de Magist. 9. Lactant." A man whose
kings, as expressiveof his greatness and quarrelwith Rupiliusis mentioned in a ridi-
culous
his power. The Persians were formerly manner by Horat. Sat. 7. He is call-
ed
called Cephenes,Jlchamenians, and AHceI, Hybrida, as beingson of a Greek by a Ro- man
and they are often confounded with the Par- woman.

thians by the ancient poets. They received Pertinax, Publius Helvius, a Roman peror
em-

the-name of Persians from Perses the son of afterthe death of Commodus. He was
Perseus and Andromeda, who is supposedto descended from an obscure family, and, like
have settled among them. Persepolis was his father,who was either a slave or the son
tliecapital of the country. Curt. 4, c. 14, 1.5, of a manumitted slave,he for some time fol-
lowed
c. 3. Plut. in Artax. Mex. ^c. Mela, 1,he.
" " the mean employment of dryingwood
" Strab. 2, 15. Xenoph. Cyrop. Herodot. 1, and making charcoal. His indigence,
"
"

however,
c. 125, hc."Apollod. 2." Marcel. 23. did not prevent him from receiving a liberal

Pers'icum mark, or Persicus Sinus, a part education, and indeed he was for some time
of the Indian ocean on the coast of Persia and employed in teachinga number of pupils the
Arabia, now called the gulf of Balgora. Greek and the Roman languagesin Etniria.
Persis, a province of Persia bounded by He leftthis laborious profession for a military
Media, Carmania, Susiana, and the Persian life, and by his valour and intrepidity he gra-*
gulf It isoften taken for Persia itself. duallyrose to ofl5ces of the highest trust in the
AuLus Persius Flaccus, a Latin poet of army, and was made consul by M. Aurelius
Volaterra;. He w-as of an equestrian family,for his eminent services. He was afterwards
and he made himself known by his intimacy intrusted with the government of Mceaia, and
with the most illustrious Romans of the age. at last he presidedover the cityof Rome as

The earlypart of his life was spent in his na-

tive governor. When Commodus was murdered,
town, and at the age of sixteen he was moved Pertinax
re- was universally selected to succeed
to Rome, where he studied philosophy to the imperial throne,and his x-efusal, and the
under Cornutus the celebrated stoic. He also pleaof old age and increasing infirmities, did
received the instructions of Palemon the gram-
marian, not prevent his being saluted emperor, and
and Virginius the rhetorician. iSatu- Augustus.He acquiesced with reluctance, but
rallyof a mild disposition his character was his aiildness, his economy, and the popularity
 PE PE
convinced the senate and
of hi administration, Petelinus Lacus, a lake near one of the
the peopleof the prudence and the justice of gatesof Rome. Liv. 6, c. 20.
their choice. He forbad his name to be inscri-
bed Peteon, a town of Boeotia. Stat. Theb. 7,
on such places or estates as were partof V. 333.~Strab. 9.
the imperial domain, and exclaimed that they Peteus, a son of Orneus, and grandsonof
belongednot to him,butto the public. He nielt- Erechtheus. He reignedin Attica,and be- came
ed allthe silver statues which had been raised father of Menestheus, who went with
to his vicious predecessor, and he exposedto the Greeks to the Trojanwar. He is repre-
sented
by some of the ancients as a monster,
publicsale all his concubines, his horses,his
of his pleasurehalf a man%nd half a beast. Apollod. 3, c. 10.
arms, and all the instruments
raised "Paus. 10, c. 35.
and extravagance. With the money
from these he enriched the empire,and was Petilia, now Strongoli, a town of Magna
enabled to abolish allthe taxes which Commo- Graecia,the capital of Lucania, built or per- haps
dus had laid on the rivers,ports,and high- ways, onlyrepaired by Philoctetes, who, alter
throughthe empire. This patriotic ad- his return from the Trojanwar, lefthis coun-
ministration try,

gained him the affection of the Melibcea,because his subjects had revolt-
ed.
worthiest and most discerning of his subjects, Mela, 2, c. 4." Liv. 23,c. 20." Virg.Mn.
but the extravagantand luxurious raised their 3,v.402.-~5'tra6. 6.
clamours against him, and when Pertinax at-tempted Petilia lex was enacted by Petilius the
to introduce among the pretor^dntribune, to make an inquiryand to know how
guardsthat discipline which was so necessary much money had been obtained from the con- quests

to preserve the peace and tranquillity of Rome, over kingAntiochus.

the flames of rebellion were kindled,and the Petilii, two tribunes who accused Scipio
minds of the soldiers totally alienated. Per-tinax Africanus of extortion. He was acquitted.
was apprizedof this mutiny,but he re- fused Petilius,a praetor, who persuaded the peo-
ple
to flyat the hour of danger.He scorned of Rome to burn the books w^hich had
the advice of his friends who wished him to been found in Numa's tomb, about 400 years
"withdraw from the impending storm, and he after his death. His advice was followed.
unexpectedlyappeared before the seditious Plut. in Kum. A plebeiandecemvir, he.
and withoutfear or concern, boldly A governor of the capitol, who stole
pretorians,
asked them whether they,who were bound to away the treasures intrusted to his care. He
defend the person of their princeand emperor, was accused,but,though guilty, he was quitted
ac-

were come to betray him and to shed his blood. as beingthe friend of Augustus. Ho-

His undaunted assurance and his intrepidity rat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 94.

"vould have had the desired eftect, and the sol-
diers Petosikis, a celebrated mathematician of
had alreadybegun to retire, when one of Egypt. Juv. 6, V. 580.
the most seditious advanced and darted his ja- velin Petra, the capital town of Arabia Petreea.
at the emperor'sbreast, exclaiming, the Strab. 16. A town of Sicily, near Hybia,
soldiers stnd you this. The rest immediately whose inhabitants are called Petrini 4^Petren-
foliowed the example, and Pertinax, muffling up ses. A town of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. 22,
his head and calling upon Jupiter to avenge his Another of Pieria in Macedonia. Liv.
death,remained unmoved, and was instantly39, c. 26." Cic. in Verr. 1, c. 39. An vated
ele-
dispatched.His head was cut off and carried place near Dyrrhachium. Lucan. 6, v.
16and lO.-Cces. Civ. 3, c. 42.
upon the pointof a spear as in triumph to the Another in
This happened on the 28th of March Elis. Another near Corinth.
camp.
A. D. 195. Pertinax reigned only87 days,and PETRiEA, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod.
his death was the more universally lamented Th. A part of Arabia, which has Syriaat
as it proceeded from a seditious tumult, and the east,Egypt on the west, Palestine on the
robbed the Roman empire of a wise,virtuous,north,and Arabia Felix at the south. This
and benevolent emperor. Diu." Htrodian. "

partof Arabia was rocky,whence it has re-ceived

Capitol. itsname. It was for the most partalso

Pertunda, a goddess at Rome, who sided covered with barren sands,and was
pre- sed
intersper-
over the consummation ofman'iage. tlei- with some fruitful spots. Its capital was

statue was generally placedin the bridalcham-ber. called Petra,

Varro. apud Aug. Civ. D. 6, c. 9. Petreius, a Roman soldier who killed his
Perusia, now Perugia,an ancient town of tribune duringthe Cimbrian wars, because he
Etruria on the Tiber,built by Ocnus. L. An- hesitated to attack the enemy. He was warded
re-
tonius was besiegedthere by Augustus, and for his valour with a crown of grass.
obligedto surrender. Strab. 5. Litcaii.1,v. Plin. 22, c. 6.
" A lieutenant of C. Antonius
41." Pa/erc. 2, c. 74." Lir. 9, c 37, 1. 10, c. 30 who defeated the troopsof Catiline. He took
and 37. the part of Pompey againstJulius Cajsar.
Pescennius. Vid. Niger. A man mate When
inti- Cajsar had been victorious in every part
with Cicero. of the world, Petreius, who had retired into
Pessinus {unlis), a town of Phrygia, w here Africa, attemptedto destroyhimself by fight-ing
Atys,as some suppose, was buried. It is par- ticularly with his friend king Juba in singlecom-
bat.
famous for a temple and a statue of Juba was killed lirst, and Petreius obliged
the goddessCybele,who was from thence cal-
led one of his slaves to run him through. Sallust.
Pessinuntia. Strab. 12. Paus. 7, c. 17. Catil. Jlpjiian.
" Cas. 1. Civ.
" " A rion
centu-
" Lir. 29, c. 10 and Ji. in Ccesar's army in Gaul, he. Some read
Pet.vlia,a town of Eubcea. Petronius
Petalus, a man killed by Perseus at the Petrinum, a town of Campania. Herat. 1,
court of Cejiheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. H5. ep. 5, V. 5.
Petelia, or PiiTELLiA, a town. Vid. IV.TRocoRii, the inhabitants of the modern
PetiUa. towuo'Perigordin France. Ca:s.7,B. G. c. 76. '
 PE PE
PetroKia, the wife of Vitellius. Tacit.Hist. he paintswith too much licentiousness the
3, c. 64. pleasuresand the debaucheries of a corrupted
Petuonius, a governor of Egypt appointed court and of an extravagantmonarch flections
re-

to succeed Gallus. He behaved with great on of human

die instability life a

humanityto the Jews, and made war againstpoem on the vanityof dreams another on
Candace queen of Ethiopia. Slrab. 17. the education of the Roman youth two
A favourite of Nero, put to death by Galba. treatises,".C. The best editions of Petronius
-i^ A governor of Britain. A tribune kill-
ed are those of Burman, 4to. Utr. 1709, and Rei-
in Parthia with Crassus. A man ed
banish- nesius, 8vo. 1731.
by Nero to the Cyclades,when*Piso's con- spiracy Pettius, a friend of Horace, to whom the
was discovered. Tacit. Ann. 15. poet addressed his eleventh epode.
A governor of Britain in Nero's reign. He Petus, an architect. Vid. Satyrus.
Was put to death by Galba's orders. Maxi- Peuce, a small island at the mouth of the
mus, a Roman emperor. Vid. Maximus. Danube. The inhabitants are called Peucctf
Arbiter,a favourite of the emperor Nero, and and Peucini. Strab. 7. Lucan. 3, v. 202.
" "

one of the ministers and associates of all his Flin. 4, c. 12.

and
pleasures his debauchery. He was rally
natu- Peucestes, a Macedonian set over Egypt
fond of pleasureand effeminate,and he by Alexander. He received Pefsia at the ge- neral
passedhis whole nightsin revels and the days division of the Macedonian empireat the
in sleep. He indulgedhimself in all the de- lights
king'sdeath. He behaved with great cowar- dice

and gaieties of life,

but thoughhe was the after he had joinedhimself to Eumenes.
most voluptuous of the age, yet he moderated C. JYep.in Eum. Plut. Curt. 4, c. 8.
" " An
his pleasures, and wished to appear curious island which was visited by the Argonautsat
and refined in luxuryand extravagance.What-ever their return from the conquest of the golden
he did seemed to be performedwith an fleece.
air of unconcern and negligence ; he was fable Peucetia, a part of Magna Grajcia in Ita-
af- ly,
in his behaviour, and his witticisms and at the north of the bay of Tarentum, be- tween
satiricalremarks appeared artless and natu- ral. the Apenninesand Lucania, called also
He was appointedproconsul of Bithynia,Mesapia and Calabria. It received its name
and afterwards he was rewarded with the con-
sulship, from Peucetus the son of Lycaon of Arcadia.
in both of which honourable ments
employ- Strab. 6."Plin. 3, c. 11." Ovid. Met. 14, v.
he behaved with all the dignity which 513." Paus. 10, c. 13.
became one of the successors of a Brutus or a Peucini, a nation of Germany, called also
Scipio.With his office he laid down his arti-
ficialBastej-noE. Tacit, de Germ. 46.
gravity,and gave himself up to the suitpur- Peucolaus, an officer who conspiredwith
of pleasure ; the emperor became more tached
at- Dymnus against Alexander's life. Curt. 6.
to him, and seemed fonder of his com-
pany, Another, set over Sogdiana. Id. 7.
but he did not longenjoy the imperial Pexodorus, a governor of Caria, who fered
of-
favours. Tigellinus, likewise one of Nero's fa-vourites, to givehis daughter in marriageto Ari-
jealousof his fame, accused him of difiusthe illegitimate son of Philip. Plut.
against
conspiring life.
the emperor's The ac-
cusation Phacium, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, c.
was credited,and Petronius imme-
diately 13, 1.36, c. 13.
resolved to withdraw himself from Ne- Phacusa, a town of Egypt, on the eastern
X'o'spunishment by a voluntarydeath. This mouth of the Nile.
was performed in a manner altogether unpre- Ph.?:a, a celebrated sow which infestedthe
oedeiited, A. D. 6G. Petronius ordered his neighbourhood of Cromyon. It was ed
destroy-
veins to be opened, but without the eagerness by Theseus as he was travelling from Troe-
of terminating his agonies, he had them closed zene to Athens to make himself known to his-
at intervals. Some time alter theywere ed,
open- father. Some supposedthat the boar of Caly-
and as ifhe wished to die in tiie same less
care- don sprang from this sow. Phiea, according
and unconcerned manner as he had lived, to some authors,was no other than a woman
his time in discoursing with his who prostituted herself to strangers, whom she
he p-assed
friends upon trilles, and listened with the murdered, and afterwards plundered.Plut.

greatest avidity to love verses, amusingstories, in Tlies. Slrab. 8.

"

epigrams. Sometimes lie manu- Ph^acia, an island of the Ionian sea, neap
or laughable mitted

his slaves orpunished them with stripes. the coast of Epirus, anciently called Sclieria,
In this ludicrous manner he spent his last mo-ments, and afterwards Corcyra. The inhabitants,
tillnature was exhausted, and before called Pkceacts,were a luxurious and dissolute
he wrote an epistleto the emperor, people,for which reason a glutton
he expired was rally
gene-
in which he had described with a masterly hand stigmatized by the epithetof Phopttx.
his nocturnal extravagances, and the daily purities
im- When Ulysseswas shipwrecked on the coast
of his actions. This letter was care- of Phaeacia,Alcinous was then king of the
follyscaled,and after he had conveyed itpri- vatelyisland, whose gardenshave been greatlycele- brated.
to the emperor, Petronius broke his Horat. 1,ep. 15, v. 24" Oyfrf. Met.

signet, that it might not after his death be- come 13, v. 119." Strab. 6 and l."Propert.3, el.
a snare to the innocent. Petronius dis-
tinguished
2, V. 13.
himself by his writingsas well as Ph;eax, an inhabitant of the islandof Phaja-
his luxury and voluptuousness. He is the cia. {Vid.Phaeacia.] A man who sailed
by
author of many elegantbut obscene composi-
tions with Theseus to Crete. An Athenian who
stillextant, among which is a poem on opposed Alcibiades in his administration.
the civil wars of Pompey and Caesar,superior PHiECASiA,one of the Sporades in the iEge-
in some respectsto the Pharsalia of Lucan. an. P/m. 4, c. 12.
Th"re is in which
also the feastof Trimnlcion, PH.f;DJMUS,one of Niobe's children. Ajiol-
 PH PH
Zod .
3, c. 5. A Macedonian general who be-trayedidea,by which the geniusof the artistinterna
Eumenes to Antigonus. A celebrat-
ed ted her melancholy end. Plut. in T/ies. "

courier of Greece. Stat. 6. \Paus. I, c. 22, 1. 2,'c. S2."I"lod. 4."Hygin.

PH.^Doy, an Athenian put to death by the ' fab. 47 and 243. Eurip.in Senec. 4' in Hipt
"

30 tyrants. His daughters- to escape the op- pol. Virg.JEn.

pressors "
6, v. 445. Ovid Heroid. 4.
"

and preserve their chastity, threw Ph^dria, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c,

themselves together into a well. A disciple 35
of Socrates. He had been seized by pirates Ph^drus, one of the desciples of Socrates,
in his younger days,and the philosopher- who Cic. de JVat. D. 1. An Epicurean philoso-
pher.
seemed to discorer somethinguncommon and A Thracian who became one of the
promisingin his countenance, boughtbis liber-
ty freedmen of the emperor Augustus. He
for a sum of money, and ever after esteem-
ed translated into Iambic verses, the fables of
him. Phaedon, after the death of Socrates, .(Esop, in the reignof the emperor Tiberius.
returned to Elis, Ids native country, where he They are divided into five books, valuable for
founded a sect of philosophers called Elean. their precision, purity, elegance, and simplici-
ty.
The name of Phaidon is atfixed to one of the They remained longburied in oblivion,
dialoguesof Plato. Macrob. Sat. 1, c. 11. "
tillthey were discovered in the library of St.
Diog. An archon at Athens, when the Remi at Rheims. and publishedby Peter Pi-
Athenians were directed by the oracle to re- move thou, a Frenchman, at the end of the 16tfa
the bones of Theseus to Attica. Plut. in century. Phaedrus was for some time perse-
cuted
T/ies. by Sejanus,because this corruptminis-
ter
Ph.cdra, a daughterof Minos and Pasi- believed that he was satirised and abused
phae- who married Theseus, by whom she in the encomiums which the poet every where
became mother of Acamas and Demophoon. pays to virtue- The best editions of Phaedrus
They had alreadylived for some time in con-
jugal are those of Burman, 4to. Leyd. 1727 ; Hoog-
felicity, when V'enus, who hated all the straten. 4to. Amst. 1701, and Barbou, 12mo.
descendants of Apollo,because that god had Paris, 1754.
discovered her amours with Mars, inspired Ph-edyma, a daughterof Otanes,who first
Phaedra with an unconquerablepassionfor discovered that Smerdis, who had ascended
Hippolytusthe son of Theseus, by the ama- the throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses,
zon Hippolyte. This shameful passionPhae- dra was an impostor. Hcrodot. 3, c. 69.
long attemptedto stifle, but in vain ; and PH.a:Mos6E, a priestess of Apollo.
therefore,in the absence of Theseus, she ad- dressed Ph^snarete,. the mother of the philoso-
pher
Hippolytuswith all the impatienceof Socrates. She was a midwife by profes-
sion.
a desponding lover. Hippolytus rejected her
with horror and disdain ; but PhEedra, incensed PHj"NiAS,a peripatetic philosopher, disciple
on account of the reception she had met, re-solved of Aristotle. He wrote an history of tyrants.
to punishhis coldness and refusal. At Diog.Laert.
the return of Theseus she accused Hippolytus PhjExna, one of the two Graces worship- ped
of attempts upon her virtue. The credulous at Sparta,togetherwith her sister Clita.
father listened to the accusation, and without Lacedcemon firstpaidthem particular honour.
hearingthe defence of Hippolytus, he banish-
ed Paus. 9. C.35.
him from his kingdom, and imploredNep- tune, Ph5;n"'is, a famous prophetess ia the age
who had promisedto grant three of his of Antiochus. Paus. 10, c. 15.
requests, to punish him in some exemplapy PjSsaka,a town of Arcadia.
manner. As Hippolytusfled from Athens, Ph-sstum, a town of Crete. Horn. Od. 3,
his horses were suddenlyterrified by a huge V. 296. Another of Macedonia. Lit. 36.
sea-monster, which Neptune had sent on the c. 13.
shore. He was dragged through [irecipicesPhaetox, a son of the sun, or Phoebus,
and over rocks,and he was trampledunder and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was
the feet of his horses, and crushed under the son of Cephalusand Aurora- according to He-
wheels of his chariot. When the tragical siod and Pausanias, or of Tithonus and Auro- ra,
end of Hippolytuswas known at Athens, Phae-
dra accordingto Apollodorus. He is,however,
confessed her crime, and hung herself in more generally acknowledgedto be the son of
despair, unable to survive one whose death Phoebus and Clymene. Phaeton was natui-al-
her wickedness and guilt had occasioned. The ly of a livelydisposition, and a handsome
death of Hippolytu?, and the infamous passionfigure. Venus became enamoured of him, and
of Phiedra. are the subject of one of the tra-
gediesintrusted him with the care of one of hertem-
of Euripides, and of Seneca. Phasdra ("les.This distinguishing favour of the god- dess
was buried at Trffizene, where her tomb was rendered him vain and aspiring; and
stillseen in the age of the geographerPausa- when Epaphus,the son of lo, had toid him, to
nias. near the templeof Venus, which she had check hi.s pride, that he was not the son of
built to render the godde"sfavourable to her Phoebus,Phaeton resolved to know his true
incestuous passion.There was near her tomb origin, and at the instigation of his mother,
ri myrtle,whose leaves were all full of small he visited the palaceof the sun. He begged
holes, and it was reported, that Phaedra had Phoebus, that if he really were his father,he
done this with a hairpin, when the vehemence would givehim inconlestible proofs of his pa-ternal
of her passion had rendered her melancholy temlerness, and convince the world ot
and almost desperate.She was rejjresenteslhis legitimacy.Phccbus swore by the Styx,
in a paintins; in Apollo's temple at Delphi,a.^ ihat he would gr.'.'|' him whatever he required^
.suspendedby a cord, and balancingherself in and no sooner was the oath uttered, than Phae-
ton
the air,while Iiersister Ariadne stood near to demanded of him to drive his chariot foi
'''T,and fixed her evea upon her; a delicate oiie day. Phceluis represented the impropri-
G7 efv of c.Mch a rcuv!-*. and tho d^n;:"r^trt
 PH PH

which itwould expose him ; but in vain ; and, As he went to Italyhe was shipwreckedou
moved, the coast, and
inviolable,and Phaeton un- carried to shore by a dolphin,
as the oath was
the father instructed his son how he and from that reason there was a dolphin
was to proceed in his way through the re- placednear his statue in the templeof Apollo
directions were at Delphi. [Vid. Parthenise.] He received di-
vine
"^ions of the air. His explicit
forgotten, or littleattended to ; and no er
soon- honours after death. Justin. 3, c. 4. "

had Phaeton received the reins from his Pans. 10,c. lO."Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 11." Si7.
father than he betrayed his ignoranceand in- Ital. 11,V. 16.
capacity A town and mountain of
the chariot. The flying the in Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 35,
to guide same name

horses became sensible of the confusion of Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who

their driver, and immediatelydepartedfrom madeu.se of the most excruciating torments to
their usual track. Phaeton repented too late punish his subjects on the smallest suspicion.
he
of his rashness, and alreadyheaven and earth Perillus made him a brazen bull,and when
threatened with an universal tion,
conflagra- had presented it to Phalaris, the tyrant ed
order-
were

when Jupiter, who had perceived the dis-

order the inventor to be seized, and the firstex- periment

of the horses of the sun, struck the rider to be made on his body. These cru-
elties

with one of his thunderbolts, and hurled him did not long remain unrevenged; the
from heaven into the river Po. His people of Agrigentum revolted in the tenth
headlong
him to death in the
body, consumed with fire,was found by the year of his reign,and put
of the and honoured with a de-
cent same as he had tortured Perillus and
nymphs place, manner

burial. His sisters mourned his unhappy many of his subjects afterhim, B C. 552. The
end, and were changed into poplarsby Jupi- ter. brazen bull of Phalaris was cai-riedby Amilcar
[Fid.Phaeton tiades.] According to the to Carthage: when that citywas taken by Sci-
poets, while Phaeton was unskilfully drivingpio,it was delivered againto the inhabitants of
the chariot of his father, the blood of the ^Ethi- Agrigentum by the Romans. There are now-
dried and their skin became some letters extant, written by a certain Abaris
opians was up,
to Phalaris, with their respective but
black, a colour which is stillpreserved among answers,

the greatestpart of the inhabitants of the tor- rid they are supposedby some to be spurious.
zone. The territories of Libya were also The best edition is that of the learned Boyle,
according to the tradition, Oxon, 1718. Cic. in Verr. 4, ad Attic. 7, ep, 12,
parchedup, same

on account of their too greatvicinity to the sun; de affic. 2." Ovid, de Art. Am. 1, v, 663." Juv.
her 8, V. 81." P/m. 34, c. 8." Diod. A Trojan,
and ever since, Africa,unable to recover
verdure and fruitfulness, has exhibited killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 762.
original
and uncultivated waste. Ac- Phalarium, a citadel of Syracuse,where
a sandy country,
cordingtothose who explain this poetical fable. Phalaris' bull was placed.
who studied Phalarus, a river of Bceotia, into the
falling
Phaeton was a Ligurianprince,
astronomy, and in whose age the neighbour-
hood Cephisus. Paus. 9, c. 34.
of the Po was visited with uncommon Phalcidon, a town of Thessaly. Polycen.
heats. The horses of the sun are called Phaeton- 4,
guidedby Phaleas, philosopher "ic,
and legislator,
iis equi,either because they were a

Phaeton, or from the Greek word Arist.

('?"7c"."',)
which expresses the splendour and lustre of Phalereus Demetrius, Vid. us.
Demetri-
that luminary.Virg.JEn. 5, v. 105." Hesiod.
Theog y85." Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 17, 1.2, fab. 1, Phaleria, a town of Thessaly.Liv. 32,
hc."Jipollon. 4, Arg." Hornt. 4, od. 11." c. 15.
Senec. in Medea Jijpollod."Hygin.
"
fab. 156. Phaleris, a Corinthian who led a colonyto
Phaetontiades, or Puaetontides, the Epidainnusfrom Corcyra,
sisters of Phaeton, who were changed into Phaleron, or Phalerusi, or Phalera,
2, v. 346. Vid. (orum,)or ancient bour
har-
Phalereus
poplarsby Jupiter.Ovid. Met. porlvs,an
Heliades. of Athens, about 25 stadia from the city,
Phaetusa, one of the Heliades changed in-
to which, from its situation and smallness,was
poplars,after the death of their brother not very fitfor the receptionof many ships.
Phaeton. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. A placeof Thessaly.
PHiEus,
a town of Peloponnesus. Phalerus, a son of Alcon, one of the Ar-gonauts.

Phagesia, a festival among the Greeks, Orpheus.

observed duringthe celebration of the Piony- Fhalias, a son of Hercules and Heliconis,
sia. It received itsname from the go^deat-
ing daughterof Thestius. Apollod.
and that
living then prevailed, Phallic
universally a, festivals observed by the Egyp-
tians
in honour of Osiris. They receive their
Phalacrine, a villageoi the Sa(bines,name from "ra^A.'? dmulackrum ligneum mem-
where Vespasianwas born. Suet. P^eap.2. bri ririlis. The institution originated in this:
erected afterthe murder of Osiris, Isis was unable to
Phal-", wooden towers at Rome,
in the circus. Juv. 6, v. 589. recover the other limbs the privities of
among
Phal.ecus, a generalof Phocis against the her husband ; and therefore, cular
as she paidparti-

Boeotians,killed at the battle of Clierona?a. honour to every part of his body, she
Diod. 16. that which
distinguished was lost with more
PiiAL^isiA,a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. honour, and paidit more attention. Its repre-
sentation,
36. cdWeA phallus, was made wUh wood,
Phalanna, a town of Perrhaebia. Liv. 42, and carried duringthe sacred festivals which
c. 64. V were instituted in honour of Osiris. The peo-
ple
Phalantiius, a Lacedsemonian, who held it in the greatest veneration ; it was
founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head of the looked upon as an emblem of fecundity, and

Partheiiise. His father's name was Aracas. the mention of it among the ancients never
 PH PH
conveyed any impure thought or lascivious! Phar^, or Pher^, a town of Crete.
reflection. The festivalsof the ;)Aff/Zw* were IAnother in Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 30. Vid
imitated by the Greeks, and introduced intolPherae.
Europe by the Afhenians,who made the pro Pharasmanes, a kingof Iberia,in the reign
cession of the phallus partof the celebration of Antoninus, "c. Tacil. Ann. 6, c. 33.
of the Dionysiaof the god of wine. Tliose Pharax, a Lacedcemonian officer, who at-tempted
that carried the phallus, at the end of a long to make himself absolute in Sicily.
They generally A Thessalian, whose son, called Cyanip-
pole,were called phallophori.
appeared,among the Greeks, besmeared with pus, married a beautiful woman, called Leu-
the dregs of wine, covered with skins of cone, who was torn to 'pieces by '
his do"s.
s
lambs, and wearingon their heads a crown of Parth.
ivy. Lucian. de Ded Syr. Plut. de Isid. i^ Pharis,a town of Laconia, whose inhabit-
" ants
Os'ir. Paus. 1, c. 2.
" are called Pharitce. Paus. 3, c. 30. A

Phalysius, a citizen of Naupactum,who re- coveredson of Mercury and Philodaraea,who buiU"

his sight by readinga letter sent him Pharae in Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 30.
by .^sculapius.Paus. 10,cap. ult. Pharmecusa, an island of the ^gean sea,
Phan'jEus,a promontory of the island of where Julius Caesar was seized by some pirates.
Chios,famous for itswines. It was called after Suet. Cms. 4. Another,where was shown
a kingof the same name, who reignedthere. Circe's tomb. Strab.
Liv. 36, c. 43." Virg.G. 2, v. 98. Pharnabazus, a satrap of Persia,son of a
Phanar.'ea,a town of Cappadocia. Slrab. person of the same name, B. C. 409. He as-
sisted

Phanas, a famous Messenian,kc. who died the Lacedgemonians againstthe Athe

B. C. 682. nians,and gained their esteem by his friendly
Phanes, a man of Helicarnassus, who fled behaviour and support. His conduct,how- ever,
from Amasis king of Egypt, to the court of towards Alcibiades, was of the most per-
fidious
Cambyses,king of Persia,whom he advised, nature, and he did not scrupleto be- tray
when he invaded Egypt,to pass through bia.
Ara- to his mortal enemies the man he had
Herodot. 3, c. 4. longhonoured with his friendship. C. Mp. in
Phaneta, a town of Epirus. Liv. 32, c. 23. Ale" Plut. An officer under Eumenes.
Phanocles,an elegiac poet of Greece, who A kingof Iberia.
"

wrote a poem on that unnatural sin of which Pharnace, a town of Pontus. Plin. 6,c. 4.
Socrates is accused by some. He support-
ed ;-Themother of Cinyras,kingof Pontus.
"

that Orpheus had been the firstwho dis-gracedSuidas.

himself by that filthyindulgence.Pharnaces, a son of Mithridates, kingof
Some of his fragments are remaining. Clem. Pontus,who favoured the Romans against his
.Ilex. Str. 6. father. He revolted againstMithridates, and
Phakodemus, an historian who wrote on even caused him to be put to death,according
the antiquities of Attica. to some accounts. In the civil wars of Julius
Phantasia, a daughter of Nicarchus of Cffisarand Pompey, he interested himself for
Memphis, in Egypt. Some have supposed neither of the contendingparties, upon which
that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, Caesar turned his army against him, and con-
quered

and another on the return of Ulyssesto Itha-

ca, him. It was to express the celerity of
from which compositions Homer copied his operationsin conqueringPharnaces,that
the greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey, the victoriousRoman made use of these words,
when he visited Memphis, where they were Veni,vidi,vici. Flor. 3." Suet, in Cas. 37."
deposited. Patera. 2, c 55. A king of Pontus who
Phanus, a son of Bacchus,who was amon"^ made war with Eumenes, B. C. 181. Akin"
the Argonauts. Apollod. of Cappadocia. A librarianof Atticus. Cic,
Phaon, a boatman of Mitylene,in Lesbos. adAtt.
He received a small box of ointment from Ve- nus, PharnapItes, a general of Orodes, king
who had presentedherself to him in the of Parthia,killed in a battle by the Ro- mans.
form of an old woman, to be carried over into
Asia; and as soon as he had rubbed himself Pharnaspes, the father of Cassandra, the
with what the box contained, he became one mother of Cambyses.
of the most beautifulmen of his age. Many Pharnus, a kingof Media, conquered by
were captivatedwith the charms of Phaon, Ninus, kingof Assyria.
and, among others,Sappho, the celebrated Pharos, a small island in the bay of Alex-
andria,
poetess. Phaon gave himself up to the plea- sures about seven furlongs distantfrom the
of Sappho'scompany, but,however, he continent. It was joinedto the Egyptianshore
soon conceived a disdain for her,and Sappho, with a causeway, by Dexiphanes. B. C. 284,
mortified at his coldness, threw herself into and upon it was builta celebrated tower, in
the sea. Some say that Phaon was beloved the reignof PtolemySoter,and Philadelphus,
by the goddessof beauty, who concealed him by Sostratus, the son of Dexiphenes. This
for some time among lettuces, ^lian says, tower, which was called the tower of Pharos,
that Phaon was killedby a man whose bed he and which passedfor one of the seven wonders
was defiling. JElian. V. H. I2.~0vid. Heroid. of the world, was builtwith white marble, and
21." Palo'phat. de in. c. 4.9." Athen." Lucian. could be seen at the distance of 100 miles. On
in Sim.^ Polistr. the top, fires were
constantly ke[)t,
to direct
Phara, a town of Africa,
burnt by Scinio's sailors in the bay,which was dangerousand
foldiers. difficultof access. The building
of this tower
Pharacides, generalof the Lacede-
a monian cost the Egyptianmonarch 80()\ulents,
which
fleet,who assisted
Dionysius,the tv are equivalentto above 165,000/.English,if
rant of againstthe CarthaginiansPo- J Attic;or if Alexandrian,
Sicily, double that mm
njien. 2.
 PH PH
iOiere was this inscrintion upon it,King Pto- \Phasis a greatnumber of largebirds,of which,
lemy to the Gods the saviours,for the benefil accordingto some of the ancients, the Argo-
nauts
of sailors;))ut Sostratus, the architect,wish-
ing brought some to Greece, and which
to claim all the glory,engravedhis own were called,on that account, pheasants.The
name upon the stones, and afterwards filled Phasis was reckoned by the ancients one of
the hollow with tnortar, and wrote the above- the largest rivers of Asia. Plin. 10, c. 48. "

mentioned inscription. When the mortar had .W"r/Jo/.13, ep. 62." S/m6. 11." Mela, l,c. 19.
decayedby time, Ptolemy'sname ed,
disappear- "Apollod.1, hc."Paus. 4, c. 44." Orpheus.
and the following inscription then became Phassus, a son of Lycaon. Apollod.
visible ; Sostratus the Cnidia^.,son of Dexipha- Phauda, a town of Pontus.
nes, lo the Gods the saviours,for the benefil Phavorinus, a writer, the best edition of
of sailors. The word Pharias, is often used whose Greek Lexicon is that in fol Venet.
iis Ecyjttian.Lucan. 2, v. 636, 1.3, v. 260, 1. 1712.
6 V. 308, 1,9, V. 1005, he" Ovid. A. A. 3. v. Phayllus, a tyrant of Ambracia. The
635. -P/m. 4. c. 31 and 85, 1. 36, c. IS."Slrah. brother to Onomarchus of Phocis, he. {Vid.
IK.- -Mela, 2, c. l."Plin. 13, c. U." Homer. Phocis.] Pans. 10, c. 2.
ofi d^Flac. 2." Stat. 3, Sylv. 2.,v. 102. A Phea, or Pheia, a town of Elis. Homer.
"watch-tower near Capreae. An island on 11. 7. -

the coast of lllyricum, now called Lesina. Me- Phecadum, an inland town of Macedonia.
Id^ 2, c. 7 The emperor Claudius ordered Liv. 31, c. 41.
a tower to be built at the entrance of the port Phegeus, or Phlegeus, a companion of
of Ostia, for the benefit of sailors,and it like-wise iEneas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9,
bore the name of Pharos, an appellation V. 765. Another, likewise killed by Tur- nus.
afterwards givento every other edifice which Id. 12, V. 371, he. A priestof
was raised to direct the course ther Bacchus, the father of Alphesiboea,
of sailors^ei- who pu-
rified
with lights, or by signals. Juv. 11, v. 76 Alcmffion of his mother's murder, and
"

Suet. gave him his daughterin marriage.He was

Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thes- afterwards put to death by the children of
saly, in whose neighbourhood is a largeplain,Alcmaeon by Callirhoe, because he had or- dered

called Pharsalia, famous for a battle which Alcma3on to be killed when he had at-
tempted
was fought there between Julius Caesar and to recover a collar which he had giv-
en
Pompey, in which the former obtained the to his daughter. [Ffrf. Alcmaeon.] Ovid.
victory. In that battle,which was foughton Met. 9, V. 412
the 12th of May, B. C. 48, Caesar lost about Phellia, a river of Laconia. Paus.3, c. 20.
200 men, or, according to others, 1200. Phelloe, a town of Achaia, near iEgira,
Pompey 's loss was 15,000,or 25,000, according where Bacchus and Diana each had a temple.
to others ; and 24,000 of his army were made Paus. 7, c. 26.
of war
prisoners by the conqueror. Lucan. Phellus, a place of Attica. A town of
J, he. Plut.inPovip.4-'Cces."Appian.Civ.
" Elis, Olympia. Strab.
near

CcEsar. Civ. Sutton, in Cces. Dio. Cass

" "
Phemius, a man introduced by Homer as a

That poem of Lucan, in which he givesan musician among Penelope'ssuitors. Some say
account of the civil wars of Caesar and Pom-
pey, that he taughtHomer, for which the grateful
bears the name of Pharsalia. Vid. Lu- poet immortalized his name. Homer. Od.
canus. A man, who, accordingto some, wrote an count
ac-

Phakte, a Danaus. of
daughterApollod. of the return of the Greeks from the
Phakl's, a Rutuliau, killedby ^neas. Virg. Trojanwar. The word is applied by Ovid,
JEn. 10, V. 322. Am. 3, V. 7, indiscriminately to any person
PHAKUsii,or Phaurush, a peopleof Afri-
ca, who excels in music.
beyond Mauritania. Mela, 1, c. 4. Phemonoe, a priestess of Apollo,who is
Phakybus, a river of Macedonia, fallingsupposedto have invented heroic verses.
into the .'Egean
sea. It is called by some Paus. 10, c. 6.
Baphyrus. Pheneum, a town of Arcadia, whose inha-
bitants,
PuARvcADON, a town of Macedonia, on the called Pheneatm, worship Mercury.
Peneus. Strub. 9. Cic. de JVat. D. 3.
PHARvcE,a town of Locris. Pheneus, a town, with a lake of the
PhaskliS; a town of Pamphylia,
the foot same
at name, in Arcadia, whose waters are

of mount Taurus, which was long the resi-

dence unwholesome in the night,and wholesome
of j)irates.Strab. l^." Lucan. 8, c. 251. in the day time. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 22.
." Cic. agra. 2, c. 19. Virg.JEn. 8, v. 165. Ovid. Met. 15, v.
"
"

PH-A.SIANA, a country of Asia,near the river 332. A son of Mel as, killed by Tydeas.
Phasis. The inhabitants,called Phasiani,are Apollod.
of Egyptianorigin. Pher^, a town of Thessaly,where the ty- rant
Phasias, a patronymic given to Medea, as Alexander reigned, whence he was called
beingborn near the Phasis. Ovid. Met. 1. Pherceus. Strab. 2." Cic. 2, de offic. Ovid, in
Ph.\sis, a son of Phoebus and Ocyroe. lb. 321." Fa/. Max. 9, c. 13. A town of At-
tica.
A river of Colchis, rising in the mountains of Another of Laconia, in Peloponne-
sus.
Armenia, now called Faoz, and falling into Liv. 35, c. 30.
the east of the Euxine. It is famous for the Pherjeus, a surname of Jason, as being a
expeditionof the Argonauts, who entered it native of Pherae.
after a long and perilous voyage, from which Pheraules, a Persian,whom Cyrus raised
reason all dangerousvoy.iges have been pro- from poverty to afl^uence. He afterwards gave
verbially
intimated by the words of sailingto up all his possessions to enjoy tranquillity and
ilm Phr';if!.There were on the banks of the retirement. Xenoph. Cyr.
 PH PH
Phereclus, one of the Greeks duringthe Pheron, a king of Egypt,who succeeded
Trojan war. Ovid. Her. 15. A pilotof the Sesostris. He was blind, and he recovered
ship of Theseus when he went to Crete. his sight
by washing his eyes, accordingto
Plut. in Thes. the directions of the oracle,in the urine of a
Phereckates, comic a poet of Athens, woman who had never had any unlawful
in the age of Plato and Aristophanes.He is connexions. He tried his wife first,but she
supposed to have written 21 comedies, of appearedto have been faithlessto his bed,
which only a few verses remain. He intro-
duced and she was burnt with all those whose urine
livingcharacters on the stage,but ne- ver could not restore sight to the king. He ried
mar-
abused the libertywhich he had taken, the woman whose urine proved benefi-
cial.
either by satire or defamation. He invented Herodot. 2, c. 111.
a sort of verse, which from him has beetj Pherusa, one of the Nereides. JlpollodX
called Pherecration. It consisted of the three Phiale, one of Diana's nymphs. Ovid.
last feet of an hexameter verse, of which the Met. 3. A celebrated courtezan. Juv. 10,
first was always a spondee, as for instance, V. 238.
the third verse of Horace's 1, od. 5. Graio Phialia, or Phigalia, a town of Arcadia.
Pyrrha sub antro. Another, descended Paus. 8, c. 3,
from Deucalion. Oic. Tus. Phialus, a king of Arcadia. Id. lb.
Pherecvdes, a philosopherof Scyros,dis-
ciple Phicores, a peoplenear the Paulus Maeotis.
to Pittacus, one of ihe first who de- Mela, 1, c. 19.
livered
his thoughtsin prose. He was quainted
ac- Phidias, a celebrated statuary of Athens,
with the periodsof the moon, and who died B. C. 432. He made a statue of Mi-
nerva
foretold eclipseswith the greatestaccuracy. at the request of Pericles, which was
The doctrine of the immortality of the soul placedin the Pantheon. It was made with
was firstsupportedby him, as also that of the ivoryand gold, and measured 39 feet in height.
metempsychosis. Pythagoraswas one of his His presumption raised him many enemies,
disciples, remarkable for his esteem and his and he w^as accused of havingcarved his own
attachment to his learned master. When image and that of Pericles on the shield of the
Pherecydeslaydangerously illin the island of statue of the goddess,for which he was nished
ba-
Delos, Pythagorashastened to givehim every from Athens by the clamorous
lace.
popu-
assistance in his power, and when all his ef-
forts He retired to Elis, where he deter-
mined
had proved ineffectual,he buried him, to revenge the illtreatment he had re-ceived
and after he had paid him the last offices, he from his countrymen, by making a sta- tue
retired to Italy. Some, however, suppose, which would eclipse the fame of that of
that Pherecydes threw himself down from a Minerva. He was successful in the attempt;
precipice as he was cording and the statue he
going to Delphi,or ac- made of JupiterOlympius
to others, he fell a sacrifice to the was always reckoned the best of allhis pieces,
lousydisease,B. C. 515, in the 85th year of and has passed for one of the wonders of the
his age. Diog. Lactant.
" An historian of world. The peopleof Elis were so sensible of
Leros, surnamed the Athenian. He wrotean his merit, and of the honour he had done to
historyof Attica,now lost, in the age of rius
Da- their city,
that they appointedhis descendants
Hystaspes. A tragicpoet. to the honourable office of keepingclean that
Pherendates, a Egypt by magnificent
Persian,set over statue, and of preserving it from
Artaxerxes. injury. Paus. 9, .:. 4."Cic. de Orat."Slrab.
Pherephate, a surname of Proserpine,S." quintU. 12, c. 10." Plut. in Per.
from the production of corn. Phidile, a woman. Vid. Phidyle.
Pheres, a son of Cretheus and Tyro, Phidippides, a celebrated courier,who ran
who built Pherae in Thessahs where he from Athens to Lacedajraon, about 152 Eng- lish
reigned. He married Clymene, by whom he miles,in two days,to ask of the Lacedae-
monians
had Admetus and Lycurgus. Apollod. assistance against the Persians, The
A son of Medea, stoned to death by the Co- Athenians
rinthians raised a temple to his
memory.
on account of the poisonousclothes Herodot. 6, c. 105. C. A'ep. in Milt. "

which he had given to Glance, Creon's Phiditia, a publicentertainment at Spar-

ta,
daughter. [Vid.Medea.] Pans. 2, c. 3. where much frugality was observed as the
A friend of jEneas killed by Halesus. Virg.word from i?""ioj"a",
(c"'"T's parco),denotes.
Ml. 10, V. 413. Persons of all ages were admitted ; the young-
er
Pheretias, a patronymicof Admetus, son frequentedit as a school of temperance
of Pherus. Ovid. Mel. 8, v. 291. and sobriety, where they were trained to
Pheretima, the wife of Battus, king of good manners and useful knowledge, by (he
Cyrene, and mother of Arcesilaus. After example and discourse of the elders, Cic.
her son's death she recovered the kingdom Tus. 5, c. 34.-'Paus. 3, c. 10.
by means of Amasis king of Egypt, and to Phidon, a man who enjoyed the sovereign
averjge the murder of Arcesilaus, she caused power at Argos, and is supposed to have in-vented
all his assassins to be crucified round the scales and measures, and coined silver
walls of Cyrene, and she cut otF the breasts at iilgina.He died B. C. 854. Arist." Hero-
"of their wives, and hung them up near the dot. 6, c. J27. An ancient legislator at
bodies of their husbands. It is said that she Corinth.
was devoured alive by worms, a punishment Phidyle, a female servant of Horace, to
which, accordingto some of the ancients, whom he addressed 3, od. 23.
was inflicted by providence for her unpa-
ralleled Phigalei, a peopleof Peloponnesus,near
cruelties. Polytzn.
8. Herodot. 4, c. Messenia.
"
They were fond of drink-
naturally ing,
204, "ic. and negligent of domestic afli'airs.Pans.
Pherinum, a town of Thessaly. 8, c. 39*
 PH PH
J*HILA, the eldest daughterof Antipater,of his friends. Plautus imitated some of his
who married Craterus. She afterwards mar comedies He lived to his 97th year, and died,
ried Demetrius, and when her husband iiad as it is reported, of laughing, on seeingan ass
lost tbe kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned eat figs, B. C. 274. His" son, who bore the
herself.Plut. A town of Macedonia. Liv. same name, wTote 54 comedies, of which
42, c. 67, I.44, c. 2 and 34. An island cal-
led some few fragments remain, w'hich do not
also Phla. seem to entitle him to great rank among tbe
Philadelphia, now Mah-sher, a town of Greek comic writers. Val. Max. 9, c. 12. "

Lydia. Plin. 5, c. 29. Another in Cilicia,Quintil. 10. Plut. de ira. coh.

"
Strabt 14.
"

Arabia, Syria. A poor man of Phrygia.[Fid,Baucis,]

Philadelphus, a kingof Paphlagonia, who An illegitimate son of Priam.
followed ihe
interest of M. Antony. The Philene, a town of Attica, between Athens
surname of of the Ptolemies, king of and Tanagra. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 102.
one

Egypt, by anliphrasis, because he destroyed Phileris, an immodest woman, whom

all his brothers. Vid. Ptolemaeus 2d. Philocrates the poet lampooned. Marl. 7,
Phil^, a town and island of Egypt, above Phileros, a town of Macedonia. Plin.
the smaller cataract, but placed opposite Philesius, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks
Syene by Plin. 5, c. 9. Isis was worshipped after tbe battle of Cunaxa.
there. Lucan. 10, v. 313. Seneca. 2, JVat. 4, c.
"
Philet^rus, an eunuch made governor of
2. One of the Sporades. Plin. 4, c. 12. Pergamus by Lysimachus.He quarrelled with
PHiLiENi, two'brothers of Carthage.When Lysimachus,and made himself master of Per- gamus,
a contest arose between the Cyreneans and where he laid the foundations of a
Carthaginians, about the extent of their ter- kingdom called the kingdom of Pergamus, B.
ritories,
it was mutually agreed,that, at a C. 283. He reignedthere for 20 years, and at
stated hour, two men should departfrom each his death he appointed his nephew Eumenes
city,and that wherever they met, there as his successor. Strab. 13. Paus. 1, c. 8.
"

they should fixthe boundaries of their coun- try. A Cretan generalwho revolted from Seleucus,
Tiie Philaeni accordinglydepartedfrom and was conquered,he. Polycen. 4.
Carthage,and met the Cyreneans,wnen they Philetas, a grammarian and poet of Cos,
had far into their territories. This in the reign of king Philip,
advanced and of his son
produceda quarrel, and the Cyreneans sup-portedAlexander the Great, He was made tor
precep-
that the Philajni had left Carthagebe-
fore to Ptolemy Philadelphus. The elegiesand
the ap[)ointment,and that therefore epigrams which he wTote have been greatly
they must retire or be buried in the sand. commended by the ancients,and some ments
frag-
The Philaeni refused, upon which they were of them are stillpreservedin Athenae-
overpoweredby the Cyreneans,and accord- us. He was so small and slender, according
'ingiyburied in the sand. The Carthagini-
ans, to the improbableaccounts of iElian,that he