International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 2, February 2017, pp. 274281 Article ID: IJCIET_08_02_029

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF

RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR SBIT
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KHAMMAM,
TELANGANA
Mohammad M J
Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
SBIT Engineering College, Khammam, Telangana, India

Sai Charan G, Ravindranath R, Reddy YV, Altaf SK

Students, Department of Civil Engineering,
SBIT Engineering College, Khammam, Telangana.

ABSTRACT
As the scarcity of water is rapidly increasing everyday particularly during the summer
season, the demand for water also substantially increases. Previously around thirty to forty years
back, the major part of the earth is unpaved and the amount of infrastructure built on the earth
were also very low, hence during the monsoon season the rainwater easily percolates into the
earth through the soil and the ground water level increases. But now the scenario is completely
different, most of the areas have been paved and the chance of percolation of water is completely
reduced. Hence to replenish the ground water table and also to re-utilize the rainwater for
domestic and agricultural purposes, the rainwater harvesting method is adopted. The rainwater
harvesting is simple collection or storing of water through scientific techniques where the rain
falls. The rainwater harvesting not only helps in meeting the daily water usage but also helps in
increasing the groundwater levels quality and quantity.
Here in our project, we are going to adopt the roof-top rainwater harvesting method and
implement it in college itself, without allowing the water to be wasted through the gutters. In this
project main focus is to design the collection procedure, store the rainwater from rooftop of the
main block building of Swarna Bharathi Institute of science & Technology, Khammam.
Key words: Catchment, Ground Water, Rainwater Harvesting, Roof- Top Water, Rain Fall.
Cite this Article: Mohammad M J, Sai Charan G, Ravindranath R, Reddy YV and Altaf SK,
Design, Construction and Evaluation of Rain Water Harvesting System For SBIT Engineering
College, Khammam, Telangana. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,
8(2), 2017, pp. 274281.
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 Mohammad M J, Sai Charan G, Ravindranath R, Reddy YV and Altaf SK

1. INTRODUCTION
The population in India is to expected to stabilize around 1640 million by the year 2050, as a result,
gross per capita water availability will declaim from 1820 m3 in 2001 to as low as ~1140m3/ Year in
2050 thus the growing concern about water scarcity challenges us to think of alternative solutions to
avoid the current problem of water scarcity [1].
One of the biggest challenges of the 20Th century is to overcome the growing water shortage. Over
the years, rising population, growing industrialization and expanding agriculture have pushed up
demand for water. So that water conservation has become the need of the day. Rain water harvesting is
away to capture the rain water at the time of downpour, store the water above the ground or charge the
underground water and use it later [2].
Rain water harvesting is defined as the process of collecting and storing for later productive use. The
term water harvesting refers to collection and storage of natural precipitation. It also defined as the
process of collection and storing water from the area that has been treated to increase precipitation runoff
[3].

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Different researchers emphasize the Rain water harvesting systems in different areas like[4-9] Notaro,
Luuzzo and Freni (2016), Jain, Thakur, Singh, and Srivastava (2015), Biswas and Mandal (2014),
Julius, Ptabhavathy and kumar (2013), Khilare et, al., (2012), Dwivedi and Bhadauria (2009).

3. AIM AND OBJECTIVE

The main aim of this project is to cater the need of water in Swarna Bharathi Institute of Science &
Technology, Khammam. This project will not only be helpful to fulfill the need of water to our college,
but also to increase the groundwater levels and reduce the depletion of reservoirs. Keeping in mind the
increasing water demands, quality of water supply, variations in water availability, and also advantages
and disadvantages of collecting the rainwater, it was planned to design the rainwater harvesting in the
college.

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.1 Study area
Swarna Bharathi Institute of Science & Technology is an engineering college located in Khammam city,
which is one of the major city located in the Indian state of Telangana. It is located about 193 Kilometers
to the east of the state capital of Telangana (Hyderabad). The average elevation of Khammam city is
about 107 meters (351.05 feet) and its geographical area is about 94.37 square kilometers. The city is
situated in north latitude 1645 to 1835 and east longitude 7947 to 8147. The main purpose of
constructing the rainwater harvesting in this college is to meet the increasing demand of water for
utilization in laboratories of Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, workshop,
canteen usage, and also for water sprinkling system in the premises of the college. The present
population of SBIT College is nearly 3000 members which includes students, teaching and non- teaching
staff.
The reasons for collecting the rainwater are many but particularly in the present scenario, the main
purpose is to enrich the groundwater table of the college as there is increased demand of water, which
results in depletion of the ground water table or lowering the groundwater table and depletion of
reservoirs. Especially during the summer seasons there is a huge drawdown of the groundwater
resources; hence to overcome this problem, the collection of rainwater is done.
Hence the use of rainwater is the best alternative suitable for replenishing the groundwater table in
the college not only for certain period but also this rainwater harvesting system will be helpful for

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Design, Construction and Evaluation of Rain Water Harvesting System For SBIT Engineering College, Khammam,
Telangana

meeting the requirements in the future also to provide continuous supply of water for the laboratories
and greenery and for the daily usage of students and faculty. That there is estimated that nearly18, 500
liters /day TABLE 1.

4.2 Data Collection

Table 1 Daily water usage of SBIT College, Khammam.
Use Consumption in litre/ day
Drinking 6000
Laboratories 500
Washing flours, Labs 1000
Horticulture 5000
Toilets 6000
Total 18,500

4.3 Rain fall

The average monsoon rainfall data is taken from The Chief Planning Office (CPO), Khammam and the
average rainfall data of the Khammam rural district is given below in the TABLE 2 from the years 2009
to the year 2016 as mentioned. The average rainfall of all the years is taken into consideration while
computing the average rainfall data (in mm). This rainfall data is essential for calculating the total
discharge into the pipeline and also an essential factor during the design of storage tank. Hence, in our
project we considered the rainfall data of previous seven years, from the year 2009-2016.In this 2010-
2011 shows high rainfall and 2014-2015 shows that very less rainfall this available rainfall will
automatically reflects on Ground water table in particular area.

Table 2 Average rainfall data (mm)

Year Average Rain fall (mm)

2009-2010 636.8
2010-2011 1097.6
2011-2012 864.2
2012-2013 1091
2013-2014 756.6
2014-2015 619.6
2015-2016 983.6
Source: Chief Planning Office (Khammam)

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 Mohammad M J, Sai Charan G, Ravindranath R, Reddy YV and Altaf SK

Average Rainfall Data of Khammam

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

Figure 1 Average Rainfall Data of Khammam (mm)

4.4. Groundwater
After considering the rainfall data, we need to acquire the groundwater level also because, the previous
groundwater level before rainwater harvesting need to be known

Table 3 Groundwater level report from the year 2008-2016 (Khammam)

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average

2008 2.17 3.31 3.75 3.89 2.44 3.32 2.59 0.97 0.96 1.20 1.48 1.65 2.31

2009 1.93 2.33 2.47 2.92 3.70 4.21 4.93 4.70 4.83 4.25 4.63 5.11 3.83

2010 5.02 - 5.82 6.25 6.53 4.97 4.62 0.90 1.47 2.31 1.29 1.06 3.35

2011 1.37 1.75 1.34 2.18 5.48 2.00 - 1.52 1.21 1.61 1.98 2.39 1.65

2012 2.43 2.85 3.06 3.73 4.05 4.45 4.20 2.82 1.55 1.15 3.29 1.78 2.94

2013 3.57 2.62 3.01 3.78 3.91 3.86 - 0.45 1.52 0.45 0.74 0.85 2.06

2014 1.15 2.69 3.65 2.59 1.40 1.90 1.95 2.70 3.02 2.80 1.00 3.62 2.37

2015 3.80 4.05 4.45 5.02 4.50 2.90 2.65 1.50 1.38 2.38 2.25 2.56 3.12

2016 2.95 3.35 3.65 4.25 4.50 2.55 2.30 2.17 1.27 1.50 0.65 0.78 2.49
Source: Department of Groundwater Resources (Khammam)

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Design, Construction and Evaluation of Rain Water Harvesting System For SBIT Engineering College, Khammam,
Telangana

Groundwater level (mtrs)

2020
2015

Years
2010
2005
2000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Average 2.31 3.83 3.35 1.65 2.94 2.06 2.37 3.12 2.49
Year 200820092010201120122013201420152016

Figure 2 Groundwater Levels of Khammam (meters)

In order to know the success rate of the project. Hence, the groundwater level is also to be known
from the Department of Groundwater Resources. The groundwater level for the years 2008-2016 is
given below in the tabular format mentioned below; it is obtained from the groundwater resources
department, Khammam. With the reference of rainfall data shows effect on ground water table level in
Khammam, in 2011 the water table level is available at 1.65 meters depth from the surface. It indicates
that rainfall and ground water table levels are in proportional ratio.
From the data available in the above tables like rainfall data and water level data and the runoff co-
efficient, we can estimate the total quantity of water that can be collected (in m).

5. DESIGN OF ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

To design the roof-top rainwater harvesting system we need to design six main steps, they are as follows.
1. In the first step we have to determine the total amount of water required for daily usage in college.
2. Amount of available rainwater
3. To design the proposed catchment area.
4. To design the transportation system.
5. First -flushing.
6. In the final step we will compute the amount of storage reservoir required.
Determine the total amount of water required: To determine the amount of water required the daily
water consumption in the college must be known.
Hence, this data can be borrowed from the table 1, which is given above.
Amount of available rain water: We can calculate the amount of available rain water from the below
calculations:

Mean annual rain water supply(S)

Average rainfall of Khammam rural = 72mm
Considering 75mm for future
Average rainfall (R) = 75mm
The average rainfall in terms of meters per year (R) =0.075m/year
Catchment Area (A) = 2536 m2
Run off coefficient (Cr) = 0.8
Mean annual rain water supply(S) =Average rainfall X Area of catchment X Runoff coefficient
(R*A*Cr)
S=0.075*2536*0.8

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 Mohammad M J, Sai Charan G, Ravindranath R, Reddy YV and Altaf SK

= 152.16 cubic meter / year

= 152.16*1000
= 152160 litre / year
= 12.68 cubic meter / month
= 12680 litre / month
= 0.415 cubic meter / day
= 415.737 litre / day
Design of proposed catchment area: The catchment of water harvesting system is the surface that
receives rainfall directly and drains the water system. Any roofing material is acceptable for collecting
of water [10]. From the design of the terrace floor, we calculated total rooftop area of the SBIT college
main block and also laboratories like engineering workshops.
Area of the SBIT main block = 1960 m2
Area of workshops = 576 m2
Total area of proposed catchment = 2536 m2

Figure 3 Catchment Area Top-view of Building (meters)

Design of transportation system: For transporting the rain water from the catchment area in this project
we are using Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and fittings. For the collection purpose, we are using pipes
of 2.5inches diameter and for the underground transportation purpose we are using the pipes of 4-inches
diameter. The number of pipes and fittings required for the transportation are taken as per the
topographical conditions.
First flushing: A first flush device is a valve that ensures that runoff from the first spell of rain is flushed
out and does not enter the system. This needs to be done since the first spell of rain carries a relatively
larger amount of pollutants from the air and catchment surface [11].
Storage reservoir computation: The storage reservoir is constructed according to the calculations made
by the amount of water in-take. The storage reservoir is constructed using cement rings and the number
of cement rings required and their width depends upon the area required during the peak water in-flow
rate. According to the amount of rainwater during peak stage the numbers of cement rings placed are 10
rings of 4 feet diameter and each ring height is 1 feet height.
Cost Analysis: The cost analysis is done in order to find out whether the project will be completed in the
required budget or not. A detailed estimate of all the items and their price is shown in the below table,

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Design, Construction and Evaluation of Rain Water Harvesting System For SBIT Engineering College, Khammam,
Telangana

which includes PVC pipes of Prince Company and pipe fittings, and also the estimated cost of storage
reservoir construction. It is totally estimated that for the completion the total project cost is Rs of 70,126.

Table 4 Estimation cost of PVC Pipes & Fittings

S.NO Description Length(FEET) Quantity Cost of each Total cost of
unit pipes
1 4- Inch Pipes 900 90 310/- 27,900/-
2 2 & Inch Pipes 350 35 170/- 5,950/-
3 L- Bends - 16 46 736/-
4 T- Bends 5 48 240/-
5 Other miscellaneous 6,000/-
6 Fitting charges 20,000/-
7 Total 60,826/-

Table 5 Estimation cost of Storage reservoir construction

S.NO Description Cost

1 Excavation 2000/-
2 Cement rings 3000/-
3 Stone pitching 1300/-
4 Labour charges 3000/-
5 Total 9,300/-

7. CONCLUSION
This study evaluated the feasibility of rainwater harvesting in a locality of SBIT Engineering College
Khammam where there is a need of water for use of laboratories, drinking water to the approximately
3000 number of people regularly throughout the year. It was found that amount of harvested rainwater
could be stored in soak pit for increasing ground water table level in campus.
There are so many misconceptions in the world and rain water is no exception. When people think
about rainwater, they often erroneously think that it contains pollutants but the truth is that rain water is
extremely clean and safe, so in such area if rainwater can be collected and stored in a proper and
scientific manner, management of water resources would enter a new era. Since the discussed roof
harvesting technology does not have any harmful effect on the environment.
Rain water harvesting seems to be a beneficial and sustainable method, therefore advocacy for the
adaptation of rain water would certainly lead to a reduction of problems related to water shortage. A
planned approach is hence needed in order to fully utilize the potential of rainwater to adequately meet
our water requirements. Hence, an equal and positive thrust is needed in developing and encouraging
both harvesting systems. We have to catch water in every possible way and every possible place it falls.
And the government has to make considerable amount of attention for the implementation of rainwater
harvesting, and enact laws which promote the practice of rainwater harvesting by reducing the sales tax
on the rainwater harvesting equipment and also redemption on taxes for the buildings which are using
rainwater harvesting.

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 Mohammad M J, Sai Charan G, Ravindranath R, Reddy YV and Altaf SK

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