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LECTURE NOTES
PROF. DR. KAMBZ RAMYAR
Cement
Water
Air
Fine Aggregate
65 - 75% of volume
is stone & sand
Coarse Aggregate
Cement
Water
Air
Sand
Stone/gravel
Particle texture
Reduced cost
Reduced shrinkage
Reduced permeability
Aggregate Grading
Maximum Aggregate Size
OD
WSSD W AD
(2) Effective absorption, EA
WSSD
x100 %
Wwet WSSD
(3) Surface moisture. SM
WSSD
x100 %
Moisture Content & Absorption
Bulking of Sand
Stockpile
dry
Stockpile
partially
saturated
Stockpile
saturated
Bulking of Sand
A wet fine aggregate may show
a larger apparent volume than
the actual during stockpiling.
Additional moisture can be
held in the interstices between
particles as the result of
menisci formed. The menisci
create thicker films of water
and push the fine aggregate
particles apart and thus
increase the apparent volume.
Bulking can cause errors in
proportioning by volume.
Specific Gravity
density of solid
S .G.
density of water
BSG is the most realistic to use since the effective volume that
aggregate occupies in concrete includes its pores.
ASG > BSGSSD > BSGOD
Since the porosity of most aggregates used in normal weight
and heavy weight concrete is of the order of 1-2%, the specific
gravities are approximately the same. The BSG of most natural
normal weight aggregates range between 2.4 and 2.8.
Unit Weight-1
Unit Weight (UW) is the weight of a given volume of graded
aggregate. It is also known as Bulk Density. The UW
measures the volume that the graded aggregate will occupy
in concrete and includes both the solid aggregate particles
and the voids between them.
It is simply measured by filling a container of known volume
and weighing it. Clearly, however, the degree of compaction
will change the amount of voids and thus the value of unit
weight. Most standard methods for determining the UW
require compaction by rodding.
Since the weight of the aggregate is dependent on the moisture
content of the aggregate, constant moisture content is
required. The UW of the coarse aggregate is necessary for
the volumetric method of mix proportioning of concrete.
Unit Weight-2
The void space that must be filled with paste and/or mortar
can be calculated by using the unit weight as follows:
Total volume = Va + Vv = 1m3
Therefore, Vv= (1-Va) m3
where Va and Vv are the volume of aggregate and void space,
respectively.
Also, V Wa
m3
a
BSG. w
Strength
Modulus of Elasticity