Coordinates:42.35982N71.

09211W

MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)isaprivateresearchuniversityinCambridge,Massachusetts,often
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
citedasoneoftheworld'smostprestigiousuniversities.[10][11][12][13]

Foundedin1861inresponsetotheincreasingindustrializationoftheUnitedStates,MITadoptedaEuropeanpolytechnic
universitymodelandstressedlaboratoryinstructioninappliedscienceandengineering.Researchersworkedon
computers,radar,andinertialguidanceduringWorldWarIIandtheColdWar.Postwardefenseresearchcontributedto
therapidexpansionofthefacultyandcampusunderJamesKillian.Thecurrent168acre(68.0ha)campusopenedin
1916andextendsover1mile(1.6km)alongthenorthernbankoftheCharlesRiverbasin.

TheInstituteistraditionallyknownforitsresearchandeducationinthephysicalsciencesandengineering,andmore
recentlyinbiology,economics,linguistics,andmanagementaswell.Forseveralyears,MIT'sSchoolofEngineeringhas
Motto MensetManus(Latin)
beenrankedfirstinvariousinternationalandnationaluniversityrankings,andtheInstituteisalsooftenrankedamongthe
Motto MindandHand[1]
world'stopuniversitiesoverall.[10][11][12][13][14]The"Engineers"competein31sports,mostteamsofwhichcompetein
inEnglish
theNCAADivisionIII'sNewEnglandWomen'sandMen'sAthleticConferencetheDivisionIrowingprogramscompete
aspartoftheEARCandEAWRC. Type Private
Landgrant
Asof2015,85Nobellaureates,52NationalMedalofSciencerecipients,65MarshallScholars,45RhodesScholars,38 Established April10,1861
MacArthurFellows,34astronauts,19Turingawardwinners,16ChiefScientistsoftheU.S.AirForceand6Fields
MedalistshavebeenaffiliatedwithMIT.Theschoolhasastrongentrepreneurialculture,andtheaggregatedrevenuesof Academic AAU
affiliation AICUM
companiesfoundedbyMITalumniwouldrankastheeleventhlargesteconomyintheworld.[15][16]
AITU
APLU
COFHE
Contents
NAICU[2]
1 History URA
1.1 Foundationandvision 568Group
1.2 Earlydevelopments Endowment $13.182billion(2016)[3]
1.3 Curricularreforms
1.4 Defenseresearch Chancellor CynthiaBarnhart
1.5 Recenthistory President L.RafaelReif
2 Campus
2.1 Architecture Provost MartinA.Schmidt
2.2 Housing Academicstaff 1,021[4]
3 Organizationandadministration
4 Academics Students 11,319[5]
4.1 Undergraduateprogram
4.2 Graduateprogram Undergraduates 4,512[5]
4.3 Rankings Postgraduates 6,807
4.4 Collaborations
4.5 Libraries,collectionsandmuseums Location Cambridge,Massachusetts,
4.6 Research UnitedStates
5 Discoveriesandinnovation Campus
6 Traditionsandstudentactivities Urban,168acres(68.0ha)[6]
6.1 Activities Newspaper TheTech
6.2 Athletics
Colors CardinalRed&SteelGray[7]
7 People
7.1 Students
7.2 Facultyandstaff Nickname Engineers[8]
7.3 Notablealumni
8 Seealso Mascot TimtheBeaver[9]
9 References
9.1 Notes Sporting NCAADivisionIII
affiliations NEWMAC,NEFC,
9.2 Citations
9.3 Bibliography PilgrimLeague
10 Externallinks DivisionIEARC&EAWRC
(rowing)

Website www.mit.edu(http://www.mit.e
History du)

Foundationandvision

In1859,aproposalwassubmittedtotheMassachusetts ....aschoolofindustrialscienceaidingthe
GeneralCourttousenewlyfilledlandsinBackBay,Boston
fora"ConservatoryofArtandScience",buttheproposal advancement,developmentandpractical

failed.[18][19]Acharterfortheincorporationofthe
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,proposedbyWilliam
BartonRogers,wassignedbythegovernorofMassachusetts
onApril10,1861.[20]
applicationofscienceinconnectionwith
arts,agriculture,manufactures,and
commerce.
ActtoIncorporatetheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,
Actsof1861,Chapter183[17]

Rogers,aprofessorfromtheUniversityofVirginia,wantedtoestablishaninstitutiontoaddressrapidscientificandtechnologicaladvances.[21][22]Hedidnotwishtofound
aprofessionalschool,butacombinationwithelementsofbothprofessionalandliberaleducation,[23]proposingthat:
 Thetrueandonlypracticableobjectofapolytechnicschoolis,asIconceive,theteaching,notoftheminutedetailsand
manipulationsofthearts,whichcanbedoneonlyintheworkshop,buttheinculcationofthosescientificprinciples
whichformthebasisandexplanationofthem,andalongwiththis,afullandmethodicalreviewofalltheirleading
processesandoperationsinconnectionwithphysicallaws.[24]

StereographiccardshowinganMIT TheRogersPlanreflectedtheGermanresearchuniversitymodel,emphasizinganindependentfacultyengagedinresearch,aswellas
mechanicaldraftingstudio,19th instructionorientedaroundseminarsandlaboratories.[25][26]
century(photobyE.L.Allen,
left/rightinverted) Earlydevelopments

OriginalRogersBuilding,BackBay,
Boston,19thcentury
Twodaysafterthecharterwasissued,thefirstbattleoftheCivilWarbrokeout.Afteralongdelaythroughthewaryears,MIT'sfirst
classeswereheldintheMercantileBuildinginBostonin1865.[27]ThenewinstitutewasfoundedaspartoftheMorrillLandGrant
CollegesActtofundinstitutions"topromotetheliberalandpracticaleducationoftheindustrialclasses",andwasalandgrant
school.[28][29]In1863underthesameact,theCommonwealthofMassachusettsfoundedtheMassachusettsAgriculturalCollege,
whichdevelopedastheUniversityofMassachusettsAmherst.In1866,theproceedsfromlandsaleswenttowardnewbuildingsin
theBackBay.[30]
MITwasinformallycalled"BostonTech".[30]TheinstituteadoptedtheEuropeanpolytechnicuniversitymodelandemphasized
laboratoryinstructionfromanearlydate.[31]Despitechronicfinancialproblems,theinstitutesawgrowthinthelasttwodecadesof
the19thcenturyunderPresidentFrancisAmasaWalker.[32]Programsinelectrical,chemical,marine,andsanitaryengineeringwere
introduced,[33][34]newbuildingswerebuilt,andthesizeofthestudentbodyincreasedtomorethanonethousand.[32]

Thecurriculumdriftedtoavocationalemphasis,withlessfocusontheoreticalscience.[35]Thefledglingschoolstillsufferedfrom
chronicfinancialshortageswhichdivertedtheattentionoftheMITleadership.Duringthese"BostonTech"years,MITfacultyand
alumnirebuffedHarvardUniversitypresident(andformerMITfaculty)CharlesW.Eliot'srepeatedattemptstomergeMITwith
HarvardCollege'sLawrenceScientificSchool.[36]TherewouldbeatleastsixattemptstoabsorbMITintoHarvard.[37]Initscramped
BackBaylocation,MITcouldnotaffordtoexpanditsovercrowdedfacilities,drivingadesperatesearchforanewcampusand
funding.EventuallytheMITCorporationapprovedaformalagreementtomergewithHarvard,overthevehementobjectionsofMIT
faculty,students,andalumni.[37]However,a1917decisionbytheMassachusettsSupremeJudicialCourteffectivelyputanendtothe
A1905mapofMIT'sBostoncampus
mergerscheme.[37]

In1916,theMITadministrationandtheMITchartercrossedtheCharlesRiverontheceremonialbargeBucentaurbuiltforthe
occasion,[38][39]tosignifyMIT'smovetoaspaciousnewcampuslargelyconsistingoffilledlandonamilelongtractalongtheCambridge
sideoftheCharlesRiver.[40][41]Theneoclassical"NewTechnology"campuswasdesignedbyWilliamW.Bosworth[42]andhadbeenfunded
largelybyanonymousdonationsfromamysterious"Mr.Smith",startingin1912.InJanuary1920,thedonorwasrevealedtobethe
industrialistGeorgeEastmanofRochester,NewYork,whohadinventedmethodsoffilmproductionandprocessing,andfoundedEastman
Kodak.Between1912and1920,Eastmandonated$20million($236.6millionin2015dollars)incashandKodakstocktoMIT.[43]

Curricularreforms

Inthe1930s,PresidentKarlTaylorComptonandVicePresident(effectivelyProvost)VannevarBushemphasizedtheimportanceofpure
scienceslikephysicsandchemistryandreducedthevocationalpracticerequiredinshopsanddraftingstudios.[44]TheComptonreforms
"renewedconfidenceintheabilityoftheInstitutetodevelopleadershipinscienceaswellasinengineering."[45]UnlikeIvyLeagueschools,
MITcateredmoretomiddleclassfamilies,anddependedmoreontuitionthanonendowmentsorgrantsforitsfunding.[46]Theschoolwas
electedtotheAssociationofAmericanUniversitiesin1934.[47] PlaqueinBuilding6
honoringGeorgeEastman,
Still,aslateas1949,theLewisCommitteelamentedinitsreportonthestateofeducationatMITthat"theInstituteiswidelyconceivedas founderofEastmanKodak,
basicallyavocationalschool",a"partlyunjustified"perceptionthecommitteesoughttochange.Thereportcomprehensivelyreviewedthe whowasrevealedasthe
undergraduatecurriculum,recommendedofferingabroadereducation,andwarnedagainstlettingengineeringandgovernmentsponsored anonymous"Mr.Smith"
researchdetractfromthesciencesandhumanities.[48][49]TheSchoolofHumanities,Arts,andSocialSciencesandtheMITSloanSchoolof whohelpedmaintainMIT's
Managementwereformedin1950tocompetewiththepowerfulSchoolsofScienceandEngineering.Previouslymarginalizedfacultiesin independence
theareasofeconomics,management,politicalscience,andlinguisticsemergedintocohesiveandassertivedepartmentsbyattracting
respectedprofessorsandlaunchingcompetitivegraduateprograms.[50][51]TheSchoolofHumanities,Arts,andSocialSciencescontinuedtodevelopunderthesuccessive
termsofthemorehumanisticallyorientedpresidentsHowardW.JohnsonandJeromeWiesnerbetween1966and1980.[52]

Defenseresearch

MIT'sinvolvementinmilitaryresearchsurgedduringWorldWarII.In1941,VannevarBushwasappointedheadofthefederalOfficeofScientificResearchand
Developmentanddirectedfundingtoonlyaselectgroupofuniversities,includingMIT.[53]EngineersandscientistsfromacrossthecountrygatheredatMIT'sRadiation
Laboratory,establishedin1940toassisttheBritishmilitaryindevelopingmicrowaveradar.Theworkdonetheresignificantlyaffectedboththewarandsubsequent
researchinthearea.[54]Otherdefenseprojectsincludedgyroscopebasedandothercomplexcontrolsystemsforgunsight,bombsight,andinertialnavigationunderCharles
StarkDraper'sInstrumentationLaboratory[55][56]thedevelopmentofadigitalcomputerforflightsimulationsunderProjectWhirlwind[57]andhighspeedandhighaltitude
photographyunderHaroldEdgerton.[58][59]Bytheendofthewar,MITbecamethenation'slargestwartimeR&Dcontractor(attractingsomecriticismofBush),[53]
employingnearly4000intheRadiationLaboratoryalone[54]andreceivinginexcessof$100million($1.2billionin2015dollars)before1946.[45]Workondefenseprojects
continuedevenafterthen.PostwargovernmentsponsoredresearchatMITincludedSAGEandguidancesystemsforballisticmissilesandProjectApollo.[60]

TheseactivitiesaffectedMITprofoundly.A1949reportnotedthelackof"anygreatslackeninginthepaceof ...aspecialtypeofeducationalinstitution
lifeattheInstitute"tomatchthereturntopeacetime,rememberingthe"academictranquilityoftheprewar
years",thoughacknowledgingthesignificantcontributionsofmilitaryresearchtotheincreasedemphasison whichcanbedefinedasauniversity
polarizedaroundscience,engineering,and
graduateeducationandrapidgrowthofpersonnelandfacilities.[62]Thefacultydoubledandthegraduate thearts.Wemightcallitauniversity
studentbodyquintupledduringthetermsofKarlTaylorCompton,presidentofMITbetween1930and1948 limitedinitsobjectivesbutunlimitedinthe
JamesRhyneKillian,presidentfrom1948to1957andJuliusAdamsStratton,chancellorfrom1952to1957, breadthandthethoroughnesswithwhichit
whoseinstitutionbuildingstrategiesshapedtheexpandinguniversity.Bythe1950s,MITnolongersimply pursuestheseobjectives.
benefitedtheindustrieswithwhichithadworkedforthreedecades,andithaddevelopedcloserworking MITpresidentJamesRhyneKillian,1949[61]
relationshipswithnewpatrons,philanthropicfoundationsandthefederalgovernment.[63]

Inlate1960sandearly1970s,studentandfacultyactivistsprotestedagainsttheVietnamWarandMIT'sdefenseresearch.[64][65]InthisperiodMIT'svariousdepartments
wereresearchinghelicopters,smartbombsandcounterinsurgencytechniquesforthewarinVietnamaswellasguidancesystemsfornuclearmissiles.[66]TheUnionof
ConcernedScientistswasfoundedonMarch4,1969duringameetingoffacultymembersandstudentsseekingtoshifttheemphasisonmilitaryresearchtoward
environmentalandsocialproblems.[67]MITultimatelydivesteditselffromtheInstrumentationLaboratoryandmovedallclassifiedresearchoffcampustotheLincoln
Laboratoryfacilityin1973inresponsetotheprotests.[68][69]Thestudentbody,faculty,andadministrationremainedcomparativelyunpolarizedduringwhatwasa
tumultuoustimeformanyotheruniversities.[64]Johnsonwasseentobehighlysuccessfulinleadinghisinstitutionto"greaterstrengthandunity"afterthesetimesof
turmoil.[70]HoweversixMITstudentsweresentencedtoprisontermsatthistimeandsomeformerstudentleaders,suchasMichaelAlbertandGeorgeKatsiaficas,arestill
indignantaboutMIT'sroleinmilitaryresearchanditssuppressionoftheseprotests.[71](RichardLeacock'sfilm,NovemberActions,recordssomeofthesetumultuous
events.[72])

Recenthistory

MIThaskeptpacewithandhelpedtoadvancethedigitalage.Inadditiontodevelopingthepredecessorstomoderncomputingand
networkingtechnologies,[73][74]students,staff,andfacultymembersatProjectMAC,theArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory,andthe
TechModelRailroadClubwrotesomeoftheearliestinteractivecomputervideogameslikeSpacewar!andcreatedmuchofmodern
hackerslangandculture.[75]SeveralmajorcomputerrelatedorganizationshaveoriginatedatMITsincethe1980s:Richard
Stallman'sGNUProjectandthesubsequentFreeSoftwareFoundationwerefoundedinthemid1980sattheAILabtheMITMedia
Labwasfoundedin1985byNicholasNegroponteandJeromeWiesnertopromoteresearchintonovelusesofcomputer
technology[76]theWorldWideWebConsortiumstandardsorganizationwasfoundedattheLaboratoryforComputerSciencein
1994byTimBernersLee[77]theOpenCourseWareprojecthasmadecoursematerialsforover2,000MITclassesavailableonline
TheMITMediaLabhouses
freeofchargesince2002[78]andtheOneLaptopperChildinitiativetoexpandcomputereducationandconnectivitytochildren
researchersdevelopingnovelusesof
worldwidewaslaunchedin2005.[79] computertechnology.Shownhereis
the1982building,designedbyI.M.
MITwasnamedaseagrantcollegein1976tosupportitsprogramsinoceanographyandmarinesciencesandwasnamedaspace
Pei,withanextension(rightof
grantcollegein1989tosupportitsaeronauticsandastronauticsprograms.[80][81]Despitediminishinggovernmentfinancialsupport photo)designedbyFumihikoMaki
overthepastquartercentury,MITlaunchedseveralsuccessfuldevelopmentcampaignstosignificantlyexpandthecampus:new openedinMarch2010.
dormitoriesandathleticsbuildingsonwestcampustheTangCenterforManagementEducationseveralbuildingsinthenortheast
cornerofcampussupportingresearchintobiology,brainandcognitivesciences,genomics,biotechnology,andcancerresearchand
anumberofnew"backlot"buildingsonVassarStreetincludingtheStataCenter.[82]Constructiononcampusinthe2000sincludedexpansionsoftheMediaLab,theSloan
School'seasterncampus,andgraduateresidencesinthenorthwest.[83][84]In2006,PresidentHockfieldlaunchedtheMITEnergyResearchCounciltoinvestigatethe
interdisciplinarychallengesposedbyincreasingglobalenergyconsumption.[85]

In2001,inspiredbytheopensourceandopenaccessmovements,[86]MITlaunchedOpenCourseWaretomakethelecturenotes,problemsets,syllabuses,exams,and
lecturesfromthegreatmajorityofitscoursesavailableonlinefornocharge,thoughwithoutanyformalaccreditationforcourseworkcompleted.[87]Whilethecostof
supportingandhostingtheprojectishigh,[88]OCWexpandedin2005toincludeotheruniversitiesasapartoftheOpenCourseWareConsortium,whichcurrentlyincludes
morethan250academicinstitutionswithcontentavailableinatleastsixlanguages.[89]In2011,MITannounceditwouldofferformalcertification(butnotcreditsor
degrees)toonlineparticipantscompletingcourseworkinits"MITx"program,foramodestfee.[90]The"edX"onlineplatformsupportingMITxwasinitiallydevelopedin
partnershipwithHarvardanditsanalogous"Harvardx"initiative.Thecoursewareplatformisopensource,andotheruniversitieshavealreadyjoinedandaddedtheirown
coursecontent.[91]

ThreedaysaftertheBostonMarathonbombingofApril2013,MITPolicepatrolofficerSeanCollierwasfatallyshotbythesuspectsDzhokharandTamerlanTsarnaev,
settingoffaviolentmanhuntthatshutdownthecampusandmuchoftheBostonmetropolitanareaforaday.[92]Oneweeklater,Collier'smemorialservicewasattendedby
morethan10,000people,inaceremonyhostedbytheMITcommunitywiththousandsofpoliceofficersfromtheNewEnglandregionandCanada.[93][94][95]OnNovember
25,2013,MITannouncedthecreationoftheCollierMedal,tobeawardedannuallyto"anindividualorgroupthatembodiesthecharacterandqualitiesthatOfficerCollier
exhibitedasamemberoftheMITcommunityandinallaspectsofhislife".Theannouncementfurtherstatedthat"Futurerecipientsoftheawardwillincludethosewhose
contributionsexceedtheboundariesoftheirprofession,thosewhohavecontributedtobuildingbridgesacrossthecommunity,andthosewhoconsistentlyandselflessly
performactsofkindness".[96][97][98]

Campus
MIT's168acre(68.0ha)campusinthecityofCambridgespansapproximatelyamilealongthenorthsideoftheCharlesRiverbasin.[6]Thecampusisdividedroughlyin
halfbyMassachusettsAvenue,withmostdormitoriesandstudentlifefacilitiestothewestandmostacademicbuildingstotheeast.ThebridgeclosesttoMITistheHarvard
Bridge,whichisknownforbeingmarkedoffinanonstandardunitoflengththesmoot.[99][100]

TheKendallMBTARedLinestationislocatedonthenortheasternedgeofthecampus,inKendallSquare.TheCambridgeneighborhoodssurroundingMITareamixture
ofhightechcompaniesoccupyingbothmodernofficeandrehabilitatedindustrialbuildings,aswellassocioeconomicallydiverseresidentialneighborhoods.[101][102]In
early2016,MITpresenteditsupdatedKendallSquareInitiativetotheCityofCambridge,withplansformixeduseeducational,retail,residential,startupincubator,and
officespaceinadensehighrisetransitorienteddevelopmentplan.[103][104]TheMITMuseumwilleventuallybemovedimmediatelyadjacenttoaKendallSquaresubway
entrance,joiningtheListVisualArtsCenterontheeasternendofthecampus.[104][105]

EachbuildingatMIThasanumber(possiblyprecededbyaW,N,E,orNW)designationandmosthaveanameaswell.Typically,academicandofficebuildingsare
referredtoprimarilybynumberwhileresidencehallsarereferredtobyname.Theorganizationofbuildingnumbersroughlycorrespondstotheorderinwhichthebuildings
werebuiltandtheirlocationrelative(north,west,andeast)totheoriginalcenterclusterofMaclaurinbuildings.[106]Manyofthebuildingsareconnectedabovegroundas
wellasthroughanextensivenetworkofundergroundtunnels,providingprotectionfromtheCambridgeweatheraswellasavenue
forroofandtunnelhacking.[107][108]

MIT'soncampusnuclearreactor[109]isoneofthemostpowerfuluniversitybasednuclearreactorsintheUnitedStates.The
prominenceofthereactor'scontainmentbuildinginadenselypopulatedareahasbeencontroversial,[110]butMITmaintainsthatitis
wellsecured.[111]In1999BillGatesdonatedUS$20milliontoMITfortheconstructionofacomputerlaboratorynamedthe
"WilliamH.GatesBuilding",anddesignedbyarchitectFrankO.Gehry.WhileMicrosofthadpreviouslygivenfinancialsupportto
theinstitution,thiswasthefirstpersonaldonationreceivedfromGates.[112]
Thecentralandeasternsectionsof
Othernotablecampusfacilitiesincludeapressurizedwindtunnelandatowingtankfortestingshipandoceanstructure MIT'scampusasseenfromabove
designs.[113][114]MIT'scampuswidewirelessnetworkwascompletedinthefallof2005andconsistsofnearly3,000accesspoints MassachusettsAvenueandtheCharles
River.LeftofcenteristheGreat
covering9,400,000squarefeet(870,000m2)ofcampus.[115]
DomeoverlookingKillianCourt,
withKendallSquaretotheupper
In2001,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgencysuedMITforviolatingtheCleanWaterActandtheCleanAirActwithregardtoits
right.
hazardouswastestorageanddisposalprocedures.[116]MITsettledthesuitbypayinga$155,000fineandlaunchingthree
environmentalprojects.[117]Inconnectionwithcapitalcampaignstoexpandthecampus,theInstitutehasalsoextensivelyrenovated
existingbuildingstoimprovetheirenergyefficiency.MIThasalsotakenstepstoreduceitsenvironmentalimpactbyrunning
alternativefuelcampusshuttles,subsidizingpublictransportationpasses,andbuildingalowemissioncogenerationplantthatserves
mostofthecampuselectricity,heating,andcoolingrequirements.[118]

TheMITPolicewithstateandlocalauthorities,inthe20092011period,haveinvestigatedreportsof12forciblesexoffenses,6
robberies,3aggravatedassaults,164burglaries,1caseofarson,and4casesofmotorvehicletheftoncampusaffectinga
communityofaround22,000studentsandemployees.[119]

MITalsohassubstantialcommercialrealestateholdingsinCambridge,onwhichitpayspropertytaxes.ThisincludesTechnology
MIT'sBuilding10andGreatDome
Square,partsofKendallSquare,andmanypropertiesinCambridgeportandArea4neighboringtheeducationalbuildings.[120]The
overlookingKillianCourt
landisheldforinvestmentpurposesandpotentiallongtermexpansion.

Architecture

MIT'sSchoolofArchitecture,nowtheSchoolofArchitectureandPlanning,wasthefirstintheUnitedStates,[121]andithasa
historyofcommissioningprogressivebuildings.[122][123]ThefirstbuildingsconstructedontheCambridgecampus,completedin
1916,aresometimescalledthe"Maclaurinbuildings"afterInstitutepresidentRichardMaclaurinwhooversawtheirconstruction.
DesignedbyWilliamWellesBosworth,theseimposingbuildingswerebuiltofreinforcedconcrete,afirstforanonindustrialmuch
lessuniversitybuildingintheUS.[124]Bosworth'sdesignwasinfluencedbytheCityBeautifulMovementoftheearly1900s,[124]
andfeaturesthePantheonesqueGreatDomehousingtheBarkerEngineeringLibrary.TheGreatDomeoverlooksKillianCourt,
wheregraduationceremoniesareheldeachyear.ThefriezesofthelimestonecladbuildingsaroundKillianCourtareengravedwith
thenamesofimportantscientistsandphilosophers.[a]ThespaciousBuilding7atriumat77MassachusettsAvenueisregardedasthe
entrancetotheInfiniteCorridorandtherestofthecampus.[102]

AlvarAalto'sBakerHouse(1947),EeroSaarinen'sMITChapelandKresgeAuditorium(1955),andI.M.Pei'sGreen,Dreyfus, TheStataCenterhousesCSAIL,
Landau,andWiesnerbuildingsrepresenthighformsofpostwarmodernistarchitecture.[127][128][129]Morerecentbuildingslike LIDS,andtheDepartmentof
FrankGehry'sStataCenter(2004),StevenHoll'sSimmonsHall(2002),CharlesCorrea'sBuilding46(2005),andFumihikoMaki's LinguisticsandPhilosophy
MediaLabExtension(2009)standoutamongtheBostonarea'sclassicalarchitectureandserveasexamplesofcontemporarycampus
"starchitecture".[122][130]Thesebuildingshavenotalwaysbeenwellreceived[131][132]in2010,ThePrincetonReviewincludedMIT
inalistoftwentyschoolswhosecampusesare"tiny,unsightly,orboth".[133]

Housing

UndergraduatesareguaranteedfouryearhousinginoneofMIT's12undergraduatedormitories.[134]Thoselivingoncampuscan
receivesupportandmentoringfromliveingraduatestudenttutors,residentadvisors,andfacultyhousemasters.[135]Becausehousing
assignmentsaremadebasedonthepreferencesofthestudentsthemselves,diversesocialatmospherescanbesustainedindifferent
livinggroupsforexample,accordingtotheYaleDailyNewsstaff'sTheInsider'sGuidetotheColleges,2010,"Thesplitbetween
EastCampusandWestCampusisasignificantcharacteristicofMIT.EastCampushasgainedareputationasathriving
counterculture."[136]MITalsohas5dormitoriesforsinglegraduatestudentsand2apartmentbuildingsoncampusformarried
studentfamilies.[137]

MIThasanactiveGreekandcoophousingsystem,includingthirtysixfraternities,sororities,andindependentlivinggroups
(FSILGs).[138]Asof2015,98%ofallundergraduateslivedinMITaffiliatedhousing54%ofthemenparticipatedinfraternitiesand TheSimmonsHallundergrad
[139] dormitorywascompletedin2002
20%ofthewomenwereinvolvedinsororities. MostFSILGsarelocatedacrosstheriverinBackBaynearwhereMITwas
founded,andthereisalsoaclusteroffraternitiesonMIT'sWestCampusthatfacetheCharlesRiverBasin. [140]Afterthe1997
alcoholrelateddeathofScottKrueger,anewpledgeatthePhiGammaDeltafraternity,MITrequiredallfreshmentoliveinthedormitorysystemstartingin2002.[141]
BecauseFSILGshadpreviouslyhousedasmanyas300freshmenoffcampus,thenewpolicycouldnotbeimplementeduntilSimmonsHallopenedinthatyear.[142]

Organizationandadministration
MITischarteredasanonprofitorganizationandisownedandgovernedbyaprivatelyappointedboardoftrusteesknownastheMITCorporation.[143]Thecurrentboard
consistsof43memberselectedtofiveyearterms,[144]25lifememberswhovoteuntiltheir75thbirthday,[145]3electedofficers(President,Treasurer,andSecretary),[146]
and4exofficiomembers(thepresidentofthealumniassociation,theGovernorofMassachusetts,theMassachusettsSecretaryofEducation,andtheChiefJusticeofthe
MassachusettsSupremeJudicialCourt).[147][148]TheboardischairedbyRobertMillard,acofounderofL3CommunicationsHoldings.[149][150]TheCorporationapproves
thebudget,newprograms,degreesandfacultyappointments,andelectsthePresidenttoserveasthechiefexecutiveofficeroftheuniversity
andpresideovertheInstitute'sfaculty.[102][151]MIT'sendowmentandotherfinancialassetsaremanagedthroughasubsidiarycalledMIT
InvestmentManagementCompany(MITIMCo).[152]Valuedat$13.182billionin2016,MIT'sendowmentisthesixthlargestamong
Americancollegesanduniversities.[3]

MIThasfiveschools(Science,Engineering,ArchitectureandPlanning,Management,andHumanities,Arts,andSocialSciences)andone
college(WhitakerCollegeofHealthSciencesandTechnology),butnoschoolsoflawormedicine.[153][b]Whilefacultycommitteesassert
substantialcontrolovermanyareasofMIT'scurriculum,research,studentlife,andadministrativeaffairs,[155]thechairofeachofMIT's32
academicdepartmentsreportstothedeanofthatdepartment'sschool,whointurnreportstotheProvostunderthePresident.[156]Thecurrent
presidentisL.RafaelReif,whoformerlyservedasprovostunderPresidentSusanHockfield,thefirstwomantoholdthepost.[157][158]

Academics
Lobby7(at77
MITisalarge,highlyresidential,researchuniversitywithamajorityofenrollmentsingraduateandprofessionalprograms.[159]The MassachusettsAvenue)is
universityhasbeenaccreditedbytheNewEnglandAssociationofSchoolsandCollegessince1929.[160][161]MIToperatesona414 regardedasthemain
academiccalendarwiththefallsemesterbeginningafterLaborDayandendinginmidDecember,a4week"IndependentActivitiesPeriod" entrancetocampus
inthemonthofJanuary,andthespringsemesterbeginninginearlyFebruaryandendinginlateMay.[162]

MITstudentsrefertoboththeirmajorsandclassesusingnumbersoracronymsalone.[163]Departmentsandtheircorrespondingmajorsarenumberedintheapproximate
orderoftheirfoundationforexample,CivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringisCourse1,whileLinguisticsandPhilosophyisCourse24.[164]StudentsmajoringinElectrical
EngineeringandComputerScience(EECS),themostpopulardepartment,collectivelyidentifythemselvesas"Course6".MITstudentsuseacombinationofthe
department'scoursenumberandthenumberassignedtotheclasstoidentifytheirsubjectstheintroductorycalculusbasedclassicalmechanicscourseissimply"8.01"at
MIT.[165][c]

Undergraduateprogram

Thefouryear,fulltimeundergraduateprogrammaintainsabalancebetweenprofessionalmajorsandthoseintheartsandsciences,andhasbeendubbed"mostselective"
byU.S.News,[168]admittingfewtransferstudents[159]and8.0%ofitsapplicantsinthe2015admissionscycle.[169]MIToffers44undergraduatedegreesacrossitsfive
schools.[170]Inthe20102011academicyear,1,161bachelorofsciencedegrees(abbreviated"SB")weregranted,theonlytypeofundergraduatedegreeMITnow
awards.[171][172]Inthe2011fallterm,amongstudentswhohaddesignatedamajor,theSchoolofEngineeringwasthemostpopulardivision,enrolling63%ofstudentsinits
19degreeprograms,followedbytheSchoolofScience(29%),SchoolofHumanities,Arts,&SocialSciences(3.7%),SloanSchoolofManagement(3.3%),andSchoolof
ArchitectureandPlanning(2%).ThelargestundergraduatedegreeprogramswereinElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience(Course62),ComputerScienceand
Engineering(Course63),MechanicalEngineering(Course2),Physics(Course8),andMathematics(Course18).[166]

AllundergraduatesarerequiredtocompleteacorecurriculumcalledtheGeneralInstituteRequirements(GIRs).[173]TheScience
Requirement,generallycompletedduringfreshmanyearasprerequisitesforclassesinscienceandengineeringmajors,comprises
twosemestersofphysics,twosemestersofcalculus,onesemesterofchemistry,andonesemesterofbiology.ThereisaLaboratory
Requirement,usuallysatisfiedbyanappropriateclassinacoursemajor.TheHumanities,Arts,andSocialSciences(HASS)
Requirementconsistsofeightsemestersofclassesinthehumanities,arts,andsocialsciences,includingatleastonesemesterfrom
eachdivisionaswellasthecoursesrequiredforadesignatedconcentrationinaHASSdivision.UndertheCommunication
Requirement,twooftheHASSclasses,plustwooftheclassestakeninthedesignatedmajormustbe"communication
intensive",[174]including"substantialinstructionandpracticeinoralpresentation".[175]Finally,allstudentsarerequiredtocomplete
aswimmingtest[176]nonvarsityathletesmustalsotakefourquartersofphysicaleducationclasses.[173]
TheInfiniteCorridoristheprimary
passagewaythroughcampus Mostclassesrelyonacombinationoflectures,recitationsledbyassociateprofessorsorgraduatestudents,weeklyproblemsets("p
sets"),andperiodicquizzesortests.WhilethepaceanddifficultyofMITcourseworkhasbeencomparedto"drinkingfromafire
hose",[177][178]thefreshmenretentionrateatMITissimilartootherresearchuniversities.[168]The"pass/norecord"gradingsystem
relievessomepressureforfirstyearundergraduates.Foreachclasstakeninthefallterm,freshmentranscriptswilleitherreportonlythattheclasswaspassed,orotherwise
nothaveanyrecordofit.Inthespringterm,passinggrades(A,B,C)appearonthetranscriptwhilenonpassinggradesareagainnotrecorded.[179](Gradinghadpreviously
been"pass/norecord"allfreshmanyear,butwasamendedfortheClassof2006topreventstudentsfromgamingthesystembycompletingrequiredmajorclassesintheir
freshmanyear.[180])Also,freshmenmaychoosetojoinalternativelearningcommunities,suchasExperimentalStudyGroup,Concourse,orTerrascope.[179]

In1969,MargaretMacVicarfoundedtheUndergraduateResearchOpportunitiesProgram(UROP)toenableundergraduatestocollaboratedirectlywithfacultymembers
andresearchers.Studentsjoinorinitiateresearchprojects("UROPs")foracademiccredit,pay,oronavolunteerbasisthroughpostingsontheUROPwebsiteorby
contactingfacultymembersdirectly.[181]Asubstantialmajorityofundergraduatesparticipate.[182][183]Studentsoftenbecomepublished,filepatentapplications,and/or
launchstartupcompaniesbasedupontheirexperienceinUROPs.[184][185]

In1970,thethenDeanofInstituteRelations,BensonR.Snyder,publishedTheHiddenCurriculum,arguingthateducationatMITwasoftenslightedinfavoroffollowinga
setofunwrittenexpectations,andthatgraduatingwithgoodgradeswasmoreoftentheproductoffiguringoutthesystemratherthanasolideducation.Thesuccessful
student,accordingtoSnyder,wastheonewhowasabletodiscernwhichoftheformalrequirementsweretobeignoredinfavorofwhichunstatednorms.Forexample,
organizedstudentgroupshadcompiled"coursebibles"collectionsofproblemsetandexaminationquestionsandanswersforlaterstudentstouseasreferences.Thissort
ofgamesmanship,Snyderargued,hindereddevelopmentofacreativeintellectandcontributedtostudentdiscontentandunrest.[186][187]

Graduateprogram

MIT'sgraduateprogramhashighcoexistencewiththeundergraduateprogram,andmanycoursesaretakenbyqualifiedstudentsatbothlevels.MIToffersacomprehensive
doctoralprogramwithdegreesinthehumanities,socialsciences,andSTEMfieldsaswellasprofessionaldegrees.[159]TheInstituteoffersgraduateprogramsleadingto
academicdegreessuchastheMasterofScience(MS),variousEngineer'sDegrees,DoctorofPhilosophy(PhD),andDoctorofScience(ScD)andinterdisciplinarygraduate
programssuchastheMDPhD(withHarvardMedicalSchool).[188][189]
 Admissiontograduateprogramsisdecentralizedapplicantsapplydirectlytothedepartmentordegreeprogram.Morethan90%ofdoctoral
studentsaresupportedbyfellowships,researchassistantships(RAs),orteachingassistantships(TAs).[190]

MITawarded1,547master'sdegreesand609doctoraldegreesintheacademicyear201011.[171]Inthe2011fallterm,theSchoolofEngineering
wasthemostpopularacademicdivision,enrolling45.0%ofgraduatestudents,followedbytheSloanSchoolofManagement(19%),Schoolof
Science(16.9%),SchoolofArchitectureandPlanning(9.2%),WhitakerCollegeofHealthSciences(5.1%),[d]andSchoolofHumanities,Arts,
andSocialSciences(4.7%).ThelargestgraduatedegreeprogramsweretheSloanMBA,ElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,and
MechanicalEngineering.[166]

Rankings
RobertEngman's Italsoplacesamongthetopteninmanyoverallrankingsofuniversities(seeright)and
MbiusStriphanging
rankingsbasedonstudents'revealedpreferences.[199][200][201]Forseveralyears,U.S.News& Universityrankings
fromthecrownofthe
WorldReport,theQSWorldUniversityRankings,andtheAcademicRankingofWorld National
BarkerEngineering
UniversitieshaverankedMIT'sSchoolofEngineeringfirst,asdidthe1995NationalResearch 4
Library'sreadingroom ARWU[191]
locatedinsidethe Councilreport.[202]Inthesamelists,MIT'sstrongestshowingsapartfrominengineeringarein
computerscience,thenaturalsciences,business,architecture,economics,linguistics, Forbes[192] 5
GreatDome.Asof
2013,ithasbeen mathematics,and,toalesserextent,politicalscienceandphilosophy.[10][11][12][13][14] U.S.News&WorldReport[193] 7
removed.
In2014,MoneymagazinerankedMITasthirdintheUS"BestCollegesforYourMoney", WashingtonMonthly[194] 3
basedonitsassessmentof"themostbangforyourtuitionbuck",factoringinqualityof Global
education,affordability,andcareeroutcomes.[203]Asof2014,ForbesmagazineratedMITasthesecond"Most
ARWU[195] 5
EntrepreneurialUniversity",basedonthepercentageofalumniandstudentsselfidentifyingasfoundersorbusiness
ownersonLinkedIn.[204]In2015,BrookingsFellowJonathanRothwellissuedareport"BeyondCollegeRankings", QS[196] 1
placingMITasthirdintheUS,withanestimated45%valueaddedtomidcareersalary.[205] 5
Times[197]

Collaborations U.S.News&WorldReport[198] 2

Theuniversityhistoricallypioneeredresearchandtrainingcollaborationsbetweenacademia,industryandgovernment.[206][207]In
1946,PresidentCompton,HarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorGeorgesDoriot,andMassachusettsInvestorTrustchairmanMerrill
GrisswoldfoundedAmericanResearchandDevelopmentCorporation,thefirstAmericanventurecapitalfirm.[208][209]In1948,
ComptonestablishedtheMITIndustrialLiaisonProgram.[210]Throughoutthelate1980sandearly1990s,Americanpoliticiansand
businessleadersaccusedMITandotheruniversitiesofcontributingtoadecliningeconomybytransferringtaxpayerfundedresearch
andtechnologytointernationalespeciallyJapanesefirmsthatwerecompetingwithstrugglingAmericanbusinesses.[211][212]On
theotherhand,MIT'sextensivecollaborationwiththefederalgovernmentonresearchprojectshasledtoseveralMITleaders
servingaspresidentialscientificadviserssince1940.[e]MITestablishedaWashingtonOfficein1991tocontinueeffectivelobbying
EeroSaarinen'sKresgeAuditorium
forresearchfundingandnationalsciencepolicy.[214][215] (1955)isaclassicexampleofpost
wararchitecture
TheU.S.JusticeDepartmentbegananinvestigationin1989,andin1991filedanantitrustsuitagainstMIT,theeightIvyLeague
colleges,andelevenotherinstitutionsforallegedlyengaginginpricefixingduringtheirannual"OverlapMeetings",whichwere
heldtopreventbiddingwarsoverpromisingprospectivestudentsfromconsumingfundsforneedbasedscholarships.[216][217]WhiletheIvyLeagueinstitutionssettled,[218]
MITcontestedthecharges,arguingthatthepracticewasnotanticompetitivebecauseitensuredtheavailabilityofaidforthegreatestnumberofstudents.[219][220]MIT
ultimatelyprevailedwhentheJusticeDepartmentdroppedthecasein1994.[221][222]

MIT'sproximity[f]toHarvardUniversity("theotherschooluptheriver")hasledtoasubstantialnumberofresearchcollaborations
suchastheHarvardMITDivisionofHealthSciencesandTechnologyandtheBroadInstitute.[223]Inaddition,studentsatthetwo
schoolscancrossregisterforcreditstowardtheirownschool'sdegreeswithoutanyadditionalfees.[223]Acrossregistrationprogram
betweenMITandWellesleyCollegehasalsoexistedsince1969,andin2002theCambridgeMITInstitutelaunchedan
undergraduateexchangeprogrambetweenMITandtheUniversityofCambridge.[223]MIThasmoremodestcrossregistration
programswithBostonUniversity,BrandeisUniversity,TuftsUniversity,MassachusettsCollegeofArt,andtheSchoolofthe
MuseumofFineArts,Boston.[223]
WalkerMemorialisamonumentto
MITmaintainssubstantialresearchandfacultytieswithindependentresearchorganizationsintheBostonarea,suchastheCharles MIT'sfourthpresident,Francis
StarkDraperLaboratory,theWhiteheadInstituteforBiomedicalResearch,andtheWoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution.Ongoing AmasaWalker
internationalresearchandeducationalcollaborationsincludetheSingaporeMITAlliance,MITPolitecnicodiMilano,[223][224]MIT
ZaragozaInternationalLogisticsProgram,andprojectsinothercountriesthroughtheMITInternationalScienceandTechnology
Initiatives(MISTI)program.[223][225]

ThemassmarketmagazineTechnologyReviewispublishedbyMITthroughasubsidiarycompany,asisaspecialeditionthatalso
servesasanalumnimagazine.[226][227]TheMITPressisamajoruniversitypress,publishingover200booksand30journals
annually,emphasizingscienceandtechnologyaswellasarts,architecture,newmedia,currentevents,andsocialissues.[228]

Libraries,collectionsandmuseums MITmaincampus,seenfromVassar
Street.TheGreatDomeisvisiblein
TheMITlibrarysystemconsistsoffivesubjectlibraries:Barker(Engineering),Dewey(Economics),Hayden(Humanitiesand thedistance,andtheStataCenterisat
Science),Lewis(Music),andRotch(ArtsandArchitecture).Therearealsovariousspecializedlibrariesandarchives.Thelibraries right.
containmorethan2.9millionprintedvolumes,2.4millionmicroforms,49,000printorelectronicjournalsubscriptions,and670
referencedatabases.Thepastdecadehasseenatrendofincreasedfocusondigitaloverprintresourcesinthelibraries.[229]NotablecollectionsincludetheLewisMusic
Librarywithanemphasison20thand21stcenturymusicandelectronicmusic,[230]theListVisualArtsCenter'srotatingexhibitionsofcontemporaryart,[231]andthe
ComptonGallery'scrossdisciplinaryexhibitions.[232]MITallocatesapercentageofthebudgetforallnewconstructionandrenovationtocommissionandsupportits
extensivepublicartandoutdoorsculpturecollection.[233][234]
TheMITMuseumwasfoundedin1971andcollects,preserves,andexhibitsartifactssignificanttothecultureandhistoryofMIT.Themuseumnowengagesinsignificant
educationaloutreachprogramsforthegeneralpublic,includingtheannualCambridgeScienceFestival,thefirstcelebrationofthiskindintheUnitedStates.Since2005,its
officialmissionhasbeen,"toengagethewidercommunitywithMIT'sscience,technologyandotherareasofscholarshipinwaysthatwillbestservethenationandthe
worldinthe21stcentury".[235]

Research

MITwaselectedtotheAssociationofAmericanUniversitiesin1934andremainsaresearchuniversitywithaveryhighlevelofresearchactivity[47][159]research
expenditurestotaled$718.2millionin2009.[236]Thefederalgovernmentwasthelargestsourceofsponsoredresearch,withtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices
granting$255.9million,DepartmentofDefense$97.5million,DepartmentofEnergy$65.8million,NationalScienceFoundation$61.4million,andNASA$27.4
million.[236]MITemploysapproximately1300researchersinadditiontofaculty.[237]In2011,MITfacultyandresearchersdisclosed632inventions,wereissued153
patents,earned$85.4millionincashincome,andreceived$69.6millioninroyalties.[238]ThroughprogramsliketheDeshpandeCenter,MITfacultyleveragetheirresearch
anddiscoveriesintomultimilliondollarcommercialventures.[239]

Inelectronics,magneticcorememory,radar,singleelectrontransistors,andinertialguidancecontrolswereinventedorsubstantiallydevelopedbyMITresearchers.[240][241]
HaroldEugeneEdgertonwasapioneerinhighspeedphotographyandsonar.[242][243]ClaudeE.Shannondevelopedmuchofmoderninformationtheoryanddiscoveredthe
applicationofBooleanlogictodigitalcircuitdesigntheory.[244]Inthedomainofcomputerscience,MITfacultyandresearchersmadefundamentalcontributionsto
cybernetics,artificialintelligence,computerlanguages,machinelearning,robotics,andcryptography.[241][245]AtleastnineTuringAwardlaureatesandsevenrecipientsof
theDraperPrizeinengineeringhavebeenorarecurrentlyassociatedwithMIT.[246][247]

CurrentandpreviousphysicsfacultyhavewoneightNobelPrizes,[248]fourDiracMedals,[249]andthreeWolfPrizespredominantlyfortheircontributionstosubatomicand
quantumtheory.[250]MembersofthechemistrydepartmenthavebeenawardedthreeNobelPrizesandoneWolfPrizeforthediscoveryofnovelsynthesesandmethods.[248]
MITbiologistshavebeenawardedsixNobelPrizesfortheircontributionstogenetics,immunology,oncology,andmolecularbiology.[248]ProfessorEricLanderwasoneof
theprincipalleadersoftheHumanGenomeProject.[251][252]Positroniumatoms,[253]syntheticpenicillin,[254]syntheticselfreplicatingmolecules,[255]andthegeneticbases
forAmyotrophiclateralsclerosis(alsoknownasALSorLouGehrig'sdisease)andHuntington'sdiseasewerefirstdiscoveredatMIT.[256]JeromeLettvintransformedthe
studyofcognitivesciencewithhispaper"Whatthefrog'seyetellsthefrog'sbrain".[257]

Inthedomainofhumanities,arts,andsocialsciences,MITeconomistshavebeenawardedfiveNobelPrizesandnineJohnBatesClarkMedals.[248][258]LinguistsNoam
ChomskyandMorrisHalleauthoredseminaltextsongenerativegrammarandphonology.[259][260]TheMITMediaLab,foundedin1985withintheSchoolofArchitecture
andPlanningandknownforitsunconventionalresearch,[261][262]hasbeenhometoinfluentialresearcherssuchasconstructivisteducatorandLogocreatorSeymour
Papert.[263]

Spanningmanyoftheabovefields,MacArthurFellowships(thesocalled"GeniusGrants")havebeenawardedto38peopleassociatedwithMIT.[264]FourPulitzerPrize
winningwriterscurrentlyworkatorhaveretiredfromMIT.[265]FourcurrentorformerfacultyaremembersoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandLetters.[266]

Allegationsofresearchmisconductorimproprietieshavereceivedsubstantialpresscoverage.ProfessorDavidBaltimore,aNobelLaureate,becameembroiledina
misconductinvestigationstartingin1986thatledtoCongressionalhearingsin1991.[267][268]ProfessorTedPostolhasaccusedtheMITadministrationsince2000of
attemptingtowhitewashpotentialresearchmisconductattheLincolnLabfacilityinvolvingaballisticmissiledefensetest,thoughafinalinvestigationintothematterhas
notbeencompleted.[269][270]AssociateProfessorLukVanParijswasdismissedin2005followingallegationsofscientificmisconductandfoundguiltyofthesamebythe
UnitedStatesOfficeofResearchIntegrityin2009.[271][272]ResearchersdevelopedasystemtoconvertMRIscansinto3Dprintedphysicalmodels.[273]

Discoveriesandinnovation
WorldWideWebConsortiumFoundedin1994byTimBernersLee,(W3C)isthemaininternationalstandardsorganizationforthe
WorldWideWeb[274]
VisiCalcwasthefirstspreadsheetcomputerprogramforpersonalcomputers,originallyreleasedfortheAppleIIbyVisiCorp.MIT
alumDanBricklinandBobFrankstonrentedtimesharingatnightonanMITmainframecomputer(thatcost$1/hrforuse).
AkamaiTechnologiesDanielLewinandTomLeightondiscoveredanddevelopedafastercontentdeliverynetworkandisoneofthe
world'slargestdistributedcomputingplatforms,responsibleforservingbetween15and30percentofallwebtraffic.[275]
CryptographyMITprofessorsRonRivest,AdiShamir,andLeonardAdlemandevelopedoneofthefirstpracticalpublickey
cryptosystemsandstartedacompanyRSA(cryptosystem).
Flightrecorder(blackbox)CharlesStarkDraperdevelopedtheblackboxatMIT'sInstrumentationLaboratory.Thatlablatermade
theApolloMoonlandingspossiblethroughtheApolloGuidanceComputeritdesignedforNASA.
ReversetranscriptionDavidBaltimoreindependentlyisolated,in1970atMIT,twoRNAtumourviruses:RMLVandagain TheGNUprojectandfree
RSV.[276] softwaremovement
OncogeneRobertWeinbergdiscoveredgeneticbasisofhumancancer.[277] originatedatMIT
LithiumionbatteryefficienciesYetMingChiangandhisgroupatMITshowedasubstantialimprovementintheperformanceof
lithiumbatteriesbyboostingthematerial'sconductivitybydopingit[278]withaluminium,niobiumandzirconium.
MITOpenCourseWareTheOpenCourseWaremovementstartedin1999whentheUniversityofTbingeninGermanypublishedvideosoflecturesonlineforits
timmsinitiative(TbingerInternetMultimediaServer).[279]TheOCWmovementonlytookoff,however,withthelaunchofMITOpenCourseWareandtheOpen
LearningInitiativeatCarnegieMellonUniversity[280]inOctober2002.ThemovementwassoonreinforcedbythelaunchofsimilarprojectsatYale,UtahState
University,theUniversityofMichigan,andtheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley.
RadarDevelopedatMIT'sRadiationLaboratoryduringWorldWarII.
Lisp(programminglanguage)JohnMcCarthyinventedlispin1958whilehewasat(MIT).McCarthypublisheditsdesigninapaperinCommunicationsoftheACM
in1960,entitled"RecursiveFunctionsofSymbolicExpressionsandTheirComputationbyMachine,PartI".[281]
SKETCHPADinventedbyIvanSutherlandashisthesisforhisPhDatMIT.Itpioneeredthewayforhumancomputerinteraction(HCI).[282]Sketchpadis
consideredtobetheancestorofmoderncomputeraideddesign(CAD)programsaswellasamajorbreakthroughinthedevelopmentofcomputergraphicsingeneral.
ProjectMACgroundbreakingresearchinoperatingsystems,artificialintelligence,andthetheoryofcomputation.DARPAfundedproject.
Emacs(texteditor)developmentbeganduringthe1970sattheMITAILab.
PerdixmicrodroneautonomousdronethatusesartificialintelligencetoswarmwithmanyotherPerdixdrones.[283]
ElectronicinkdevelopedbyJosephJacobsonatMITMediaLab.[284]
 GNUProjectRichardStallmanformallyfoundedthefreesoftwaremovementin1983bylaunchingtheGNUProjectatMIT.[285]

[286][287]

Traditionsandstudentactivities
Thefacultyandstudentbodyplaceahighvalueonmeritocracyandontechnicalproficiency.[288][289]MIThasneverawardedanhonorarydegree,nordoesitawardathletic
scholarships,adeundemdegrees,orLatinhonorsupongraduation.[290]However,MIThastwiceawardedhonoraryprofessorships:toWinstonChurchillin1949and
SalmanRushdiein1993.[291]

Manyupperclassstudentsandalumniwearalarge,heavy,distinctiveclassringknownasthe"BrassRat".[292][293]Originallycreatedin1929,thering'sofficialnameisthe
"StandardTechnologyRing."[294]Theundergraduateringdesign(aseparategraduatestudentversionexistsaswell)variesslightlyfromyeartoyeartoreflecttheunique
characteroftheMITexperienceforthatclass,butalwaysfeaturesathreepiecedesign,withtheMITsealandtheclassyeareachappearingonaseparateface,flankinga
largerectangularbezelbearinganimageofabeaver.[292]TheinitialismIHTFP,representingtheinformalschoolmotto"IHateThisFuckingPlace"andjocularly
euphemizedas"IHaveTrulyFoundParadise,""InstituteHasTheFinestProfessors,""It'sHardtoFondlePenguins,"andothervariations,hasoccasionallybeenfeaturedon
theringgivenitshistoricalprominenceinstudentculture.[295]

Activities

MIThasover500recognizedstudentactivitygroups,[296]includingacampusradiostation,TheTechstudentnewspaper,anannual
entrepreneurshipcompetition,andweeklyscreeningsofpopularfilmsbytheLectureSeriesCommittee.Lesstraditionalactivities
includethe"world'slargestopenshelfcollectionofsciencefiction"inEnglish,amodelrailroadclub,andavibrantfolkdancescene.
Students,faculty,andstaffareinvolvedinover50educationaloutreachandpublicserviceprogramsthroughtheMITMuseum,
EdgertonCenter,andMITPublicServiceCenter.[297]

TheIndependentActivitiesPeriodisafourweeklong"term"offeringhundredsofoptionalclasses,lectures,demonstrations,and
otheractivitiesthroughoutthemonthofJanuarybetweentheFallandSpringsemesters.SomeofthemostpopularrecurringIAP
activitiesarethe6.270,6.370,andMasLabcompetitions,[298]theannual"mysteryhunt",[299]andCharmSchool.[300][301]Morethan
250studentspursueexternshipsannuallyatcompaniesintheUSandabroad.[302][303] ThestartoftheMITMysteryHuntin
2007
ManyMITstudentsalsoengagein"hacking",whichencompassesboththephysicalexplorationofareasthataregenerallyofflimits
(suchasrooftopsandsteamtunnels),aswellaselaboratepracticaljokes.[304][305]Recenthighprofilehackshaveincludedthe
abductionofCaltech'scannon,[306]reconstructingaWrightFlyeratoptheGreatDome,[307]andadorningtheJohnHarvardstatuewiththeMasterChief'sMjlnir
Helmet.[308]

Athletics

MITsponsors31varsitysportsandhasoneofthethreebroadestNCAADivisionIIIathleticprograms.[309][310]MITparticipatesin
theNCAA'sDivisionIII,theNewEnglandWomen'sandMen'sAthleticConference,theNewEnglandFootballConference,the
PilgrimLeagueformen'slacrosse,NCAA'sDivisionIEasternAssociationofWomen'sRowingColleges(EAWRC)forwomen's
crew,andtheCollegiateWaterPoloAssociation(CWPA)forMen'sWaterPolo.Men'screwcompetesoutsidetheNCAAinthe
EasternAssociationofRowingColleges(EARC).InApril2009,budgetcutsledtoMITeliminatingeightofits41sports,including
themixedmen'sandwomen'steamsinalpineskiingandpistolseparateteamsformenandwomeninicehockeyandgymnastics
andmen'sprogramsingolfandwrestling.[311][312]

People TheZesigersportsandfitnesscenter
housesatwostoryfitnesscenteras
wellasswimminganddivingpools
Students

MITenrolled4,384undergraduatesand6,510graduatestudentsin20112012.[166]Womenconstituted45percentof
DemographicsofMITstudentbody[166][313][314]
undergraduatestudents.[166][315]Undergraduateandgraduatestudentsweredrawnfromall50statesaswellas115foreign Undergraduate Graduate
countries.[316] WhiteAmerican 34% 40.8%
AsianAmerican 30% 9.4%
MITreceived17,909applicationsforadmissiontotheundergraduateClassof20151,742wereadmitted(9.7percent)and
HispanicAmerican 15% 3.3%
1128enrolled(64.8percent).[139]19,446applicationswerereceivedforgraduateandadvanceddegreeprogramacrossall
AfricanAmerican 10% 2.1%
departments2,991wereadmitted(15.4percent)and1,880enrolled(62.8percent).[317] NativeAmerican 1.0% 0.4%
Other/International 8% 44.0%
TheinterquartilerangeontheSATwas20902340and97percentofstudentsrankedinthetoptenthoftheirhighschool
graduatingclass.[139]97percentoftheClassof2012returnedassophomores82percentoftheClassof2007graduated
within4years,and93percent(91percentofthemenand95percentofthewomen)graduatedwithin6years.[139][318]

Undergraduatetuitionandfeestotal$40,732andannualexpensesareestimatedat$52,507asof2012.62percentofstudentsreceivedneedbasedfinancialaidintheform
ofscholarshipsandgrantsfromfederal,state,institutional,andexternalsourcesaveraging$38,964perstudent.[319]Studentswereawardedatotalof$102millionin
scholarshipsandgrants,primarilyfrominstitutionalsupport($84million).[139]Theannualincreaseinexpenseshasledtoastudenttradition(datingbacktothe1960s)of
tongueincheek"tuitionriots".[320]

MIThasbeennominallycoeducationalsinceadmittingEllenSwallowRichardsin1870.RichardsalsobecamethefirstfemalememberofMIT'sfaculty,specializingin
sanitarychemistry.[321][322]Femalestudentsremainedaminoritypriortothecompletionofthefirstwingofawomen'sdormitory,McCormickHall,in1963.[323][324][325]
Between1993and2009,theproportionofwomenrosefrom34percentto45percentofundergraduatesandfrom20percentto31percentofgraduatestudents.[166][326]
WomencurrentlyoutnumbermeninBiology,Brain&CognitiveSciences,Architecture,UrbanPlanning,andBiologicalEngineering.[166][315]
Anumberofstudentdeathsinthelate1990sandearly2000sresultedinconsiderablemediaattentiontoMIT'scultureandstudentlife.[327][328]Afterthealcoholrelated
deathofScottKruegerinSeptember1997asanewmemberatthePhiGammaDeltafraternity,[329]MITbeganrequiringallfreshmentoliveinthedormitory
system.[329][330]The2000suicideofMITundergraduateElizabethShindrewattentiontosuicidesatMITandcreatedacontroversyoverwhetherMIThadanunusually
highsuiciderate.[331][332]Inlate2001ataskforce'srecommendedimprovementsinstudentmentalhealthserviceswereimplemented,[333][334]includingexpandingstaffand
operatinghoursatthementalhealthcenter.[335]Theseandlatercasesweresignificantaswellbecausetheysoughttoprovethenegligenceandliabilityofuniversity
administratorsinlocoparentis.[331]

Facultyandstaff

Asof2013,MIThad1,030facultymembers,ofwhom225werewomen.[4]Facultyareresponsibleforlecturingclasses,advising
bothgraduateandundergraduatestudents,andsittingonacademiccommittees,aswellasconductingoriginalresearch.Between
1964and2009,atotalofseventeenfacultyandstaffmembersaffiliatedwithMITwereawardedNobelPrizes(thirteeninthelast25
years).[336]MITfacultymemberspastorpresenthavewonatotaloftwentysevenNobelPrizes,themajorityinEconomicsor
Physics.[337]AsofOctober2013,amongcurrentfacultyandteachingstaffthereare67GuggenheimFellows,6FulbrightScholars,
and22MacArthurFellows.[4]FacultymemberswhohavemadeextraordinarycontributionstotheirresearchfieldaswellastheMIT
communityaregrantedappointmentsasInstituteProfessorsfortheremainderoftheirtenures.

A1998MITstudyconcludedthatasystemicbiasagainstfemalefacultyexistedinitsSchoolofScience,[338]althoughthestudy's
InstituteProfessorsEmeritiand
methodswerecontroversial.[339][340]Sincethestudy,though,womenhaveheadeddepartmentswithintheSchoolsofScienceandof NobelLaureates(fromlefttoright)
Engineering,andMIThasappointedseveralfemalevicepresidents,althoughallegationsofsexismcontinuetobemade.[341]Susan FrancoModigliani(deceased),Paul
Hockfield,amolecularneurobiologist,wasMIT'spresidentfrom2004to2012andwasthefirstwomantoholdthepost.[158] Samuelson(alsodeceased),and
RobertSolow(picturetakenin2000)
TenureoutcomeshavevaultedMITintothenationalspotlightonseveraloccasions.The1984dismissalofDavidF.Noble,a
historianoftechnology,becameacauseclbreabouttheextenttowhichacademicsaregrantedfreedomofspeechafterhe
publishedseveralbooksandpaperscriticalofMIT'sandotherresearchuniversities'relianceuponfinancialsupportfromcorporationsandthemilitary.[342]Formermaterials
scienceprofessorGretchenKalonjisuedMITin1994allegingthatshewasdeniedtenurebecauseofsexualdiscrimination.Severalyearslater,thelawsuitwassettledwith
undisclosedpayments,andestablishmentofaprojecttoencouragewomenandminoritiestoseekfacultypositions.[341][343][344]In1997,theMassachusettsCommission
AgainstDiscriminationissuedaprobablecausefindingsupportingUMassBostonProfessorJamesJennings'allegationsofracialdiscriminationafteraseniorfacultysearch
committeeintheDepartmentofUrbanStudiesandPlanningdidnotofferhimreciprocaltenure.[345]In20062007,MIT'sdenialoftenuretoAfricanAmericanstemcell
scientistprofessorJamesSherleyreignitedaccusationsofracisminthetenureprocess,eventuallyleadingtoaprotractedpublicdisputewiththeadministration,abrief
hungerstrike,andtheresignationofProfessorFrankL.Douglasinprotest.[346][347]TheBostonGlobereportedonFebruary6,2007:"LessthanhalfofMIT'sjuniorfaculty
membersaregrantedtenure.AfterSherleywasinitiallydeniedtenure,hiscasewasexaminedthreetimesbeforetheuniversityestablishedthatneitherracialdiscrimination
norconflictofinterestaffectedthedecision.TwentyoneofSherley'scolleaguesissuedastatementyesterdaysayingthattheprofessorwastreatedfairlyintenure
review."[348]

MITfacultymembershaveoftenbeenrecruitedtoleadothercollegesanduniversities.FoundingfacultymemberCharlesW.Eliotwasrecruitedin1869tobecome
presidentofHarvardUniversity,aposthewouldholdfor40years,duringwhichhewieldedconsiderableinfluenceonbothAmericanhighereducationandsecondary
education.MITalumnusandfacultymemberGeorgeElleryHaleplayedacentralroleinthedevelopmentoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(Caltech),andother
facultymembershavebeenkeyfoundersofFranklinW.OlinCollegeofEngineeringinnearbyNeedham,Massachusetts.

Asof2014,formerprovostRobertA.BrownispresidentofBostonUniversityformerprovostMarkWrightonischancellorofWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louisformer
associateprovostAliceGastispresidentofLehighUniversityandformerprofessorSuhNampyoispresidentofKAIST.FormerdeanoftheSchoolofScienceRobertJ.
BirgeneauwasthechancelloroftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley(20042013)formerprofessorJohnMaedawaspresidentofRhodeIslandSchoolofDesign(RISD,
20082013)formerprofessorDavidBaltimorewaspresidentofCaltech(19972006)andMITalumnusandformerassistantprofessorHansMarkservedaschancellorof
theUniversityofTexassystem(19841992).

Inaddition,facultymembershavebeenrecruitedtoleadgovernmentalagenciesforexample,formerprofessorMarciaMcNuttispresidentoftheNationalAcademyof
Sciences,[349]urbanstudiesprofessorXavierdeSouzaBriggsiscurrentlytheassociatedirectoroftheWhiteHouseOfficeofManagementandBudget,[350]andbiology
professorEricLanderisacochairofthePresident'sCouncilofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology.[351]In2013,facultymemberErnestMonizwasnominatedby
PresidentObamaandlaterconfirmedasUnitedStatesSecretaryofEnergy.[352][353]FormerprofessorHansMarkservedasSecretaryoftheAirForcefrom1979to1981.
AlumnaandInstituteProfessorSheilaWidnallservedasSecretaryoftheAirForcebetween1993and1997,makingherthefirstfemaleSecretaryoftheAirForceandfirst
womantoleadanentirebranchoftheUSmilitaryintheDepartmentofDefense.

Basedonfeedbackfromemployees,MITwasranked#7asaplacetowork,amongUScollegesanduniversitiesasof2013.[354]Surveysciteda"smart","creative",
"friendly"environment,notingthattheworklifebalancetiltstowardsa"strongworkethic",butcomplainingabout"lowpay".[355]

Notablealumni

ManyofMIT'sover120,000alumnihavehadconsiderablesuccessinscientificresearch,publicservice,education,andbusiness.Asof2014,27MITalumnihavewonthe
NobelPrize,47havebeenselectedasRhodesScholars,and61havebeenselectedasMarshallScholars.[356]

AlumniinAmericanpoliticsandpublicserviceincludeformerChairmanoftheFederalReserveBenBernanke,formerMA1RepresentativeJohnOlver,formerCA13
RepresentativePeteStark,formerNationalEconomicCouncilchairmanLawrenceH.Summers,andformerCouncilofEconomicAdvisorschairwomanChristinaRomer.
MITalumniininternationalpoliticsincludeForeignAffairsMinisterofIranAliAkbarSalehi,IsraeliPrimeMinisterBenjaminNetanyahu,PresidentofColombiaVirgilio
BarcoVargas,PresidentoftheEuropeanCentralBankMarioDraghi,formerGovernoroftheReserveBankofIndiaRaghuramRajan,formerBritishForeignMinister
DavidMiliband,formerGreekPrimeMinisterLucasPapademos,formerUNSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnan,andformerIraqiDeputyPrimeMinisterAhmedChalabi.

MITalumnifoundedorcofoundedmanynotablecompanies,suchasIntel,McDonnellDouglas,TexasInstruments,3Com,Qualcomm,Bose,Raytheon,KochIndustries,
RockwellInternational,Genentech,Dropbox,andCampbellSoup.AccordingtotheBritishnewspaper,TheGuardian,"asurveyoflivingMITalumnifoundthattheyhave
formed25,800companies,employingmorethanthreemillionpeopleincludingaboutaquarteroftheworkforceofSiliconValley.Thosefirmscollectivelygenerateglobal
revenuesofabout$1.9trillion(1.2trillion)ayear.IfMITwereacountry,itwouldhavethe11thhighestGDPofanynationintheworld."[357][358][359]
ProminentinstitutionsofhighereducationhavebeenledbyMITalumni,includingtheUniversityofCaliforniasystem,HarvardUniversity,NewYorkInstituteof
Technology,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,CarnegieMellonUniversity,TuftsUniversity,RochesterInstituteofTechnology,RhodeIslandSchoolofDesign(RISD),
NortheasternUniversity,LahoreUniversityofManagementSciences,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute,TecnolgicodeMonterrey,PurdueUniversity,VirginiaPolytechnic
Institute,KAIST,andQuaideAzamUniversity.BerkleeCollegeofMusic,thelargestindependentcollegeofcontemporarymusicintheworld,wasfoundedandledby
MITalumnusLawrenceBerkformorethanthreedecades.

MorethanonethirdoftheUnitedStates'mannedspaceflightshaveincludedMITeducatedastronauts(amongthemApollo11LunarModulePilotBuzzAldrin),morethan
anyuniversityexcludingtheUnitedStatesserviceacademies.[360]AlumnusandformerfacultymemberQianXuesenwasinstrumentalinthePRCrocketprogram.[361]

NotedalumniinnonscientificfieldsincludeauthorHughLofting,[362]sculptorDanielChesterFrench,guitaristTomScholzofthebandBoston,theBritishBBCandITN
correspondentandpoliticaladvisorDavidWalter,TheNewYorkTimescolumnistandNobelPrizeWinningeconomistPaulKrugman,TheBellCurveauthorCharles
Murray,UnitedStatesSupremeCourtbuildingarchitectCassGilbert,[363]PritzkerPrizewinningarchitectsI.M.PeiandGordonBunshaft.

Apollo11astronaut FormerUNSecretary PresidentofColombia FormerFederal PhysicistNobel EconomicsNobel

BuzzAldrin,ScD1963 GeneralKofiAnnan, 19861990Virgilio ReserveBank laureateRichard laureatePaulKrugman,
(Aero&Astro) SM1972 BarcoVargas,SB1943 chairmanBen Feynman,SB1939 PhD1977(Economics)
(Management) (CivilEngineering) Bernanke,PhD1979 (Physics)
(Economics)

Biologist,suffragist, Challengerastronaut IsraeliPrimeMinister ArchitectI.M.Pei, CEOofGeneral "Boston"guitaristTom

philanthropist andphysicistRonald BenjaminNetanyahu, BArch1940 MotorsAlfredP.Sloan, Scholz,SB1969,SM
KatherineDexter McNair,PhD1976 SB1975 (Architecture) SB1895(Electrical 1970(Mechanical
McCormick(left),SB (Physics) (Architecture),SM Engineering) Engineering)
1904(Biology) 1976(Management)

Seealso
TheCoop,campusbookstore

References
Notes
a.ThefriezesofthemarblecladbuildingssurroundingKillianCourtarecarvedinlarge
RomanletterswiththenamesofAristotle,Newton,Pasteur,Lavoisier,Faraday,
Archimedes,daVinci,Darwin,andCopernicuseachofthesenamesissurmountedbya
clusterofappropriatelyrelatednamesinsmallerletters.Lavoisier,forexample,is
placedinthecompanyofBoyle,Cavendish,Priestley,Dalton,GayLussac,Berzelius,
Woehler,Liebig,Bunsen,Mendelejeff[sic],Perkin,andvan'tHoff.[125][126]
b.TheHarvardMITDivisionofHealthSciencesandTechnology(HST)offersjointMD,
MDPhD,orMedicalEngineeringdegreesincollaborationwithHarvardMedical
School.[154]
c.CoursenumbersaresometimespresentedinRomannumerals,e.g."CourseXVIII"for
mathematics.[166]AtleastoneMITstyleguidenowdiscouragesthisusage.[167]Also,
someCoursenumbershavebeenreassignedovertime,sothatthesubjectareaofa
degreemaydependontheyearitwasawarded.[164]
d.Figureincludes196studentsworkingonHarvarddegreesonly.
e.VannevarBushwasthedirectoroftheOfficeofScientificResearchandDevelopment
andgeneraladvisortoFranklinD.RooseveltandHarryTruman,JamesRhyneKillian
wasSpecialAssistantforScienceandTechnologyforDwightD.Eisenhower,and
JeromeWiesneradvisedJohnF.KennedyandLyndonJohnson.[213]
f.MIT'sBuilding7andHarvard'sJohnstonGate,thetraditionalentrancestoeachschool,
are1.72miles(2.77km)apartalongMassachusettsAvenue.

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