O.

Introduccin histrica

Alberto Conejero y Cristina Jordn

Aplicaciones de la
Depto. Matemtica Aplicada
Teora de Grafos E.T.S. Ingeniera Informtica
a la vida real Universitat Politcnica de Valncia
 Aplicaciones de la Teora de Grafos a la vida real

Introduccin histrica
rase una vez una ciudad llamada Knigsberg (actual Kaliningrado en Rusia).
Se dice que los habitantes tenan la costumbre de cruzar de un lado a otro del ro
que atraviesa la ciudad, el ro Pregel, a travs de sus puentes.

.. y se planteaban si era posible comenzar en un determinado lugar y cruzar todos

los puentes, pasando una vez por cada uno de ellos y volviendo al inicial.
En 1736 Leonhard Euler prob matemticamente que no era posible, dando
nacimiento a la Teora de Grafos.
Imagen de los Puentes de Knigsberg: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konigsberg_bridges.png Autor: Bogdan Giusa
Imagen de Leonhard Euler: Retrato de J.E. Handmann que se halla en el Kunstmuseum Basel O. Introduccin
 Aplicaciones de la Teora de Grafos a la vida real

Introduccin histrica

En esta misma ciudad naci Gustav R. Kirchoff en

1824.

Kirchoff se sirvi de la Teora de Grafos para

enunciar las leyes, que hoy en da llevan su
nombre, y que permiten el clculo de voltajes y
corrientes en circuitos elctricos.

Relacionado con la electricidad, Otakar Boruvka

utiliz en 1926 la Teora de Grafos para calcular
el diseo de una red elctrica eficiente para
electrificar la regin de Moravia.
Su resultado sobre rboles generadores es uno
de los primeros algoritmos en Teora de Grafos

Imagen de Gustav Kirchoff de http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff.jpg (dominio pblico)

Imagen de Otakar Boruvka de http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Boruvka.html O. Introduccin
 Aplicaciones de la Teora de Grafos a la vida real

Introduccin histrica

No slo se empezaron a hallar aplicaciones en la

fsica sino tambin en la qumica.

Arthur Cayley utiliz los grafos para estudiar los

distintos ismeros de la siguiente familia de
hidrocarburos CnH2n+2.

De hecho, el nombre de Grafo es acuado por

James Joseph Sylvester en un artculo de 1878
en el que estudia la relacin entre el lgebra y
los diagramas moleculares.

Imagen de Arthur Cayley http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Cayley.html (dominio pblico)

Imagen de James Joseph Sylvester http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Untitled04.jpg O. Introduccin
 Aplicaciones de la Teora de Grafos a la vida real

Introduccin histrica

Sylvester fue alumno de Auguste De Morgan, al

igual que Francis Guthrie, quien le plante a De
Morgan en 1852 el problema de los cuatro
colores.
Es posible pintar cualquier mapa nicamente
con 4 colores de manera que regiones
colindantes no estn pintadas del mismo color?

Este teorema fue probado finalmente por

Kenneth Appel y Wolfgang Haken en 1976 con
la ayuda de un ordenador en el que probaron
que no se poda conseguir con ninguna de las
1936 configuraciones a las que Heesch haba
reducido con anterioridad el problema.

Imagen de Francis Guthrie http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Francis_guthrie.jpg de Paul Venter

Imagen de Kenneth Apple y Wolfgang Haken Europena Mathematical Society, Newsletter No. 46, December 2002, pp. 1519. O. Introduccin
 Aplicaciones de la Teora de Grafos a la vida real

Introduccin histrica

Sin embargo, estos no son los nicos mapas en

los que ha sido importante la Teora de Grafos.

En 1931, el ingeniero y diseador Harry Beck se

ayud de un grafo sobre una cuadrcula
octogonal para proyectar el mapa del metro de
Londres, en el que se han ido inspirando los
mapas posteriores.
Tube map

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Special fares apply
9 8 7 8 7 6 5
Check before you travel
Epping
Chesham Watford Junction Bank
Chalfont & Theydon Bois

6
Latimer Watford High Street Waterloo & City line open 0621-2148 Mondays
High Barnet
Watford Cockfosters Debden to Fridays and 0802-1837 Saturdays.
Amersham Bushey Totteridge & Whetstone
Chorleywood Croxley Oakwood Loughton Closed Sundays and Public Holidays

5
A Carpenders Park Woodside Park Buckhurst Hill A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rickmansworth Moor Park Southgate
Camden Town

4
Hatch End Roding Grange
Mill Hill East West Finchley Valley
Northwood Arnos Grove Hill Sunday 1300-1730 open for interchange and
West Ruislip Northwood Edgware
Hills Headstone Lane
Chigwell exit only
Stanmore Bounds Green
Hillingdon Ruislip Finchley Central Hainault ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4
Harrow & Burnt Oak
Ruislip Manor Pinner Wealdstone Wood Green Woodford Canary Wharf
Canons Park
Uxbridge Ickenham East Finchley Fairlop
Colindale
Eastcote North Harrow Kenton Turnpike Lane
Harringay South Woodford Step-free interchange between Underground,
Queensbury Green Lanes

3
Hendon Central Highgate Barkingside Canary Wharf DLR and Heron Quays DLR
Harrow- Northwick Preston Crouch Hill South Tottenham
on-the-Hill Kingsbury Snaresbrook stations at street level
Ruislip Park Road
Rayners Lane Brent Cross Archway Manor House Seven Newbury Park
Gardens Blackhorse ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sisters Road
West South Kenton Redbridge
Harrow Golders Green Gospel Cannon Street
Neasden Oak Tufnell Park Upper Holloway
South Harrow North Wembley Hampstead Tottenham Walthamstow
South Ruislip Wembley Hampstead Heath Hale Central Wanstead Gants Open until 2100 Mondays to Fridays.
Arsenal Finsbury Hill Upminster
B Wembley Central Park Dollis Hill Kentish Town Park Leytonstone B Closed Sundays and most Saturdays
Finchley Road Walthamstow Upminster Bridge ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sudbury Hill Stonebridge Park Willesden Green & Frognal Holloway Road Leyton Leytonstone
Kentish Queens Road
Town West Midland Road High Road Emirates Greenwich Peninsula and
Belsize Park

3
Kilburn Caledonian Road Highbury & Hornchurch
Northolt Harlesden Emirates Royal Docks
Kensal Brondesbury Islington Dalston
Chalk Farm Kingsland Leyton

2
Sudbury Town Willesden Junction Rise Park West Hampstead Dagenham
Camden Stratford Special fares apply. Open 0700-2000 Mondays

Como podis los grafos estn por todas

Road Hackney East Elm Park
Finchley Road Caledonian International Wanstead Park to Fridays, 0800-2000 Saturdays, 0900-2000
Brondesbury Camden Town Central
Kensal Green Road & Canonbury
Alperton Swiss Cottage Barnsbury
Sundays and 0800-2000 Public Holidays.
Dagenham
Queens Park Kilburn South
St. Johns Wood
Mornington Dalston Junction Stratford Heathway Closed on Christmas Day.
Greenford High Road Hampstead Crescent Homerton Hackney
Becontree Opening hours are extended by one hour in the

2
Kings Cross Wick Woodgrange Park
Kilburn Park St. Pancras Haggerston evening after 1 April 2013 and may be extended
Edgware Great Upney
Perivale Maida Vale Paddington Road Marylebone Stratford on certain events days.
Baker Portland Euston
Warwick Avenue Street High Street Barking Please check close to the time of travel.
Street
Angel Hoxton Pudding ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Royal Oak Mill Lane Abbey East Ham
C Hanger Lane
Old Street Bethnal Road C Heron Quays
Westbourne Park Warren Street Euston

partes as que
Edgware Square Green Mile End Upton Park
Road Farringdon Step-free interchange between Heron Quays
Park Royal Regents Park Liverpool Bow Road Plaistow
Ladbroke Grove Russell Street
Shoreditch and Canary Wharf Underground station at
Bayswater High Street
Latimer Road Square Barbican Bromley- West Ham street level
North Ealing Goodge Bow Church by-Bow
East White Shepherds Notting Lancaster Bond Oxford Street Chancery Moorgate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acton City Bush Hill Gate Gate Street Circus Lane Devons Road Hounslow West
Stepney Green
Aldgate Star Lane

1 2 3 4
Ealing Broadway St. Pauls
West North Holland Queensway Marble Tottenham Holborn East
Whitechapel Langdon Park Step-free access for wheelchair users only

6 5 4 3 2 1
Acton Acton Park Arch Court Road Bank
Wood Lane Aldgate Canning
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Covent Garden All Saints
High Street Town Royal Turnham Green
Green Park Shadwell
Acton Central
Shepherds Bush
Kensington Leicester Square Westferry Blackwall Victoria Served by Piccadilly line trains until 0650

vamos a seguir descubrindolos

Custom House for ExCeL
Ealing Common Market Hyde Park Corner Piccadilly Cannon Street Poplar
Monday to Saturday, 0745 Sunday and after 2230
Kensington Circus Tower Limehouse East
South Acton (Olympia) Monument Emirates Prince Regent every evening. At other times use District line
Knightsbridge Mansion House Hill India
Goldhawk Road Tower Royal Docks
D Charing
Fenchurch Street
Gateway Wapping West Royal Albert D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Barons Gloucester Blackfriars India Quay
Acton Town Hammersmith Court Road St. Jamess
Cross
River Thames West Waterloo
Silvertown Beckton Park
South Ealing Victoria Park Temple
Rotherhithe
Cyprus
Waterloo & City line open 0615-2141 Mondays
Canary Wharf
Northfields Chiswick Turnham Stamford Ravenscourt West Sloane Westminster Emirates
to Fridays and 0800-1831 Saturdays.
Earls South Embankment North
Park Green Brook Park Kensington Court Kensington Square London Bermondsey Canada
Greenwich
Greenwich Pontoon Dock Closed Sundays and Public Holidays
Boston Manor Bridge Water Heron Quays Peninsula
for The O2 Gallions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
West Brompton Reach

2
Osterley Waterloo London West India Quay
South Quay

2
Surrey Quays City Airport Beckton
Gunnersbury
Crossharbour
Not served by DLR trains from Bank towards
King George V
Hounslow East Southwark Lewisham before 1900 on Mondays to Fridays

1
Fulham Broadway Pimlico
Hounslow Imperial

3
West Hounslow Central Kew Gardens Wharf
Mudchute ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parsons Green
Hatton Cross Lambeth Borough Island Gardens Key to lines
Richmond North

4
Putney Bridge Bakerloo

3
Heathrow
E Terminals 1, 2, 3
Cutty Sark for
Woolwich E Central
East Putney Arsenal
Maritime Greenwich

2
Heathrow Vauxhall Elephant & Castle
Queens Road Circle
Terminal 4 Southfields Peckham Greenwich

5
New Cross New Cross District
Clapham Gate
Wimbledon Park Junction Deptford Bridge District open weekends, public
Wandsworth Oval

4
Heathrow Terminal 5 Kennington Brockley holidays and some Olympia events
Wimbledon Road Peckham Rye
Elverson Road
Stockwell Honor Oak Park Hammersmith & City
Clapham High Street
Lewisham
Denmark Hill Jubilee
Clapham North Forest Hill
Clapham Common
Metropolitan
Sydenham
Brixton
Clapham South Northern
Penge West
Balham Piccadilly

3
Anerley
F F Victoria
Tooting Bec Crystal Palace Norwood Junction Waterloo & City
Tooting Broadway
West Croydon DLR
Colliers Wood
London Overground

Transport for London

1 2 3
Morden
4
South Wimbledon

4 5 6 5 7
This diagram is an evolution of the original design conceived in 1931 by Harry Beck

8
Correct at time of going to print, December 2012
9
Emirates Air Line

MAYOR OF LONDON

Imagen de Harry Beck http://www.nndb.com

Imagen del Metro de Londres http://tfl.gov.uk/socialmedia O. Introduccin