Deducing

Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Supplementary
Readings

Introduction and
Review

Deducing Allophonic Rules Fricatives in

German

Part 2 Fricatives in
Southern Congo
 Deducing
Supplementary Readings Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Supplementary
Readings

Introduction and
The following readings have been posted to the Moodle Review

course site: Fricatives in

German
I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 3 (pp. 70-77, Fricatives in
84-86) Southern Congo

I Language Files: Chapter 3.5 (pp. 127-133)

 Deducing
Supplementary Readings Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Supplementary
Readings

Introduction and
The following readings have been posted to the Moodle Review

course site: Fricatives in

German
I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 3 (pp. 70-77, Fricatives in
84-86) Southern Congo

I Language Files: Chapter 3.5 (pp. 127-133)

The following reading (on Moodle) isnt essential, but you

might find it helpful:
I Language Instinct: Chapter 6 (153-189)
 Deducing
A Core Fact of Human Language Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Supplementary
Fact of Central Interest: Readings
Languages can differ over whether two phones are allophones Introduction and
of the same phoneme. Review

Fricatives in
German
Example 1:
Fricatives in
Southern Congo
I In English, [t] / [th ] are allophones of the same phoneme (/t/).

I In Thai, [t] / [th ] are allophones of different phonemes.

Example 2:
I In English, long vowels (V:) and short vowels (V) are allophones
of the same phoneme (short vowel).
I In Kikuyu, a long vowels (V:) and a short vowels (V) are
allophones of different phonemes.
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

The Question This Raises:

How do you tell whether [X] and [Y] are allophones of the Supplementary
Readings
same phoneme? Introduction and
Review

Fricatives in
German

Fricatives in
Southern Congo
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

The Question This Raises:

How do you tell whether [X] and [Y] are allophones of the Supplementary
Readings
same phoneme? Introduction and
Review

Fricatives in
First Main Sub-Task: German

Determine if there are minimal pairs for [X] and [Y]. Fricatives in
Southern Congo
I If there are, STOP!
I [X] and [Y] are allophones of different phonemes.
I If there arent, move on to Second Main Sub-Task.

Second Main Sub-Task:

Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from the
same phoneme.
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Subsequent Question:
But, how do we determine whether such a rule exists? Supplementary
Readings

Introduction and
Review

Fricatives in
German

Fricatives in
Southern Congo
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Subsequent Question:
But, how do we determine whether such a rule exists? Supplementary
Readings

Introduction and
The Overarching Logic: Review

We want to determine which of the following is true: Fricatives in

German
1. Theres a rule that requires /X/ to be pronounced as [Y] in Fricatives in
some environment Z. Southern Congo

2. Theres a rule which requires /Y/ to be pronounced as [X]

in some environment Z.
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Subsequent Question:
But, how do we determine whether such a rule exists? Supplementary
Readings

Introduction and
The Overarching Logic: Review

We want to determine which of the following is true: Fricatives in

German
1. Theres a rule that requires /X/ to be pronounced as [Y] in Fricatives in
some environment Z. Southern Congo

2. Theres a rule which requires /Y/ to be pronounced as [X]

in some environment Z.

If (1) is true, then...

I There should be an environment Z where we only find [Y]
(never [X])
If (2) is true, then...
I There should be an environment Z where we only find [X]
(never [Y])
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Subsequent Question:
But, how do we determine whether such a rule exists? Supplementary
Readings

Introduction and
The Overarching Logic: Review

So, we now want to determine which of these is true: Fricatives in

German
1. There is an environment Z where we only find [Y] (and Fricatives in
never [X]) Southern Congo

2. There is an environment Z where we only find [X] (and

never [Y])

Figuring this out can be broken down into four

manageable steps...
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Second Main Sub-Task:

Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from the Supplementary
Readings
same phoneme. Introduction and
Review

Fricatives in
German

Fricatives in
Southern Congo
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Second Main Sub-Task:

Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from the Supplementary
Readings
same phoneme. Introduction and
I Step 1: Review

Determine the environments of [X] and [Y]. Fricatives in

German

Fricatives in
Southern Congo
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Second Main Sub-Task:

Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from the Supplementary
Readings
same phoneme. Introduction and
I Step 1: Review

Determine the environments of [X] and [Y]. Fricatives in

German

I Step 2: Fricatives in
Southern Congo
For each environment, look for similarities between the sounds.
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Second Main Sub-Task:

Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from the Supplementary
Readings
same phoneme. Introduction and
I Step 1: Review

Determine the environments of [X] and [Y]. Fricatives in

German

I Step 2: Fricatives in
Southern Congo
For each environment, look for similarities between the sounds.

I Step 3:
See if any environments are unique to [X] or [Y].
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Second Main Sub-Task:

Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from the Supplementary
Readings
same phoneme. Introduction and
I Step 1: Review

Determine the environments of [X] and [Y]. Fricatives in

German

I Step 2: Fricatives in
Southern Congo
For each environment, look for similarities between the sounds.

I Step 3:
See if any environments are unique to [X] or [Y].

I Step 4:
If theres an environment unique to [X] or [Y], write the rule
deriving that allophone in that environment.
 Deducing
Solving the Analytic Problem Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Second Main Sub-Task:

Determine if there is a rule deriving [X] and [Y] from the Supplementary
Readings
same phoneme. Introduction and
Review

Rule of Thumb for Writing Rules: Fricatives in

German
If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears in
Fricatives in
environment Z, the rule is: /Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z Southern Congo

Notation for Writing Rules

I /X/[Y]/ A
/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when preceding A.
I /X/[Y]/A
/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A.
I /X/[Y]/A B
/X/ is pronounced as [Y] when following A and preceding B.
 Deducing
Fricatives in German Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Key Fact:
German has two fricative phones that dont exist in Supplementary
Readings
English. Introduction and
Review
I [] : voiceless oral palatal fricative
Fricatives in
I [x] : voiceless oral velar fricative German
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments

Some Illustrative Words: Step 2: Commonalities?

Step 3: Uniqueness?
[bux] book [kux@n] cake Step 4: Write the Rule

[mI] me [mIl] milk Fricatives in

Southern Congo
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist
 Deducing
Fricatives in German Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Key Fact:
German has two fricative phones that dont exist in Supplementary
Readings
English. Introduction and
Review
I [] : voiceless oral palatal fricative
Fricatives in
I [x] : voiceless oral velar fricative German
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments

Some Illustrative Words: Step 2: Commonalities?

Step 3: Uniqueness?
[bux] book [kux@n] cake Step 4: Write the Rule

[mI] me [mIl] milk Fricatives in

Southern Congo
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist

Question:
In German, are [x] and [] allophones of the same phoneme?
 Deducing
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal Pairs Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Key Fact:
German has two fricative phones that dont exist in Supplementary
Readings
English. Introduction and
Review
I [] : voiceless oral palatal fricative
Fricatives in
I [x] : voiceless oral velar fricative German
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments

Some Illustrative Words: Step 2: Commonalities?

Step 3: Uniqueness?
[bux] book [kux@n] cake Step 4: Write the Rule

[mI] me [mIl] milk Fricatives in

Southern Congo
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist

First Main Sub-Task

Determine if there are minimal pairs for [x] and [].
 Deducing
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal Pairs Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Key Fact:
German has two fricative phones that dont exist in Supplementary
Readings
English. Introduction and
Review
I [] : voiceless oral palatal fricative
Fricatives in
I [x] : voiceless oral velar fricative German
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments

Some Illustrative Words: Step 2: Commonalities?

Step 3: Uniqueness?
[bux] book [kux@n] cake Step 4: Write the Rule

[mI] me [mIl] milk Fricatives in

Southern Congo
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist

Result:
I There are no minimal pairs for [x] and [].
I So, on to Second Main Sub-Task...
 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Determine if there is a rule deriving [x] and [] from the same
Fricatives in
phoneme. Southern Congo
 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Determine if there is a rule deriving [x] and [] from the same
Fricatives in
phoneme. Southern Congo

I Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [].

 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Determine if there is a rule deriving [x] and [] from the same
Fricatives in
phoneme. Southern Congo

I Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [].

I Step 2:
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Determine if there is a rule deriving [x] and [] from the same
Fricatives in
phoneme. Southern Congo

I Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [].

I Step 2:
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [] .
 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Determine if there is a rule deriving [x] and [] from the same
Fricatives in
phoneme. Southern Congo

I Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and [].

I Step 2:
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [] .

I Step 4:
If theres an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

Fricatives in
Southern Congo
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: Fricatives in

Southern Congo
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]:
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: #
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []:
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow []:
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow []: #
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow []: # [@]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 1: Determine the environments of [x] and []. Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

Southern Congo
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow []: # [@] [e]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 2: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: Southern Congo
[u] [o] [A]
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow []: # [@] [e]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 2: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: Southern Congo
[u] [o] [A]
All Back Vowels!
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow []: # [@] [e]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 2: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: Southern Congo
[u] [o] [A]
All Back Vowels!
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
I The phones that follow []: # [@] [e]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 2: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: Southern Congo
[u] [o] [A]
All Back Vowels!
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow []: # [@] [e]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 2: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: Southern Congo
[u] [o] [A]
All Back Vowels!
I The phones that follow [x]: # [@] [t]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow []: # [@] [e]
Nothing in Common
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [] . Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Fricatives in

I The phones that follow [x]:
I The phones that precede []:
I The phones that follow []:
Southern Congo
All Back Vowels!
# [@] [t]
Nothing in Common
[I] [d] [l] [e] #
Nothing in Common
# [@] [e]
Nothing in Common
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [] . Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
(Look at the environs where the phones share a feature in common.)
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Southern Congo

All Back Vowels!

I The phones that follow [x]:
I The phones that precede []:
I The phones that follow []:
# [@] [t]
Nothing in Common
[I] [d] [l] [e] #
Nothing in Common
# [@] [e]
Nothing in Common
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [] . Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
(Look at the environs where the phones share a feature in common.)
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Southern Congo

All Back Vowels!

 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [] . Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
(Look at the corresponding environ. for the other phone.)
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Southern Congo

All Back Vowels!

 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [] . Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
(Look at the corresponding environ. for the other phone.)
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Southern Congo

All Back Vowels!

I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [] . Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
(See if the feature shared in [x]s environ. can be found in []s)
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Southern Congo

All Back Vowels!

I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [x] or [] . Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
(See if the feature shared in [x]s environ. can be found in []s)
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: [u] [o] [A] Southern Congo

All Back Vowels!

I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
No Back Vowels!

Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!

 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 4: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
If theres an environ. unique to one allophone, write the rule!
Fricatives in
I The phones that precede [x]: Southern Congo
[u] [o] [A]
All Back Vowels!
I The phones that precede []: [I] [d] [l] [e] #
No Back Vowels!

Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!

 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 4: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
If theres an environ. unique to one allophone, write the rule!
Fricatives in
Southern Congo
Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!
 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 4: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
If theres an environ. unique to one allophone, write the rule!
Fricatives in
Southern Congo
Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!

Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):

If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears in
environment Z, the rule is: /Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z
 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 4: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
If theres an environ. unique to one allophone, write the rule!
Fricatives in
Southern Congo
Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!

Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):

If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears in
environment Z, the rule is: /Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z

The Rule:
// is pronounced as [x] when preceded by a back vowel
 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Distribution of [x] and [] in German:

[bux] book [kux@n] cake Supplementary
Readings
[mI] me [mIl] milk Introduction and
[kox@n] to cook [fe@r] fan Review

Fricatives in
[bAx] brook [nAxt] night German
[med@n] girl [emi] chemist Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 4: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
If theres an environ. unique to one allophone, write the rule!
Fricatives in
Southern Congo
Only [x] is preceded by back vowels!

Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):

If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears in
environment Z, the rule is: /Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z

The Rule In Formal Notation:

// [x] / Back-V
(// is pronounced as [x] when following a back vowel)
 Deducing
Summing Up Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Supplementary
Readings

Introduction and
Review

Question: Fricatives in
German
In German, are [x] and [] allophones of the same phoneme? Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Answer: Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
Yes. They are allophones of the same phoneme (//)
Fricatives in
Southern Congo
I The Rule:
// [x] / Back-V
 Deducing
Fricatives in Southern Congo Allophonic Rules
Part 2
In Southern Congo, there are four fricatives found in English:
I [s] : voiceless oral alveolar fricative Supplementary
Readings
I [z] : voiced oral alveolar fricative Introduction and
Review
I [S] : voiceless oral alveopalatal fricative
Fricatives in
German
I [Z] : voiced oral alveopalatal fricative
Fricatives in
Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Some Illustrative Words: Task 2: Find the Rule

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Step 1: Environments

Step 2: Commonalities?

[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite Step 3: Uniqueness?

Step 4: Write the Rule
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms
[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut
 Deducing
Fricatives in Southern Congo Allophonic Rules
Part 2
In Southern Congo, there are four fricatives found in English:
I [s] : voiceless oral alveolar fricative Supplementary
Readings
I [z] : voiced oral alveolar fricative Introduction and
Review
I [S] : voiceless oral alveopalatal fricative
Fricatives in
German
I [Z] : voiced oral alveopalatal fricative
Fricatives in
Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Some Illustrative Words: Task 2: Find the Rule

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Step 1: Environments

Step 2: Commonalities?

[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite Step 3: Uniqueness?

Step 4: Write the Rule
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms
[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut

Questions:
I Are [s] and [S] allophones of the same phoneme?
 Deducing
Fricatives in Southern Congo Allophonic Rules
Part 2
In Southern Congo, there are four fricatives found in English:
I [s] : voiceless oral alveolar fricative Supplementary
Readings
I [z] : voiced oral alveolar fricative Introduction and
Review
I [S] : voiceless oral alveopalatal fricative
Fricatives in
German
I [Z] : voiced oral alveopalatal fricative
Fricatives in
Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Some Illustrative Words: Task 2: Find the Rule

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Step 1: Environments

Step 2: Commonalities?

[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite Step 3: Uniqueness?

Step 4: Write the Rule
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms
[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut

Questions:
I Are [s] and [S] allophones of the same phoneme?

I Are [z] and [Z] allophones of the same phoneme?

 Deducing
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal Pairs Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
First Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [s] and [S]. Step 4: Write the Rule

I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [z] and [Z].

 Deducing
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal Pairs Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
First Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [s] and [S]. Step 4: Write the Rule

I Result: There are none.

I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [z] and [Z].
 Deducing
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal Pairs Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
First Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [s] and [S]. Step 4: Write the Rule

I Result: There are none.

I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [z] and [Z].
I Result: There are none.
 Deducing
First Main Sub-Task: Minimal Pairs Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
First Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [s] and [S]. Step 4: Write the Rule

I Result: There are none.

I Determine if there are minimal pairs for [z] and [Z].
I Result: There are none.

So, on to Second Main Sub-Task:...

 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the same Step 4: Write the Rule

phoneme.
I Determine if there is a rule deriving [z] and [Z] from the same
phoneme.
 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the same Step 4: Write the Rule

phoneme.
I Determine if there is a rule deriving [z] and [Z] from the same
phoneme.

Lets now do each one at a time...

 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?

Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the same Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

phoneme.
 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?

Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the same Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

phoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].
 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?

Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the same Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

phoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].

I Step 2:
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?

Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the same Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

phoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].

I Step 2:
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .
 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?

Determine if there is a rule deriving [s] and [S] from the same Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

phoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S].

I Step 2:
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] .

I Step 4:
If theres an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
 Deducing
Second Main Sub-Task: Find the Rule Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Second Main Sub-Task: Step 2: Commonalities?

Determine if there is a rule deriving [z] and [Z] from the same Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule

phoneme.
I Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z].

I Step 2:
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment.
I Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] .

I Step 4:
If theres an environment unique to one phone, write out the rule.
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: Step 4: Write the Rule

 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]:

 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u]

 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o]

 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

I The phones that precede [S]:
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

I The phones that precede [S]: #
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]:
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [s] and [S]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: Step 4: Write the Rule

 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [z]:

 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [z]: [u]

 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w]

 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]

 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]

I The phones that precede [Z]:
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]

I The phones that precede [Z]: #
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]

I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]

I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]

I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]:
 Deducing
Step 1: Get the Environments Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 1: Determine the environments of [z] and [Z]. Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] # Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]

I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]

Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]

Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
All are Vowels!
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]

Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
All are Vowels!
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]

Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
All are Vowels!
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #

I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #

Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #

Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #

Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
 Deducing
Step 2: Find Commonalities in the Sounds Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Look for similarities between the sounds in each environment. Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #

Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
All are Vowels!
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(Look at the environs where the phones share a feature in common.) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [s]: [a] [e] [n]

Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]
All are Vowels!
I The phones that precede [S]: # [o]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(Look at the environs where the phones share a feature in common.) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(Look at the corresponding environ. for the other phone) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(See if the feature shared in [s]s environ. can be found in [S]s) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(See if the feature shared in [s]s environ. can be found in [S]s) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!

Vowels can also follow [S]...

 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(See if the feature shared in [s]s environ. can be found in [S]s) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!

Vowels can also follow [S]...

So it isnt true that only [s] can be found before vowels...
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(See if the feature shared in [s]s environ. can be found in [S]s) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!

Vowels can also follow [S]...

So it isnt true that only [s] can be found before vowels...
So there really isnt an environment that is unique to [s]
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(See if the feature shared in [S]s environ. can be found in [s]s) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [s] or [S] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(See if the feature shared in [S]s environ. can be found in [s]s) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [s]: [u] [o] [e]

All are Vowels!
I The phones that follow [S]: [i]
All are [i]!

Only [S] can be followed by [i]!

 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(Look at the environs where the sounds have something in common.) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that precede [z]: [e] [n] #

Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that precede [Z]: # [a] [n]
Nothing in Common
I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]
All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(Look at the environs where the sounds have something in common.) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]

All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(Look at the corresponding environ. for the other phone.) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]

All are [i]!
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(Look at the corresponding environ. for the other phone.) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]

All are [i]!
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(See if the feature shared in [Z]s environ. can be found in [z]s) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]

All are [i]!
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]
 Deducing
Step 3: See if an Environment is Unique Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 3: See if any environments are unique to [z] or [Z] . Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
(See if the feature shared in [Z]s environ. can be found in [z]s) Step 4: Write the Rule

I The phones that follow [Z]: [i]

All are [i]!
I The phones that follow [z]: [u] [w] [e]

Only [Z] can be followed by [i]!

 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 4: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
If theres an environment unique to one phone, write the rule! Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 4: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
If theres an environment unique to one phone, write the rule! Step 4: Write the Rule

Only [S] can be followed by [i]!

Only [Z] can be followed by [i]!
 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 4: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
If theres an environment unique to one phone, write the rule! Step 4: Write the Rule

Only [S] can be followed by [i]!

Only [Z] can be followed by [i]!

Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):

If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears in
environment Z, the rule is: /Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z
 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 4: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
If theres an environment unique to one phone, write the rule! Step 4: Write the Rule

/s/ is pronounced as [S] when followed by [i]

Only [Z] can be followed by [i]!

Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):

If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears in
environment Z, the rule is: /Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z
 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 4: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
If theres an environment unique to one phone, write the rule! Step 4: Write the Rule

/s/ is pronounced as [S] when followed by [i]

/z/ is pronounced as [Z] when followed by [i]

Rule of Thumb (for Writing Rules):

If there are two allophones [X] and [Y], and only [X] appears in
environment Z, the rule is: /Y/ is pronounced as [X] in Z
 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 4: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
If theres an environment unique to one phone, write the rule! Step 4: Write the Rule

The Rules:
/s/ is pronounced as [S] when followed by [i]
/z/ is pronounced as [Z] when followed by [i]
 Deducing
Step 4: Write the Rule! Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Some Illustrative Words:

[Zima] stretch [SioTe] all Supplementary
Readings
[kasu] emaciation [nselele] termite
Introduction and
[kunezulu] heaven [aZimola] alms Review

[nzwetu] our [lolonZi] to wash Fricatives in

German
[kesoka] to be cut [NkoSi] lion Fricatives in
[zevo] then [zeNga] cut Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 4: Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
If theres an environment unique to one phone, write the rule! Step 4: Write the Rule

The Rules (in Formal Notation):

/s/ [S] / [i]
/z/ [Z] / [i]
 Deducing
Summing Up Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Supplementary
Readings
Questions:
Introduction and
I Are [s] and [S] allophones of the same phoneme? Review

Fricatives in
I Are [z] and [Z] allophones of the same phoneme? German

Fricatives in
Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
Step 4: Write the Rule
 Deducing
Summing Up Allophonic Rules
Part 2

Supplementary
Readings
Questions:
Introduction and
I Are [s] and [S] allophones of the same phoneme? Review

Fricatives in
I Are [z] and [Z] allophones of the same phoneme? German

Fricatives in
Southern Congo
Task 1: Minimal Pairs
Answers: Task 2: Find the Rule
Step 1: Environments
I [s] and [S] are allophones of the same phoneme (/s/). Step 2: Commonalities?
Step 3: Uniqueness?
I [z] and [Z] are allophones of the same phoneme (/z/). Step 4: Write the Rule

The Rules:
I /s/ [S] / [i]
I /z/ [Z] / [i]