Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials

PRESENTED BY : Dr. Rajesh Purohit

Associate professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
MANIT, Bhopal (M.P.), India

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Content
Introduction
Nanotechnology
History
Tools and techniques
Lithography
Approaches in Nanotechnology
Top-down/Bottom-up Approach
Nanomaterials
Types of Nan0-materials
Conclusions
References
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INTRODUCTION
Nano
The word nano is derived from greek word nanos
which means extremely small or dwarf.

Nanometer is a unit of length in the matric system,

one nanometer is equal to one billionth of a meter i.e.
10-9 m.
1 nm = 10-9 meter

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 Manufactured products are made from atoms.
The properties of those products depend on
how those atoms are arranged.

If we rearrange the atoms in coal we can make

diamond. If we rearrange the atoms in sand
(and add a few other trace elements) we can
make computer chips. If we rearrange the atoms
in dirt, water and air we can make Vegetables
and fruits.
Introduction (Contd.)
Todays manufacturing methods are very crude
at the molecular level. Casting, grinding,
milling and even lithography move atoms at
macroscopic scale.

In the future, Nanotechnology will let us snap

together the fundamental building blocks of
nature easily, inexpensively and in most of the
ways permitted by the laws of physics.
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the engineering of tiny
machinesthe projected ability to make things
from the bottom up, using techniques and tools
being developed today to place every atom and
molecule in a desired place.

Shortly after this envisioned molecular machinery

is created, it will result in a manufacturing
revolution, probably causing severe disruption. It
also has serious economic, social, environmental,
and military implications.
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology comprises technological developments on
the nanometer scale or atomic level, usually 0.1 to 100 nm.
(One nanometer equals one thousandth of a micrometer)

The term nanotechnology is often used interchangeably with

molecular nanotechnology (MNT), a hypothetical, advanced
form of nanotechnology believed to be achievable at some
point in the future. Molecular nanotechnology includes the
concept of Mechanosynthesis.

The term Nano science is used to describe the

interdisciplinary field of science devoted to the advancement
of nanotechnology.
 A key understanding of nanotechnology is that it offers
not just better products, but a vastly improved means of
production.

A computer can make copies of data filesessentially as

many copies as you want at little or no cost. It may be only
a matter of time until the manufacture of products
becomes as cheap as the copying of files. Thats the real
meaning of nanotechnology, and why it is sometimes seen
as the next industrial revolution.

The power of nanotechnology can be encapsulated in an

apparently simple device called a Nanofactory that may
sit on your countertop or desktop. Packed with miniature
chemical processors, computing, and robotics, it will
produce a wide-range of items quickly, cleanly and
inexpensively, building products directly from blueprints.
 SCOPE OF NANOTECHNOLOFY
Nanotechnology finds wide spread applications
in almost all areas of technology and society i.e.
Robotics
Fiber optic systems
Aerospace industry
Advanced materials technology
Biology and medicine
Microelectronics
Computer industry
Precision manufacturing
Two Important concepts in Nanotechnology
Positional assembly
Massive parallelism

The need for positional assembly implies an interest in

molecular robotics, e.g., robotic devices that are molecular
both in their size and precision. These molecular scale
positional devices are likely to resemble very small versions of
their everyday macroscopic counterparts. Positional assembly
is frequently used in normal macroscopic manufacturing
today, and provides tremendous advantages. The idea of
manipulating and positioning individual atoms and
molecules is still new and will takes some time in getting
used to.
 Massive parallelism
One robotic arm assembling molecular parts is going to take a
long time to assemble any larger part? Therefore we need lots
of robotic arms: this is what we mean by massive parallelism.
While earlier proposals achieved massive parallelism through
self replication, latest concept is that future molecular
manufacturing systems will use some form of convergent
assembly.
In this process vast numbers of small parts are assembled by
vast numbers of small robotic arms into larger parts, those
larger parts are assembled by larger robotic arms into still
larger parts, and so forth.
If the size of the parts doubles at each iteration, we can go
from one nanometer parts (a few atoms in size) to one meter
parts (almost as big as a person) in only 30 steps.
Potential of Nanotechnology
Nearly free consumer products
PC's billions of times faster then today
Safe and affordable space travel
Virtual end to illness, aging, death
No more pollution and automatic cleanup of
existing pollution
End of famine and starvation
Superior education for every child on Earth
Reintroduction of many extinct plants and
animals
 History
The first concept was presented in 1959 by the famous
professor of physics Dr. Richard P. Feynman, he said in his
lecture there is plenty of room at the bottom.
The term nanotechnology had been firstly used by Norio
Taniguchi in a conference 1974.
Invention of scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and
discovery of fullerene (C60) in 1985, which lead to the
emergence of nanotechnology.

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History (Contd.)
In 2000s, saw the beginnings of the commercial
applications of nanotechnology although these were
limited to bulk application of nanomaterials.
Silver nano-platform for using silver nanoparticle as an
anti bacterial agent, nanoparticle based transparent
sunscreens and carbon nanotubes for stain resistant
textiles were developed.

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Characterization Techniques
There are several characterization techniques used:
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Atomic force microscope (AFM)
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD)
Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
Thermo Mechanical Analysis (TMA)
Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrometer (FTIR)
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Lithography
Lithography in MEMS context is typically the transform of
a pattern into a photosensitive material by selective
exposure to a radiation source such as light.

Lithography is top down approach to fabricate nanoscale

pattern.

Technique of nanolithography such as:

Optical lithography, X-ray lithography, dip-pen

nanolithography, electron beam lithography.
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Approaches in nanotechnology
There are two approaches in nanotechnology to design
nanoscale pattern.

Nano technology
Approaches

Top-down Bottom -up

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Top down method
Bulk material

Nanoparticle

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Nano manufacturing Top-down
approaches
Lithography optical, ultraviolet, electron beam, SPM
based.
Nano machining
Fragmentation - mechanical milling, spark erosion
etc.
Sintering of nano-precursors
Thermal treatment of metals, ceramics, composites
Fluidics
Nano scale robotics
Bio-evolutionary approaches

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Bottom-up approach
Self assembly from
Atom/Molecules

v
v

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Nano-manufacturing typical
Bottom up process
Controlled Nucleation and growth- aerosol, colloidal
dispersion, deposition on surface.
Self assembling- natural process in living system and
biomimetics, chemistry/chemical manufacturing.
Templating-Al and CNT, by substrate and local reactors.
Engineered molecules and molecular assemblies designed
molecules as devices or for self assembling.
Biomethods- selectivity, self assembling, synthetic biology.
Bottom up modular nano systems.
Controlled replicating nanostructures.

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Applications of Nanotechnology

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Nanotechnology in Fabrics
The properties of familiar materials are being changed by
manufacturers who are adding nano-sized components to
conventional materials to improve performance.
For example some clothing manufacturers are making
water and stain repellent clothing using nano sized
whiskers in the fabric that cause water to bead up on the
surface.
In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
Making spill and dirt resistant antimicrobial, antibacterial
fabrics.

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Nanotechnology in Mobile
Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by
Nokia Research Center (NRC) and the University of
Cambridge (UK).
The morph will be super hydrophobic, making it extremely
dirt repellent.
It will be able to charge itself from available sources using
photovoltaic nanowire grass covering its surface.
Nano skill electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisage
that a nano scale mesh of fibers will allow our mobile
devices to be bent, stretched and folded into any number
of conceivable shapes.

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Nanotechnology in Electronics
Electrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel
displays to be flexible as well as thinner than
current flat panel displays.
Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.
The transistors are made of nanowires that are
assembled on glass or thin film of flexible plastic.
E-paper displays on sunglasses and map on car
windshields.

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Nanotechnology in Computers
The silicon transistors in your computer may be
replaced by transistors based on carbon
nanotubes.
Nanorods is upcoming technology in the displays
techniques due to less consumption of electricity
and less heat emission.
Size of microprocessors are reduced to grater
extent.
Hewett packard is developing a memory devices
that uses nanowires coated with titanium dioxide.

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Nanotechnology in Computers
Magnetic nanowires made of an alloy of iron and
nickel are being used to create dense devices.

Chips produced by intel before i series processors

between 65 nm 45 nm.

Later with the help of nanotechnology 22 nm chips

were made which itself is a milestone.

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 Other uses
Cutting tools made of nanocrystalline materials such as
tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide and titanium carbide,
are more wear and erosion-resistant and last longer than
their conventional counterparts.
Silver nanocrystals have been embedded in bandages to kill
bacteria and prevent infection.
Nanoparticulate based synthetic bone formed by
manipulating calcium and phosphate at the molecular
level.
Aerogels, the lightest known solid due to good insulating
properties is used in space suits and are proposed to use in
space craft.

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Nano-materials
Nanomaterials : Having at least one dimensions
less than 100 nm.

Therefore, a variety of films that actually can have a

centimeter and even larger scale of width and length
can be defined as nanoscale materials as long as their
height (thickness) is on the nanometer scale.

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Nanostructured Materials
Generally, the nanostructured materials can be
categorized as materials whose inner critical structural
features are in the range of nanometers.
This can include the size of pore for porous materials,
the size of unit cell for those with crystal - like
symmetry, and the size of repeating unit (or
component) for hybrid or composite materials.

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Applications of nano materials
To improve mechanical properties.

In biomedical field for drug delivery, cancer

treatment etc.

In automobile light weight auto parts.

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Nanoparticles
It refers to materials whose all three dimensions are in
the range of the nanometer scale.
All particles, regardless of shape, can be referred to as
nanoparticles as long as all three of their dimensions
are in the range of the nanometer scale.
This can include small dust particles, aerosols,
colloidal objects, quantum dots, small metal and
semiconductor particles, and so on.

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 Nano-Particles (Contd.)
Sunscreens are utilizing nanoparticles that are extremely
effective at absorbing light, especially in the ultra-violet
(UV) range. Due to the particle size, they spread more
easily, cover better, and cost effective. They are transparent,
unlike traditional screens, which are white.

Tungsten-carbide-cobalt composite powder (grain size less

than 15nm) was made by Nanodyne that is used to make a
sintered alloy as hard as diamond, which is in turn used to
make cutting tools, drill bits, armor plate, and jet engine
parts. It has a high potential in industries that makes parts
or components whose properties must include hardness
and durability.
 Nano-Particles (Contd.)
Nano particles also find application in packaging to reduce
UV exposure and subsequent spoilage.

Argonide has created rocket propellants that burn at

double the rate. They also produce copper nano-particles
that are incorporated into automotive lubricant to reduce
engine wear.

Angstro Medica has produced a nano-particulate-based

synthetic bone. This novel synthetic bone can be used in
areas where natural bone is damaged or removed, such as
in the treatment of fractures and soft tissue injuries.
Properties
There are two factors that differentiate the properties
of nano-materials from the bulk materials are:
Nano-materials have larger surface area compared to
the bulk material, resulting in high chemical
reactivity, enhanced electrical properties and high
mechanical strength due to very low crystal defects.
At nanoscale, quantum effects dominate the behavior
of matter affecting electrical, magnetic, optical and
other properties of materials.

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Carbon nano tube
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a
cylindrical nanostructure.
They have length to diameter ratio up to 1.32 x 108: 1.
Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural
family. Their name is derived from long, hollow
structure with the wall formed by one atom thick
sheets of carbon, called graphene.

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Properties of CNT
Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in creating light
weight spacecraft.
Electrical resistance changes significantly when other
molecules attach themselves to the carbon atoms,
helps in developing sensors that can detect chemical
vapors.
Easily penetrate membrane such as cell walls, helps in
cancer treatment.

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CNT applications
Easton bell sports, using CNT in making bicycle
component.
Zyvex technologies, using CNT for manufacturing of
light weight boats.
Replacing transistors from the silicon chips as they are
small and emits less heat.
In electric cables and wires
In solar cells
In fabrics

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Nanorods (quantum dots)
Nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale objects
having dimensions from 1 to 100 nm.
They can be synthesized from metals or
semiconducting materials.
A combination of ligands acts as shape control agents
and bond to different facets of the nanorod with
different strength. This allow a different faces of
nanorod to grow at different rates, producing an
elongated objects.

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Uses of nanorods
In display technologies because, the reflectivity of the
rods can be changed by changing their orientation
with an applied electric fields.

In micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS).

In cancer therapeutics.

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Nanocrystals
Nanocrystals absorb then re-emit the light in a different color
- the size of the nanocrystal determines the color as shown in
Figure.

Nanocrystals of various metals have been shown to be 100 to

300 percent harder than the same materials in bulk form.
Because wear resistance often is dictated by the hardness of a
metal, parts made from nanocrystal might last significantly
longer than conventional parts.

Metal nanocrystals might be incorporated into car bumpers,

making the parts stronger, or bearings that last longer.
Nanocrystals
Nanocrystals are an ideal light harvester in photovoltaic
devices. They absorb sunlight more strongly than dye
molecules or bulk semiconductor material; therefore high
optical densities can be achieved while maintaining the
requirement of thin films.

Fluorescent nanocrystals have several advantages over

organic dye molecules as fluorescent markers in biology.
They are incredibly bright and do not photo degrade.

Nanocrystals also form the basis of a high-throughput

fluorescence assay for drug discovery.
Nanocrystals
 Nano-clays
Nano clay are used in packaging, like beer bottles, as a
barrier, allowing for thinner material, with a
subsequently lighter weight, and greater shelf-life.
Reduced weight means transportation costs decline.

Nano clays help to hold the pressure and carbonation

inside the bottle, increasing shelf life.

Nanocor is one company producing nano clays and

nanocomposites, for a variety of uses, including flame
retardants, barrier film (as in juice containers), and bottle
barrier.
 Nanocomposite Coatings
Wilson Double Core tennis balls have a Nanocomposite
coating that keeps it bouncing twice as long as an old-style
ball. Made by In Mat LLC, this Nanocomposite is a mix of
Butyl Rubber, intermingled with Nano clay particles, giving
the ball substantially longer shelf life.

Tires are the next logical extension of this technology: it

would make them lighter (better mileage) and last longer
(better cost performance).
 Nanotubes
Nanoledge makes carbon nanotubes for commercial uses, i.e. in
tennis racket, made by Babolat. The yoke of the racket bends less
during ball impact, improving the player's performance. Once
companies like Nanoledge can scale-up their production from
grams, to pounds, to tons, and can do so while controlling the type
of nanotube they produce, the world becomes their oyster.

Everywhere strength and weight are a factor - such as in the

aerospace, automobile, and airplane industries - they will make a
major impact.

Applied Nanotech recently demonstrated a 35 cm monochrome

display based on electron emission from carbon nanotubes.
 Nanocatalysts
China's largest coal company (Shenhua Group) has licensed
technology from Hydrocarbon Technologies that will enable
it to liquefy coal and turn it into gas.
The process uses a gel-based nanoscale catalyst, which
improves the efficiency and reduces the cost. If the
technology success and can economically transform coal
into diesel fuel and gasoline, coal-rich countries such as the
U.S., China and Germany could depend far less on imported
oil. At the same time, acid-rain pollution would be reduced
because the liquefaction strips coal of harmful sulfur.
 Nanocatalysts (Contd.)
One of the characteristic properties of all nanoparticles has
been used in the manufacture of automotive catalytic
converters.

The surface area of the particles increases dramatically as the

particle size decreases and the weight remains the same. A
variety of chemical reactions take place on the surface of the
catalyst, and the larger the surface area, the more active the
catalyst.

Nanoscale catalysts thus open the way for numerous process

innovations to make many chemical processes more efficient
and resource-saving in other words more competitive.
 Nanofilters
Argonide Nanomaterials, an Orlando based manufacturer of
nanoparticles and nano filtration products, has developed a filter
that is capable of filtering the smallest of particles.

The performance is due to its nano size alumina fiber, which

attracts and retains sub-micron and nanosize particles. This
disposable filter retains more then 99.9999% of viruses at water
flow rates several hundred times greater than virus-rated ultra
porous membranes.

It is useful for sterilization of biological, pharmaceutical and

medical serums, protein separation, collector/concentrator for
biological warfare detectors, and several other applications.
Dendrimers
Dendrimers are spherical polymeric molecules,
formed through a nanoscale hierarchical self-assembly
process.
Dendrimers are used in conventional applications
such as coatings and inks.

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Applications of dendrimers
Dendrimers can act as nanoscale carrier molecules and
as such could be used in drug delivery.

Environmental clean-up could be assisted by

dendrimers as they can trap metal ions, which could
then be filtered out of water with ultra-filtration
techniques.

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 Nano Composite Materials
Phase-1 (Matrix) Phase -2
(Reinforcement)

Nano
Composites

MMNC CMNC PMNC

Nanocomposite: At least one phase should be in nanometer range(1 100nm.)

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Metal matrix Nano composites

This type of materials contains metal as a matrix phase

and nano materials in the form of fillers.

Ceramic matrix Nano composites

This type of materials contains ceramic as a matrix
phase and nano materials in the form of fillers.

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Polymer matrix Nano composites

Polymer matrix

Addition of nano filler

Increase stiffness Increase strength

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Nanocomposites
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed
a coating process to make sponge-like silica latch onto
toxic metals in water i.e. SAMMS nanocomposite (Self-
Assembled Monolayers on Mesoporous Supports).

Toyota started using nanocomposites in a bumper that

makes it 60% lighter and twice as resistant to denting
and scratching in 2001. It is likely be used on other GM
and Toyota models soon, and in other areas of their
vehicles, as well as the other auto manufactures,
lowering weight, increasing mileage, and creating
longer-lasting automobiles.
Self Replication Systems
A crucial objective of nanotechnology is to make
products inexpensively.

If we are to use positional assembly of molecular parts

to efficiently build large structures (kilograms or more)
then we will have to use some form of massive
parallelism.

One robotic arm would take forever to build a

kilogram-sized object one molecular part at a time, so
we'll need huge numbers of robotic arms working
together.
Drawbacks of Nanotechnology
Nanoparticle can get into the body through the skin, lungs,
and digestive system, thus creating free radicals that can
cause cell damage.
Once nanoparticles are in the blood stream, they will be
able to cross the blood brain barrier.
The most dangerous nano application use for military
purposes is the nano-bomb that contain engineered self
multiplying deadly viruses that can continue to wipe out a
community, country or even civilization.
Nanobots because of their replicating behavior can be a big
threat.

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 CONCLUSIONS
Nanotechnology is a vastly growing area and has high
potential for research and development work.

The nanotechnology is leading to a technical revolution in

the new millennium. All sectors of the economy and society
will be profoundly influenced and altered by
Nanotechnology.
Important developments in the area of Nanomaterials viz.
Nanocomposites, nano-crystals, nanoparticles, nanofibers,
nano-clays, nanotubes, nano-filter etc. have been presented.
The self-replication objective of nanotechnology has been
analyzed. Self-replication is an effective route to truly lower
the cost of manufacturing.
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www.zyvex.com
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