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a b
1V:n H
Embankmentfill
SOIL LAYER 1
1,eo1, Cc1,Cr1,Cv1
Note
fill = 17.5 (kN/m3) fill unit weight of fill
H H = 5m H fill height
n = 2 n slope
b = 80 m b half width
GWL Hw = 11 (kN/m3) unit weight layer 1
eo1 = 1.52 eo1 void ratio layer 1
H1 = 15 m H1 thickness layer 1
H1 Cc1 = 1.38 Cc1 Coeficient of comprresibility la
Cr1 = 0.05 Cr1 Coeficient of swelling layer 1
Cv1 = 0.4133822 m2/year Cv1 Coeficient of consolidation lay
= 13 (kN/m3) unit weight layer 2
eo2 0.90 eo2 void ratio layer 2
H2 = 4m H2 thickness layer 2
H2 Cc2 = 0.88 Cc2 Coeficient of comprresibility la
Cr2 = 0.06 Cr2 Coeficient of swelling layer 2
Cv2 = 0.497664 m2/year Cv2 Coeficient of consolidation lay
= 18 (kN/m3) unit weight layer 3
eo3 0.67 eo3 void ratio layer 3
H3 = 13 m H3 thickness layer 3
a(m)
1V:n H n
H qfill b(m)
H (m)
fill(kN/m3)
qfill(kN/m2)
qext(kN/m2)
2 z
1
A
f geometry data
due to fill
10 z 2 1+2 a/z b/z I q fill di A
2 0.5 1.56 1.57 20.00 80.00 0.50 87.50
80 1 1.56 1.56 10.00 80.00 0.50 87.50
5 1.5 1.55 1.55 6.67 80.00 0.50 87.50
17.5 2 1.55 1.55 5.00 80.00 0.50 87.50
87.5 2.5 1.54 1.54 4.00 80.00 0.50 87.50
60 3 1.53 1.54 3.33 80.00 0.50 87.50
3.5 1.53 1.53 2.86 80.00 0.50 87.50
4 1.52 1.53 2.50 80.00 0.50 87.50
4.5 1.51 1.52 2.22 80.00 0.50 87.49
5 1.51 1.52 2.00 80.00 0.50 87.49
5.5 1.50 1.51 1.82 80.00 0.50 87.49
6 1.50 1.50 1.67 80.00 0.50 87.49
6.5 1.49 1.50 1.54 80.00 0.50 87.48
7 1.48 1.49 1.43 80.00 0.50 87.48
7.5 1.48 1.49 1.33 80.00 0.50 87.47
8 1.47 1.48 1.25 80.00 0.50 87.47
8.5 1.46 1.48 1.18 80.00 0.50 87.46
9 1.46 1.47 1.11 80.00 0.50 87.46
9.5 1.45 1.47 1.05 80.00 0.50 87.45
10 1.45 1.46 1.00 80.00 0.50 87.44
10.5 1.44 1.45 0.95 80.00 0.50 87.43
11 1.43 1.45 0.91 80.00 0.50 87.42
11.5 1.43 1.44 0.87 80.00 0.50 87.41
12 1.42 1.44 0.83 80.00 0.50 87.40
12.5 1.42 1.43 0.80 80.00 0.50 87.38
13 1.41 1.43 0.77 80.00 0.50 87.37
13.5 1.40 1.42 0.74 80.00 0.50 87.35
14 1.40 1.42 0.71 80.00 0.50 87.34
14.5 1.39 1.41 0.69 80.00 0.50 87.32
15 1.39 1.41 0.67 80.00 0.50 87.30
15.5 1.38 1.40 0.65 80.00 0.50 87.28
16 1.37 1.39 0.63 80.00 0.50 87.26
16.5 1.37 1.39 0.61 80.00 0.50 87.24
17 1.36 1.38 0.59 80.00 0.50 87.21
17.5 1.36 1.38 0.57 80.00 0.50 87.19
18 1.35 1.37 0.56 80.00 0.50 87.16
18.5 1.34 1.37 0.54 80.00 0.50 87.14
19 1.34 1.36 0.53 80.00 0.50 87.11
19.5 1.33 1.36 0.51 80.00 0.50 87.08
20 1.33 1.35 0.50 80.00 0.50 87.04
20.5 1.32 1.35 0.49 80.00 0.50 87.01
21 1.31 1.34 0.48 80.00 0.50 86.98
21.5 1.31 1.34 0.47 80.00 0.50 86.94
22 1.30 1.33 0.45 80.00 0.50 86.90
22.5 1.30 1.33 0.44 80.00 0.50 86.86
23 1.29 1.32 0.43 80.00 0.50 86.82
23.5 1.29 1.32 0.43 80.00 0.50 86.78
24 1.28 1.31 0.42 80.00 0.50 86.73
24.5 1.27 1.31 0.41 80.00 0.50 86.69
25 1.27 1.30 0.40 80.00 0.50 86.64
25.5 1.26 1.29 0.39 80.00 0.49 86.59
26 1.26 1.29 0.38 80.00 0.49 86.54
26.5 1.25 1.28 0.38 80.00 0.49 86.49
27 1.25 1.28 0.37 80.00 0.49 86.43
27.5 1.24 1.27 0.36 80.00 0.49 86.38
28 1.23 1.27 0.36 80.00 0.49 86.32
28.5 1.23 1.26 0.35 80.00 0.49 86.26
29 1.22 1.26 0.34 80.00 0.49 86.20
29.5 1.22 1.25 0.34 80.00 0.49 86.14
30 1.21 1.25 0.33 80.00 0.49 86.07
30.5 1.21 1.24 0.33 80.00 0.49 86.01
31 1.20 1.24 0.32 80.00 0.49 85.94
31.5 1.20 1.23 0.32 80.00 0.49 85.87
32 1.19 1.23 0.31 80.00 0.49 85.80
32.5 1.18 1.22 0.31 80.00 0.49 85.73
33 1.18 1.22 0.30 80.00 0.49 85.66
33.5 1.17 1.21 0.30 80.00 0.49 85.58
34 1.17 1.21 0.29 80.00 0.49 85.50
34.5 1.16 1.20 0.29 80.00 0.49 85.42
35 1.16 1.20 0.29 80.00 0.49 85.34
35.5 1.15 1.20 0.28 80.00 0.49 85.26
36 1.15 1.19 0.28 80.00 0.49 85.18
36.5 1.14 1.19 0.27 80.00 0.49 85.09
37 1.14 1.18 0.27 80.00 0.49 85.00
37.5 1.13 1.18 0.27 80.00 0.49 84.91
38 1.13 1.17 0.26 80.00 0.48 84.82
38.5 1.12 1.17 0.26 80.00 0.48 84.73
39 1.12 1.16 0.26 80.00 0.48 84.64
39.5 1.11 1.16 0.25 80.00 0.48 84.54
40 1.11 1.15 0.25 80.00 0.48 84.45
due to external line load
q total at A
z
rad rad q ext di A
5.50 86.1 1.5 0.00 0.00 59.99 147.49
6.00 85.7 1.5 0.00 0.00 59.99 147.49
6.50 85.4 1.5 0.00 0.00 59.99 147.49
7.00 85.0 1.5 0.00 0.00 59.98 147.48
7.50 84.6 1.5 0.00 0.00 59.98 147.48
8.00 84.3 1.5 0.00 0.00 59.97 147.47
8.50 83.9 1.5 0.00 0.00 59.97 147.47
9.00 83.6 1.5 0.00 0.00 59.96 147.46
9.50 83.2 1.5 0.00 0.00 59.96 147.45
10.00 82.9 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.95 147.44
10.50 82.5 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.94 147.43
11.00 82.2 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.94 147.42
11.50 81.8 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.93 147.41
12.00 81.5 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.92 147.40
12.50 81.1 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.91 147.38
13.00 80.8 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.89 147.36
13.50 80.4 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.88 147.34
14.00 80.1 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.87 147.32
14.50 79.7 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.85 147.30
15.00 79.4 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.84 147.28
15.50 79.0 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.82 147.25
16.00 78.7 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.81 147.23
16.50 78.3 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.79 147.20
17.00 78.0 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.77 147.17
17.50 77.7 1.4 0.00 0.00 59.75 147.13
18.00 77.3 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.73 147.10
18.50 77.0 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.70 147.06
19.00 76.6 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.68 147.02
19.50 76.3 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.66 146.98
20.00 76.0 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.63 146.93
20.50 75.6 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.60 146.89
21.00 75.3 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.57 146.84
21.50 75.0 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.55 146.78
22.00 74.6 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.51 146.73
22.50 74.3 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.48 146.67
23.00 74.0 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.45 146.61
23.50 73.6 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.42 146.55
24.00 73.3 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.38 146.49
24.50 73.0 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.34 146.42
25.00 72.6 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.31 146.35
25.50 72.3 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.27 146.28
26.00 72.0 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.23 146.20
26.50 71.7 1.3 0.00 0.00 59.18 146.12
27.00 71.4 1.2 0.00 0.00 59.14 146.04
27.50 71.0 1.2 0.00 0.00 59.10 145.96
28.00 70.7 1.2 0.00 0.00 59.05 145.87
28.50 70.4 1.2 0.00 0.00 59.00 145.78
29.00 70.1 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.95 145.69
29.50 69.8 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.90 145.59
30.00 69.4 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.85 145.49
30.50 69.1 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.80 145.39
31.00 68.8 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.75 145.29
31.50 68.5 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.69 145.18
32.00 68.2 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.64 145.07
32.50 67.9 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.58 144.96
33.00 67.6 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.52 144.84
33.50 67.3 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.46 144.72
34.00 67.0 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.40 144.60
34.50 66.7 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.34 144.48
35.00 66.4 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.27 144.35
35.50 66.1 1.2 0.00 0.00 58.21 144.22
36.00 65.8 1.1 0.00 0.00 58.14 144.08
36.50 65.5 1.1 0.00 0.00 58.07 143.95
37.00 65.2 1.1 0.00 0.00 58.01 143.81
37.50 64.9 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.94 143.67
38.00 64.6 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.87 143.52
38.50 64.3 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.79 143.37
39.00 64.0 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.72 143.22
39.50 63.7 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.64 143.07
40.00 63.4 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.57 142.91
40.50 63.1 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.49 142.75
41.00 62.9 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.41 142.59
41.50 62.6 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.33 142.42
42.00 62.3 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.25 142.26
42.50 62.0 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.17 142.09
43.00 61.7 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.09 141.91
43.50 61.5 1.1 0.00 0.00 57.01 141.74
44.00 61.2 1.1 0.00 0.00 56.92 141.56
44.50 60.9 1.1 0.00 0.00 56.84 141.38
45.00 60.6 1.1 0.00 0.00 56.75 141.20
Hw 5.67 m
H1 15 m
H2 4 m
H3 13 m
H total 32 m
Cv1 0.413382 m2/year
Cv2 0.497664 m2/year
Cv3 0.57024 m2/year
Cv average 0.48 m2/year
fill 17.5 kN/m3
Hfill 5 m
qfill 87.5 kPa
A Settlement calculation
m
m
cm/years
C c.H . P0 ' P C r.H . Pc'
Sc1 log( ) log( ); P0 ' P Pc'
(1 e0 ) Pc' (1 e0) P0 '
C r.H . P0 ' P
Sc2 log( ); P0' P Pc'
(1 e0 ) P0 '
(Burland,1985)
U(%)
19.055
33.479
45.332
55.074
63.079
69.658
75.065
79.508
83.160
86.161
12.121
21.594
30.046
37.587
44.314
50.317
55.673
60.451
64.714
68.518
9.873
17.531
24.539
30.951
36.818
42.187
47.100
51.595
55.708
59.471
Stress increase at the middle of embankment vs depth Settle
86 86 86 87 87 87 87 87 88
t(y
0
0 50 100 1
5 0.00
0.10
10
0.20
Depth (m) 15 0.30
20 0.40
Sc(m)
0.50
25
0.60
30
0.70
35 0.80
(kPa) 0.90
1.00
Settlement vs time Vertical drain spacing vs degree of consolidation
t(years)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
100
80
S=1
S=1
U(% ) m
60
40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
time(years)
consolidation
S=1m
S=1.2
m
2.5
A1 Stress increase due to embankment (trapezoidal uniform load)
Iq
1 ab b
I
a ( 1 2 ) a 2
z
q
( sin cos( 2 )
B Consolidation settlement
B1. Normally consolidated soils
cc Po '
Sc .H . log
1 eo Po '
B2. Overconsolidated soils
Case 1. Po'+ < Pc
cs P P
S .H . log o
1 eo Po
cs Pc cc Po P
S .H . log .H . log
1 eo Po 1 eo Pc
cs Pc cc Po P
S .H . log .H . log
1 eo Po 1 eo Pc
Tv .H 2
t for 90% consolidation Tv=0.848
cv
U=St/Sf degee of consolidation
2
U%
for U<=53%
Tv
4 100
D Vertical drain
n2 3n 2 1
Fn 2 ln(n)
n 1 4n 2
Cvr .t
Tr 2
de
8Cht
U r 1 exp( )
D 2
D2 1
t( )(2 F (n)).ln( )
8Ch 1 Ur
D2 1
t( )(2 F (n)).ln( )
8Ch 1 Ur
( H 1 H 2 ...Hn) 2
Cv
H1 H2 Hn 2
( ... )
Cv1 Cv 2 Cvn
2
TvH tot
t
Cv
H1 H2 Hn
t Tv ( ... )2
Cv1 Cv 2 Cvn
Po P
Pc
Po P
Pc
H JENIS TANAH Air Pori (e0) Cv Cc Cr
0 Sand 1.961 0.00046 1.1194 0.0422
0.5 Sand 1.961 0.00046 1.1194 0.0422
1 Sand 1.961 0.00046 1.1194 0.0422
1.5 Sand 1.961 0.00046 1.1194 0.0422
2 Sand 1.961 0.00046 1.1194 0.0422
2.5 Sand 1.961 0.00046 1.1194 0.0422
3 Sand 1.961 0.00046 1.1194 0.0422
3.5 Sand 1.961 0.00046 1.1194 0.0422
4 Sand 2.505 0.00048 1.3679 0.0689
4.5 Sand 2.505 0.00048 1.3679 0.0689
5 Clay 2.505 0.00048 1.3679 0.0689
5.5 Clay 1.554 0.0001 1.9532 0.1217
6 Clay 1.554 0.0001 1.9532 0.1217
6.5 Clay 1.554 0.0001 1.9532 0.1217
7 Clay 1.726 0.0001 2.142 0.13
7.5 Clay 1.726 0.0001 2.142 0.13
8 Clay 1.726 0.0001 2.142 0.13
8.5 Clay 1.526 0.0001 1.1413 0.1005
9 Clay 1.526 0.0001 1.1413 0.1005
9.5 Clay 1.526 0.0001 1.1413 0.1005
10 Clay 1.824 0.00016 1.4529 0.1335
10.5 Clay 1.824 0.00016 1.4529 0.1335
11 Clay 1.824 0.00016 1.4529 0.1335
11.5 Clay 1.719 0.00002 1.534 0.0579
12 Clay 1.719 0.00002 1.534 0.0579
12.5 Clay 1.719 0.00002 1.534 0.0579
13 Clay 1.362 0.0001 1.2767 0.0999
13.5 Clay 1.362 0.0001 1.2767 0.0999
14 Clay 1.362 0.0001 1.2767 0.0999
14.5 Clay 1.167 0.00016 1.0755 0.1157
15 Clay 1.167 0.00016 1.0755 0.1157
15.5 Clay 1.167 0.00016 1.0755 0.1157
16 Clay 1.536 0.0001 1.1447 0.101
16.5 Clay 1.536 0.0001 1.1447 0.101
17 Clay 1.536 0.0001 1.1447 0.101
17.5 Clay 0.629 0.00004 0.9151 0.0513
18 Clay 0.629 0.00004 0.9151 0.0513
18.5 Clay 0.629 0.00004 0.9151 0.0513
19 Clay 0.619 0.00004 0.9142 0.051
19.5 Clay 0.619 0.00004 0.9142 0.051
20 Silt 0.619 0.00004 0.9142 0.051
20.5 Silt 0.861 0.00012 1.2225 0.0732
21 Silt 0.861 0.00012 1.2225 0.0732
21.5 Sand 0.861 0.00012 1.2225 0.0732
22 Sand 1.222 0.00032 0.5165 0.0507
22.5 Sand 1.222 0.00032 0.5165 0.0507
23 Sand 1.222 0.00032 0.5165 0.0507
23.5 Sand 0.612 0.00004 0.9136 0.0508
24 Clay 0.612 0.00004 0.9136 0.0508
24.5 Clay 0.612 0.00004 0.9136 0.0508
25 Clay 0.627 0.00004 0.9149 0.0512
25.5 Clay 0.627 0.00004 0.9149 0.0512
26 Clay 0.627 0.00004 0.9149 0.0512
26.5 Clay 0.627 0.00004 0.9149 0.0512
27 Clay 0.627 0.00004 0.9149 0.0512
27.5 Clay 0.627 0.00004 0.9149 0.0512
28 Clay 0.672 0.00034 0.1701 0.0108
28.5 Clay 0.672 0.00034 0.1701 0.0108
29 Clay 0.672 0.00034 0.1701 0.0108
29.5 Clay 0.338 0.0004 0.1907 0.0088
30 Clay 0.338 0.0004 0.1907 0.0088
30.5 Clay 0.338 0.0004 0.1907 0.0088
31 Clay 1.064 0.0002 0.9494 0.0724
31.5 Clay 1.064 0.0002 0.9494 0.0724
32 Clay 1.064 0.0002 0.9494 0.0724