The Lower Leg & Foot

Game Kimmy Pooh Stang

LOWER LEG AND FOOT ANATOMY
 MOVEMENT
Movement of lower legs

come from KNEE MUSCLE

Popliteus Muscle
-allow knee unlocking during flexion of the leg.
-stabilise the knee joint
-located around the back side of the knee
 FLEXION EXTENSION
bending motion at a joint that straightening of a bent joint,
decreases the angle between the increasing the distance between
two bones the bones
 Other than the popliteus,
MUSCLES THAT ARE all other muscles below

CONNECTED TO THE FOOT the knee are connected to

the foot.

They can be divided into 3 groups:

1. Muscles that flex or extend the foot

2. Muscles that flex and extend the toes
3. Muscles that support the structure of the
foot
MUSCLE OF POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF LEG

1) FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS

2) FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS

3) TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
 1) FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
Origin: Posterior surface of tibia distal to
popliteal line

Insertion: Splits into four slips after passing

through medial intermuscular septum of plantar
surface of foot; these slips then insert on plantar
surface of bases of distal phalanges

Action: Flexes toes 2 - 5; also helps in plantar

flexion of ankle

Arterial Supply: Muscular branch of posterior

tibial artery
 2) FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
Origin: Inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of
fibula, lower part of interosseous
membrane

Insertion: Plantar surface of base of

distal phalanx of great toe

Action: Flexes great toe, helps to supinate

ankle, and is a very weak plantar flexor
of ankle

Arterial Supply: Muscular branch of

peroneal and posterior tibial artery
3) TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
Origin: Posterior aspect of interosseous
membrane,superior aspect of posterior surface of
tibia

Insertion: Splits into two slips after passing

inferior to plantar calcaneonavicular ligament;
superficial slip inserts on the tuberosity of the
navicular bone and sometimes medial cuneiform;
slip divides again into slips inserting on plantar
surfaces of metatarsals

Action: Principal invertor of foot; also adducts foot,

plantar flexes ankle, and helps to supinate the
foot
 MUSCLE ON THE DORSUM OF THE FOOT

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS

ORIGIN : Superior surface of anterior calcaneus

INSERTION : Four tendon into proximal phalanx

of big toe and long extensor tendons to toes 2,
3 and 4

ACTION : Extends toes when foot fully

dorsiflexed
Muscle of Anterior Compartment of Legs
- Tibialis Anterior

- Extensor Digitorum Longus

- Extensor Hallucis Longus

 Tibialis Anterior
Origin : Lateral condyle & superior of
anterolateral surface of tibia; interosseous
margin

Insertion : Medial & plantar surfaces of medial

cuneiform; base of 1 st metatarsal along the
medial & plantar surfaces.

Action : Dorsiflexes foot at ankle; inverts foot

Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, upper 2/3 - 3/4 of medial
fibular shaft surface, upper part of interosseous membrane,
fascia cruris, and anterior intermuscular septum

Insertion: Splits into 4 tendon slips after inferior extensor

retinaculum, each of which insert on dorsum of middle and
distal phalanges as part of extensor expansion complex

Action: Extend toes 2 - 5 and dorsiflexes ankle

Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin: Anterior surface of the fibula and the
adjacent interosseous membrane

Insertion: Base and dorsal center of distal

phalanx of great toe

Action: Extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle

Muscle of Lateral Compartment of Legs
- Fibularis Longus

- Fibularis Brevis
Fibularis Longus
Origin: Head of fibula, upper 1/2 - 2/3 of lateral fibular
shaft surface; also anterior and posterior intermuscular
septa of leg

Insertion: Plantar posterolateral aspect of medial

cuneiform and lateral side of 1st metatarsal base

Action: Everts foot and plantar flexes ankle; also helps to

support the transverse arch of the foot
Fibularis Brevis
Origin : Lower 2/3 of the lateral surface of the
fibula.

Insertion : Base of the 5th metatarsal.

Actions : Eversion Plantarflexion.

Muscle of sole of foot (First Layer)
Abductor hallucis

Flexor digitorum brevis

Abducctor digiti minimi

Abductor hallucis
Origin : Tuberosity of Calcaneus

Insertion : Medial aspect of base of 1st phalanx of hallux

Action : Abduct and Flex the big toe

Flexor digitorum brevis
Origin : Calcaneus

Insertion : Phalanges of toe 2-5

Action : Flexes lateral four toes

Abductor digiti minimi
Origin : Plantar aponeurosis

Insertion : 5th toe or phalanges

Action : Abduct and Flex the little toe

Muscle of sole of foot (Second Layer)
Flexor digitorum longus tendon

Lumbricals

Flexor hallucis longus

Flexor digitorum longus
Origin : Posterior surface of the body of the tibia

Insertion : Plantar surface; base of the distal phalanges of

the four lesser toes

Action : curl the second, third, fourth,

and fifth toes (flexion of phalanges dscII-V)

Lumbricals
Origin : Medial borders of long flexor tendons

Insertion : Proximal phalanges and extensor tendons of

the 4 lateral toes

Action : create extension at the inter-phalangeal (PIP and

DIP) joints and flexion at metatarsal phalangeal

(MTP) joints
Flexor hallucis longus
Origin : fibula, posterior aspect of middle 1/3

Insertion : Plantar surface; base of distal phalanx of hallux

Action : flexes all joints of the big toe, plantar flexion of the

ankle joint
Muscle on Dorsal interossei
ORIGIN: Bipennate from inner aspects of shafts of all
metatarsals

INSERTION Bases of proximal phalanges and dorsal

extensor expansions of medial side of 2nd toe and
lateral sides of 2nd , 3rd and 4th toes

Action: Abduct 2nd , 3rd and 4th toes from axis of 2nd
toe. Assist lumbricals in extending interphalangeal joints
while flexing metatarsal phalangeal joints
Plantar Interossei
ORIGIN: Inferomedial shafts of 3rd , 4th and 5th metatarsals
(single heads)

INSERTION: Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges with

slips to dorsal extensor expansions of 3rd, 4th and 5th toes

ACTION: Adduct 3rd 4th and 5th toes to axis of 2nd toe, Assist
lumbricals in extending interphalangeal joints while flexing
metatarsal phalangeal joints.
Adductor hallucis
ORIGIN: Medial process of posterior calcaneal tuberosity &
flexor retinaculum

INSERTION: Medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of

big toe via medial sesamoid

ACTION: Flexes and abducts big toe. Supports medial

longitudinal arch
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

ORIGIN: Base of 5th metatarsal and sheath of peroneus longus

INSERTION: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe

ACTION: Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe

 5 Exercises
to
Strengthen
Your Lower Legs
 Plyometric Lunges

Lunge forward with your right foot and left arm until the shin of your back leg
is parallel to the floor and your knee almost touches the ground. Push up off
the ground in an explosive manner, and switch your legs in midair so you land
in a lunge with your left leg forward. Left and right lunges count as one rep.
 Straight-Leg Calf Raise

Hold a dumbbell in your right hand; stand on a

step. Cross your left foot behind your right
ankle. Balance on the ball of your right foot.
Lift your right heel and pause; then lower. Do
three sets of 15 reps on each side.
Bent-Knee Calf Raise

Follow the straight-leg calf

raise instructions, but bend the
knee of your balancing leg and
keep it bent as you raise and
lower your body. Do three sets
of 15 reps on each side.
 Eccentric Calf Raises
Stand on a step with your heels hanging off the edge. Push yourself up on your
toes. Then very slowly (to a count of 10) drop your heels below the level of the
step. Do three sets of 15 reps.
Farmer's Walk On Toes

Hold heavy dumbbells at your

sides. Rise up on your toes and
walk forward for 60 seconds. If
you feel that you could've gone
longer than 60 seconds, increase
the weight. Do three sets.
 I N J U R I E S
1. Compartment Syndrome

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a

condition that can occur from repetitive loading or
exertional activities

usually observed in athletes; long-distance runners,

basketball players, skiers, and soccer players.

pain medications, stretching or strengthening regimens,

orthotics, massage, a break from exercise, or sugery
2. Periostitis
a condition caused by inflammation of the periosteum, a
layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone.

antibiotics can be used to treat the underlying infection of

acute periostitis. If the infection becomes suppurative,
doctor may need to treat it surgically.
3. Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome

(PAES) occurs due to an abnormal positioning of the popliteal

artery in relation to its surrounding structures.

Surgery can be done to correct the problem with the muscle or

tendons and release the popliteal artery. This eliminates the
compression of the artery and allows normal blood flow to the
leg.
These are only some examples of injuries. There are much
more injuries that can be occur at lower leg and foot such
as:

Mitochondrial Myopathy

Muscle Cramps (Night Cramps)

Achilles Tendinopathy

Calf Muscle Tear

Stress Fracture