Microwave Engineering MCC121, 7.5hec, 2014: Passive Devices

Microwave Engineering
MCC121, 7.5hec, 2014

Lecture 8
Passive devices
State-of-the-art
Challenging
Stimulating
Rewarding
MCC121 / J. Stake 1
MCC121_2014_lecture_8.key - 25 november 2014
Outline
H Summary of lecture 7 (Ch5)
H Passive microwave devices
H attenuators, loads
H phase shifters
H power dividers (7.1-7.4)
MCC121 / J. Stake 2
Objectives
On completion of this course unit you should be able to:
Analyse wave propagating properties of guided wave structures (TE, TM,
TEM waves, microstrip, stripline, rectangular and circular waveguides,
coupled lines)
Apply N-port representations for analysing microwave circuits
Apply the Smith chart to evaluate microwave networks
Design and evaluate impedance matching networks
Design, evaluate and characterise directional couplers and power
dividers
Design and analyse attenuators, phase shifters and resonators
Explain basic properties of ferrite devices (circulators, isolators)
MCC121 / J. Stake 3
Transformers
MCC121 / J. Stake 4
Tapered transformer
1d
d in = e 2 j z ( ln Z ) dz
2 dz
L L
1 2 j z d
in = d in = e ( ln Z ) dz (1)
0
2 0
dz
MCC121 / J. Stake 5
Design of complex impedance
terminations
MCC121 / J. Stake 6
E12@64;<3.:=96L2?
H Find Gamma-S &-L for a certain noise, gain, stability

requirements... (more about this in active microwave circuits)
H Synthesise matching networks N1 and N2 to provide these
complex impedances (This course MCC121)
Courtesy of Niklas Wadefalk
MC2, Chalmers and
Low Noise Factory
MCC121 / J. Stake 7
Passive microwave devices
MCC121 / J. Stake 8
Terminations
Common -wave lab utensils
H Matched load =0
H Variable short circuit = 1 e j
MCC121 / J. Stake 9
Ex) Matched loads
H %<6@2L4B?2:2.@B?2:2;A-3.0A<?:2.@B?2:2;AB@6;4AD<9<.1@.AAD<
different temperatures)
H Termination to absorb all power (terminating the line in its characteristic
impedance)
MCC121 / J. Stake 10
matched load
H lossy transmission line

H (2M20A6<;@.?2.C<6121/FA.=2?6;4A52
lossy material into a wedge
Movable shorts
H Impedance tuning element (reactance)
The art of making a movable
waveguide short
H Contacting versus noncontacting shorts

H Contacting wear out + hard to achieve perfect contact
H Solution: High and low impedance quarter wave sections
4B6121D.C2 &?.==9FL9A2?A52<?F
L9A2?A52<?F@F;A52@6@2./.;1@A<=L9A2?5645
VSWR)
Rotary attenuator
H Precision attenuator with low VSWR. The attenuation is insensitive

to frequency; variations of phase with attenuation are negligible.
H Lab equipment rather than employed in systems.
Decomposition of TE11mode
Sum of two orthogonally polarized modes
Resistive T or Pi -attenuator
! 0 k #
!S # = % &
" $
" k 0 $
- On white board: Derive a set of design
equations for a resistive attenuator (T).
3-dB attenuator
Explain the different moves in the Smith Chart. Can we replace the shunt resistor? to
MCC121 / J. Stake
avoid via-hole to19ground.
Resistive T or Pi -attenuator
! 0 k #
!S # = % &
" $
" k 0 $
Phase shifter
H Phase shifters are components used to

control the phase of a signal with lowest
=<@@6/926;MB2;02<;A52.:=96AB12
H There are many different types of phase
shifters depending on the used technology.
Switched line phase shifter
f f
( f ) = 1 ( f ) 2 ( f ) = 1 2 =
f = f0
f0 f = f0
f0
& f f '
= ( l1 l2 )
* f0 f0 +
" The losses are constant at all states " Each bit needs at least 4 diodes,
high power consumption
" The circuit is very simple
" Complicated DC supply
" The circuit is small
J. Piotr Starski
Differential phase shifters
from P. Sobis, J. Stake, and A. Emrich, High/low-impedance transmission-

&$( ().*& &$( 8&- +( -0)+%,!)+$!! + (-$&*#, ,#$!- +,7IET !+)')$,-% ('+$#6 3
42+$!)+.'$&&$' - +
Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 386392, 2011. / $ ( *+-$(".#+')($$1 +,7IEEE Microwave and
MCC121 / J. Stake 23 Wireless Components Letters, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 680682, Oct. 2008.

Directional couplers
Properties
H All ports matched
H Ex) Incident power
at port 1 couples
to port 2 and 3,
but not into port
4. Hence, ports 1 &
4 are uncoupled
Applications
H Power monitoring
H !:=21.;02:2.@B?2:2;A?2M20A6C6AF
H Power dividers (distributing networks)
S-parameter test set-up
Power combining networks
Power dividers
Power dividers or combiners
H Power divider is used to divide input power
among several outputs
H We want:
H reciprocal !0 s12 s13 "
H lossless [ s ] = ## s12
#% s13
0
s23
s23 $
$
0 $&
H matched Impossible!
must relax one of the conditions
MCC121 / J. Stake - On white board: Derive properties for a passive reciprocal 3-port
30
Lossless divider
Can not be matched at all ports, and no isolation!

- On white board: Show that a 2-way lossless
divider (three-port junction) can not be
simultaneously matched.
Resistive divider
Lossy and reciprocal, thus can be matched at all ports
MCC121 / J. Stake
No isolation!
33
- On white board: Derive properties for a 3-port
resistive divider.
!0 1 1 "
1#
[ ] #1 0 1 $$
s =
2
#%1 1 0 $& No isolation
The matrix is not unitary!!!!! [s]

{ }
[s]
T
2
!1 "
V
1 V12 1 #% 2 1 $& 1 V12 1
Pin = ; P2 = P3 = = = Pin
2 Z0 2 Z0 8 Z0 4
Half of the incident power is lost in the power divider
J. Piotr Starski
The Wilkinson power divider
H The Wilkinson power divider is lossless,

when the output ports are matched, and
has isolation between the output ports.
1 2
2
1 3 3
Even and odd mode method
Consider a linear, reciprocal 4-port with a symmetry line as marked
1 2
symmetry line
4 3
We will analyze this circuit by using the even and odd mode method. The method is
based on two excitations: even and odd, applied to the ports on opposite sides of the
symmetry line (in our case port 1 and 4). The even excitation corresponds to two
voltages equal in amplitude and phase, e.g. +1V. The odd excitation corresponds to
two voltages equal in amplitude but with 180 phase difference (+1V, and 1 V).
By applying the even excitation to the ports 1(+1 V), and 4(+1 V) the symmetry line
will act as an open circuit or as we say magnetic wall.
By applying the odd excitation to the ports 1(+1V), and 4(-1V) the symmetry line will
act as a short circuit or as we say electric wall.
J. Piotr Starski
Even mode
1V 1 e Te 2 symmetry line
1V open circuit
magnetic wall
4 e Te 3
Odd mode
1 o To 2
1V symmetry line
1V short circuit
electric wall
4 o To 3
J. Piotr Starski
We superimpose now both excitations:
e + o Te + To We have only
1V 1 2 2 2 excitation in port 1
and can calculate the
reflected and
transmitted waves in
4 e o Te To 3 all ports.
2 2
This means that the analysis of a reciprocal, linear 4-port with a symmetry property can be
performed by analyzing two 2-ports in two excitation modes and superposition of the
results.
and T for the 2-ports can be easily calculated from the cascade matrix analysis"
ZG T
! A B"
#C D$ ZL
% &
AZ L + B CZG Z L DZG ZG + Z L
= T=
AZ L + B + CZG Z L + DZG AZ L + B + CZG Z L + DZG
J. Piotr Starski
- On white board: analyse the Wilkinson divider
(3-dB case, three port)
Wilkinson divider: S matrix
s11
2 The circuit is excited from port 1-

4 no current through isolating resistor
zin,1
zin ,2
2
zin,1,2 =
( 2)
= 2; zin =
2i2
=1 s11 = 0, since =
zin 1
1 2+2 zin + 1
J. Piotr Starski
Wilkinson divider: S matrix s22 = s33
From previous calculations we have
V1,e +V1,o j 2iV + 0 1

s12 = = =j
V2,e +V2,o V +V 2
s12 = s21
j
s13 = s31 = s12 = because the circuit is symmetric
2
s23 = s32 = 0 depending on the open or short circuit at the symmetry line
" j j#
$ 0 2 2%
$ %
j
[ s ] = $$ 0 0 %
%
2
$ %
$j 0 0 %
$& 2 %'
MCC121 / J. Stake 42 Starski

J. Piotr
ex) 4 way power divider
Wilkinson unequal power
divider
Pb P
Ri = k2 k = b
Pa Pa
Pa Pb
1 "
Pa = Pin
1 + k 2 ##
2 $ a
P + Pb = Pin
Pin k #
Pb = Pin
1 + k 2 #%
Z 02 Z 04 Z0 Z 02 = Z 0 k (1 + k 2 )
Z0 1 + k 2
Z 03 =
Z0 k k
Ri Z 04 = Z 0 k
Z0
Z 05 =
k
Z 03 Z 05 Z0 1+ k2
Ri = Z 0
k
J Pi S ki MCC121_2014_lecture_8.key - 25 november 2014
Typical examples of Wilkinson power dividers with unequal power split
1.24/6.04 dB 2.35/3.8 dB
J. Piotr Starski
Summary of lecture 8
H Read chapter 7.1-7.4 (dividers).

H Attenuators, phase shifters
H Directional couplers
Further reading
H Ernest J. Wilkinson, An N-Way Hybrid Power
Divider, IRE Transactions on Microwave
Theory and Techniques, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 116
118, 1960.
H S. Cohn and R. Levy, History of Microwave
Passive Components with Particular Attention
to Directional Couplers, IEEE Transactions
on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 32,
no. 9, pp. 10461054, 1984.

Microwave Engineering MCC121, 7.5hec, 2014: Passive Devices

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Microwave Engineering

MCC121, 7.5hec, 2014

H Find Gamma-S &-L for a certain noise, gain, stability

Common -wave lab utensils

H Variable short circuit = 1 e j

H lossy transmission line

H Impedance tuning element (reactance)

H Contacting versus noncontacting shorts

H Precision attenuator with low VSWR. The attenuation is insensitive

Sum of two orthogonally polarized modes

H Phase shifters are components used to

from P. Sobis, J. Stake, and A. Emrich, High/low-impedance transmission-

MCC121_2014_lecture_8.key - 25 november 2014

Can not be matched at all ports, and no isolation!

Lossy and reciprocal, thus can be matched at all ports

The matrix is not unitary!!!!! [s]

Half of the incident power is lost in the power divider

H The Wilkinson power divider is lossless,

2 The circuit is excited from port 1-

V1,e +V1,o j 2iV + 0 1

MCC121 / J. Stake 42 Starski

H Read chapter 7.1-7.4 (dividers).

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