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As highway
construction involves huge sum of money,
for Road Construction appropriate engineering design and use of waste
A Review material in construction of highways may save
considerable cost. It should be noted that major
Anurag V. Tiwari* portion of highway in India is flexible. Several
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, studies have shown that permanent deformation
Sipna College of Engineering and Technology, within flexible pavement is usually confined to the
Amravati(M.S), India top 100 to 150 mm of the pavement also known as
surface course[1].
Dr. Y R M Rao Unfortunately, plastic is non-biodegradable
Principal, Dr. Pauls Engineering College,Villupuram material which will remain in the environment for
Dist (T.N), India hundreds of years leading to waste disposal crisis
Email: anuragearth@gmail.com, as well as various environmental concerns. One
dryrmrao@rediffmail.com solution to this crisis is recycling waste into useful
products[2]. Polyethylene is extensively used plastic
Abstract material, and it has been found to be one of the
Now a days, disposal of plastic waste has most effective polymer additives in road
became issue of great concern for environmental construction[3,4]. In recent years cost of bitumen in
engineers due to its non-biodegradable charac- India has raised very rapidly due to hike in the
teristics and health hazards. In the recent years crude oil price. It should be noted that in India NH
application of this plastic waste for modifying the contributes only 2% of the total road network but
bitumen for road construction has resulted in eco- carries 40% of the traffic but no study shows that
friendly use of waste material and construction cost plastics are used in any of SH and NH in India.
reduction. Majority of road in India is of flexible
type and made-up of bituminous concrete. Bitumen 2.0 Plastic Production and Consumption in
being extracted from the naturally occurring crude India
oil has limitation on its availability and hence some A material that contains one or more organic
alternative materials are highly appreciated. The polymers of large molecular weight, solid in its
present study aims for use of abundantly available finish state and at some state while manufacturing
plastic waste for modifying bitumen for road or processing into finished articles, can be shaped
construction. The paper includes details of literature by its flow is termed as plastics[5]. Details of types
and process for using plastic waste in road and sources of waste plastics is shown in Fig. 1:
construction and aims to create consciousness
regarding application of waste plastic in road
construction to reduce environmental pollution in
economic way.
Keyword: Plastic Waste, Waste reuse, Road
construction
10 . Introduction
In the recent years industrial development and
rapid urbanization has lead to generation of huge
quantity of solid waste and environmental
pollution. Solid waste management has emerged as
major issue of concern for environmental engineers
now a days. Due to improper dumping of this waste
material, environment is getting polluted to large
extent and hence, there is an urgent need to reuse
and recycle this waste into useful forms.
India is having second largest road network
of over 4.6 lakh KM in the world. Due to extreme
climatic conditions, growth of traffic and increasing
maintenance expenditure on roads in India there
is a necessity to develop sustainable technologies Fig. 1: Details of Types and Sources of Waste
*Corresponding Author Plastics [6]
The plastic constitutes two major category of Bangalore University used processed plastic bags
plastics; (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset as an additive in asphalt concrete mixes. The
plastics. The thermoplastics, constitutes 80% and properties of this modified bitumen were compared
thermoset constitutes approximately 20% of total to that of ordinary bitumen. It was noted that
postconsumer plastics waste generated. The table penetration and ductility values of modified
1 describes the average municipal solid waste bitumen was decreasing with the increase in
production from 0.21 to 0.50 Kg per capita per day proportion of the plastic additive, up to 12 % by
in India[5,6]. weight [10].
Polymer bitumen blend is a better binder
Table 1: Municipal Solid Waste in Indian compared to plain bitumen. Blend has increased
Cities [5] Softening point and decreased Penetration value
with a suitable ductility. When it used for road
Population Range Average Per
construction it can withstand higher temperature
(Millions) Capita Value (Kg)
and load. The coating of plastics reduces the
0.1-0.5 0.21 porosity, absorption of moisture and improves
soundness. The polymer coated aggregate bitumen
0.5-1.0 0.25 mix forms better material for flexible pavement
1.0-2.0 0.27 construction as the mix shows higher Marshall
Stability value and suitable Marshall Coefficient.
2.0-5.0 0.35 Hence the use of waste plastics for flexible
>5 0.5 pavement is one of the best methods for easy
disposal of waste plastics. Use of plastic bags in
CPCB has provided the data on total plastics road help in many ways like Easy disposal of waste,
waste consumption and comparison of per capita better road and prevention of pollution and so on[11].
plastic consumption in India during last decade. Polyethylene as one sort of polymers is used
Table 2 and Table 3 provide data on plastic to investigate the potential prospects to enhance
consumption in India and world[7,8,9]. asphalt mixture properties. The objectives also
include determining the best type of polyethylene
Table 2: Plastic Consumption in India to be used and its proportion. Two types of
polyethy-lene were added to coat the aggregate
Sr.no Year Consumption (Tones)
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low
1 1996 61000 Density Polyethylene (LDPE). The Use of waste
polyethylene in bituminous concrete mixes results
2 2001 400000 indicated that grinded HDPE polyethylene modifier
3 2006 700000 provides better engineering properties. The
recommended proportion of the modifier is 12% by
4 2011 13500000 the weight of bitumen content. It is found to
increase the stability, reduce the density and
Table 3: Plastic Waste Consumption in slightly increase the air voids and the voids of
World (Per/Capita/Year) mineral aggregate[12].
Waste PET is powdered and mixed in
Sr. Country/Continent Per Year
proportions 2, 4, 6 , 8 and 10 % (by the weight of
No. Consumption (Kg)
OBC) with bitumen at temperature 150 0C. PET
1 India 14 modified binder resulted in higher resistance to
permanent deformation and higher resistance to
2 East Europe 10 rutting due to their higher softening point when
3 South East Asia 10 compared to conventional binders. Decrease in
consistency and increase in the resistance to flow
4 China 24 and temperature changes also appears in PET
5 West Europe 65 modified binder[13].
Study on the use of LDPE and CRMB reveals
6 North America 90 that the Marshal Stability value, which is the
7 World Average 25 strength parameter of SDBC has shown increasing
trend and the maximum values have increased by
3.0 Literature Review about 25 % by addition of LDPE and CRMB. The
Centre for Transportation Engineering, density of the mix has also increased in both the
commonly used.
Conclusions and recommendations on the suitability and Total quantity of bitumen required = 9 tons
limitations of plastic waste for blending with bitumen in Total quantity of plastic waste required = 1 ton
road construction will be drawn from test results
Cost of bitumen for 9 tons = Rs. 4,50,000
Fig. 2 : Details of general methodology to be
adopted Cost of plastic waste = Rs. 5000
Total cost of bitumen and plastic = Rs. 4,55,000
A. Marshall Method(widely used in India)
B. Hveem Method and Total savings = 5,00,000 - 4,55,000 = Rs.45,000 per
C. Superpave Method. Km