Cornell Notes Topic/Objective: Genetics Name: Jocelyn Hernandez

Class/Period: 5
Date: 2/26/17
Essential Question: How does DNA relate to chromosomes and replication of cells?

Questions: Notes:
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are ways that the body makes a copy of its
What is the importance of own cells.
Mitosis and Meiosis?
` Mitosis: when 1 cell becomes 2 identical cells
Function: Body growth and repair
What: Body cells

Meiosis: when 1 cell becomes 4 unique cells

Functions: reproduction (babies)
What: sex cells (Gametes: sperm or egg)

Mitosis Meiosis
Beginning -1 cell -1 cell
-Diploid -Diploid
-46 chromosomes -46 chromosomes
Whats the
difference between
Middle End -1 cell division -2 cell division
Mitosis and
-2 identical -4 unique sex cells
Meiosis?
-body cells diploid -haploid (Gametes)
-46 chromosomes -23 chromosomes

Diploid = full set of chromosomes (46)

Haploid = half set of chromosomes (23)
During Meiosis, the chromosomes CROSS OVER, which mixes up
How are mitosis the genetic information
and meiosis steps
different? Mitosis steps:
Step #1: Interphase chromosomes are so dispersed in the nuclei
that they cannot be distinguishable but before interphase ends,
their DNA has been duplicated.
Step #2: Prophase chromosomes have consented and become
distinguishable each chromosome consist of two chromatids joined
at their centromes
Step #3: Metaphase chromosomes line up on the spiritual
equator; homologous are not paired
Step #4: Anaphase sister chromatids separate
Step #5: Nude are reformed; each nucleus has two chromosomes
of each type
 Meiosis steps:
Meiosis 1
Step #1: prophase 1 2 pairs of chromosomes
Step #2: Metaphase 1 chromosomes line up on the spinal
equator; homologous are paired
Step #3: anaphase 1 sister chromatids stay together, but
homologous separate
Step #4: telophase 1 nuclei are not re-formed
Meiosis 2
Step #1: prophase 2
Step #2: Metaphase 2 chromosomes line up on the spinal
equator; homologous are now in separate cells
Step #3: Anaphase 2 sister chromatids separate
Step #4: Telophase 2 nuclei are re-formed; each nucleus has only
one chromosome of each type
Summary: DNA relates to chromosomes and relates to replication of cells because of Mitosis and Meiosis. Mitosis
is when one cell becomes identical to two cells. Its function is body growth and repair. Meiosis is when one cell
becomes unique of four cells. Its function is the reproduction. This helps the DNA to make chromosmes.

Questions: Notes:
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid

Components of DNA:
How are DNA and Nucleotides <<- monomer of nucleic acids
RNA different? -a single nucleotide has 3 parts:
1) sugar
2) phosphate group
3) nitrogen base

DNA is found in the nuclei of cells in the body.

DNA is organized in chromosomes.

-Double Helix (stranded)

-Ladder like nucleic acid

A single strand of DNA is a polymer (complex molecule nucleic acid) composed of many
monomers (simple units) called nucleotides.
N + N -> Na + Na -> DNA
2 groups: Pyrimidines Purines
4 nitrogen base: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
What is most Purine will ALWAYS pair with a PYRIMIDINE:
important between Rules for pairing nitrogen bases:
the two, DNA and 1)ADENINE always pairs with THYMINE
RNA? 2) Guanine always pairs with CYTOSINE
 Genes and Chromosomes

Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific things.

Genes make up DNA

How are they both Histones are proteins that DNA wraps around in order to keep it
similar? organized
Histones group together to make coils (one loop) and supercoils
(many loops) to stay organized.

Chromosomes are the super organized way that you rDNA is

stored.
Every human has 23 sets of chromosomes

In case there is damage it can be repaired

With DNA is important it is correct.
There are many genes that each hold different information woven
into the chromosomes which holds them all.

The same chromosomes are in all of your cells

Nucleotides build up multiple nucleic acids
Nucleic acids make genes
Genes make DNA
DNA makes Chromosomes
Chromosomes make Genome
Genome make organisms

DNA Replication and RNA

-must occur before cells divide
-each new cell needs a copy of the information in order to grow

-before DNA strand can be replicated it copied it must be

unzipped
-DNA polymerase (enzymes that unzips)
-starts at many different points

-after the DNA molecule comes apart, bases of free nucleotides in

the nucleus join their complimentary bases

-nucleotides are connected together to make a new strand that is

complimentary to the old strand
-the new double strand is identical to the old double strand
-the is called DNA replication

-RNA is single stranded

-RNA is a shorter life span
-RNA strands for ribonucleic acid
-Each nucleotides contains a different sugar: ribose instead of
deoxyribose
 -Bases are A, U, C, G, (Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine)
-A pairs with U, C pairs with G
Summary: DNA relates to chromosomes and the replication of cells because before a DNA strand can be replicated
or copied it must be unzipped. Also, DNA makes chromosomes. When DNA makes chromosomes chromosomes
make genomes and genomes make organisms. When nucleotides are connected together to make a new strand
that is complimentary to the old strand, the new strand is identical to the old double strand. That is called DNA
replication,