0.

4 Categora gramatical y funciones

Ejemplos:

1. systems analyst

2. programming language

3. user manual

Dado que:

systems = sistemas
analyst = analista
programming = programacin
language = lenguaje
user = usuario
manual = manual

Intente traducir las frases de los ejemplos anteriores:

1. systems analyst = ____________________________________________

2. programming language = ____________________________________________
3. user manual = ____________________________________________

12b
Captulo 1 La Frase Nominal (FN)

Ejemplos de Frase Nominal

1) drives
2) drives manufacturers
3) disk drives
4) hard disk drives
5) magnetic hard disk drives
6) traditional magnetic hard disk drives
7) today's hard disk drives
8) today's hard disk drives manufacturers

Estructura de las Frases Nominales anteriores

Pre-modificadores Ncleo
XXXXX drives

drives manufacturers
disk drives
hard disk drives
magnetic hard disks
traditional magnetic hard disk drives
today's hard disk drives
today's hard disk drives manufacturers

Normalmente, la ltima palabra de la FN es el ncleo. En los ejemplos dados, mientras

la primera FN se refiere a los controladores; la segunda, habla de los fabricantes de
controladores; la tercera, de los controladores de disco; la cuarta se refiere a los
controladores del disco rgido, la quinta a los discos rgidos magnticos.

Intente traducir ejemplos 6) a 9)

6) traditional magnetic hard disk drives: _____________________________________

7) today's hard disk drives: _____________________________________
8) today's hard disk drives manufacturers: ___________________________________

15b
1.6 El Caso posesivo

Ejemplos:

1. the students of Dr. Black ________________________________________

2. the job of a technician ________________________________________
3. an association of engineers ________________________________________

1. Dr. Blacks students ________________________________________

2. A technicians job ________________________________________
3. An engineers association ________________________________________

a. Formacin del Caso posesivo

Poseedor Nexo Lo posedo Ejemplo

Sustantivo singular s sustantivo Dr. Blacks students

a technicians job

Sustantivo plural no
s sustantivo mens footwear
terminado en s
childrens games

Sustantivo plural
sustantivo an engineers association
terminado en s

20b
1.7 Post modificadores de la FN

a) Post-modificadores introducidos por which that who whose

where when (pronombres relativos)

Ejemplos:

1. One project that will have to be stopped has already spent millions of dollars.
2. Almost 80 per cent of those who took the survey believe the Web had a positive
impact.
3. There are kinds of networking which are not always between PCs and servers.
4. A computer whose programs are not updated regularly cannot work properly.
5. The production environment is a place where sites and site elements are deployed
for customer use.
6. The 1990s was the time when computers were reaching their pinnacle.

Ncleo de la FN, Pronombre Verbo conjugado de la proposicin que

post- relativo post- modifica
modificado

project that will have to be stopped

those who took

Kinds (of which are not
networking)
computer whose programs are not
place where (sites and site elements) are deployed
time when (computers) were reaching

Estas oraciones tienen siempre un mnimo de dos verbos conjugados: uno en la parte
principal de la oracin (mostrada en tamao de letra ms grande), y otro en el
postmodificador:

1. One project that will have to be stopped has already spent millions of
dollars.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Almost 80 per cent of those who took the survey believe the Web had a
positive impact.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. There are kinds of networking which are not always between PCs and servers.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. A computer whose programs are not updated regularly cannot work properly.
_____________________________________________________________________
21b
5. The production environment is a place where sites and site elements are
deployed for customer use.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. The 1990s was the time when computers were reaching their pinnacle.
_____________________________________________________________________

Los pronombres relativos tambin pueden aparecer detrs de una coma, como
en (7) o detrs de una preposicin, como en (8)

7. At the heart of an OS is the kernel, which is the lowest level, or core, of the
operating system.
_____________________________________________________________________

8. 64-bit is also a term given to a generation of computers in which 64-bit processors

are the norm.
_____________________________________________________________________

Normalmente se los traduce al castellano por: que, quien, el cual, los cuales, cuyo,
donde.

b) La forma -ing como post-modificador

1. Several key components sitting on the motherboard lie at the heart of the
computer.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Sometimes you can spend a lot more money on a component with only slightly
better performance than one costing half as much.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The BIOS is a good example of an application using ROM.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. People using the Internet without a good anti-virus system are at a high risk of
getting their computer infected.
_____________________________________________________________________

Ncleo de la FN, Forma -ing Objeto de la forma -ing

post-modificado
components sitting on the motherboard
one costing half as much
An application using ROM
People using the Internet

22/23b
c) El participio pasado como post-modificador
1. These core components are connected by several buses made to carry
information around the system.
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Computers made in China are made up of foreign and American parts too.
_____________________________________________________________________

3. A computer engineer is a person trained to be proficient in the design and

implementation of computer systems, both hardware and software.
_____________________________________________________________________

4. Optical storage is another technology strategy used in computer storage.

_____________________________________________________________________

Ncleo de la FN, Participio pasado Objeto del participio

post-modificado
buses made to carry
Computers made in China
person trained to be
strategy used in computer storage

22/23b
2.2 El Presente Simple del verbo to be

Este verbo tiene un rgimen propio. Generalmente se traduce al castellano como ser
o estar, y en algunas instancias como tener.

a-Forma afirmativa:

1. This is a Technical English course. It is for IT students.

_____________________________________________________________________
2. Dr. Macdonald is 55 years old. She is from Scotland.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. I am a highly qualified computer engineer.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. LANs are especially good for sharing Internet access and commonly used files and
databases.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. These computers are several years old.
_____________________________________________________________________

b. Forma negativa

6. Networking is not something you can master in a week or even a month.

_____________________________________________________________________
7. The new programs are not running smoothly.
_____________________________________________________________________

c. Forma interrogativa

8. Are you an IT student?

_____________________________________________________________________

9. Is the program ready?

_____________________________________________________________________

2.3 La estructura there + be: Existencia de algo/alguien en un lugar (= hay)

Ejemplos:

1. There is an interesting book about this subject in the library.

_____________________________________________________________________

2. There are different types of computers.

_____________________________________________________________________

25/26b
El verbo be, en la frase there + be concuerda con lo que sigue:
Para formar preguntas, se invierte el orden:

3. Is there information about this issue in the journal?

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Are there any new books in the library?

_____________________________________________________________________

Para formar el negativo se agrega not

5. There is not time for that.

_____________________________________________________________________

6. There are not any students today.

_____________________________________________________________________

25/26b
2.4 El Presente Simple de los dems verbos.

1. I live on the university campus.

_____________________________________________________________________
2. We work at the largest company in town.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. IT students live on the university campus.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Anna Brown works in his office Mondays and Fridays.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. He studies 3 hours a day.
_____________________________________________________________________

Ejemplos de preguntas:

6. Do you have a Masters Degree in Computer Engineering?

_____________________________________________________________________
7. Does the class have a test today?
_____________________________________________________________________

Ejemplos de negaciones:

8. Our employees do not work 12 hours a day.

_____________________________________________________________________
9. The technician does not work at the weekend.
_____________________________________________________________________

27/28b
2.5 El presente Continuo - am/is/are + forma ing

1. We are conducting research on the new software limitations.

_____________________________________________________________________
2. Dr. Howel is lecturing on the advantages of open source applications.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. I am finishing my report on traditional software.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Are you working on a grant?
_____________________________________________________________________
5. What time is the Chair opening the meeting?
_____________________________________________________________________
6. These professionals are not developing a new technique, theyre improving it.
_____________________________________________________________________

30/31b
2.6 El Presente Perfecto - have/has + participio

Ejemplos:

1. We have proved that the new model is more reliable.

_____________________________________________________________________
2. Our center has produced three volumes with technical resources for developing
countries.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. We have been members of the Association for ten years.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. How long have you had this laptop?
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Has the technician arrived already?
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Online shopping has not always been very popular.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. The students have not completed their studies yet.
_____________________________________________________________________

32/33b
2.7 El Pasado Simple del verbo to be

Ejemplos de afirmaciones:

1. Perhaps the first input device was the simple electronic switch.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Some people were worried about the dangers of using the Internet.
_____________________________________________________________________

Ejemplos de negaciones y preguntas:

3. The visitors were not from our company.

_____________________________________________________________________
4. I was not in the laboratory at 5.00 yesterday.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Was he from Buenos Aires?
_____________________________________________________________________
6. When were those students absent?
_____________________________________________________________________

34b
2.8 El Pasado Simple de los dems verbos

Ejemplos de verbos regulares:

1. The survey showed how the Internet is quickly becoming a vital part of our life.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The children used the computer for one hour every day last month.
_____________________________________________________________________

Ejemplos de verbos irregulares:

3. The Head of the Department came to our Institution last week.

_____________________________________________________________________
4. Mr. Chair made a speech.
_____________________________________________________________________

Ejemplos de preguntas:

5. Did you visit the research centre when you were there?
_____________________________________________________________________
6. When did the class have a test?
_____________________________________________________________________

Ejemplos de negaciones:

7. Our operators did not work 8 hours a day last year.

_____________________________________________________________________
8. Dr. Hunt did not lecture yesterday.
_____________________________________________________________________

35/36b
El Pasado Continuo - was/were + forma ing

Ejemplos

1. Archaeological evidence suggests that man was using computing devices in

ancient times.
_____________________________________________________________________

2. They were working so hard that they didnt realize the class was over.
_____________________________________________________________________

3. What were the faculty members doing when the news arrived?
_____________________________________________________________________

4. Was the computer working fine when it went off?

_____________________________________________________________________

5. The students were not using the lab at that time.

_____________________________________________________________________

6. She was printing a document when there was a power cut.

_____________________________________________________________________

37b
2.10 El Pasado Perfecto - had + participio

Ejemplos:

1. Several journals had determined the poor quality this system before it was
replaced by a better version.
_____________________________________________________________________

2. He lost all the files because he hadnt done any back-up.

_____________________________________________________________________

3. By 5.00 p.m., students had not finished their practice yet.

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Had you already submitted your paper when you got the invitation?
_____________________________________________________________________

38b
Los tiempos futuros

Futuro Simple - will+infinitive

Futuro Continuo - will+ be+ verbo ing
Futuro Perfecto - will have +part. pasado

Ejemplos:

1. All faculty members will attend the meeting.

_______________________________________________________________

2. When will the new software arrive?

_______________________________________________________________

3. The new code will not be ready until next week.

_______________________________________________________________

4. The staff will be working on this issue all winter.

_______________________________________________________________

5. We will have completed our research by November.

_______________________________________________________________

39b
Captulo 5
La voz pasiva Tiempo presente

Ejemplos

Computer architecture focuses on how the major elements and components within an
application are used by, or interact with, other major elements and components within
the application. The selection of data structures and algorithms is determined by
design.

Systems are usually designed with consideration for the user, the system (the IT
infrastructure), and the business goals. For each of these areas, key scenarios are
outlined and important quality attributes are identified.

5.1 Estructura

Verbo to be Participio Pasado

are used
is determined
are designed
are outlined
are identified

Comparacin: Voz activa y Voz pasiva

Voz Pasiva Voz Activa

The is by design Design determines The

selection of determined selection of
data data
structures structures
and and
algorithms algorithms
Computer are by hardware Hardware develop computer
chips developed engineers. engineers chips.

45b
Captulo 7 La Comparacin

7.1 Comparacin de dos elementos: (ms/menos.. que)

1. Memory needs to be much faster than storage.

_______________________________________________________________

2. Earlier studies have proved this fact.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Some codes are easier to write than others.

_______________________________________________________________

4. Memory is more expensive than storage per KB.

_______________________________________________________________

5. That language is better than this one.

_______________________________________________________________

7.2 Comparacin de un elemento con todos los dems de su clase: (el ms)

6. The telegraph is probably the oldest system of data communication.

_______________________________________________________________

7. The earliest study is 50 years old.

_______________________________________________________________

8. PHP is one of the most popular languages used to write web applications.
_______________________________________________________________

7.3 Comparacin en trminos de igualdad:

9. This computer is not as efficient as that one.

_______________________________________________________________

7.4 La doble comparacin:

10. The more you improve, the better youll feel.

_______________________________________________________________

54-57b
Captulo 12 Sntesis de dos temas

12. 1 Sntesis de los usos de la forma ing

a. -ing = sustantivo

1. Strategic planning = Planeamiento estratgico

2. Change in training and practice = Cambio en el entrenamiento y la prctica
3. The latest findings = Los ltimos hallazgos

b. -ing = pre-modificador de sustantivo

5. Competing activities = actividades que compiten

6. programming languages = lenguajes de programacin

c. -ing al empezar la FN

7. Working with Java = Cmo trabajar con Java

8. Improving computer performance = Mejora del rendimiento/funcionamiento de la
computadora
9. Helping users = Para ayudar a los usuarios

d. -ing detrs de preposicin = infinitivo (ar / er / ir)

10. Tips for better studying = recomendaciones para estudiar mejor

11. Strategies for overcoming barriers = estrategias para superar barreras
12. Sound advice in achieving optimal performance = buenos consejos para lograr un
rendimiento ptimo

12.2 Sntesis de los usos de by

a) Introduce el instrumento mediante el cual se logra algo

by + FN = por medio de +FN

Given that this heat must be dissipated from a chip that is about 1 cm on a side, we are
reaching the limits of what can be cooled by air.

by + forma ing = al + infinitivo / mediante + FN

I graduated in a short time by studying hard.

b) Introduce el sujeto de la accin en construcciones en voz pasiva

by + FN = por + FN

In the past, computers were only used by large organizations.

70/71b