Annotated Bibliography

Chtourou, Hamdi, and Nizar Souissi. "The effect of training at a specific time of day: a review."

The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 26.7 (2012): 1984-2005.

Discusses the benefits of exercising at different times of the day. Cites that exercising in the
morning yields higher aerobic results and typically an increased calorie burn during the day. The
only exception to this is if one is training for a race or game that takes place during a specific
time, if that is the case, the individual should exercise according to the time of their game or
race. Although it may take time to get in the pattern of consistent morning exercise, the benefits
are greater in the morning than they are at any other time. This source is helpful because most
executives only have time to exercise in the morning before their busy workday starts.
Frew, D. R., & Bruning, N. S. (1988). Improved Productivity and Job Satisfaction Through

Employee. Hospital materiel management quarterly, 9(4), 62.

Researched the effects of a company-wide exercise programs in three hospitals. Frew and
Bruning discovered that the implementation of a voluntary, company-wide exercise program had
an 8% increase in self-reported productivity from participants and managers/supervisors noticed
a 6% increase in productivity among constituents. Discusses that if a company-wide exercise
program is implemented, it should have a clear leader, monthly meetings, and an opportunity to
quantify success/benefits of exercise. The implementation of a company-wide exercise program
formatted in the way suggested by the source is the easiest way for an entire corporation to
benefit from physical fitness.
Goldsby, M. G., Kuratko, D. F., & Bishop, J. W. (2005). Entrepreneurship and fitness: An

examination of rigorous exercise and goal attainment among small business owners.

Journal of Small Business Management, 43(1), 78-92.

Examines the benefits of exercise specific to entrepreneurs. Discusses the positive correlation
between amount of running and attainment of goals by entrepreneurs. Proposes that this positive
correlation could be do with the natural tendency of runners to set goals, and that when
individuals accomplish one goal, momentum is created to accomplish more. Additionally, since
creativity is increased after exercise, an essential element to a successful entrepreneurial
business, entrepreneurs should highly consider setting exercise goals.
Haskell, W. L., Lee, I. M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., Franklin, B. A., ... & Bauman,
 A. (2007). Physical activity and public health. Updated recommendation for adults from

the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association.

Circulation.

Updates the suggested of fitness needed to be considered physically fit since 1995 definitions.
American Heart Association now strongly recommends either 30 minutes of moderate intensity
physical activity at least five days a week OR 20 minutes of vigorous physical activity at least
three days a week. Increased emphasis placed on that days of moderate and vigorous intensity
can be combined, and that exercise should consist of two days of nonconsecutive muscular
endurance exercises in addition to aerobic activity. Recommendations are made assuming that
there is some physical activity done during the day, walking to the car, walking around the office,
preparing meals, etc. If recommendations are exceeded, the benefits of exercise also begin to
drastically increase, but their suggested quota is enough to keep one healthy. The conclusions
found by this source provide a concrete list of how much exercise an individual needs to be fit.
Johnston, A. (2015, May 20). Andrew Johnston: What is the Best Business Education? Run a

Marathon. [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=oW91ATcgXVc

A Ted Talk from a community college professor who teaches a business class called Change
through Challenge where the class trains for a marathon together and attends a weekly seminar
where students discuss how their marathon training can parallel the skills needed for being a
successful businessperson. Emphasizes the importance of goal setting, consistency, and grit.
Cites that students come back claiming that completing a daunting goal, like the marathon, has
allowed them to have more confidence to better overcome adversity in their workplaces.
King, Eden B., et al. "Waistlines and Ratings of Executives: Does Executive Status Overcome

Obesity Stigma?." Human Resource Management (2014).

Explores the correlation between physical activity and workplace leadership. King et. al report
that on a scale of 1-5, the interpersonal performance and task completion for physically fit
leaders (as reported by their constituents) was a 3.92/5 compared to a 3.85/5 for physically unfit
leaders. Although the margin may appear small, it is still statistically significant. Suggests that
physical fitness could be effective in identifying high-potential employees, but study points out
that more research is necessary to further investigate this correlation. This Ted Talk, and the
success of the class, fully support the integration of exercise into the workplace.
Limbach, P., & Sonnenburg, F. (2015). Does CEO fitness matter?.
Defining a fit CEO as one who has completed a marathon within 365 days of study, Limbach
and Sonnenburg found that fit CEOs were better able to moderate stress, had improved cognitive
function while at work, increased-self-esteem, had more positive behavior at work, and had
generally higher performance compared to CEOs who werent marathon runners. Cites that fit
CEOs had a higher firm value (determined by Tobins Q), a higher return on assets, and more
cash flows. Demonstrates that the benefits of cardiovascular exercise, specifically running,
benefit both the corporation and the individual. The quantified benefits of exercise as reported in
this study provide concrete evidence to the thesis that exercise does yield positive benefits to a
business.
Lovelace, K. J., Manz, C. C., & Alves, J. C. (2007). Work stress and leadership development:

The role of self-leadership, shared leadership, physical fitness and flow in managing

demands and increasing job control. Human Resource Management Review, 17(4), 374-

387.

Observes that the benefits of exercise apply to any leader working in a high-stress environment.
Americans have spent millions of dollars as a result of work stress (between appointments,
medications, time lost in the office), and exercise is the perfect remedy to work stress.
Individuals who exercise have increased task performance due to an increased oxygen uptake so
they can recover quicker after exercise. Frequent exercisers are also more resilient to getting
sick, which means less sick days. Additionally, frequent exercisers are reported to be more
enjoyable to work with because they are in better moods due to the increased production of
serotonin and endorphins during exercise. As a result, any and all leaders should personally
inquire about how exercise can help them in their jobs.
Neck, C. P., & Cooper, K. H. (2000). The fit executive: Exercise and diet guidelines for

enhancing performance. The Academy of Management Executive, 14(2), 72-83.

Even though 2/3 of the top 3,000 companies named by Fortune 500 report exercising at least
three times a week, that 66% should know how to exercise so they can have maximum benefits.
The Academy of Management Executive operationally defines effective executive exercise into
exercise that contains: endurance, strength, and flexibility. Endurance exercise is aerobic exercise
to enhance cardiovascular endurance. Strength exercise is weight-bearing exercise done twice a
week on nonconsecutive days to retain muscle mass. Finally, flexibility exercise is stretching
before and after a workout to provide an increased range of motion, lower change of injury, and
increased relaxation. This operational definition is extremely helpful for maximizing physical
fitness while exercising.
Neck, C. P., Mitchell, T. L., Manz, C. C., Cooper, K. H., & Thompson, E. C. (2000).
 Observations-Fit to lead: is fitness the key to effective executive leadership?. Journal of

Managerial Psychology, 15(8), 833-841.

Although leaders are busy, many important individuals who could use more than 24 hours in a
day, like George Bush and Al Gore report that they gain a few more hours of productivity after a
morning run or weightlifting session. This is because people who exercise three times a week
have enhanced job performance in high-stress jobs. Real estate brokers who participated in a
voluntary exercise program for 12 weeks had greater commissions and expenditures during and
after the 12 weeks compared to those who declined participation in the program. These
quantifiable results point to concrete evidence of the benefits of physical fitness in the
workplace.