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Projeto
Os materiais tm um impacto
atravs de todo o ciclo de vida
das aeronaves, desde a fase
de concepo inicial at a Manuteno Fabricao
fabricao e certifico,
operaes de vo e
manuteno , finalmente,
descarte /reciclagem no fim
do ciclo de vida.
Operaes de Certificao
voo
2.1 A IMPORTNCIA DOS MATERIAIS AEROESPACIAIS
It is estimated that there are more than 120 000 materials from
which an aerospace engineer can choose the materials for the
airframe and engine.
The number is growing at a fast pace as new materials are developed with
unique or improved properties.
2.3 INTRODUO AOS PRINCIPAIS MATERIAIS
AEROESPACIAIS
Boeing 747-200
2.3 INTRODUO AOS PRINCIPAIS MATERIAIS
AEROESPACIAIS
2.3 INTRODUO AOS PRINCIPAIS MATERIAIS
AEROESPACIAIS
2.3 INTRODUO AOS PRINCIPAIS MATERIAIS
AEROESPACIAIS
Solar impulse 2
2.3 INTRODUO AOS PRINCIPAIS MATERIAIS
AEROESPACIAIS
aluminium alloys;
titanium alloys;
steels;
nickel-based alloys
and composites.
2.3 INTRODUO AOS PRINCIPAIS MATERIAIS
AEROESPACIAIS
magnesium alloys ;
fibremetal laminates;
metal matrix composites;
woods;
ceramics for heat insulation (isolamento trmico) for rockets and spacecraft;
and radar absorbing materials for military aircraft.
2.3 INTRODUO AOS PRINCIPAIS MATERIAIS
AEROESPACIAIS
Our focus is on the materials used in aircraft structures and jet engines,
and not the nonstructural materials which, although important to
aircraft operations, are not required to support loads.
2.3 INTRODUO AOS PRINCIPAIS MATERIAIS
AEROESPACIAIS
Figure 1.3 shows the types and amounts of
structural materials in various types of
modern civil and military aircraft.
Figure 1.3 shows the types and amounts of
structural materials in various types of
modern civil and military aircraft.
2.3.1 ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is the material of choice for most aircraft structures, and has been since it replaced
wood as the common airframe material in the 1920s/1930s.
Other Aluminum
materials 50%
30% Other
materials
Aluminium 50%
70%
2.3.1 ALUMINIUM
The properties of aluminium are tailored for specific structural applications; for example:
2.3.2 TITANIUM
moderate weight,
high structural properties (e.g. stiffness, strength,
toughness, fatigue),
excellent corrosion resistance,
and the ability to retain their mechanical properties at high
temperature.
2.3.2 TITANIUM
Ti
10% Ti
25%
Ti
35%
Other
Other
Other 65%
75%
90%
2.3.2 TITANIUM
Titanium alloys account for 2530% of the weight of modern jet engines,
and are used in components required to operate to 400500 C.
Engine components made of titanium include fan blades, low-pressure
compressor parts, and plug and nozzle assemblies in the exhaust section.
2.3.3 MAGNESIUM
Magnesium is one of the lightest metals, and for this reason was a
popular material for lightweight aircraft structures.
However, steel is not used in large quantities for several reasons, with
the most important being its high density, nearly three times as dense as
aluminium and over 50% denser than titanium.
Other problems include the susceptibility of some corrosion and
embrittlement.
2.3.5 SUPERALLOYS
Superalloys are a group of nickel, ironnickel and cobalt alloys used in jet
engines.
These metals have excellent heat resistant properties and retain their:
stiffness,
strength,
toughness
corrosion resistance
oxidation resistance
and dimensional stability
at temperatures much higher than the other aerospace structural
materials.
Composites are:
lightweight
high stiffness,
high strength
high fatigue performance
are made of continuous fires (usually carbon) in a polymer matrix
(usually epoxy).
2.3.5 FIBREPOLYMER COMPOSITES
Along with aluminium, carbon fiber composite is the most commonly used
structural material for the airframe of aircraft and helicopters.
Composites are lighter and stronger than aluminium alloys,
but they are expensive;
2.3.6 FIBREMETAL LAMINATES