Society and Culture

Society, Culture and Family Planning with Population Education
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the systematic study of social behaviour and human groups. It focuses
primarily on the influence of social relationships upon peoples attitudes and
behaviour and on how societies are established and change.
DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY
George Simmel - it is a subject which studies human inter-relationship.
Max Weber it is a science which attempts imperative understanding of

social actions.
Sorokin - sociology is a study first of all the relationship and correlations

between various classes, second between the social and non social aspects of
life and, third it studies general characteristics common to all classes of
society.
DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY
Ogburn - sociology is concerned with the study of social life and its relations
to the factors of culture, natural environment, heredity and group.
Emile Durkheim - It is the science of collective representation.
E.S Bugardus - Sociology may be defined as the study of the ways in which
social experiences function in developing, maturing and repressing human
beings through inter-personal stimulations.
WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY?
To obtain factual information about our society and different aspects of our
social life.
To understand our society and to analyse the social factors causing problems.
To learn the application of scientific methodology.
To enhance broad-mindedness and tolerance of the ways of the other people.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
According to Charles Wright Mills, it is the ability to see the relation

between our personal life and the social world.
SOCIOLOGY IS A SCIENCE?
According to Robert Stead sociology is a social science and not a natural

science, because it deals with human beings and social phenomena.
SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES
Anthropology is the study of humanity and the similarities and diversity of

culture.
Psychology it is mainly interested in a wide range of mental,
psychological, and behavioural processes.
Economics concerned with the human activities related to the production,

consumption, and distribution of goods, services, and wealth within societies.
Political Science concerned with the history and theory of government.
History the study of past events of human beings.
Forces in Mans Environment
Man cannot live alone by himself. He is in direct contact with numerous forces in his
environment, making him interacting being.
Social forces
Physical forces
Biological forces
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY
EUROPE
Auguste Comte (French)
- he coined term sociology which derived from the Latin word socius
(social/being with others), and Greek logos (study/science).
- Father of Sociology
He believed that in order to improve society the theoretical science of society

should be developed and a systematic investigation of behaviour should be
carried.
- Positive Philosophy a book summarizes the stages of development of all

knowledge about humanity.
Karl Marx (Germany)
- In Marxs analysis, society was fundamentally divided between two classes i.e.
Bourgeoisie and Proletariat who have opposite interests. In his examination of
industrial society, he saw the factory as the centre of conflict between the exploiters
(the owners of the means of production and the exploited (the workers).
Emile Durkheim (France)
- He was the first professor of Sociology in the University of Paris. He taught

and became a prolific writer and critic.
- He asserted that behaviour must be understood in that larger social context,

rather an individual action.
- Division of Labour in the Society rapid social change and specialized

division of labour produce strains in society.
- Suicide showed the relationship between the individual and the society
when the values of life become dangerous.
Max Weber (Germany)
His studies on capitalism , industrialization and bureaucracy.
Capitalism caused by religious attitudes toward work and materialism
Industrialization was brought about by the changing social order in

Europe.
Bureaucracy is an organizational system needed for efficiency.
Herbert Spencer
- His theory of social evolution espoused the idea that societies develop
from relative homogeneity and simplicity to heterogeneity and complexity.
(survival of the fittest)
UNITED STATES
1. Lester Ward believed that social progress is possible only through intelligent
social action. He advocated the use of scientific knowledge to guide the
restructuring of society towards improvement.
PHILIPPINES
- It was introduced in the Philippines after the Spanish Regime.
- It was followed by American educators named A.W Salt and Murray Barlett
(UP-D),Clyde Heflin (Silliman University in Dumaguete).
- Some Filipino educators named Condrado Benitez and Luis Rivera also
taught sociology in western orientation.
- Serafin N. Macaraeg view sociology as a problem-oriented discipline using

scientific view but wasnt successful.
APPROACHES IN SOCIOLOGY
Sociology started when people forst began to make observation about each
others behavior. Sociology as a science is a body of organized, verified knowledge
which has been secured through scientific investigation. Sociology as a science
rejects myths, hearsay, folklore, and wistful thinking and bases its inclusion on
empirical evidences.
Evolutionary Approach
This approach seemed to offer satisfying explanation of how human groups

come to exist, grow and develop.
Sociologist using evolutionary approach as a frame of reference look for
patterns of change. The change may be seen in the context of the development
cycle or in terms of levels or stages of completeness.
Interactionist Approach
Suggest no grand theories of society since society and social political

institutions are conceptual abstractions ad only people and their interactions can be
studied directly.
It is said that people interact mainly through symbols which include signs,
gestures, and most importantly written and spoken word.
Functionalist Approach
Views Society as an organized network of cooperating groups operating

orderly according to generally accepted norms.
Conflict Perspective
It is most directly from the book of karl Marx.
Conflict between classes for ownership of productive, wealth.
View society as one that is held together through the power of dominant
groups.
SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
GOALS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
To understand the observable social world.
To test or verify a hypothesis.
To present repetitive human pattern of behaviour according to logically

related hypothesis and supported by empirical evidence.
To be meaningful.
STEPS IN CONDUCTING SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Define the research problem and review related literature.
Formulate the hypothesis.
Plan the research design.
Gather the data.
Analyse the data.
Check or verify the results.
Communicate the results to others.
METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN IN SOCIOLOGY

Experimental Method it is a method for studying the relation between
two or more variables under highly controlled conditions.
Survey Research it involves a systematic and large-scale collection of

information from people and about the people through the use of
questionnaire.
Field Research (Participant Observation) the researcher/s goes to the field

lives with the people for some months, and participates in their activities in
order to know and feel their culture.
TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Observation it uses various senses in studying a social phenomenon or

social behaviour. It can be overt or covert.
Interviews
Structured interview the researcher followed a more definite order of

questions.
Unstructured interview the researcher leaves the it to the key informants to

guide the conversation.
- Interview can also be guided by a questionnaire.
Historical Research this involves the continuous and systematic search

for information and knowledge about past events related to the life of a
person, a group, society, or the world.
TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Life History study of personal life of a person.
Case Study an extensive examination of a specific group over a long

period of time is carried out. Ex. A case study of a drug addict, a prostitute, a
professional or a gang.
Use of films and Tape recorder used to gain more accurate data such as
the visual information and to preserve in formation.
SOCIETY AND GROUP
EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY
A) Hunting and Gathering Society
- It is the oldest and the simplest form of society. It was also characterized by a
small and sparse population and having a nomadic way of life and a very
primitive technology. They have the most primitive tools such as stone axes,
spears and knives. (e.g. Eskimo tribe)
B) Horticultural Society
- It was associated with the elementary discovery that plants can be grown
from seeds. While herding is common in areas with poor soil, horticultural is
more common as means of subsistence in regions with fertile soil.(e.g. Masai
tribe in Kenya)
EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY
Agricultural or Feudal Society
- This society introduced the harnessing of animal power. The mode of

production of the hunter gathering society which produces none of its food,
and the horticultural society which produces food in small gardens rather
than big fields. (e.g. early Egyptian society)
Industrial Society
- This is a society based on the modern scientific knowledge. (e.g. European

modern era)
Post-Industrial Society
- It described the economic and social changes in the late twentieth century.
SOCIAL GROUPS
Society
- It includes the totality of social organizations and the complex network of

interconnected, interdependent, and overlapping social relationships.
- A large social grouping whose members share the same geographical

territory and are subject to the political authority and dominant cultural
expectations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUPS
Collection of individuals.
Interaction among members.
Mutual awareness.
We-feeling.
Group unity and solidarity.
Common interests.
Group norms.
Size of the groups.
Groups are dynamics.
Stability.
Clusters of the Society
Aggregates a number of persons cluster but do not interact with each

other.
Social Category the groups whose members may never met and do not
interact socially, but possess common identifying status characteristics.
Collectivity temporary group like crowds, masses, public, and social
movements interacting with each other, but the interactions are passing or
short-lived.
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
PRIMARY GROUP
- They are characterized by intimacy,sympathetic understanding and

friendliness among the members.
- The small face-to-face structures, where personalities are fused into common
whole.
SECONDARY GROUP
- They tend to impose the patterns of conformity on their members.
- They serve to offset the prejudices or vested control of the immediate locality.
- This may be observed in the planning of business, labour, economic, political and
religious organizations.
GEMEINSCHAFT
- Close communal relationship or community.
- It is a community of intimate, private, and exclusive living and familism.
- They live and work together and share a common language, traditions, and
customs which are not questioned.
GESSELSCHAFT
- Organized impersonal relationship or society.
- There is division of labour, specialization, functional dependence, and

solidarity or cohesion are achieved.
- The members are guided by rational will characterized by forethought and

deliberation.
IN-GROUP
- The individual identifies and which gives on her a sense of belonging,

solidarity, camaraderie, espirits de corps, and a protective attitude towards
the other members.
- we are in
OUT-GROUP
- It is a group which an individual is in sufficient contact with as to be aware of

its existence, but he or she is prone to criticize.
- they are out

FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS
- They are social structures which are deliberately organized for the attainment
of specific goals which meet their most fundamental needs.
INFORMAL GROUPS
- They are within the structure of formal organizations.
- They may introduced new and unofficial goals into the group, redefine
channels of communications and interactions, or create new procedures to
get job done.
RACE AND ETHNICITY
RACE
- The classification of humans according to physical characteristics transmitted

at birth to a group of people.
- It is biological concept is determined on the basis of a groups blood line.
ETHNICITY
- The culturally defined differences between ethnic group in the society.
- It involves a sharing of culture and certain culture traits.
RACE AND ETHNICITY
Ethnic Group
- It refers to the group with common cultural backgrounds.
- The theory of definition of the situation in ethnic group relations implies

that, what is important is not the physical characteristics that identify a
group but how such relationship determine the feeling of belonging to each
other.
- The Philippine population is composed of Christian Malay(91.5%), Muslim

Malay (4%), Chinese (1.5%), and other cultural minorities (3%).
RACE AND ETHNICITY
Minority Group
- It refers to the group that is numerically lesser than the rest of the
population.
- Some features of minority group are:
a. The members suffer various disadvantages at the and of the another group.
b. They are identified by group characteristics that are socially visible.
c. It is a self-conscious group with a strong sense of oneness).
CULTURE AND ITS SOCIETY
CULTURE AND ITS SOCIETY

Culture
- It is that complex whole which includes knowledge belief, art, law, morals
custom and other capabilities and habit acquired by man as a member of
society. (Edward Taylor)
- It is the complex whole that consists of all the ways we think and do and
everything we have as member of society. (Robert Bierstadt)
Therefore, culture define as the sum total of behaviour traits which a person,
comes to acquire through instruction and learning.
Origin of culture
Culture is derived from a latin word cultura or cultus which means care or
cultivation.
FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
Culture provides behaviour patterns.
Culture defines attitudes, values and goals.
Culture gives meaning and direction to ones existence.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Culture is learned- it is not inherited biologically but learned by man in a

society.
Culture is social- it is an individual phenomena but it is a product of society.
Culture is shared- example: customs, traditions, values, beliefs are all shared.
Culture is transmitted- from one generation to another generation.
Adaptive
Symbolic
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
A. Knowledge - the total range of what has been or perceived as true. It includes:
a) Natural knowledge the accumulated facts about the natural world, including
both the biological and physical aspects.
b) Technological knowledge these are useful in dealing practical problems.
c) Supernatural knowledge the perception about the actions of gods, demons,

angels or spirits.
d) Magical knowledge perceptions about the methods of influencing

supernatural events by manipulating certain laws of nature.
B. Norms It pertains to societys standards of propriety, morality, ethics and

legality. Some examples are: eating, talking, dressing, cooking, courtship, child
rearing, working, spending leisure time and some special occasions.
- It was divided into three: folkways, mores and laws.
i. Folkways are commonly known as the customs, traditions, and conventions of

society.
Example: In the Tagalog areas, people eat three times a day with merienda in
the afternoon.
ii. Mores - norms people consider vital to their well being and most cherished
values; they are special customs with moral and ethical significance, which are
strongly held and emphasized.
Kinds of Mores
1. Positive mores/Duty - it refers to the behavior, which must and ought to be

done because they are ethically and morally good. E.g. Giving assistance to
the poor and needy.
2. Negative mores/Taboo - it refers to societal prohibitions on certain acts

which must not be done because they are not only illegal, but amoral and
unethical. E.g. incest, rape, cannibalism, murder etc
iii. Laws - these are formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate
authority. They are group expectations, which have formal sanction by the state.
Examples: Republic Acts, Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, statutes and Batas
Pambansa.
C. Ideas, Beliefs and Values
i. Ideas - the non-materials aspects of culture and embody mans conception of

his physical and cultural world. E.g. idea of a marriage, an educated person
ii. Beliefs - the persons conviction about a certain idea, it embodies peoples
perception of reality and includes the primitive ideas of the universe as well
as the scientists empirical view of the world. E.g. spirits, life after death,
superstitions
iii. Values - abstract concept of what is important and worthwhile. E.g.

nationalism, heroism
D. Material Culture - the concrete and tangible objects produced and used by
man to satisfy his varied needs and wants. It ranges from the pre-historic stone
tools and weapons to sophisticated and modern spaceships and weapons of mass
destruction. E.g. artifacts (simple man-made tools and objects such as knapped
flint, which presents evidence of an ancient culture).
E. Symbols - refers to an object, gesture, sound, color or design that represent

something other than itself . E.g. Cross for Christianity, Dove for peace.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Cultural Relativism - states that cultures differ, so that a cultural act trait, act,
idea has no meaning or function by itself, but has a meaning only within its cultural
setting.
Culture Shock - the feeling of disbelief, disorganization and frustration one

experiences when he encounters cultural patters or practices which are different
from his.
Ethnocentrism - the tendency to see the behaviors, beliefs, values, and norms of
ones owns group as the only right way of living and to judge other by those
standards.
Xenocentrism - the idea that what is foreign is best and that ones lifestyle,
products or ideas are inferior to those others.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Subculture - the smaller group which develop norms, values, beliefs and special
languages which make them distinct from the broader society.
Counterculture or contra-culture - the subgroups whose standards come in

conflict with and oppose the conventional standards of the dominant culture.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Culture Lag - the gap between the material and non-material culture.
Cultural Diversity - the differences and variety of beliefs practices, values and
meanings to each culture universal by the members of a society or by different
cultural group.
PHILIPPINE VALUES
BASIC FILIPINO VALUES
Emotional closeness and security in a family,
Approval from authority and of society.
Patience, endurance and suffering.
Pakikisama
Utang na loob
Hiya
Bahal na
Gaya-gaya
ADOPTED FILIPINO VALUES
Equal opportunity
Achievement and success
Material comfort
Practically and efficiency
Progress
Democracy and free enterprise
Freedom
Racism and group superiority
KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN PHILIPPINE WAY OF LIFE
Non-rationalism
- States that the people have to adapt themselves to nature and the forces
outside themselves.
Rationalism
- The belief that one can actively control and manipulate his or her destiny by
systematic planning, studying, and training.
Personalism
- It attach to the major importance to personal factors which guarantees

intimacy, warmth and security of kinship, and friendship in getting things
done.
Interpersonalism
- The tendency to eliminate the influence the friendship or kinship in working

situation.
Particularism
- A person concerns is centred on subgroups made up of relatives, friends,

colleagues, associates, religious affiliates of his/her ethnical regional group.
- Ethical rules
Universalism
- A persons concern is the advancement of the collective national good.
- Legal rules
DEVELOPMENT OF SELF
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Freuds Theory of Socialization
- According to Sigmund Freud, personality consisted of the three major

systems, namely: the id, ego, and superego.
A. Id is the biological component which is the source of a number of drives and

urges.
B. Ego the mediator between the needs of the individual and the real world.
C. Superego the moral arm of the personality, representing the traditional

rules, values and ideals of the society.
Stages of Development
1) Oral Stage from birth to one year old. Eating (sucking) is the major satisfaction
of this stage that gives the baby nourishment and pleasure. Freud described this
stage as one primary narcissism or self-love.
2) Anal Stage from ages one to three years. The anal zone become the centre of
the childs sexual interest. The influencing factors at this stage is toilet training.
3) Phallic Stage between the ages of three to six years. The greatest source of
pleasure comes from the sex organs. The child feels erotic desires towards the
parents of the opposite sex. (Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex)
Stages of Development
4) Latency Stage from ages six to eleven or early adolescent. Their energies are
redirected into concrete, socially acceptable pursuit such as sports, games, and
intellectual. The child possess new composure and self-control.
5) Genital Stage (Puberty) they focus on the opposite sex, look around for a
potential love-partner, prepare for marriage and adult responsibilities.
Symbolic Interactionism
- This theory poses that the self-identity is developed through the social
interaction with others, mediated by language in the process of
socialization.
Looking-Glass Self
- Charles Horton Cooley
- The ability of children to visualize themselves through the eyes of

others, to imagine how they appear to others.
- Three Elements of Looking-Glass Self
1. The imagination of how we appear to other persons.
2. The imagination of the judgement of that appearance.
3. A sort of self-feeling (pride or mortification).
Development of the Self
- George Herbert Mead expanded the idea of Cooleys idea of the social-self
by relating the idea of the self-concept to the role taking.
- Stages:
1. Play stage they acquire a sense of self when they develop the me or self-
consciousness by seeing themselves through the responses.
2. Game stage - they visualize their own action as a part of a whole pattern of
group activity.
Dramaturgical Approach
- Erving Goffman said that All the world is a stage
- The individuals are performing and acting for their audience in everyday life.
- This theory elaborated the idea of role (acting in accordance with the
expected norms attached to a particular position) and role performance
(the actual conduct of the role in accordance with the position).
Example: a priest/nun expected to be humble and compassionate
SOCIALIZATION
DEFINITIONS OF SOCIALIZATION
Socialization
- It is a life long process which enables the individual to learn the content of
her/his culture and the many behavioural patterns of the group to which s/he
belongs.
- It is process by which the helpless infant gradually becomes self aware,

knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of culture into which he or she is
born. (Anthony Giddens)
- It is a learning process of development of habits, attitudes and traits that

differentiate individual from one another. (Anderson and Parker)
PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
Stages of Process of Socialization
1. Imitation - self-conscious assumption of anothers acts or roles.
2. Suggestion the process of communicating information which has not logical

or self-evident basis.
3. Identification the child cannot make a difference between his/her own

organism and the environment.
4. Language - It is the medium of social interaction.
AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION
Family
- The family is a permanent, the most complete and primary institution that
looks after the needs of an individual. It is usually the most influential group
in the childs life.
Church
- The children are brought to the church by their parents as early as infancy
and are initiated early into saying their prayers and forming a notion of God.
School
- It was considered to be an important formal setting where the child spends

many hours together with friends and teachers.
Peer Group
- Peer group refers to people of almost the same who share similar interests.
The informal grouping of two or more members, more or less of the same
age, neighbourhood, or school.
Workplace
- Occupation brings about reality in front of the person as the individual earns
for survival to fulfil his ambition. Personal goals and basic needs are fulfilled.
Mass Media
- It refers to all instruments of communication such as television, radio,

newspapers, magazines, movies, and records. Media imparts information
through audio visual and print.
- Its function are primarily to inform, entertain, and educate.
GENDER SOCIALIZATION
First three word for a new born baby:
Its a boy or Its a girl
Sex
- Refers to the biological or anatomical differences between males and

females.
Gender
- The psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and

females.
Gender socialization begins from the moment that the baby was born.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Family
- The simplest form of social institution each members have its own role in the
society. It unites the individuals into cooperative group to oversee the bearing
and raising of children.
- The family is built on kinship based on blood, marriage, and adoption.
- It consists of a social structure providing a more or less stable framework for

the performance of reciprocal roles and of certain functions to make the
relationship enduring..
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on internal organization/membership
A. Nuclear Family
- It is composed of a husband and his wife and their children in a union

recognized by the other members of the family. A nuclear family classified
into two:
1. Family of Orientation (origin) the family into which one is born, and where
one is reared or socialized.
2. Family of Procreation the family established through marriage and consists

of a husband, a wife, sons and a daughter.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
B. Extended Family
- It is composed of two or more nuclear families, economically and socially

related to each other.
- The extensions may be through the parent-child relationship; where the

unmarried and married children lives with their families live with their
parents.
- This type of family emphasizes independent residence, strong allegiance to

the members, romantic love, and sexual attraction.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based of Structure
A. Conjugal Family
- The spouse and their offspring as of prime importance and which has a fringe
comparatively unimportant relatives. Marital bond is emphasized.
B. Consanguine Family
- The nucleus of blood relatives as more important than the spouses. Blood
relationships formed during are emphasized.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Descent
A. Patrilineal
- Descent affiliates a person with a group of relatives through his or her father.
B. Matrilineal
- Descent affiliates a person with a group of relatives related through his or her
mother.
C. Bilateral
- Descent affiliates a person with a group of relatives related both to his and her
parents.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Residence
A. Patrilocal
- The newly weds are expected to live in the same house close to the grooms
family and common in rural areas.
- This is consistent with the expectation of society that a man must always provide
for the needs of his family.
B. Matrilocal
- The wife brings her husband to her parents house. This is most common
when the wife is the only child/daughter or the last of the offspring to get
married.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Residence
C. Neolocal
- The couple established residence independent and far form their parents
residence.
- This is most prevalent in the urban areas and couples are financially stable.
D. Bilocal
- The couple has the option to live either with the brides or grooms family.
- The couple resorted to this method if they are financially stable.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
Based on Authority
A. Patriarchal Family
- It gives the oldest male (husband-male) control over the rest of the members.
This is most dominant in many societies since the biblical times.
- The males speak for the familial group with regard to property relationship,
legal obligations, and criminal offenses.
B. Matriarchal Family
- An extremely rare phenomenon, which is a system where the wife-mother has the
authority and power over husband-father.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Family
C. Egalitarian Family
- The authority is divided more or less between husband and wife. This is
promoted by the bilateral system of descent.
D. Matricentric Family
- The father commutes to work and his absence gives the mother a dominant
position in the family, although the father may also share with the mother in
decision-making.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Economy
- It refers to the structuring and functioning of the development and utilization

of human and natural resources in the production, processing, distribution,
and consumption and material goods and services.
- It can influence habits, skills, knowledge, expectations, motivations,

aspirations, and ideology.
- It also affects social norms, values, and personal relationships within the
society.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Economic Systems
Capitalism it focuses on the right to own private property, to invest it as

capital productive enterprises, and to obtain profits form each investment.
Socialism based on the set political theories that espouses the collective
ownership of the means of productions and distribution of goods.
Communism it is a social, political, and economic system whereby

property is publicly owned.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Function of Economy
1. Provides physical subsistence necessary for group survival in a society.
2. Generates social changes for the continuity of society.
3. Maintain a balance with the other social systems and its social subsystems in
the production, processing, distribution, and consumption of economic goods
and services.
4. Indicates the nature of social stratification in the society, social class, and
mobility differences.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Religion
- It is a universal and widespread phenomenon, a part of the cultural system.

- It is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, uniting
into a single, moral community all those who adhere to those beliefs and
practices. (Durkheim)
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Elements of Religion
1. Beliefs set of institutionalized beliefs and practices dealing with the

ultimate meaning of life. (e.g. engkanto)
2. The sacred (reverence) and the profane (irreverence)
3. Rituals (prayers, songs etc.) and ceremonies (baptism, wedding etc.)
4. Moral community the believers of the religions who shares common

beliefs, rituals, and subjective experiences to heighten up group
identification.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Functions of Religion
Functionalist Perspective
Religion provides explanation the unknown and some measure of certainty in

an unknown world.
Religion gives meaning and purpose to certain beliefs and provides people
with a perspective for looking at the world.
Religion integrates and maintains the fundamental values form the ultimate
values of the Supreme Being to the subordinate, material, and practical
values.
Religion allays the fears and anxieties of an individual by reassuring them of

the care and protection of their deity
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Religion has an integrative function and is means of social cohesion or group

solidarity.
Religion performs welfare, education and recreation functions.
Religion serves as a means of social control.
Religion legitimizes the foundation of the societys culture and integrates the
value system of society.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Social-Conflict Perspective
Religion is the opiate of the people. It can provide unity for those with the
faith, but it can spur conflict between opposing religious group. (Karl Marx)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

It focused their attention on micro-level analysis and examines the meanings
and significance of the teaching, doctrines, and symbols of religions in an
individuals life. The religious symbols come to the fore and one gains
strength or courage danger and even death.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Religious Institutions
Church
- It is a type of religious organization that is well integrated into the larger

society with well established rules and doctrines.
- A church generally accepts the norms and values of the society and
frequently regards itself as the guardian of the established social order.
- It identifies with the state and is integrated with the social, political and
educational functions.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Types of Religious Institutions
Sect
- A highly cohesive group of believers who strictly adhere to a religious

doctrine and reject many beliefs and practices of the general society and
replace them with beliefs and practices which may appear strange to the non
believer.
Cult
- It is a religious organization often inspired by a charismatic leader and largely

outside a societys cultural tradition. People voluntarily follow a leader who
preaches new beliefs and practices.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Political Institutions
- It is the social arrangements for legislating and enforcing laws, and providing
social services like education, public health, and welfare, distributing public
funds, collecting taxes, conducting foreign affairs, and deciding on issues of
war and peace.
- It involves the theory, art, and practice of government.
- They consist of relatively stable cluster of norms, statuses, and roles that are
involved in the acquisition and exercise of power and decision-making.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
State and Government
State
- It is organized under a government that exercises authority over its subjects

with the legitimate monopoly of physical force, to imprison and even
executes members within its jurisdiction. The state exercises its political
authority through governments at the national, state and local levels.
Government
- It is a complex legal system that has the power and authority to carry out the
functions of the state. The government consists of the legislature, executive
and judiciary.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Basis of Power in Philippine Politics
Voting right to suffrage (Art. V)
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Power beyond the Law
People Power large gathering of unarmed people united by set of political

call.
Corruption impedes sustainable development, robs the children of today of

the resources they will need to survive.
Terrorism acts of violence or the threat of violence employed by an

individual or group as a political strategy.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Education
- It defined as a preparation for effective participation in social relation. It is the

controlled process whereby changes in behaviour are produced in the person
on a group.
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Functions of Education
To transmit the cultural heritage.
To help individuals select social roles and to train them for the roles they have
chosen.
To integrate into the cultural mainstream the various sub-cultures and

identities
To serve as source of social and cultural innovation.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
- It is perpetuated by the way wealth, power, and prestige are distributed and
passed on from one generation to the next.
- The presence of the following were observed:
1. Inequality - the unequal distribution of scarce goods or resources, exists in

many different types of cultures.
2. Social differentiation - how people vary according to social characteristics.
3. Social stratification - how people are ranked according to the scarce

resources they control.
Class Status
- It defined as the rank or position in a social hierarchy. The status may be
classified as:
i. Ascribed
- Assigned at birth
- Caste system - It represents a rigid form of stratification based on hereditary

status, traditional occupation and restrictions on social relationships.
i. Achieved
- Earned by performance.
- Class system - It is the classification of people based on their economic

positions in society.
Types of Stratification System
Open Stratification System
- Stratification system in which merit rather than inheritance (ascribed

characteristics) determines social rank .
- It allows for social change.
- It is reflected in a meritocracy.
- Positions are achieved, not ascribed.
- Characterized by equal opportunity and high social mobility (movement up or

down a social hierarchy).
Social Rank in Open Stratification System
Class the position in an economic hierarchy occupied by individuals or

families with similar access to, or control over, material resources (e.g.,
working class, professional class).
Class structure - relatively permanent economic hierarchy comprising

different social classes.
Socioeconomic status - the persons general status within an economic

hierarchy, based on income, education, and occupation.
Closed Stratification System
- Stratification system in which inheritance rather than merit determines social

rank.
- Little social change possible.
- Reflected in a caste system.

- Positions are ascribed, not achieved.
- Characterized by little social mobility.
Social Mobility in Closed Stratification System
- Is the changing ones social position, occurs in a variety of ways.
Upward Mobility -the change to a higher rank.
Downward Mobility the movement to a lower rank.
Intergenerational Mobility - the change of peoples class or status within their

own lifetime experience.
Intergenerational Mobility - the movement between generations, usually

measured by comparing the positions of parents and children.
Gender and Age
Gender Stratification - women all across the globe have been accorded
inferior position in comparison to men. Men have had and continue to have
more physical and social power and status than women in the public sphere.
(Sexism)
Age Stratification - it refers to the social ranking of individuals at different

stages in their lives. There is unequal distribution of wealth, power and
privileges among people at different stages in the life course. (Ageism)
DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
Deviant Behaviour
- The behaviour that violates norms.
- It varies in different cultures or in a given culture in a period of time.
Deviant
- The expression of radical or unusual political or religious belief.
Deviance
- The function of the pigment of a particular group who observe the behaviour.
EXPLANATION FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
Biological
- Being deviant is coming form physical or biological makeup.
- According to some biologist, said that deviant behaviour is a result of

aberrant genetic traits.
Psychological
- Being deviant is a result of personality disorder or maladjustment that
develops during childhood.
- It can be observe in from aggression against others or against society

because of frustration.
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO DEVIANCE
- According to Durkheim and Merton assert that deviant behaviour is a

consequence of anomie or normlessness which results from the existence of
diverse sets of norms, with none of them closely binding upon everybody.
Control Theory
- It asserts that deviance is learned. Participation in subcultures and counter-

cultures is part of the socialization process of being a deviant.
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO DEVIANCE
Conflict Theory
- The heterogeneous nature of society and the differences in the distribution of

social power lead to a struggle between social classes. The conflict between
the powerful and the weak affect the creation of deviance and societys
response to it.
Symbolic Interactionism
- As the people interact with a deviant, they acquire the techniques, motives, drive,
and attitudes appropriate to such behaviour. Labelling theory, is also belong to
this perspective explaining on how crime and deviance become defined and labelled
and the effect on a person being so labelled, especially by official agencies and
other persons.
FORMS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOUR
Drug abuse
- The use of drugs, lawful or unlawful, which result in physical, emotional,

social, or behavioural impairment.
Crime
- The violation of a norm codified into law and carries punishment for it. The result
of crime is injury to the individual and the society.
SOCIAL CHANGES
SOCIAL CHANGE
- The alterations in the patterns and regulations regarding social interaction.
- This is manifested in the rise and fall of groups, communities, or institutional

structures and functions, or changes in the statuses and roles of members in
the family, works setting, church, school, government, leisure, and other
subsystems of the social organizations.
- Its dimensions includes the transformation of culture and social institutions
over time.
- The changes in the society involves the comparisons of the past and present
in the hope for improvement, stability, or security in the future.
DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION
DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION
- Population refers to the total number of person inhibiting a country, city or

any district. It also deals with the observable and measurable data.
- Demography is the study of the size and make-up of the human population
and how it change. The main sources of demographic data are:
1. The population census, with data on age, sex, occupation, employment

status, and migration.
2. Vital registration statistics like birth, death, and marriages.
3. Sample or special surveys on households.
4. Data gathered and processed by government agencies.
MATHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION
Thomas Robert Malthus
- According to his Essay on the Principle of Population, because of the strong

attraction between the two sexes, the population could multiply rapidly and,
resulted to increase of reproduction faster than food supply.
- Also, as the population grows bigger, food production would be insufficient

and most likely, famine and overcrowding would cause widespread suffering
and disease and an increase in death rate, which is natures check on over
population.
- He suggested that an alternative is to postpone married until a much later

age so that birth rate may be decreased.
MATHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION
Two solutions (Thomas Malthus)
Positive checks to overpopulation by increasing the death rate; which include

war, famine, pestilence, and disease.
Preventive checks to prevent overpopulation by limiting the number of live

births; which include abortion, infanticide, sexual abstinence, delayed
marriage, and contraceptive use.
- This theory debated in the form of science and technology
PROCESS IN POPULATION CHANGE
Fertility
- It is the ability to produce offspring. It indicates the rate at which babies are
born. According to the demographers, women have a potential for bearing
age at age of 15 to 50.
- The fertility rate of a community was affected by some factors such as

weather, environment, religion and societal norms about children and
marriage.
Life expectancy
- The average number of years a persons is expected to live from time of birth.
It is hard to determine this accurately because local statistics on birth and
death rates are incomplete and inadequate because some data are not
registered.
PROCESS IN POPULATION CHANGE
Mortality
- The rate of death in population. A population with many old people will
naturally have a higher death rate than a comparatively young population. It
is also assumed that because women live longer than men, a population with
many women will have lower death rate.
Migration
- The movement of people for permanent residency. It includes immigration,

movement into an area, while emigration is movement out of an area. This can be
divided into pull and push factors.
MARRIAGE
Why people marry???
Age preference for marriage??
MARRIAGE
- It is the foundation of the family, an inviolable social institutions. This is also

serves as the continuation of the cultural mechanism of the family.
- Sex and sexual attraction is least consideration, but marriage makes a sexual
intercourse legitimate.
Family Code of the Philippines to Marriage
- A special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered

into in accordance with the law for the establishment of conjugal and family
life.
- As a contract, it applies to only a man and a woman, it is permanent; the law

prescribed penal and civic sanctions.
- As a status, it is created between parties.
FORMS OF MARRIAGE
Monogamy - most common and universal forms of marriage. It is involve the

union of a man and a woman.
Polygamy - the plural union where an individual is married to several
individuals at the same time. There are three types: polygyny, polyandry and
group marriage.
Adoptive - it is transferred from father to son, many wealthy family would

want to preserve their surnames.
Fictive - It is a union between two women, one old and one young.
Second marriage sororate (sister-in-law) or levirate marriage (brother-in-

law).
FORMAL REQUISITES FOR MARRIAGE

Philippines
Authority of the solemnizing officer (judge/priest)
A valid marriage license (good for 120 days only)
- The legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a
female, and the consent freely given by the couple in the presence of the
solemnizing officer.
- The minimum age for marriage is 18 years but parental consent is necessary
for those below 21 years.
- Presently, some changes in the requisites for marriage has made: a) no

license is necessary if the couple has lived as husband and wife for
at least and there is no legal impediment to their marriage.
PRINCIPLES OF MATE SELECTION
Endogamy
- It dictates that one should marry within ones clan or ethnic group.
Exogamy
- The one that marries outside ones clan or ethnic group.
Levirate
- The widows marries the brothers or nearest kin of the deceased husband.
Sororate
- The widower marries the sister or the nearest kin of the deceased wife.
CONCEPT BEYOND MONOGAMY
Husband -wife swapping - a formal organization which handles the

activities of the participating members. Parties are usually held after nine in
the evening, when the children are expected to asleep. NO ONE must have
the same sex partner for two consecutive times. The anonymity of each
member is well-maintain.
Cohabitation - relationship between single male and females living together

as husband and wife with the formal marriage.
Swingers - middle-aged men who finds pleasure in going into bars and
attracting women. They usually collect women. The opposite for Cougars.
VOID AND VIODABLE MARRIAGE
Annulment
- The process which makes the marriage contract null and void, in which case,
the law sees that no marriage has taken place. The New Family Code
recognizes the annulment of marriage bond where the parties are free to
marry again without fear of violating any law.
- The grounds for annulment are lack of parental consent of a minor

before the marriage, insanity of one party, fraud, force, intimidation
or undue influence, impotence of one party, and serious sexually
transmissible disease of the either party.
VOID AND VIODABLE MARRIAGE
Divorce
Legal separation
- This is a judicial declaration when the separation of husband and wife merely
entitles the spouse to live separately (in house or in bed), but not dissolving
the marriage.
PARENTHOOD
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATION OF THE PARENTS

Child and Welfare Code of the Philippines (PD No. 603)
Primary Rights of the Parent the parents shall have the rights to the company
of their children and, in relation to all other persons or institutions dealing with the
childs development, the primary right and obligation to provide for the upbringing.
Right under the Civil Code parent shall continue to exercise the rights
mentioned in the Article 316 to 326 of the Civil Code over the person and property
of the child.
Right to Discipline Child parents have the right to discipline the child as may be
necessary for the formation of his good character, and may therefor require from
him obedience to just and reasonable rules, suggestions and admonitions.
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES
1. To give him affection, companionship and understanding.
2. To extend to him the benefits of moral guidance, self-discipline and religious

instruction.
3. To supervise his activities, including his recreation.
4. To inculcate in him the value of industry, thrift and self-reliance.
5. To stimulate his interest in civic affairs, teach him duties of citizenship, and
develop his commitment to his country.
6. To advice him properly on any matter affecting his development and well-
being.
7. To provide him with adequate support.
8. To administer his property, according to his best interest.
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
Natural family planning
- The natural way of avoiding pregnancy by observing, recording, and

interpreting changes in the cervical mucus or basal body temperature in
order to determine the safe and unsafe days of menstrual cycle.
- The couple prevents pregnancy by avoiding unprotected vaginal sex during

most fertile days, usually by abstaining or by using condoms.
- There should be an observation of few cycles which is necessary before

effective practice of method.
METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
Calendar rhythm
- The use of calculations to determine safe and unsafe days of the menstrual
cycle, based on past cycles.
- This method is recommended for women with regular menstrual cycles ad

who feel themselves capable of following the requirements of method and for
women who cannot use artificial contraceptive.
Coitus interruptus (Withdrawal)
- The male withdraws his penis from his partner's vagina, and ejaculates
outside the vagina, keeping semen away from her external genitalia.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
DIMENSIONS AND ORIGIN OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
- It may be inferred that no society succeeds in getting all its people to behave
as expected all the time because all societies have social problems.
- A social problems exist when a significant number of people perceive an

undesirable difference between social ideals and social realities.
- In addition, a social problem involves the deviance among in the society and
natural events such as earthquake, typhoons, eruption of volcano, floods,
famine and epidemics that greatly affects the human lives in the society.
POVERTY
- It is a condition that exist when people lack the means to satisfy their basic
needs. Extreme poverty is the main cause of malnutrition and poor health.
- Sociologically, it defines as denial of choices and opportunities for living a

tolerable life. It is considered as the symptom of a social cancer.
- It is associated to criminality, breakdown of morals and socially accepted

behaviour, low educational attainment, low property values and poor life
changes.
- It has also devastating effects in the families, often forcing parents to
abandon children to seek employment in their countries, not aware of the
social costs.
CAUSES OF POVERTY
Colonial mentality
Dependence of Philippine economy on foreign capital and investment
Capitalism and exploitation
Cheap labour
Graft and corruption
Overpopulation
Unemployment and underemployment
Low and limited educational attainment and illiteracy
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Culture of poverty theory
- It is the result of cash and economy, labour wage and production for profit,
high rate of employment and underemployment of unskilled labour, low
wages and inadequate social and economic organizations to serve the low-
income bracket of population.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Dependency theory
- accordingly, poverty in underdeveloped society has been the result of a

colonial socio-economic structure. The growing of poverty among the
underdeveloped countries is due to the forced incorporation of the economy
of the developed countries.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Social Darwinist Theory
- It assumes that the assets that economic survival of any society depends, to
a large extent, on the individuals endowed with superior intelligence that will
plan, control, regulate and lead its development.
THEORIES OF POVERTY
Theory of Capitalism
- The continuous exploitation of poverty of the people to accumulate huge

profits. The poor are always sacrificed the price of technological
development.
FACES OF POVERTY
Shanties under the bridge
Brain-drain syndrome
Criminals
Prostitutions
Malnutrition
Increase of mortality rate
Rapid growth of population
- This is according to the speech of former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

during the UN Congress in New York City, last 2009.
STRATEGIES TO REDUCE POVERTY
1. Equitable and sustained economic growth.
2. Focused targeting
3. Effective and efficient delivery of public goods and base social services.
4. People empowerment
5. Long-term solution to the problems of hunger.
6. Developed literacy programs.
7. Expand employment opportunity.
Dont give them fish, instead teach them how to catch a fish
CRIME
- The problem of juvenile delinquency and crime apart to be common in all

societies. Some of the major causes of juvenile delinquency and crime are
social disorganization, poverty and broken homes.
- The Child and Youth Welfare Code explicitly defines the youth offender as
one who is over nine years but under twenty-one years of age at the time of
the commission of the offense. A child which is nine years old or under
when the offense was committed shall be exempt from criminal liability and
shall be placed in the custody of the parents, or the nearest relative, or the
family friend, in the discretion of the court and subject to its supervision.
CAUSES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
1. Social Organization the desire for power, wealth and prestige, the
atmosphere where fear, hate, antagonism and hostility are prevalent are
elegant manifestation of social or disorganization.
2. Poverty exist when the people didnt satisfy his/her basic needs.
3. Broken Home the separation of husband and wife brought about by war,
migration, imprisonment, employment outside the country, marital discord,
bickering, infidelity, and lack of trust that consequently lead to legal
separation.
PREVENTION OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Individual Programs
Individual Behaviour Therapy aims to modify the behaviour of the
delinquent by changing the environment in which the behaviour occurs.
Social Skills Training
- It focused on micro-skills, such as eye contact and body postures; macro

skills, such as negotiating with and handling encounters with the police
authority; and institutional behaviour, such as avoiding fights and other forms
of brawls.
PREVENTION OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Cognitive Behaviour Programs
Self-control and self-instruction
Anger control
Role Taking
- The program designed to encourage young male delinquents to see

themselves from the perceptive of other people to develop their own role-
taking activities.
Social Problem-solving
- It includes the skills of sensibility to interpersonal problems, the ability to choose

the desired outcome of a social exchange (means-end thinking).
PROSTITUTIONS
- Prostitution as a social problem is considered as old as mankind. It is the sale

and purchase of sexual relations.
- This is the act or practice of engaging in sexual relations in consideration for

money.
TYPES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Female Prostitutes they are usually seen in bar or street and sometimes calls as
street walkers or hookers. In some cases, there were a called as high class
prostitutes known as the escort girls and guest relation officers, sometime they
are working as sauna attendants, night club hostesses, hospitality girls, escorts and
models.
Male Prostitutes prostitutes that cater principally to homosexual males.
They can be seen roaming around in conspicuous places with no apparent purpose
like department stores, shopping malls, lobbies, and even hotels and gay bars
where homosexuals act as masseurs and escorts.
TYPES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Child Prostitution
- This common to some foreign tourists coming from different countries and
want to experience what our country can offer. The issue of pedophilia
surprising nowadays, since we have always read the fresh victim of
prostitutions.
- It assumes that broken homes can make people shy way from normal adult
heterosexual relationship since children are less threatening and more
passive sex partners.
- I may also inferred that when the child prostitute grows up, he/she likely to
become a pedophile.
CAUSES OF PROSTITUTIONS
Poverty
- Being hopeful of a better life, so they sacrifice everything in exchange of

money.
Illegal recruitment
- Sometimes young people from rural areas are the target of illegal
recruitment, a promise of better job and better life makes them involve in
prostitution without knowing than they were became one.
Lack of education and information
- The promise of a good-paying job, aside from other benefits like free board
and lodging, beautiful dresses and expensive jewelry become the motivating
factors why they are trapped into the illicit trade.
Why prostitutes stay in their job?
1. For a better life until they meet someone who is willing take them out of this
job.
2. Enjoyment; they find it easy, glamorous and less demanding.
3. Maintenance of fabulous life.
4. Income higher than housemaids.
5. They were forced to this kind of job because of extreme poverty.
6. No available jobs for survival.
7. Broken homes.
8. Being loners during adolescence.
EFFECTS OF PROSTITUTION
1. Promotes and facilitates the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.
2. Health problems among prostitutes.
3. Drug addiction that lead to commit crimes.
4. It violates the monogamy which is sharing of sex with only one partner.
5. Psychological demanding and adventurous to their partners for satisfaction.
To have and to hold...to love and to cherishfor better and for worsttill
death do us part
Battered Women
- A battered woman is a person who suffers not only physical or verbal pain
inflicted on her by her partner but also deep psychological and emotional
effect of the abuse.
Forms of Battering
Physical
- It consists of a single, manual act or a series of different act, or a combination

of assault with the use of weapons. Specific methods include slapping,
kicking even if she was pregnant, strangling and shoving her on the floor,
banging her he head against the wall, throwing hard objects, pouring boiling
water, poking the eyes, burning with cigarette, hitting with a gun, and forcibly
injecting a drugs.
Psychological
- It consists of various threats, intimidation and sorts of verbal abuse. These include
threat to kill, abandonment, use of degrading words, public humiliation, openly
siding with the relatives against her, forcing to have children abortion, and
withdrawing abortion.
Forms of Battering
Sexual
- It includes demanding sex regardless of her condition, forcing her to perform

an unacceptable sex act, forcing her to watch pornographic materials video
shows, catching him performing sex with another woman in their own house
and forcing her and his mistress to live and sleep with him together.
Economic
- It includes denial or withdrawal of financial support or prohibiting her handling

money, husbands total control over conjugal financial resources, even controlling
the womans earning and using the household money for gambling, drinking or
drugs.
Why Women Stay in Abusive Relationship?
Dependency on financial support and emotional bonds including the sake of

their children.
The abused fall in love with the soft side of the abuser,
The abused person still believed that the behaviour will change eventually.
Fear and to avoid social stigma of being separated.
Note: Read the poem I Got Flowers Today by Paulette Kelly and reflect on it. :-)
A Potential Women Beater
He hurts you on purpose.
He has a scary temper.
He puts you down.
He cuts off from your friends.

He swings back and forth form sweet to mean, then back.
He blames you for his anger.
He panics at the idea of breaking up.
He encourages you not to enjoy life.
He checks upon you.
He calls you names.
Unemployment and Underemployment
- Unemployment is the condition where one who is able and willing to work
dies not have a job, while, underemployment was characterized by workers
whose educational qualifications, training, experience and skills do not match
the nature of the job they do.
- The unemployment condition in the Philippines has increased an alarming

rate; and afflicts the lives of many people.
Other Social Problems and Issues
Family, Legal Separation, and Broken Homes
Unwed mothers and illegitimate child
Abortion
Malnutrition
Street-children and Child labour/abuse
Sexual harassment, Pedophilia and Incest
Gambling
Squatting
Floods
Human Trafficking
Peace and Order

Society and Culture

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Society and Culture

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Society, Culture and Family Planning with Population Education

George Simmel - it is a subject which studies human inter-relationship.

Max Weber it is a science which attempts imperative understanding of

Sorokin - sociology is a study first of all the relationship and correlations

Emile Durkheim - It is the science of collective representation.

WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY?

To learn the application of scientific methodology.

To enhance broad-mindedness and tolerance of the ways of the other people.

THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION

According to Charles Wright Mills, it is the ability to see the relation

According to Robert Stead sociology is a social science and not a natural

SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES

Anthropology is the study of humanity and the similarities and diversity of

Economics concerned with the human activities related to the production,

Political Science concerned with the history and theory of government.

History the study of past events of human beings.

Forces in Mans Environment

Auguste Comte (French)

He believed that in order to improve society the theoretical science of society

- Positive Philosophy a book summarizes the stages of development of all

Karl Marx (Germany)

Emile Durkheim (France)

- He was the first professor of Sociology in the University of Paris. He taught

- He asserted that behaviour must be understood in that larger social context,

- Division of Labour in the Society rapid social change and specialized

Max Weber (Germany)

His studies on capitalism , industrialization and bureaucracy.

Capitalism caused by religious attitudes toward work and materialism

Industrialization was brought about by the changing social order in

Bureaucracy is an organizational system needed for efficiency.

- It was introduced in the Philippines after the Spanish Regime.

- Serafin N. Macaraeg view sociology as a problem-oriented discipline using

This approach seemed to offer satisfying explanation of how human groups

Suggest no grand theories of society since society and social political

Views Society as an organized network of cooperating groups operating

It is most directly from the book of karl Marx.

Conflict between classes for ownership of productive, wealth.

GOALS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

To understand the observable social world.

To test or verify a hypothesis.

To present repetitive human pattern of behaviour according to logically

STEPS IN CONDUCTING SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY

Define the research problem and review related literature.

Formulate the hypothesis.

Plan the research design.

Gather the data.

Analyse the data.

Check or verify the results.

Communicate the results to others.

METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN IN SOCIOLOGY

Survey Research it involves a systematic and large-scale collection of

Field Research (Participant Observation) the researcher/s goes to the field

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY

Observation it uses various senses in studying a social phenomenon or

Structured interview the researcher followed a more definite order of

Unstructured interview the researcher leaves the it to the key informants to

- Interview can also be guided by a questionnaire.

Historical Research this involves the continuous and systematic search

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY

Life History study of personal life of a person.

Case Study an extensive examination of a specific group over a long

SOCIETY AND GROUP

A) Hunting and Gathering Society

Agricultural or Feudal Society