Charlie Oster

Alex Eby
Kyle Colburn
Food Labeling: Bibliography

Variyam, Jayachandran, and John Cawley. "Nutrition Labels and Obesity." (2006): n. pag. Web.

The National Bureau of Economic Research conducted a study to assess the impact, both
health related and economically, of the 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA).
They used case studies of Americans who use and dont use food labels when purchasing food
and monitored their body weight and probability of obesity. Certain groups benefited health
wise, specifically non-Hispanic white women. Economically the benefits of NLEA were
estimated to be around $63-116 billion dollars over the 20-year period that was assessed.
In terms of our research and hypothesis in question, this study highlights two important
facts: nutrition and diet can be benefited through the use of food labels and there is an
unquestionable economic advantage for the country as a whole. All subgroups evaluated did not
show a decrease in their body weight or probability of obesity. This underscores an important
aspect that drives our project in terms of health: why are food labels disproportionally effective
based on classifications such as gender, race, age and family income? What improvements can
be made to ensure the effects of nutrition labels are universal?

Arsenault, Joanne E. "Can Nutrition Labeling Affect Obesity?" Choices: The Magazine of Food,
Farm and Resource Issues (2010): n. pag. Web. 1 Mar. 2017.

Obesity has been a growing epidemic within both the United States and with more than
685 of US adults and 32% of children being overweight or obese. Current food labels have not
seemed to be the most effect means of combating this, however there are means to improve the
function of food labels and their impact. Food labels in the past 26 years have seen very little
change and therefore their effects have remained stagnant. The article suggests that new options
for labeling such as front-of-package and restaurant menu item calorie information, should
increase consumers awareness of their calorie consumption to help combat the going number
of overweight and obese people in the United States.
In terms of out project this article validates the need for change when it comes to food
labels. It underscores that food labels can be and effect means in terms of health, but are not very
effective in their current state. This article provides a basis for our research hypothesis.

Siipi, Helena, and Susanne Uusitalo. "Consumer Autonomy and Sufficiency of GMF Labeling."
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 21.4 (2007): 353-69. Web.

A study done on the affects and relevance of genetically modified food (GMF) labeling.
They focused on three major points, that labels need to: be accompanied by information about
genetically modified foods, labels do not necessarily translate to a demonization of companies
that produce GMFs, accurately show the source of the transferred gene. They concluded that
generic GMF labeling is unnecessary but rather labels should be supplemented with relevant and
understandable information regarding genetic modification. They suggest utilizing the GMF
labeling that is used in the European Union.
Regarding out project, this directly addresses the subtopic GMF labeling under the
nutritional pillar. We plan on comparing current nutritional labeling in the United States with
those practiced in other countries to analyze which is most effect. This will provide comparative
implementation to help in determining the most effect food labeling, and if it can be applied to
the food labels we use in the United States.

Mejean, C., P. Macouillard, S. Peneau, S. Hercberg, and K. Castetbon. "Consumer Acceptability

and Understanding of Front-of-pack Nutrition Labels." Journal of Human Nutrition and
Dietetics 26.5 (2013): 494-503. Web.

Front of pack (FOP) food labeling aims to make the nutritional facts not only accessible
to consumers, but hopes to encourage them to make healthier dietary decisions. The article
focused on the most effect current FOP food labels. Through surveys they were able to conclude
that FOP labels which are comprehensive, reliable and used understandable information were the
most preferred.
Looking at food label placement is a crucial part of the nutrition pillar of our project. The
goal is to make food labels not only effective but used regularly by customers. The real impact
from food labels will only be seeing if more individuals utilize them on a day to day basis: this
project amines to increase their usage and utilize placement recommendations as a means to do
so.

Dendler, Leonie. "Sustainability Meta Labelling: An Effective Measure to Facilitate More

Sustainable Consumption and Production?" Journal of Cleaner Production 63 (2014):
74-83. Web.

This article takes an indepth look at the potential for a streamlined, simplistic sustainability
label placed on food products, as opposed to differing distinctions of food labeling (i.e.
environmental, nutritional, etc.). The article points out that attempts at this in the past have
resulted in information overload and confusion on the part of the consumer. The researcher
argues that simply providing information to consumers does not result in better food decisions,
but rather making the process as simple as possible to the consumer and placing the financial and
educational stress on businesses who have the resources to adapt will result in the most change.

This article is useful to our research team in not only providing s information on how to possibly
best bring about real change in food labelling practices, but helps us understand and think
rationally about how this change will be brought about, and who will bear the challenges of these
changes.

"Small Business Guide to FDA." U S Food and Drug Administration Home Page. N.p., n.d.
Web. 14 Mar. 2017.

This guide provided by the FDA is a comprehensive manual which covers many of their
disjointed web pages into one, accessible packet. The information in these 40+ pages covers
everything from small business labeling exemptions to how oversight will occur. This is of
particular interest to our entrepreneurial area of study, particularly in how much our real
entrepreneur survey respondents use and understand this guide. Is the information in this guide
relevant? Up to date? Agreed with? It will be interesting to see how the data comes back.

Strauss, Debra M. "An Analysis of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act: Protection for
Consumers and Boon for Business." By Debra M. Strauss :: SSRN. N.p., 10 Sept. 2011.
Web. 14 Mar. 2017.

This article examines the public, political, and business oriented views on the latest changes to
the food labeling practices as passed by the FDA. Broad political and public support surrounded
this act, despite little changes actually occurring. The article discusses the challenges the food
supply change (and businesses within it) will face from this change, but decides that due to its
bipartisan support, the act is a positive one. This article is of particular interest to our group due
to our belief that the findings of our research may conflict with one another, but as this article
shows, change is possible and when thought out and supported, can be a positive thing, despite
uncomfortable growing pains felt by some in the process.