Crystallography

Section 3

[100]
Crystallography
How to define
Point, direction, and plane
Slip system (dislocation and plastic
deformation)
Single crystal characterization and anisotropy
(Properties of single crystal depend on the crystallographic E (diagonal) = 273 GPa
direction in which measurements are taken)
Texture (sheet metal)
?
Applications:
Select primary loading direction
Single crystal design for gas turbine
application E (edge) = 125 GPa

Grain boundary engineering (small angle) for

corrosion prevention
PC
PC: isotropic
SX: anisotropic SX

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Proc. R. Soc. A 8 September 2006 vol. 462 no. 2073 2607-2623

1
 Point Coordinates
Labeling conventions have been
developed in which 3 numbers
or indices are used to designate
point location, direction and
plane.

The position of any point

located within a unit cell may be
specified in terms of its
Find coordinates for Point 1 coordinates as fractional
multiples
l i l off the
h unit
i cellll edge
d
Point 2 length.
Point 7
Find point for (1,1/2,) Right handed coordination system
X-axis (facing you).
3

Crystallographic Directions

The projection on each axis is determined and measured in terms of the unit
cell dimensions a, b, c (a, b and c are lattice parameters. a=b=c in cubic).
The three numbers multiplied or divided by a common factor to reduce to the
smallest integers (indices).
The three indices, not separated by commas or punctuation marks, are
enclosed in square brackets: [uvw]
Negative indices are represented by a bar over the index: [111], [ 1 11]
Move the origin if it helps to determine the projections 4

2
 Crystallographic Directions
Example A a b c

1. Projections in terms 0 -1 -1
of a,b,c on x, y and z

2. Reduction 0 -1 -1

__
3. Enclosure [0 1 1 ]

Examples
Draw [100], [110], [111], [1 2 2 ] [1 1 0]
(move origin along the axis of -)
Determine the direction indices from point (
(, 0
0, ) to
point (, , ) (head) in a cubic system.

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 Crystallographic Planes

The length of the planar intercept for each axis is determined and measured
in terms of a, b, c.
The reciprocals of these numbers are taken and multiplied by a common
factor to remove fractions only, no reduction.
A plane that is parallel to an axis is considered to have an infinite intercept
(0 as index).
The three indices, not separated by commas, are enclosed in parentheses:
(hkl)
Negative coordinates are represented by a bar over the index. 7
Move origin if it is on the plane.

Crystallographic Planes
z
Example 1
a b c
c
1. Intercepts in terms of 1 1
a,b,c
2. Reciprocals 1/1 1/1 1/
y
3. Remove fraction* 1 1 0 a b
4. Enclosure (110)
x
Example 2 z
a b c
1. Intercepts in terms 1/2 c
of a,b,c
, ,
2. Reciprocals 1/ 1/ 1/
3. Remove fraction* 2 0 0
y
4. Enclosure (200) a b

x
* No reduction 8

4
 Example
Construct (111),(002),(1 1 0) ,(021) planes
within
ithi a cubic
bi unitit cell.
ll

Relationship between a plane and a

direction with same indices

Determine the
indices for plane
A and direction B A

What is the
relationship
between A and B
B

10

5
 Equivalent Planes (can be constructed by
moving O)

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Angles Between Plane and Directions

Determine the angles

Between [011] and [110] [uvw] and [uvw]
(uu 'vv' ww' )
cos
u 2 v 2 w 2 u '2 v'2 w'2

Between (111) and [011]

Between (111) and (010)
The angle between a line and a plane is equal to the acute angle
that forms between the direction vector of the line and the normal
vector of the plane
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6
 Linear and Planar Densities
Linear density is defined by the number of atoms per unit length
whose centers lie on the direction of vector for a specific
crystallographic direction:
Number of atoms centered on direction vector
LD = --------------------------------------------------------------)(nm-1 or m-1)
Length of direction vector

Planar density is taken as the number of atoms per unit area that are
centered on a particular crystallographic plane:
Number of Atoms centered on a plane
PD = ----------------------------------------------------- (nm-2 or m-2)
Area of plane

APF has no unit but LD and PD have 13

Linear Density of Al along [110]

Number of atoms
Linear Density of Atoms: LD = Unit length of direction vector

[110]
ex: linear density of Al in [110]
direction
a = 0.405 nm

# atoms
a
2
LD 3.5 nm1
length 2a

2R = one atom
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7
 Planar Density of (100) Iron
Solution: At T < 912C iron has the BCC structure.
(100)

4 3
a R
3

N off atoms
No.
1
1 atoms atoms
Planar Density = = = 12.1 = 1.2 x 1019
2
area a2 4R nm 2 m2
3
Radius of iron R = 0.1241 nm 15
Within one unit cell, if possible

Planar and Linear Density

Examples
Calculate
LD of [110] in FCC
PD of (110) in FCC
LD of [111] in FCC
PD of (111) in FCC

LD of [110] in BCC
PD of (110) in BCC
LD of [111] in BCC
PD of (111) in BCC

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8
 Slip Systems
Slip system in BCC Slip system in FCC
Plane with highest Plane with highest
PD PD
Direction with Direction with
highest LD highest LD

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Summary
Atoms may assemble into
Crystalline
Amorphous structures
Properties
p varyy with single
g crystal
y orientation or rolling
g direction
anisotropic
Polycrystalline with randomly oriented grains isotropic
Directions are vectors. A direction and its negative are not identical.
[100] is not equal to [ 1 00], same line but opposite directions ((111)
and (1 1 1 ) are)
[100] and [200] are identical ((111) and (222) are not).
Group of equivalent directions are called a family
family, ee.g.,
g <110>
represents 12 different directions in FCC (write all of them).
A group of similar planes are represented with {111}.

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