Appendix 1: Propensity Score Adjustment of Imbalances Between Groups.

Propensity Score Adjustment

p<0.05 Before Adjustment After Adjustment
Gender (male) 0.008 0.966
Hypertension 0.004 0.971
Chronic Renal failure <0.001 0.901
Previous Cerebrovascular Accident <0.001 0.943
COPD 0.029 0.999
Previous CV Operation <0.001 0.998
Congestive Heart Failure <0.001 0.834
Unstable Angina <0.001 0.985
Age >75 years <0.001 0.870
Ejection Fraction <40 <0.001 0.992
NYHA Class <0.001 0.999
Number of Diseased Vessels <0.001 0.993
Case Priority <0.001 0.915
Year of Surgery <0.001 0.997
Type of Surgery <0.001 0.739
STS Risk Score For Mortality <0.001 0.908
Appendix 2: Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Early Clinical Outcomes.
Pneumonia Beta SE p OR CI
Early Extubation -0.53 0.11 <0.001 0.35 0.23-0.52
Chronic Renal failure 0.43 0.14 0.001 2.37 1.40-4.03
Acute Myocardial Infarction 0.22 0.09 0.018 1.54 1.08-2.20
COPD 0.39 0.09 <0.001 2.18 1.52-3.13
Reoperation 0.18 0.08 0.023 1.44 1.05-1.98
Congestive Heart Failure 0.24 0.09 0.007 1.62 1.14-2.30
Age >75 years 0.28 0.10 0.003 1.77 1.21-2.58
Pump Time >125 min 0.29 0.08 <0.001 1.77 1.28-2.46
Sepsis Beta SE p OR CI
Early Extubation -0.43 0.15 0.004 0.43 0.24-0.77
Chronic Renal failure 0.51 0.16 0.001 2.80 1.50-5.23
Cerebrovascular Accident 0.30 0.14 0.027 1.83 1.07-3.11
Congestive Heart Failure 0.54 0.12 <0.001 2.96 1.87-4.68
Unstable Angina 0.26 0.13 0.036 1.69 1.04-2.77
Perfusion >125 min 0.43 0.11 <0.001 2.36 1.51-3.68
Prolonged LOS ICU ( >24 hrs) Beta SE p OR CI
Early Extubation -0.42 0.04 <0.001 0.43 0.36-0.51
Gender -0.21 0.05 <0.001 0.66 0.54-0.80
Diabetes 0.11 0.05 0.014 1.25 1.05-1.49
Chronic Renal failure 0.76 0.15 <0.001 4.59 2.53-8.34
Cerebrovascular Accident 0.27 0.08 <0.001 1.70 1.27-2.28
COPD 0.16 0.06 0.012 1.36 1.07-1.73
Congestive Heart Failure 0.30 0.07 <0.001 1.82 1.40-2.37
Three Vessel Disease -0.19 0.04 <0.001 0.69 0.58-0.82
Ejection Fraction < 40 0.15 0.05 0.005 1.35 1.10-1.68
Age >75 years 0.32 0.07 <0.001 1.88 1.44-2.46
Anesthesia Time > 293 min 0.16 0.05 0.002 1.38 1.13-1.69
Prolonged Hospital LOS Beta SE p OR CI
Early Extubation -0.50 0.06 <0.001 0.37 0.30-0.47
Gender -0.24 0.05 <0.001 0.62 0.50-0.77
Diabetes 0.15 0.05 0.005 1.35 1.09-1.67
Chronic Renal failure 0.46 0.10 <0.001 2.51 1.70-3.72
Cerebrovascular Accident 0.17 0.07 0.021 1.40 1.05-1.87
COPD 0.24 0.07 <0.001 1.60 1.24-2.06
CABG -0.24 0.07 <0.001 0.61 0.47-0.80
Congestive Heart Failure 0.33 0.06 <0.001 1.91 1.50-2.45
LVEF < 40 0.17 0.06 0.005 1.39 1.10-1.76
 Age >75 Years 0.30 0.07 <0.001 1.83 1.41-2.37
Perfusion >125 min 0.32 0.06 <0.001 1.91 1.54-2.37
Readmission to the ICU Beta SE p OR CI
Early Extubation -0.35 0.08 <0.001 0.50 0.37-0.68
Chronic Renal failure 0.41 0.12 <0.001 2.26 1.41-3.63
Cerebrovascular Accident 0.24 0.09 0.012 1.60 1.12-2.32
COPD 0.23 0.09 0.007 1.59 1.13-2.22
Three Vessel Disease -0.17 0.07 0.019 0.72 0.55-0.95
Reintubation Beta SE p OR CI
Early Extubation -0.37 0.10 <0.001 0.48 0.33-0.70
Hypertension 0.30 0.11 0.010 1.80 1.15-2.81
Congestive Heart Failure 0.31 0.09 <0.001 1.86 1.31-2.65
Cross Clamp >78 min 0.21 0.09 0.016 1.53 1.08-2.15
Cerebrovascular Accident Beta SE p OR CI
Early Extubation -0.79 0.20 <0.001 0.21 0.09-0.46
Hypertension 0.41 0.20 0.045 2.27 1.02-5.05
Cross Clamp >78 min 0.44 0.14 0.001 2.42 1.42-4.13
Renal Failure Beta SE p OR CI
Early Extubation -0.72 0.11 <0.001 0.24 0.15-0.37
Diabetes 0.26 0.08 0.001 1.67 1.22-2.27
Congestive Heart Failure 0.42 0.08 <0.001 2.31 1.67-3.19
Perfusion >125 min 0.34 0.08 <0.001 1.99 1.45-2.73
Reoperation for Bleeding Beta SE p OR CI
Early Extubation -1.02 0.14 <0.001 0.13 0.08-0.23
CABG -0.42 0.10 <0.001 0.43 0.30-0.63
Anesthesia Time >293 min 0.23 0.09 0.009 1.58 1.12-2.23
Mortality Beta SE P OR CI
Early Extubation -0.39 0.14 0.004 0.46 0.27-0.78
Diabetes 0.30 0.11 0.006 1.82 1.19-2.77
Chronic Renal failure 0.37 0.16 0.020 2.11 1.12-3.98
CABG -0.32 0.14 0.019 0.53 0.31-0.90
Reoperation 0.26 0.10 0.013 1.67 1.11-2.51
Congestive Heart Failure 0.47 0.11 <0.001 2.54 1.66-3.90
Unstable Angina 0.52 0.12 <0.001 2.80 1.78-4.42
Age >75 Years 0.43 0.12 <0.001 2.34 1.46-3.76
Pump Time >125 min 0.51 0.11 <0.001 2.78 1.84-4.20
COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; ICU - Intensive Care Unit; LOS - Length of Stay;
CABG - Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.
Appendix 3: Timing of Extubation and Postoperative Outcomes.
Mortality Combined Morbidity Mortality/Morbidity
C Statistic Sensitivity Specificity C Statistic Sensitivity Specificity C Statistic Sensitivity Specificity
<1 hr 0.53176 0.2% 93.5% 0.50367 0.9% 99.8% 0.50183 0.2% 99.4%
<2 hrs 0.53282 0.9% 92.5% 0.50582 1.9% 99.3% 0.50039 1.1% 98.8%
3 hrs 0.51800 5.8% 90.7% 0.52093 8.6% 95.6% 0.51525 7.8% 95.2%
<4 hrs 0.52479 16.2% 88.8% 0.56652 24.5% 88.9% 0.56124 23.8% 88.4%
<5 hrs 0.59135 31.4% 86.9% 0.60624 44.2% 77.1% 0.60177 43.7% 76.7%
<6 hrs 0.63392 43.6% 83.2% 0.62956 59.1% 66.9% 0.62636 58.8% 66.5%
<7 hrs 0.66578 50.9% 82.2% 0.65395 69.2% 61.6% 0.65155 69.0% 61.3%
<8 hrs 0.69155 57.0% 81.3% 0.68199 78.7% 57.7% 0.68030 78.6% 57.4%
<9 hrs 0.71542 62.7% 80.4% 0.69315 85.6% 53.0% 0.69125 85.5% 52.7%
<10 hrs 0.71317 66.9% 75.7% 0.69065 89.5% 48.6% 0.68835 89.4% 48.3%
<11 hrs 0.72019 70.2% 73.8% 0.68750 92.4% 45.2% 0.68549 92.3% 44.8%
<12 hrs 0.72911 73.9% 72.0% 0.68069 95.1% 41.1% 0.67899 95.0% 40.8%
< 13 hrs 0.72430 76.6% 68.2% 0.67675 97.4% 38.0% 0.67530 97.4% 37.7%
< 14 hrs 0.72390 78.4% 66.4% 0.66821 98.1% 35.6% 0.66688 98.1% 35.3%
< 15 hrs 0.73208 80.1% 66.4% 0.65982 98.6% 33.4% 0.65859 98.6% 33.1%
<16 hrs 0.73206 81.9% 64.5% 0.64991 99.2% 30.8% 0.64881 99.2% 30.6%
<17 hrs 0.71869 83.0% 60.8% 0.64230 99.4% 29.1% 0.64127 99.4% 28.9%
<18 hrs 0.72182 84.6% 59.8% 0.63261 99.7% 26.8% 0.63167 99.7% 26.6%
<19 hrs 0.72514 86.2% 58.9% 0.62105 99.8% 24.4% 0.62020 99.8% 24.2%
< 20 hrs 0.72264 87.5% 57.0% 0.61014 99.8% 22.2% 0.60936 99.8% 22.1%
<25 hrs 0.70896 91.3% 50.5% 0.58099 100.0% 16.2% 0.58043 100.0% 16.1%
<30 hrs 0.70456 92.3% 48.6% 0.57295 100.0% 14.6% 0.57245 100.0% 14.5%
REINTUBATION LOS ICU LOS
C Statistic Sensitivity Specificity C Statistic Sensitivity Specificity C Statistic Sensitivity Specificity
<1 hr 0.50200 0.5% 100.0% 0.50173 0.5% 99.8% 0.50402 0.9% 99.9%
<2 hrs 0.50622 1.2% 100.0% 0.50640 1.5% 99.8% 0.50562 1.9% 99.3%
<3 hrs 0.50158 5.9% 94.4% 0.52151 6.8% 97.5% 0.52169 8.5% 95.8%
<4 hrs 0.52549 16.3% 88.8% 0.56451 18.8% 94.1% 0.56369 23.7% 89.1%
<5 hrs 0.56379 31.4% 81.4% 0.60880 35.4% 86.4% 0.60079 42.8% 77.3%
<6 hrs 0.59741 43.7% 75.8% 0.63879 48.6% 79.2% 0.62385 57.5% 67.2%
<7 hrs 0.61510 51.0% 72.1% 0.65166 56.2% 74.1% 0.64887 67.6% 62.2%
<8 hrs 0.63648 57.1% 70.2% 0.66887 62.9% 70.9% 0.67592 76.8% 58.4%
<9 hrs 0.64601 62.7% 66.5% 0.67623 68.7% 66.6% 0.68917 83.9% 53.9%
<10 hrs 0.63885 66.9% 60.9% 0.67541 72.9% 62.2% 0.68546 87.7% 49.4%
 <11 hrs 0.62624 70.0% 55.3% 0.67771 76.2% 59.3% 0.68410 90.8% 46.1%
<12 hrs 0.62548 73.5% 51.6% 0.68128 80.0% 56.3% 0.67742 93.5% 42.0%
<13 hrs 0.62394 76.3% 48.5% 0.68209 82.8% 53.6% 0.67479 96.0% 38.9%
<14 hrs 0.61366 78.0% 44.7% 0.67528 84.3% 50.8% 0.66763 97.0% 36.6%
<15 hrs 0.61871 79.6% 44.1% 0.67566 85.9% 49.2% 0.65998 97.6% 34.4%
<16 hrs 0.62202 81.6% 42.9% 0.67469 87.7% 47.2% 0.65068 98.3% 31.8%
<17 hrs 0.61173 82.6% 39.8% 0.67035 88.7% 45.4% 0.64330 98.6% 30.1%
<18 hrs 0.60999 84.1% 37.9% 0.66835 90.1% 43.5% 0.63443 99.1% 27.8%
<19 hrs 0.60515 85.6% 35.4% 0.66229 91.5% 41.0% 0.62296 99.3% 25.3%
<20 hrs 0.58943 86.8% 31.1% 0.65183 92.4% 38.0% 0.61300 99.4% 23.2%
<25 hrs 0.56402 90.4% 22.4% 0.63924 95.8% 32.1% 0.58448 99.9% 17.0%
<30 hrs 0.56615 91.5% 21.7% 0.63504 96.6% 30.4% 0.57602 99.9% 15.3%

*Where sensitivity is predicting patients who did not have the event out of those extubated early and specificity is predicting patients who had the event of those
NOT extubated early.
*Combined morbidity includes AMI, re-operation for bleeding, cerebrovascular accident, renal failure, sepsis, reintubation, hospital and ICU LOS.
*any infection includes deep sternal, thoracotomy, leg, septicemia, and UTI.
*mortality/morbidity includes mortality, AMI, re-operation for bleeding, cerebrovascular accident, renal failure, sepsis, reintubation, hospital and ICU LOS.
ICU = intensive care unit, UTI = urinary tract infection, AMI = acute myocardial infarction, LOS = length of stay