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SSC CGL
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Ramandeep Singh BankExamsToday.com

Raman
4/5/20
16
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 ....................TheMauryanEmpire(325B Delhi Su
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Chandragupta Maurya 11 periods

Bindusara ..................................................
................ 11 .........................................
..................

Asoka ......................................................... The Slav

............... 11 Dynasty
The Mauryan Qutubuddin
Administration ................................... 12 10) .............
The
King ........................................................... Aram Shah
......... 12 (1210) ........
The Mantri Shamsuddi
Parishad ................................................. 12 36) .............
Art &
Architecture ............................................... Ruknuddin
..... 12 1236 ..........
Razia Su
Sunga dynasty: (185
73 B.C.) ...

. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

12
Bahram
Kanva Dynasty: (73 to
28 B.C.) ..........................
....... 12
Allaudd
1242-46
Satavahana Dynasty: (60 B.C. to
225 A.D.)
12
Nasirud
Chedi 66
..............................................
Dynasty ............ 13
Ghiyasuddi
The 87 ..............
Sakas ...............................................

..................
13
...................
:1287-90
The Kushans (1st to 3rd
Century A.D.) 13
................
.....

The Kha
Gupta 1320 A.D
Period . ... ... ... ..

. ... ... ... ... ... ..

13 Jallaudd
Chandragupta I 14
Allauddin
Khalji ..........
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Shiabuddin Umar The landmark events that took place during

(1316) .......................................... 19 the reign
of
Akbar ........................................................
Mubarak Khalji (1316-20) 19 ............ 24
Mughal Literature 25
The Thuglaq ......................................
Dynasty .......... 19
........................................BahadurSh
ah1(1707-12) 25
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 19
Jahandar Shah (1712-
13) .......................................... 25
Mohammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-51) 19
Farrukh Siyar (1713-
19) ............................................ 25
Jalaluddin Ahsan Shah 19
Muhammad Shah Rangeela (1719-1748)
............... 25
The five experiments 19
Ahmed Shah
Abdali .................................................. 26
Feroz Shah Tughlaq (1351-88) 20
Shah Alam II
(1759) .................................................. 26
The Sayyaid .......................................
dynasty .......... 20
..................................DeclineoftheMughalE
mpire 26
The Lodi ...........................................
Dynasty ........... 20
The
Marathas ...............................................
26
Bahlol Lodhi : 1451-88 20 ............

Shivaji (1627-80) 26
Sikandar Lodhi : 1489-1517 21
Shambhaji: 1680-
1689 ............................................. 27
Ibrahim Lodhi : 1517-26 21
Rajaram: 1689-
1700 ................................................. 27
2.2 Administration under Sultanate 21
Tarabai: 1700-
2.3 Art and architecture under Delhi 1707 .................................................. 27
Sultanate 21
Shahu : 1707-
1749 ................................................... 27
Mughal ..............................................
period ............ 21
.........BalajiViswanath(1714-
20):TheFirstPeshwa 27
Humayun (1530-40 and 1555-
56) ............................ 22
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Baji Rao I: 1720-40.................................................... 27
Suri Empire (Second Afghan Empire) .......
1540-55 .. 22
.
......................SalsettefromthePortug
uese(1739) 28
Sher Shah: 1540-45 22
Balaji Baji Rao: 1740-61 28
Agra to Mandu 22
MODERN
HISTORY ..............................................
28
Agra to Jodhpur and Chittor 22
.............

Portuguese 28
 Lahore to Multan 22
Other
Governors .................................................
..... 28
Akbar 22

Dutc
h 28
Sati was prohibited 23
..

.......................

Englis
Rank and
h ........................................................
28
status ........................................................ 23 ..............

Salary ....................................................... Danis

h ........................................................
29
................. 23 ..............

Number of sawars Frenc

(horsemen) ................................ 23 h ........................................................
.............. 29
Jahangir (1605- EAST INDIA ....................................
27) .................................................... 23 COMPANY ......... 29
Shah
Jahan ......................................................... IMPORTANT .....................................
....... 23 BATTLES .......... 29

Aurangzeb ................................................ First Anglo- Sikh War (1845-

................ 24 1846) ........................... 29
Religious policy of Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-
Aurangzeb: ................................. 24 1849) ....................... 30
CLASH WITH The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-
MARATHAS .......................................... 24 69) .................... 30
Mughal
administration .......................................... Treaty of
... 24 Madras ...................................................... 30
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The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780- Formation of Muslim League

1784) ........... 30 (1906) ........................ 33
The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War Calcutta Session of INC
(1799) ..................... 30 (1906) ................................. 33
First Anglo Maratha War (1775- Surat Split
82) ......................... 31 (1907) ...................................................... 33
Second Anglo- Maratha War (1803- Alipore Bomb Case
1806) ............... 31 1908 .......................................... 33
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817- Morley-Minto Reforms
1818) ................... 31 (1909) ................................. 33
The Revolt of
1857 ........................................
........... 31 Arrival of Lord Hardinge 1910 34
Causes of the .................................................Ghad
Revolt ................................................. 32 arParty(1913) 34

Political ..................................................... Home Rule Movement (1915-

................ 32 16) ............................ 34

Economic .................................................. Arrival of Lord Chelmsford

................ 32 1916 .............................. 34
Socio-
religious .................................................... Lucknow Pact-Congress-League Pact
...... 32 (1916) ............ 34

Military ...................................................... Montagu Declaration (August Declaration of

............... 32 1917) 34
Immediate The Champaran Satyagraha of
cause ...................................................... 32 1917 ........................ 34
The course of Rowlatt Act (March 18,
events ................................................ 32 1919) .................................. 34
Impact of the Revolt of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13,
1857 ..........................
.........
32 1919): 34
Hunter Committee Report 34
LEADERS OF REVOLT OF 1857
IN INDIA ................... 32
...............................ChauraChouriinc
Mangal Pandey 32 idence(1922) 35
The Sawraj p rty ........
(1922 .............................. 35
Nana
Sahib.........................................................
....... BankExamsToday .com
32

Simon Commission
Rani Lakshmibai 32 (1927):....................................... 35
14 Points of Jinnah (March 9,
Tatya Tope 32 1929)......................... 35
Lahore
Session(1929) ...........................................
Veer Kunwar Singh 32 .... 35
First Round Table conference
Shah Mal 33 (1930): ...................... 35
Gandhi Irwin Pact
Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah 33 (1931): ......................................... 35
 Second Round Table
Delhi 33 Conference(1931): .................. 35
Poona Pact (September 25,
Kanpur 33 1932): .......................... 36
Third Round Table Conference
Lucknow 33 (1932) ..................... 36
The Government of India Act,
Bareilly 33 1935 ......................... 36
Pakistan Resolution/Lahore Resolution (March
Bihar (Arrah) 33 24,

1940) .........................................................
............... 36
Jhansi 33
Quit India
Movement ............................................... 36
Allahabad 33
Course of
Events ....................................................... 36
MODERN HISTORY (AFTER .......................
1885) ...... 33
...........................MountbattenPlan(J
une3,1947): 36
The Indian National Congress 33 Partition and Independence (Aug
1947): 37
Partition of Bengal: 33
British Viceroys in ...................................
India ......... 37
Swadeshi Movement (1905): 33
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Lord Canning (1856 Charter Act of

1862) : ....................................... 37 1793: ................................................. 41
Lord Elgin (1862 Charter Act of
1863) ........................................... 37 1813: ................................................. 41
Lord Lawrence (1864 Charter Act of
1869) : ................................. 37 1833: ................................................. 41
Lord Mayo (1869 Charter Act of
1872) : ....................................... 37 1853: ................................................. 41
Lord Northbrook (1872 Government of India Act,
1876) : ............................. 37 1858: ............................... 41
Lord Lytton (1876 Indian Council Act,
1880) : ...................................... 37 1861:.......................................... 41
Lord Ripon (1880 Indian Council Act,
1884) : ....................................... 37 1892:.......................................... 41
Lord Dufferin (1884 Indian Council Act, 1909 or Minto-Morley
1888) : ................................... 37 Reforms: 41
Lord Lansdowne (1888 Government of India Act,
1894) : .............................. 37 1935: ............................... 41
PARTS OF INDIAN
Lord Elgin II (1894 1899) : 38 CONSTITUTION .....................
...... 42
SCHEDULES OF INDIAN ..............
Lord Curzon (1899 1905) : 38 CONSTITUTION ..... 42
History of Lord Minto (1905 1910) : 38
Sources of our
Constitution ..................................... 43
..................................LordHardinge(191
01916): 38 1 43
Lord Chelmsford (1916
1921) : .............................. 38 2
Lord Reading (1921
1926) : ................................... 38 3. US Constitution 43
Lord Irwin (1926
1931) : ........................................ 39 4. Irish Constitution 43
Lord Willingdon (1931 5. Canadian ........
1936) : ............................... 39 Constitution ............................ 43
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Lord Linlithgow (1936
1944) : ................................ 39 6. Australian Constitution 43
Lord Wavell (1944
1947) : ..................................... 39 7. Constitution of Germany 43
Lord Mountbatten (March 1947 August
1947) ..... 39 8. French Constitution 43
Important ............................................. 9. South African
Acts ............ 39 Constitution ................................... 43
The Regulating Act, 10.Japanese
1773 ......................................... 39 Constitution ......................................... 43
The Pitts India Act, 11.Constitution of former
1784 .......................................... 39 USSR ............................... 43
The Charter Act of 1793 40
Fundamental
Rights ................................................. 43
...........................................TheCharterA 40 Originally the Constitution provided
 ctof1813 for seven
The Charter Act of fundamental
1833 ........................................... 40 rights: .................................................. 43

The Charter Act of CITIZENSH .................................................

1853 ........................................... 40 IP ............. 43
The Govt of India Act, Ways to acquire Indian
1858 ...................................... 40 Citizenship .......................... 43
................................................................
Polity ................ 40 a) Citizenship by Birth 43
b) Citizenship by Descent 44
Constitutional Reforms in
British India ........................ 40

...................................c)CitizenshipbyRe
Amending Act of 1781: 40 gistration 44
d) Citizenship by
Pitts Act of 1784: 41 Naturalization ............................... 44
e) Citizenship by incorporation of
Act of 1786: 41 Territory ............. 44

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......................................
The .............EarthSolarSyste
President .................... .... ..................

.................
44 m 49
Article
52 ............................................................. Solar System Some
..... 44 Facts ................................
.........
49
Important Parallels of ..............................
Article 53 44 Latitude .. 49
Summer
.....................QualificationforelectionasP Solstice ......................................................
resident 44 . 49
Winter
Legislative powers of Solstice ......................................................
President ............................... 44 ... 49
Vice President of Meridians of
India .......
45 Longitude ............................................ 49
PRIME
MINISTER ........................................

..............
45 Local Time 49
......................................
Appointment of the Prime .......GreenwichMeanTim
Minister ......................... 45 e 50
Powers and functions of Prime Indian Standard
Minister .................. 45 Time ............................................... 50
Facts about earth 50
Central Council of .............................. .................................................
Minister ........ 45 ....

Note: ......................................................... ......................................

................ 45 TypesofEarthMovements 50
Earth Rotation 50
........................................................
PARLIAMENT OF ..
INDIA ...................................
......... 46
Earths rotation results
in 50
.........................................
The House of the People (Lok
Sabha) ...................... 46
......................................
.................EarthRevoluti
Special Powers of the Lok Sabha on 50
46
RAJYA 46
SABHA ..............................................
.............

......................................
.............EarthLunarEclip
Earth Eclipses se 50
Leader of the House 46
Earth Solar
Eclipse ...................................... ........ 50
MEMBER 46
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Powers of Rajya 46
Sabha ............................................. ATMOSPHE ..............................................
RE ............. 51
Structure of the 51
 Atmosphere
47
Governo
r ...................................................
...............

......................................
...............AboutIonosphe
re 51
The powers of Governors 47
PRESSURE AND WIND
BELTS .................................... 51
Executive Powers 47

OCEANS .....................................................
............... 52
Legislative Powers
47 .....
47 52
Supreme Court of .....................................
India .......
......................................
.......................Lowestpoi
nt 52
Composition of Supreme Court 47
Major
chokepoint .................................................
Qualification to be a judge of Supreme
.... 52
Court 47
Ports and
harbors ..................................................... 52
Removal of judges of Supreme Court 47
Atlantic
Ocean ........................................................
.. 52
Some Important Points on SC 48
Lowest
point ..........................................................
... 52

Geograp
hy ...................................................

48
..............................................
.....................

.....Majorchokepoints 52
THE .....................................................
EARTH .............. 48
......................................
......................IndianOce
an 52
Nebular Theory 48
Pacific
Ocean ........................................................
.... 52
THE ORIGIN OF ...................................
EARTH .......... 48
Lowest point 52
THE LAST 2 BILLION YEARS OR SO 49 Ports and harbors 52

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SSC CGL GK
Digest
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Mahanadi River (858 Tropical a

km) ......................................... 53 Steppes .

Krishna River (1327 Soil

km) ........................................... 54 s ........................

Cauvery River (805 1. Alluvia

km) ............................................ 54 Soil ........
2. Black
B. WEST FLOWING RIVERS IN Soil ........
INDIA ......................... 54 ...
 Narmada River (1057
km) ........................................ 54 3 ...........................................................................
.....

Tapti River (724 4. Laterit

km) ................................................. 54 Soil ........
Sabarmati River (416 5. Mount
km) ......................................... 54 Soil ........
Mahi River (560 6. Desert
km .................................................. 54 Soil ........
Luni River (450 NATIONA
km)................................................... 54 SANCTU

Not ........................................................... CROPPIN

e ............... 54 INDIA .....
Gulf of Kuchch (west of Kharif Cr
Gujarat) .............................. 54 India ......
Gulf of Cambay or Gulf of Khambat Rabi Crop
(Gujarat) .......... 54 India ......
Zaid
Gulf of Mannar (south east of Tamil Crops .....
Nadu) ............. 54 ........
IMPORTANT RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS IN Cash Cro
INDIA ....... 54 Crops) ....
Bhakhra Nangal BOUNDR
Project 54 LINES
...................................................Man Area Geo
diProject 54 INDIA .....
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Keplers laws of planetary ....................
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MAGNETIS SOME IM
M ...............................................

.............
60 BIOLOGY

WORK A
Magnetic Substance 60 ENERGY

...........................................
Diamond .
.Diamagneticsubstance 60 Work
...............

Examples ..................................................
................ 61 Unit of W
Paramagnetic
Substance .......................................... 61 Unit of E

Examples ..................................................
................ 61 (i) For s
Ferromagnetic
substance ......................................... 61 (ii) For s

Examples ..................................................
................ 61 Unit o
61
COALS .......................................................
MORE A
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...............
 Bituminous 61 Surface

Lignite ........................................................
............... 61 Pascal

Peat ..........................................................
................ 61 Buoya

Anthracite ..................................................
............... 61 Archim

Compounds of metal and non-metal and When a

their uses : partially ..
.................................................................
61 The fa
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.................

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. (780-
790),
Govinda
T THE III (793-
a RASHT 814) and
m RAKUT Amoghav
i A arsa
l Nrupatun
1) Dhan ga I (814-
tidurga 887).
s (735- 4) Amogh
t 756)
a avarsa
establi
t shed was the
e this greatest
kingdo king of
i m. this
n They dynasty &
overthr he was
1 ew the the son of
3 Chaluk GOVINDA
1 yas III. The
and extend of
0 ruled the
up to
a 973 ad. Amoghav
n arsas
2) Dha empire
d ntidur can be
ga
e was estimated
x succe from the
t eded accounts
i by his of the
n son Arabian
g Krishn traveller,
u aI Sulaiman,
i (756- who
s 774). visited his
Krishn court in
h a I is
e 851 and
credit wrote in
d ed to
have his book
t built that his
h the kingdom
e Kailas was one
a of the
C templ four great
h e at empires
o Ellora. of the
l 3) Othe world at
a r kings that
of this time.
e dynast
y were 5) The
m Arab
Govind traveler
p a II
i Al-
(774- Mashdi,
r 780), who
e Dhruva visited
In a in
di l 974
a u -
d k 75,
u y 6)The
ri a
n s dynasty
g o founded
t f by him,
hi K with its
s a capital at
p l Kalyani
e y
ri (Karnata
o a ka), is
d, n known
c i as the
al w later
ls a Chalukya
t s
h f s of the
e o Chalukya
R u s of
a n Kalyani
s d (the
h e early
tr d Chalukya
a b
k s being
y
u T the
ta a Chalukya
ki il s of
n a Badami).
g I Tailapa
t a
h ft ruled for
e, e twenty
gr r three
eat o years
est v form 974
kin e to 997.
g ofr
Indi t
THE
a. h
r PRATIHA
T o RAS (8TH
h w TO 10TH
e i CENTURY
n )
d g
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n t Pratihar
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t R called
y a Gurjar
s Pratihar
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f t probably
r because
t a they
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t Gujarat
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h s Southwe
st of
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jas s )
th mostly M
an at the i
. hands h
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ag Rashtr r
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tt 4) The o
a Pratih
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de power
fe
nd regain w
ed ed its
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te only
rn after s
In only u
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a the c
fro succe e
m ssion e
th of d
e Mihirb
Ar e
hoja, d
ab popul
in
cu arly b
rsi know y
on n as
s Bhoja.
h
fro 5) Hi
m i
s
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nd ntfu
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int care o
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st the
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r Ara d
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u j Kar
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Page
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Ind Best Affair d
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Digest
rts to
garri This
son perio
The d
it
Firs can
effec
t be
tively
Batt divid
. This
le ed
gave
of
Ghor into
Tara
in
i an 5
(AD
oppo disti
119
rtuni nct
1)
ty to perio
re- ds
In asse viz.
the mble
1. Th
first his
e
batt force
Sla
le s
ve
fougand
Dy
ht mak
na
at e
prep sty
Tara arati
(12
in in ons
06-
AD for
90)
119 anot
2. Th
1, her
e
Gho adva Khi
ris nce lji
arm into
y India Dy
was . na
rout sty
ed (12
and
he 90-
narr 13
owl 20)
y 3. Th
esc e
ape
d Tug
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th. q
Prit Dy
hvir na
aj sty
con (13
que 20-
red 14
Bha
14)
tind
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but 4. Th
he e
mad Sa
e no yyi
effo d
 D 4- na
yn 51) sty
as (14
ty 5. Th 51-
(1 e 15
4 Lo 26)
1 dhi .
Dy
T i r gain again
h n a cam st the
e I te super
S n i face ior
ec
d o to organ
o
n
i nface isatio
d a s at n,
B n f Tara skill
at H o in. and
tl i r The spee
e s t Indi d of
of t han the
Ta o i forc Turkis
ra r s es h
in y c wer caval
(A
. oe ry.
D
1 M nmor The
1 u qe in Turkis
9 h unumh
2) a e ber caval
T m s but ry
hi m t Turk was
s a . ish using
b d T forc two
at G hes super
tl h e wer ior
e o Te techn
is r uwell iques
re i r orga. The
g m k nize first
ar a id was
d d s with the
e e hswif horse
d v at shoe
as e nmov whic
o r ding h
n y Rcav gave
e c a alry. their
of a j The horse
th r pbulk s a
e e uy long
tu f t Indi life
rn u f an and
in l o forc prote
g p r es cted
p r c wer their
oi e e e no hoov
nt p s mat es.
s a a ch The
se o i rmy gene
co w t capt ral
n e hure Qutb
d r vd uddin
wi i the Aibak
as n r fortr .
, t a ess In
th h j es AD
e e t of 119
us b r Han 4
e a i si, Muh
of t e Sars am
ir t duti mad
o l t and Gho
n e o Sam ri
sti. e ana. agai
rr A s The n
u cn retu
p l a theyrne
wa pmov d to
hi r e ed Indi
chg bforw a.
He
g e uard
cros
a n t run sed
v u wning Yam
e m a over una
a b s Del with
g e c hi 50,0
o r a and 00
o o pAjm cav
d f t er. alry
h I uAfte and
ol n rr mov
d d e Tara ed
to i din, tow
th a nGho ards
e n e ri Kan
h s a retu auj.
or o r rne He
se l Sd to gav
ri d a Gha e a
d i r zni, crus
er e s leav hing
defe
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ate
n s t the
d Jai
d w i. affai Cha
a e T rs of nd
b r hIndi at
et e e a in Cha
te k T the ndw
r il uhan ar
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ri e k his r
ki d i trus Kan
n . s ted auj.
g P hslav Thu
p r ae s
t h t hin ek
h hd got
e r e his the
u sla cont
b l wve rol
a e i Ge over
t t ne Delhi
t i hral
l n dQu
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N a ud
o o wdin
f r a Ai
T t l ba
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r e o wh
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a n e firs
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a uta
C . rn
h k of
a H i th
n i se
d s hDe
w lhi
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r e nta
l a t na
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i h r
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t n t hi
h s Sult
e A ana
D i te
f nAfte
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u 2 I the
n 0 nass
d 6 dassi
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i i .
of
o d
n HMuh
s n e am
o o mad
f t l Gho
T e ri,
u m f Qut
r e t ubu
k a ddi
i n bn
s e Aib
 deat
The
B Jo S
h of
Sla n u
Ghor
ve a p f
i,
Dyn n r i
Aiba
ast k a S
yk E a a
beca x t i
me a A
j n
the
Qut m m t
mast
ubu s e
er of
ddi T r. K
nHind o
h
usta
Aib d H
w
ak
n
and
a e
a
j
(12
foun y
B
al a
06-
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10)
the k o Q
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s e
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t
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1206 v d
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o
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The o
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ital h st a
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ing ). u h
c
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r
s Hef
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in K
Del 121 u a
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ng M
ore Cha in
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haFor Polo.r,
i
mm his Hein b
ad ge const a
Ghner tructh k
ori ed e
whosit two h w
o y, mos o a
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r wa i.e. o
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ers budde f
the
like in w o
Aiba s
a
Has
son u
an- k ofa n
of Mamv d
un-
Aiba
Niz luke e e
k,
ami tribe r r
, who and y
aut occuc o
was pied a f
hor
defe
of the p
ated thro a t
Taj ne ofbl h
by
-ul- Delhie e
MaIlltut
ssir
mish in r
1211ul D
in e
and . e
the l
Fak 2 ra h
battl
hru Illtutn i
e of
ddi mishd S
n,Jud. begais u
aut n hisr l
hor care e t
ofSha er asg a
Tar
msu Sar- a n
ikh- e a
i-ddin Jand rd t
MuIlltut har e e
mish
bar or d
ak(121 royala .
Sha
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SSC CGL GK
Digest
th the
e coppe
att r coin
1 ac (jital)
He k .
m of 4 He
ad Ch organized
e en the Iqta
D giz System
and
el Kh introduce
hi an, d reforms
th th in civil
e administr
e Mo
ca ng ation and
pit ol army,
which
al lea was now
in de centrally
pl r, paid and
ac by recruited.
e ref 5 He
of usi set up
ng an
La sh
ho elt official
re. er nobility
2 to of
Kh slaves
H wa known
e riz as
m Chahalga
s Sh ni/
a ah, Chalisa
v wh (group of
e o forty).
d m
Ch 6 H
D en e
e giz complet
wa ed the
l constru
h s ction of
i ch Qutub
asi Minar
S ng which
u . was
l 3 started
t He by
Aibak.
a intr
7 He
n odu
a ced patroniz
t the ed
e silver
Minhaj-
coi us-Siraj,
f n author
r (ta of
o nk Tabaqat-
m a) i-Nasiri.
and
Ruk .
nud o
din ff
: Razia e
123 Sultan n
d
6 a: e
1 (1236 d
He 40) t
wa 1 I h
e
s ltutmi n
son sh
of had o
Illt b
ut nomin l
mi ated e
sh his s
an daugh b
d ter y
wa Razia h
s as the e
cro succe r
wn ssor, p
ed the r
by noble e
her s f
mo place e
the d r
r, Ruknu e
Sh n
ah ddin c
Tur Feroz e
ka on the f
n, thron o
aft e. r
er 2 Sa
de he was n
ath the A
of first b
Illt and y
ut only s
mi Muslim s
sh. lady i
2 who a
n
He ever s
w ruled l
India.
as 3 a
Sv
de he
po use to e Y
se rule a
d witho k
by ut the u
Ra veil t.
zi 5 T
4 he wazir
a, of
da S Illtutmis
ug h h
ht e Junnaidi
revolted
er f against
of u her but
Illt r was
ut t defeate
h d.
mi e
6 The
sh r
re was a
 se a. Altunia
rio Razia and both
us acco of them
re mpa marched
nied towards
be by
Delhi as
lli Yakut nobles in
on marc Delhi
in hed raised
Bh agai Bahram
ati nst Shah
Altun
nd ia. (3rd son
a, of
7 Illtutmis
A H h) to
lt o
u w throne.
ni e
a, v
g e
o r,
v A
e lt
r u
n
n i
o a
r g
o o
f t
B Y
h a
a k
ti u
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d m
a u
r r
e d
f e
r
u e
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d n
t d
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a m
c p
c ri
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p o
t n
s e
u d
z R
a
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ai .
ni
t 8 S
y ubseq
o uently,
f Razia
R was
a marrie
zi d to
 a n
i
In B
t a
1 h h
2 a r
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D H h
, a
a h
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c t
.
a o
m n
e
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th h
a
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r n
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in s C
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s
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1 l
b a
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st H de
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m ca
a w te
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h ba
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ru
d tExam
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a nitohim
h
a
.
m ocom
u f Ghi
d yas
a I udd
s l in
th l Bal
e t ban
n u :
e t 126
w 6-
S m
i 87
ul
ta s 1
n. h
A
. f
t
N 2 e
a M r
si i
r t
n h
u
d
a e
di j
- d
n e
M u a
a s t
h - h
m S
u i o
d f
r
1 a N
2 j a
4 s
6- h i
6 r
a u
6
d n e
di . l
n;
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al e n
b f
a m l
n a u
a
sc d e
e e n
n c
d k e
e i d
d n
th g B
e s a
th h l
ro i b
n p a
e n
in a
1 s
2 s
6
6. e c
r o
2 i n
H o c
e u e
br s p
o t
k p i
e r o
th o n
e f
p e o
o s f
w s
er i K
of o i
C n n
h . g
al s
is h
a 3
i
a p
n T
h .
d
re e
H
st e
or P
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pr a
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ig c
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cr t
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s m
in p
tr h
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18
Ind BestAffair d
ia' Currs App
s ent Androi
SSC CGL GK
Digest
1
He
Mon rever
goli sed
ans all
in the
128 admi
5 nistr
and ative
Tug and
hril mark
was et
capt refor
uredms
and of
beh Allau
ead ddin
ed. Khalj
i.
Kai 2
qub Duri
ad: ng
128 his
7-
tim
90
e
De
vgi
ri
wa
s
ann
exe
d.
 r r s
u 34 ki
1 d ll
H
d H e e
H i d
e e
n w
w
, w w it
a a hi
a t n
s h s s
t
e t t h
t r
h K h
e h e
e o e
e
t m m
g w o
r a i l
n a n
a l t
n o
r s h
d o s.
s f t
o s
n D o I
n l T
e h
o l
f h o l e
f b K
i
B a h
a2 K r al
l a ji
bBu i i d
a t q r
u u y
n K
b l n
a a e a
w
a i d
r
s
s q t
u w y
e b h5 (
s a oT 1
t h 2
a d ce
9
b aK
mh 0
l w
i a eal -
s s ji 1
h tn 3
e k oo 2
d il bl 0
l te A
o e hs .
n d r re D
ov
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h b ete
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aa
n tg
t
h o ai
r b an
o l nst
n e hi
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ga
b K en
y a d
i oh
F m fe
a u w
k 3a
T o ea a
h f s v
e Q wS i
T a aul l
h u sta i
u r tn o
h3 n
gl a e
a n n
q a ge
H
e
t
D r o a
y i vd r
n b ei
ase re D
ty w nd e
o l
a ri h
G s on i
hi t f
ya h Dt
su e ih M
d f pe o
di o a h
n u lc a
Tu n po m
g d ul m
e rl
hl a
r ba
a o ep d
q f fs B
1 T oe i
G u r n
ha g eo T
zi h f u
M l c g
ali a ot h
mh
k q ie la
or d n q
G y gv (
hi n 1
ya a i
tc 3
su s ot 2
dd t 5
in y o
pr -
Tu . oy 5
gh 2 w
la 1
ep
q H r )
J a d r
a 3e B r
ll 2 v oa ul
a a fl e
u l r
d ( Wa o
d K al f
i a rI D
n k aI w
K a nI a
h t g( rs
a
i aH a
4y lo m
lj
a )y u
i ,a d
1 r s r
J u Va a
a l il )
l e ra a
nd buted andcre m
d Sond Bukk ate or
S har a; d e
V i.e. andso la
i 1 agric Wara me n
r ulture ngalad d
2 loans beca diti u
P advan me n
on
aM ced indep d
n for endeal
er
d exten nt Ab c
y sion under wa
bs ul
a of Kanh
agric aiya.or ti
( ulture ce v
P of Thess at
a barre fivees. io
n n exper
Th n
d
y B iment
e b
a a s Sul
y
n ta gi
r k n
Taxat vi
u E ioncra n
l x in te g
e a thed a
ne di
r m Doab
w re
s : The
de ct
o T Sulta
f o n pa h
rt
M
d mademe
el
a a an ntill- p
d y
l
advis
of
ed Ag
to
u a
p
finan
ric e
r d
cialult as
a
i
. exper
ur a
) c iment
e
. o in the
cal
nt
m Doabled
s.
6 He betw Di
enco een Tr
M urage wa
a d then-i- a
cash Gang Ko n
l crops
in es hi. sf
i place andTh e
k of e
cerea Yamu r
ls na.ma of
K He in C
a Jalalu notobj a
f ddin only ect pi
u Ahsa incre of ta
r n asedthi
l:
Shah thes T
de
w 1336: ratepa h
a Foun of rt e
s datio taxati
me m
n of on nt os
a Vijay butwa t
anag alsos co
w
ar by revivto nt
a Harih ed bri
r ro
ar andng
 vers
hlaq to Delhi
for h
ial
unde Deva to th ru
step
r giri. Devgi
e le
whic
took He ri. ex in
h
soon order Devapa S
Moh
after ed girinsi o
am
his mass hadon ut
mad
acce exod beenof h
-bin
ssion us a Tur
Tug
was from basekis

w
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a
n
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m
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c
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a
g
e
1
9
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n
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a
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s
B
e
s
t
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u
r
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t
A
f
f
a
i
r
s
A
n
d
r
o
i
d
A
p
p
SSC CGL GK
Digest
ul if
Intr he
odu could
Indi ctio preve
a. nt
It n of
ap Toke peopl
pe n e
ars Curr from
tha ency forgin
t : g the
the new
Sul Moh coins.
tan am He
wa mad was
nte -bin- not
d Tugh able
to laq to do
ma deci
ke ded so
De to and
vag intro the
iri new
sec duc coins
on e bega
d bron n to
cap ze be
ital coin greatl
so s, y
tha whic deval
t h
he wer ued
wo e to in
uld hav mark
be ets.
abl e Finall
e sam y
to e Moha
con valu mma
trol e as dbin-
So the Tughl
uth silve aq
Indi r decid
a coin
bet s. ed to
ter. Moh withd
De am raw
vag the
iri mad token
wa -bin- curre
s Tugh ncy.
thu laq He
s mig promi
na ht sed
me hav to
d e exch
Dau bee ange
lata n silver
bad succ piece
essf s for
.
bro pose ge in
nz . He politic
e was al
coin enco scena
s. urag rio
ed in
Pro to Khura
po do san.
se so 1 Q
d by arach
Kh Khur il
ura asan Expe
sa i dition
n nobl : This
Ex es exped
pe who ition
diti had was
on: take launc
The n hed in
Sul shelt Kuma
tan er in on
had his hills in
a cour Himal
visi t. ayas
on More allege
of over dly to
uni ther count
ver e er
sal was Chine
con insta se
que bility incurs
st. in ions.It
also
He Khur
appea
dec asan
rs that
ide on
the
d acco
exped
to unt ition
con of was
que the direct
st unpo ed
Khu pula again
ras r st
an rule some
and of refrac
Ira Abu tory
q Said. tribes
and This in
mo proje Kuma
bali ct on-
sed was Garhw
a also al
hug aban region
e done with
ar d the
my beca object
for use of
the of bringi
pur the ng
chan
the c d-
m a bin
und m Tugh
er p a laq.
Del i
2
hi g He
Sult n adop
ana i ted
te. n the
The g polic
i y of
first n
appe
atta S ase
ck i men
was n t
a d with
suc h the
a nobil
ces g
s ity,
a the
but i arm
whe n y
n s and
the t theol
rain Ta
ogia
y ns
g
sea h 3 T
son i, he
set a new
in, T syste
the u m of
r taxati
inv k
ade i on
rs s was
suff h accor
ere s ding
d l to
a
terriv quran.
bly. e Four
2 . kinds
of
H taxes
e Fero sancti
z oned
d Shah
i by the
Tugh
e Quran
laq
d were
(135
1- impos
i ed
n 88)
and
1
T those
He
h were
a wa
Kharaj
t s a ,
t cou
a Zakat,
sin Jizya
w of and
h Mo Kham
i ha s.
l m Kharaj
e
ma was
the s
lan 2
d % 1
tax, /
whi t 5
a
ch x o
was f
equ o
al n t
to h
1/1 p e
0 of r
the o b
pro
p o
e o
duc r t
e of t y
the y
lan , c
d, a
Zak J p
at i t
was z u
y r
a e
d
w
a d
s u
r
l i
e n
v g
i
e w
d a
r
o .
n 1

n F
o
n i
- r
M o
u z
s
l t
i r
m i
s e
d
a
n t
d o
K b
h
a a
m n
s
p
w r
a a
c . o
t
i T w
c h o
e u r
s s s
, h
h i
w e p
h
i p a
c r t
h o
h g
t i r
h b a
e i v
t e
o e s
r d
t o
h t f
o h
d e s
o a
x p i
r n
t a t
h c s
e t
o i a
l c n
o e d
g
i o e
a f r
n a
s M s
u e
c s d
o l
n i p
s m a
i i
d w n
e o t
r m i
e e n
d n g
s
n g
o o f
n i r
n o
I g m
s
l o t
a u h
m t e
i
c t palac
e. u o
2 l z
It t
w u r
as r e
du e p
, a
rin i
g t r
th h e
e e d
ti
mS a
e u
of l n
Fir a u
oz t m
th a b
n e
at
r
Jiz p
ya a o
be i f
ca d
m c
e a a
a n
sep l a
o l
arat t s
e
tax. o a
f n
1 d
a
I t i
n t m
e p
o n o
r t s
d i e
e o d
r n
H
t t a
o o q
u
e i e
n r -
c r i
o i -
u g S
r a h
a t a
g i r
e o b
n
a . o
g r
r F
i i w
c r a
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e o n
r f a
)
t F
a a
a n
x t
e d
h
2 a o
b t
H a h
e d e
, r
w
a f
H r
s i o
s m
a a
r M
g , e
r e
e J r
a a u
t u t
n
b p (
u u U
i r .
l P
d a .
e n )
r d
w
a F e
s i r
r e
w o
e z b
l a
r
l o
b u
; a g
d h
t . t
o
3 t
h The o
i
two
s D
pill e
c ars l
r of h
e Ash i
d oka .
i ,
t 4 T
one
he
a fro
Sult
r m
e an
Top
esta
ra
c blish
i ( ed
t H at
i a
r Delh
e
s y i, a
 ho e
sp p r
ita e
l a K
descri c h
bed as
Dar-ul-e a
Shifa.
n
BankE a -
xa n i
ms d -
To t J
da r a
yA an h
a
new
depa q n
rtme u
ntof i M
Diwa l a
n-i-
Khair i q
twas t b
.sety u
l
upc
a .
om n
to d 2 H
mak
e e
provi c died
sions r
for e in
marr 138
iage d
of i 8.
poor t
girls.
1 f The
o Sayya
H r id
o dynas
w i ty
e t 1 K
v hizr
e g
r o Kha
e n
h s (141
i 4-
s t 21)
o 2 M
r
u ubar
h
l i ak
e s Shah
(142
i P 1-
s r 34)
i 3 M
m m
a e uha
r mm
k M ad
e i Shah
d n (143
i 4-
b s 43)
y t
4 a y
v .
A o
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SSC CGL GK
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hlo order
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s 1555-56)
transl 1 He
ated was the
1 in
Persia son of
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o in 1530.
t by
e Abdur His
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t Mada Hindal
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o along
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h two
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also /Bilgram
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r Risa complet
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Digest
p en
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t Akb
1 k ar
i wer
A n e:
k g Age
b d of
a o marri
r m age
s for
e li boys
n k and
t e girls
e was
A increa
r m sed
e b to 16
d e years
r, and
i B 14
n i years
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m e
a r, Sati
t J was
r a prohi
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m s 1 I
o a n his
n l 24th
i m year
a e Akbar
l r introd
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l d la
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n h collect
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r reven
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i Ot the
t her state.
h im 2 T
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r ref sabd
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we
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aga
int inst 3
o the Akbar
66 orth built
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te pur
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go and Agra
rie big Fort,
s. otry Lahor
T of e Fort
hi reli and
s gio Allah
sy us abad
st prie Fort
e sts, and
Akb Hum
m ayun
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pro s
xe Tomb
d clai
at
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e d a
ne Fateh
fo pur
w
ll reli Sikri,
o gio place
wi n, near
n Din- Agra-
g i- it said
se Ilah that
rv i, in Akbar
ic 158 had
e 1. no
co Birb son
n al for a
di was long
ti the time.
o onl Sheik
ns y h
: Hin Salim
du Chisti,
Ran wh a Sufi
k o saint
and foll blesse
stat owe d
us d Akbar
this with a
Sal ne son
ary w who
reli was
Nu gio name
d so Yusu
Sali liv fzai
m/S ed Tribe
hei du (1586
rin
kho g ).
Bab Ak 7 A
a ba bul
(Jah rs
Fazl
ang pe
ir). rio was
In d. mur
hon 5 dere
our W d by
of h Bir
e Sing
Sali n
m A h
Chi k Bun
sti, b dela
Akb a (1601
ar r ).
Shif di
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d, Ak
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cou e ga
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m s gh
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a to u Ind
ri ia
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k gu
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a a
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u r (1605
t -27)
A
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R Birba n
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a kill
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 n st And
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 SSC CGL GK Digest
Naizam ul Mulk Qin Qulik Khan, the
wazir,
relinquished his office and founded the
state of
Hyderabad in 1724
His departure was symbolic of the fight
of loyalty
and virtue from the Empire
Heriditary nawabs arose in Bengal,
Hyderabad,
Awadh and Punjab
Marathas conquered Malwa, Gujarat and
Bundelkhand
1738: Invasion of Nadir Shah
Nadir Shahs Invasion (1738)
Attracted to India by its fabulous wealth.
Continual
campaigns had made Persia bankrupt
Also, the Mughal empire was weak.
Didnt meet any resistance as the
defense of the
north-west frontier had been neglected
for years
The twarmies met at Karnal on 13th Feb
1739.
Mughal army was summarily defeated.
MS taken
prisoner
Massacre in Delhi in response to the
killing of some
of his soldiers
Plunder of about 70 crore rupees. Carried
away the
Peacock throne and Koh-inoor
MS ceded thim all the provinces of the
Empire west
of the river Indus
Significance: Nadir Shahs invasion
exposed the
hidden weakness of the empire to the
Maratha
sardars and the foreign trading
companies
Ahmed Shah Abdali
One of the generals of Nadir Shah
Repeatedly invaded and plundered India
1756: Abdali plundered Mathura
Alamgir II was succeeded by Shah Jahan III
Shah Jahan III succeeded by Shah Alam II in
1759
Shah Alam spent initial years wandering for he
lived under the fear of his wazir.
In 1764, he joined forces with Mir Qasim of
Bengal
and Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh in declaring a
war
upon the British East India company. This
resulted
in the Battle of Buxar
Pensioned at Allahabad.
Returned to Delhi in 1772 under the protection
of
Marathas.
Decline of the Mughal Empire
After 1759, Mughal empire ceased to be a
military
power.
It continued from 1759 till 1857 only due to the
powerful hold that the Mughal dynasty had on
the
minds of the people of India as a symbol of the
political unity of the country
In 1803, the British occupied Delhi
From 1803 to 1857, the Mughal emperors
merely
served as a political front of the British.
BankExamsToday.com
The most important consequence of the fall of
the
Mughal empire was that it paved way for the
British to conquer India as there was no other
Indian power strong enough to unite and hold
India.
right and 1761. He
invaded India
down to Delhi
and Mathura five times.
between 1748 1761: Third battle
of Panipat. Defeat of Marathas. As a result of The Marathas death of his
invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah, the guardian, Dadaji
Mughal empire ceased to be an all-India empire. Kondadev, in 1647,
By 1761 it was reduced merely to the Kingdom Shivaji (1627-80) he assumed full
charge of his Jagir.
of Delhi 1 Shivaji was 5 He
the son of Shahji conquered many
Shah Alam II (1759) and Jijabai and
was born in the Forts viz.
Ahmed Bahadur (1748-54) succeeded
Muhammad Shah fort of Shivner. 1. Singh Garh/
2 Shivaji Kondana (1643)
Ahmed Bahadur was succeeded by Alamgir
II (1754-59) inherited the 2. Rohind and
Jagir of Poona Chakan (1644-
from his father
in 1637. 45)
3 His guru was 3. Toran (1646)
Ramdas Samrath 4. Purandhar (1648)
4 After the 5. Rajgarh/ Raigarh
(1656)

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SSC CGL GK
Digest
h d
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 SSC CGL GK Digest
2) Popularly known as the English East
India
Company. It was formed by a group of
merchants
known as the Merchant Adventures in
1599 & in
1600 the company was given rights to
trade in the
entire east by QUEEN ELIZABETH I.
Decision to open a factory at Surat
3) Following the decision of the East India
Company
to open a factory at Surat (1608).
Captain Hawkins
arrived at Jahangirs court (1609) to seek
permission. A farman was issued by
Jahangir permitting the English to build a
factory at
Surat (1613).
4) Sir Thomas Roe came to India as
ambassador of
James I to Jahangirs court in 1615 to
obtain the
permission to trade and establish
factories in
different parts of the empire.
Danis
h
1. The Danes formed an East India
Company and
arrived in India in 1616. They established
settlements at Tranquebar (in Tamil
Nadu) in 1620
and at Serampore (Bengal) in 1676.
Serampore was
their headquarters in India.
2. They were forced to sell all their
settlements in
India to the British in 1854
Frenc
h under
1) The French East India Company was
formed by
EAST INDIA
COMPANY
1. The East India Company acquired Bombay
from
Charles II on lease. Gerald Aungier was its first
governor from
1669 to 1677. The first factory was built at
Surat in
(1605). Later, Surat was replaced by Bombay
as the
headquarters of the Company on the west
coast in
1687.
2. In 1639 Francis Day obtained the site of
Madras
from the Raja of Chandragiri with permission to
build a fortified factory, which was named Fort
St.
George. Madras soon replaced Masulipatam as
the
headquarters of the English on the Coromandal
coast.
3. In 1690 Job Charnock established a factory
at
Sutanuti and the zamindari of the three
villages of
Sutanuti, Kalikata and Govindpur was acquired
by
the British (1698). These villages later grew
into the
city of Calcutta. The factory at Sutanuti was
fortified in 1696 and this new fortified
settlement
was named fort William in 1700.
4. In 1694 the British Parliament passed a
resolution giving equal rights to all Englishmen
to
trade in the East. A new rival company, known as
BankExamsToday.com
the English Company of Merchants Trading to
the
East Indies (1698) was formed The final
amalgamation of the company came in 1708
the title of The United Company of Merchants
of
England Trading to the East Indies. This new
Colbert in 1664.
2) The first French factory was
established at Surat
by Francois Caron in 1664. A factory at
Masulipatam was set up in 1669.
3) The French power in India was revived
under
Lenoir and Dumas (governors) between
1720 and
1742. They occupied Mahe in the
Malabar, Yanam
in Coromandal and Karikal in Tamil Nadu
(1739).
4) The arrival of Dupleix as French
governor in India
in 1742 saw the beginning of Anglo-
French confict
(Carnatic wars) resulting in their final
defeat in
India.
company continued its existence till 1858.
IMPORTANT
BATTLES
First Anglo- Sikh War (1845-1846)
The first battle between the Sikhs and the
English
was fought at Mudki on December 18,
1845.The
Sikhs were defeated. The English again won
the
battle at Firozpur on December 21.The Sikhs
under
Ranjit Singh Majithia however defeated the
English
at Buddwal in 1846.But the Sikhs were again
defeated at Aliwal. The decisive battle was
fought
at Sobraon in 1846 and Sikhs were routed. The
English then crossed the Sutlej and captured
the
capital of Lahore.
The war came to an end by the treaty of
Lahore
which was signed in 1846.This treaty left the
Sikhs

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SSC CGL GK
Digest
treaty s of their
of kingdom.
Lahor Lord
wi e or Gough
th the
no the
treaty British
ca of
pa Comman
Bhair
cit owal. der in
y Chief
fo Second reached
r Anglo- Lahore
re Sikh with the
si War grand
sti (1848- army of
ng 1849)
Punjab.
th The Multan
e
Sikhs surrender
En
gli conside ed in
sh red 1849 and
. their the Sikhs
A defeat suffered a
no in the defeat at
th first Chillianw
er Sikh ala a few
tr War a weeks
ea great later. The
ty humilia final and
w tion.
as decisive
They battle
m
ad had was won
e been by the
wi accusto English at
th med to Gujarat
Si victorie and the
kh s in the whole of
s time of Punjab
in Ranjit surrender
1 Singh ed. The
8 and war
4
this resulted
6
th defeat in the
is gave a annexatio
tr rude n of
ea shock Punjab in
ty to their 1849 by
is pride. Lord
kn The Dalhousie
o Sikhs and Dalip
w wanted Singh was
n to pensione
as restore d off and
Se
co the sent to
nd fallen England
fortune
alo frontier British
ng s of realizatio
wit India n of the
h toward threat
his s the posed to
mot north- them by
her west. Haider. A
Ran Beside tripartite
i after alliance
Jind the was
an. destruc formed
against
The tion of
Haider by
ad Sikh the
min power British,
istr there the
atio remain Nizam
n of ed no and the
the active Marathas.
Pun power Haider's
jab which success
was could in
entr pose a breaking
ust threat the
ed to the alliance
to a securit and
Boa y of the declaratio
rd English n of war
of in on the
Co India. British.
mm The war
issi The ended
one First with the
Anglo- defeat of
rs.
Mysore British.
The War
ann (1767- The
exa 69) panic-
tion stricken
of The Madras
main governm
Pun
causes ent
jab
of this conclude
ext d the
war
end were humiliati
ed Haider' ng Treaty
the s of
Briti ambitio Madras in
sh n to 1769 on
terridrive the basis
tori the of mutual
es British restitutio
in away n of each
Indi from other's
a the territories
up Carnati and a
to c and defensive
the finally alliance
nat from between
ural India the two
and the parties
co T o
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Arthur Wellesley attacked Mysore from
the east while another army advanced
from Bombay.
Tipu was at first defeated by the Bombay
army and was later on defeated by the
General Harris at Mallavalli. Tipu died
fighting bravely. The members of his
family were interned at Vellore. A boy of
the earlier Mysore royal family was
installed on the Gaddi of Mysore and a
Subsidiary Alliance was imposed. Thus
the fourth Mysore War destroyed the
state of Mysore which was ruled by
Haider Ali 33 years back.
First Anglo Maratha War (1775-82)
The internal problems of the
Marathas and the growing ambition
of the English brought the beginning
of the Anglo-
Maratha struggle. The primary cause of
the first Maratha war was the
interference of the English government
at Bombay in the internal affairs of the
Marathas.Peshwa Madhav Rao died in
1772 and was succeeded by his younger
brother Narain Rao.His uncle Raghoba
wanted to become the
Peshwa and got him murdered. The
Maratha chiefs
took up the cause of Madhav Rao Narain the son
BankExamsTodayThirdAnglo-MrthaWar(1817-
1818)Maratha.com
Narain Rao.Ragobha approached British
for help and signed the treaty of Surat
hopping to gain the coveted Gaddi with
the help of English subsidiary troops. By
this treaty he also promised to cede
Salsette and Bassein and refrain from
entering into alliance with the enemies
of the company.
In the war that followed nobody gained
any success and two parties realized the
futility of the struggle by concluding the
Treaty of Salbai (1782). By the Treaty of
Salbai, status quo was maintained which
gave the British 20 years of peace with
the Marathas. The treaty also enabled
the British to exert pressure on Mysore
with the help of the Marathas in
recovering their territories from Haider
Ali.
Second Anglo- Maratha War (1803-1806)
Second Anglo- Maratha War (1803-1806)
The second Maratha war was fought at the
their own internal differences. The Treaty
of Bassein made confict with the
Marathas inevitable. The main provisions
of the treated were the recognition of
Peshwa's claim in Poona acceptance of
Subsidiary Alliance by Baji Rao II and
relinquishing of all rights of Surat by Baji
Rao to the British.
For Marathas Treaty of Bassein was loss of
national honor.Holkar and Scindia stopped
fighting .Scindia and Bhonsle combined
but Holkar and Gaikwad remained
aloof.Scindia and Bhonsle were asked by
the English to withdraw their troops to the
north of the Narmada River but they
refused and it led to war. Both Scindia
and Peshwar had accepted the
sovereignty of the English. British turned
their attention towards Holkar but
Yashwant Rao Holkar proved more than a
match for the British. Wellesley was
recalled from India and the Company
made peace with the Holkar in January
1806 by the Treaty of Rajghat giving back
to the Anglo-Maratha
Third latter the greater
Warpart of the
(1817-
1818)
territories.
made a desperate last attempt to regain
their independence and prestige in
1817.This led in organizing a united front of
the Maratha Chiefs and was taken over by
the Peshwa who was uneasy under the rigid of
control exercised by the British Resident.
However once again the Marathas failed to
evolve any plan of action. The Peshwa
attacked the British Residency at Poona in
1817, Appa Saheb of Nagpur attacked the
Residency at Nagpur and Madhav Rao
Holkar made preparations for war. The
Maratha confederacy was altogether
destroyed so many territories were taken
from its various members that they were
rendered powerless to do anything against
the British. Thus the work was
accomplished by Lord Hastings in
1818.Now the British Government became
the
Thesupreme
Revolt ofand paramount authority in
1857
India.
The Revolt of 1857 is an important
landmark in the history of India. As per the
British historians it was
time of Lord Wellesley who wanted the
Marathas to accept his Subsidiary Alliance
system. The Marathas refused to accept it
but were tricked by Wellesley due to

www.BankExamsToday.com Page 31

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cultivat young.
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Ind Best Affair d
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Digest
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 n s Curren d
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1 b is
Ca o si
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Pitts Act of 1784: Governmen
Introduced Dual System of Govt by Rule o
the of
company and by a Parliamentary
board of the C
A post
directors. of the
gave the British Government a
measure of Britis
He wa
control over the companys affairs Crown.
company became a subordinate Secret
department through
of the State. Gove
Reduced the number of members of Gover
Executive Council of the GG to Vicero
three. State
and w
Coun
Act of 1786:
which
Governor General given the power Govt.
to over- The sy
ride the Council and was made the Pitts
Commander-in-chief also to prevail
upon
Cornawalis to accept the GG-ship of
India I dian Coun
BankExamsToday.com
The Ex
called
Charter Act of 1793:
Centr
Company given monopoly of trade
The G
for 20
power
more years.
to pro
laid the foundation of govt. by
written laws,
interpreted by courts. Indian Cou
Indian
Charter Act of 1813:
Legis
Company deprived of its trade
monopoly in
Eleme
India except in tea and trade with
China.
An amount of one lakh rupees was Indian Cou
set aside Reforms:
for the promotion of Education in
India. It envi
Musli
Charter Act of 1833:
End of Companys monopoly even in
tea and
trade with China. Governmen
Company was asked to close its Provid
business at India
the earliest. Feder
Governor General of Bengal to be Britis
 Governor
General of India Prince
(1st Governor General of India was The jo
Lord voluntar
and a
William Bentinck). come

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into existence as the minimum with administrative tribunals to hear disputes

number of and
princes required to join the federation did
not other complaints
give their assent to join the 15. Part XV Articles 324-329 Election and
federation. Election
Dyarchy was introduced at the
Centre (e.g. Commission
Department of Foreign Affairs and 16. Part XVI Articles 330-342 Special
Defence provision to
were reserved for the Governor
General). certain classes ST/SC and Anglo Indians
Provincial autonomy replaced 17. Part XVII Articles 343-351 Official
Dyarchy in languages
provinces. They were granted
separate legal 18. Part XVIII Articles 352-360 Emergency
identity. provisions
Burma (now Myanmar) separated from
India. 19. Part XIX Articles 361-367 Miscellaneous
provision regarding exemption of the
President and
governors from criminal proceedings
PARTS OF INDIAN
CONSTITUTION 20. Part XX Article 368 Amendment of
1. Part I Articles 1-4 Territory of India,, Constitution
admission,,
establishment or formation of new states 21. Part XXI Articles 369-392 Temporary,,
transitional and special provisions
2. Part II Articles 5-11 Citizenship
3. Part III Articles 12-35 Fundamental 22. Part XXII Articles 393-395 Short title,
Rights commencement and repeal of the
4. Part IV Articles 36-51 Directive Constitution
Principles of State
Policy Part IV A Article 51-A Duties of a SCHEDULES OF INDIAN
citizen of CONSTITUTION
India. It was added by the 42nd 1. First Schedule - List of States & Union
Amendment in 1976 Territories
5. Part V Articles 52-151 Government at 2. Second Schedule -Salary of President,
the Union Governors,
level Chief Judges, Judges of High Court and
6. Part VI Articles 152-237 Government Supreme
at the State court, Comptroller and Audit r Gener l
level BankExamsToday.com
7. Part VII Article 238 Deals with states 3. Third Schedule-Forms of Oaths and
affirmations
in Part B of 4. Fourth Schedule-Allocate seats for each
state of
the First Schedule. It was repealed by 7th India in Rajya Sabha
Amendment in 1956 5. Fifth Schedule-Administration and control
8. Part VIII Articles 239-241 Administration of of
Union scheduled areas and tribes
Territories 6. Sixth Schedule-Provisions for
9. Part IX Article 242-243 Territories in administration of
Part D of the
 Tribal Area in Asom, Meghalaya, Tripura,
First Schedule and other territories. It was Mizoram &
repealed Arunachal Pradesh
by 7th Amendment in 1956 7. Seventh Schedule-Gives allocation of
10. Part X Articles 244-244 A Scheduled powers and
and tribal functions between Union & States. It contains
3 lists-
areas Union List (For central Govt) /States List
11. Part XI Articles 245-263 Relations (Powers of
between the State Govt) /Concurrent List (Both Union &
States).
Union and States 8. Eighth Schedule-List of 22 languages of
India
12. Part XII Articles 264-300 Finance,, recognized by Constitution
property,,
contracts and suits 9. Ninth Schedule-Added by Ist amendment
13. Part XIII Articles 301-307 Trade,, commerce in
and 1951. Contains acts & orders related to land
tenure,
travel within the territory of India land tax, railways, industries.
14. Part XIV Articles 308-323 Services 10. Tenth Schedule-Added by 52nd
under the amendment in
Union and States Part XIV-A Articles 323A- 1985. Contains provisions of disqualification
323B of
Added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976
and deals grounds of defection

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11. Eleventh Schedule-By 73rd
amendment in
1992. Contains provisions of Panchayati
Raj.
12. Twelfth Schedule-By
74thamendment in 1992. Contains
provisions of Municipal Corporation.
Sources of our Constitution
The Indian Constitution is borrowed from
almost all the major countries of the
world but has its own
unique features too. Major sources are:
1. Government of India Act of 1935 -
Federal Scheme, Office of Governor,
Judiciary, Public Service Commission,
Emergency provisions and
administrative details.
2. British Constitution Parliamentary
System, Rule of law, Lagislative Procedure,
Single Citizenship,
Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs,
Parliamentary
Privileges and Bicameralism.
3. US Constitution Fundamental
rights, independence of judiciary,
judicial review, impeachment of
president, removal of Supreme court
and high court judges and post of vice
president.
4. Irish Constitution- Directive
Principles of State Policy, nomination of
members of Rajya Sabha and method of
election of president
5. Canadian Constitution- Federation
with a strong centre, vesting of residuary
power in the centre, appointment of
state Governor by the centre and
advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court.
6. Australian Constitution- Concurrent
list, joint
sitting of two houses of Parliament.
7. Constitution of Germany-
Suspension of
fundamental rights during emergency.
8. French Constitution- Republic and
ideals of
liberty, equality and fraternity in the
Preamble.
9. South African Constitution-
Procedure for amendment of the
Fundamental
Rights
They are justiciable, allowing persons
to move the courts for their
enforcement, if and when they are
violated.
They are defended and guaranteed by the
Supreme Court. Hence, the aggrieved
person can directly go to the Supreme
Court. They can be suspended during the
operation of a National Emergency except
the rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and
21. More, the six rights guaranteed by
Article 19 can be suspended only when
emergency is declared on the grounds of
war or external aggression.
Originally the Constitution provided
for seven fundamental rights:
1. Right to equality [Art. 14-18]
2. Right to freedom [Art. 19-22]
3. Right against exploitation [Art. 23-24].
4. Right to freedom [Art. 25-28]
5. Cultural and educational rights [Art. 29-30]
6. Right to property [Art. 31]
7. Right to constitutional remedies [Art. 32]
BankExamsTodayCITIZNSHIP.com
A citizen is a person who enjoys full
membership of the community or State in
which he lives or ordinarily lives. The State
demands extra duty from its citizen which
cannot be asked to non-citizens. 42nd
Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1976 has
inserted 10 Fundamental Duties in Article
51-A.
Ways to acquire Indian
Citizenship
Constitution of India under Citizenship
(Amendment) Act, 1986 provides five ways
to acquire citizenship of India. These five
ways are:
a) Citizenship by
Birth
Every person born in India on or after 26th
Jan 1950 shall be a citizen of India provided
either, or both of his parents are citizens of
India at the time of his birth. However, such a
person shall not be a citizen of
India if at the time of his birth:
His/her father is a foreign
diplomat or His/her father is an
enemy alien.
Page
43
constitution and election of
members of Rajya Sabha.
10.Japanese Constitution- Procedure
established by Law.
11.Constitution of former USSR:
Procedure of five-year plan, fundamental
duties, ideals of justice in Preamble.

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b) Citizenship by Descent e) Citizenship by incorporation of Territory

A person born outside India on or If any new territory becomes a part of India,
after 26th the
Jan 1950 shall be a citizen of India by Govt. of India shall notify the persons of that
descent, territory
if his father is a citizen of India at
the time of to be Indian citizens.
his birth.
The
President
c) Citizenship by Registration
Article 52 There shall be a President of
Any person who is not a citizen of India
India.
and belongs
Article 53 The executive power of the
to any of the following categories; can
Union shall
apply for
be vested in the President. He shall exercise
registration as a citizen (He must have
the
resided in
executive power directly or through
subordinate
India for at least 5 years):
officers in accordance with the constitution.
1) Person of Indian origin who are ordinarily
resident
Thus the President is:
in India for 5 years immediately before
making an
(1) Executive head of the Republic.
application for registration. PIO who are
(2) All the executive actions are taken in his
ordinarily
name.
resident in any country or place outside
The executive power vested in the President
India.
is to be
2) Women who are married to citizens of
exercised on the aid and advice of the Council
India.
3) Minor children of persons who are citizen of of
India. Ministers [Article 74(1)]. It is obligatory on the
4) Persons of full age and capacity who are part of
citizens of President to accept the advice of the council
a country mentioned in the first Schedule to the of
Act. ministers as per the 42ndand 44th
Constitutional
d) Citizenship by Naturalization Amendment Acts.
(3) He is the first citizen of India and occupies
A foreigner, on application for
the first
naturalization can
position under the warrant of precedence.
acquire Indian citizenship provided he
Warrant
satisfies
of Precedence indicates the hierarchy of
certain conditions: positions
occupied by various dignitaries attending a state

1) He is not a citizen or subject of a BankExamsToday.com

country where
Indian citizens are prevented from becoming function.
citizens (4) He is the Supreme Commander of Armed
by naturalization. Forces.
2) He renounces his citizenship of the
other country. Qualification for election as President
3) He has resided and/or bears in Govt.
services for
12 months immediately preceding the
date of
application. During 7 years prior to these 12
months,
he has resided and/or been in Govt.
Service for not
less than 4 years.
4) He is of good character.
5) He has an adequate knowledge of a
language
recognized by the Constitution of India.
6) After naturalization he intends to
reside in India.
7) If the Central Govt. is of the opinion
that the
applicant has rendered distinguished
service to the
cause of Science, philosophy, art,
literature, world
peace or human progress generally, it may waive India/Governor of any state/A minister of
the
condition for naturalization in his case.
(a) He must be a citizen of India.
(b) He must have completed the age of 35
years.
(c) He must be qualified for election as a
Member of
the House of the People.
(d) He must not hold any office of Profit under
the
Govt. of India or the Govt. of any State or
under any
local or other authority subject to the control
of any
of the said Govt.. However, following persons
are not
deemed to be holding any office of profit and
hence
they cannot be disqualified for election as the
President: A sitting President or Vice-
President of
the Union
or of any State.

Legislative powers of President

The legislative Powers of President are as
follows:

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SSC CGL GK
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The total number of ministers, including
the Prime Minister, in the Council of
Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the
total strength of the Lok Sabha. [91st
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003]
The council of ministers shall be
collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
A person who is not a member of either
House can also become a minister but he
cannot continue as minister for more than
six months unless he secures a seat in
either House of Parliament (by
election/nomination). [Art. 75(5)]
PARLIAMENT OF INDIA
The House of the People (Lok Sabha)
The Lok Sabha is the popular house of the
parliament because its members are directly
elected by the common electorates of India.
All the members of this House are popularly
elected, except not more than two from the
Anglo-Indian community, who can be
nominated by the President. In the
Constitution, the
strength of the Lok Sabha is provisioned
under Art.
81 to be not more than 552 (530 from the States, 20
BankExamsTodayLeaderoftheHouse.com
from the Union Territories and 2 may be
nominated from the Anglo-Indian
community). Recently again, the Govt.
has extended this freeze in the Lok
Sabha seats till the year 2026 by
Constitution (84th Amendment Act,
2001).
Special Powers of the Lok Sabha
There are certain powers, which are
constitutionally granted to the Lok Sabha
and not to the Rajya Sabha. These powers
are-
1. Money and Financial Bills can only
originate in the Lok Sabha.
2. In case of a Money Bill, the Rajya
Sabha has only the right to make
recommendation and the Lok Sabha may
legislative jurisdiction over the passage of
the Money Bills.
RAJYA
SABHA
The Rajya Sabha (RS) or Council of States is
the upper house of the Parliament of India.
Membership is limited to 250 members, 12 of
whom are nominated by the President of
India for their contributions to art, literature,
science, and social services.
The remainder of the body is elected by the
state and territorial legislatures. Members
sit for six-year terms, with one third of the
members retiring every two years. The
Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions
and, unlike the Lok Sabha, the lower house
of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution.
The Vice President of India (currently,
Hamid Ansari) is the ex-officio Chairman of
the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its
sessions. The Deputy Chairman who is
elected from amongst the RS's members,
takes care of the day-to-day matters of the
house in the absence of the Chairman.The
Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May
1952.
Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and
the Deputy Chairman, there is also a function called
Leader of the House. This is a cabinet minister - the
prime minister if he is a member of the House, or
another nominated minister. The Leader has a seat
next to the Chairman, in the front row.
MEMBE
R
A person in order to be elected to the
Rajya Sabha must
(a) be a citizen of India,
(b) be 30 years of age on more,
(c) not be holding any office of profit
under the central or state Govt. or
local body and
(d) posses all other qualification prescribed
by the act of parliament from time to time.
Powers of Rajya
Sabha
So far as powers of Rajya Sabha is
concerned it enjoys co-equal power with the
Lok Sabha in respect of all bills other than
money bill. In case of Money
Page
46
or may not accept the recommendation.
Also, a Money Bill must be passed by the
Upper House within a period of 14 days.
Otherwise, the Bill shall be automatically
deemed to be passed by the House. Thus,
the Lok Sabha enjoys exclusive

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Bills Rajya Sabha has no powers Money Bills Constitution of India, the role of the Supreme
can only Court
be introduced in the Lok Sabha. When it
comes to is that of a federal court and guardian of the
the Rajya Sabha after being passed by the
Lok Sabha, Constitution.
days only after which it is deemed to be
passed.
Under Article 124(1) the constitution originally
provided for 1 Chief Justice of India and not
Govern
or more
than 6 other judges. The constitution
The Governor is merely appointed by the
President authorizes the
Parliament to provide by law in fixing the
which really means, by the Union Council of Strength of
Ministers. The Governor holds office during the judges of the Supreme Court.
the The Parliament passed the Supreme Court
pleasure of the President, there is no security (Number
of his
tenure. He can be removed by the President of Judges) thus accordingly, a Constitutional
at any Amendment Act in 2008 has increased the
time. There is no impeachment process for strength
removal of Supreme Court to 31 (1 Chief Justice + 30
of Governors as prescribed in constitution in other
the case
of President. judges).
Qualification to be a judge of Supreme Court
The powers of Governors
1. A person must be a citizen of India
2. He/she must have been, for at least five
Executive Powers years, a
The Governor appoints the Chief Minister Judge of a High Court or of two or more such
who Courts
enjoys the support of the majority in the
Vidhan in succession
3. Or an Advocate of a High Court or of two or
Sabha. more
The Governor also appoints the other such Courts in succession for at least ten
members of years
the Council of Ministers and distributes portfolios to
BankExamsToday4.Orthepersonustbe,intheopinionof.thecom
them on the advice of the Chief Minister. President, a distinguished jurist.
He/she also appoints the Advocate General
and the
Removal of judges of Supreme Court
chairman and members of the State Public
Service Article 124(4) provides for the removal of a
Commission. judge of
The Governor appoints the judges of the the Supreme Court. He is removed by the
District President
Courts. upon an address by both the Houses of the
 Parliament supported by a majority of not less
than
2/3rd of members present and voting and a
Legislative Powers majority
The Governor summons the sessions of both of total strength of the House on the ground
houses of
of the state legislature and prorogues them. misbehavior or incapacity.
The Governor inaugurates the state The President shall pass the order of
legislature by removal in the
addressing it after the assembly elections same session in which the Parliament
and also at passed the
resolution. Article 124(5) confers the power
the beginning of the first session every year. on the
The Governor can even dissolve the Vidhan Parliament to provide by law for the procedure
Sabha. for
These powers are formal and the Governor
while the Presentation of an address and for the
using these powers must act according to the investigation for proof of misbehavior or
advice incapacity
of the Council of Ministers headed by the of a judge. Accordingly the Parliament passed
Chief Judges
(Inquiry) Act 1968 which states that a
Minister. resolution
seeking the removal of a judge of
Supreme Court of India Supreme Court can be introduced in either
House of
Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial
forum Parliament.
and final court of appeal. According to the
www.BankExamsToday.com Page 47
the former can keep it maximum for a period
of 14
Composition of Supreme Court

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began to contract, rotate and gain

angular Biggest Satellite : Gannymede
momentum. Smallest Satellite : Deimos
This may have been triggered by a star in
the region Blue Planet: Earth
exploding as a supernova, and sending a
shock wave Morning/Evening Star : Venus
through the solar nebula. Earth's Twin : Venus
As the cloud rotated, it became a fat disc Green Planet : Neptune
perpendicular to its axis of rotation. Most of the
mass Planet with a big red spot : Jupiter
concentrated in the middle and began to
heat up. Lord of the Heavens : Jupiter
Meanwhile, the rest of the disc began to
break up Greatest Diurnal Temperature: Mercury
into rings, with gravity causing matter to
condense
around dust particles. Small fragments
collided to
become larger fragments, including one
collection Important Parallels of
about 150 million kilometers from the Latitude
center: this 1. The Tropic of Cancer : It is in the
would become the Earth. northern
hemisphere at an angular distance of 23 1/2
THE LAST 2 BILLION YEARS OR SO (2330N) from the equator.
2. The Tropic of Capricorn : It is in the
As soon as the oxygen was produced by southern
photosynthesis it was taken out again by
reacting hemisphere at an angular distance of 23 1/2
with other elements (such as iron).This
continued (2330S) from the equator.
3. The Arctic Circle : It lies at a distance of
until about 2.1 billion years ago when the 66 1/2
concentration of oxygen increased
markedly. As (6630N) north of the equator.
oxygen levels built up and then . . . . . . 4. The Antarctic Circle : It lies at a distance
The ozone of 66
layer was formed which started to filter 1/2 (6630S) south of the equator. There are
out harmful two
ultraviolet rays. This allowed the solstices each year, called the Summer
evolution of new Solstice and
BankExamsToday.com
living organisms in the shallow seas. the Winter Solstice.
Summer Solstice : The day of 21st June
when the
Earth Solar System
sun is vertically overhead at the Tropic of
Cancer
Earth solar system consists of : (2330N).
The Sun The Planets Winter Solstice : The day of 22nd
Dwarf Planets and countless fragments December when
of left
overs called asteroids, meteors, comets and the sun is vertically overhead at the Tropic of
satellites
of the planets (Called small solar system
Bodies). Capricorn (2330S).
Meridians of Longitude
Solar System Some The semi-circles running from pole to pole or
Facts
from
north to south are known as meridians of
longitude
and distance between them is measured in
degrees
of longitude. Greenwich Meridian or Prime
Meridian
with a value of 0 longitude serves as a
common base
for numbering meridians of longitude lying on
either
side of it east as well as west. There are
360
meridians including Prime Meridian. Each
degree of a
longitude is divided into sixty equal parts,
each part is
called a minute. Each minute is again divided
into
sixty equal parts, each part being called a
Biggest Planet : Jupiter second.
Local Time : Local time of any place is 12
noon
when the sun is exactly overhead. It will vary
from
Smallest Planet : Mercury
Nearest Planet to Sun : Mercury
Farthest Planet from Sun : Neptune
Nearest Planet to Earth : Venus
Brightest Planet : Venus
Brightest star after Sun : Sirius
Planet with maximum satellites: Jupiter
Coldest Planet : Neptune
Hottest Planet : Venus

Heaviest Planet : Jupiter

Red Planet : Mars

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SSC CGL GK
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Facts about earth When eart
The Earth also called Blue Planet. It is Occurs on
the densest does
not occur o
of all planets. moon
Earth Circumference: 40,232 is so small
Kilometers. about 5
Earth Area: 510 million Square with respec
Kilometers It is for
Average distance from sun: 149 this reason
million month.
This light
Kilometers. scatters
Earth Perihelion: Nearest position of the other co
earth to
sun. The earth reaches its perihelion on amounts th
January 3
every year at a distance of about 147
million- Earth Solar
Kilometers. A solar ecl
Aphelion: Farthest position of earth occurs whe
from sun. The theMoon pa
earth reaches its aphelion on July 4, when and the
the earth Moon fully o
Sun. This
is at a distance of 152 million Kilometers. can happen only
BankExamsToday.com

The shape of the earth is oblate spheroid or categorized

oblate Upper
ellipsoid (i.e. almost spherical, fattened a mantle, Low
little at the Inner
poles with a slight bulge at the centre). core.
Types of Earth Movements: The earth's
they
1. Rotation or daily movement. are
2. Revolution or annual movement. (i) the crust
Earth Rotation a) Earth's
Spins on its imaginary axis from west to All of the Ea
east in 23 plains, and
plateaus) a
hrs, 56 min and 40.91 sec. the
Rotational velocity at equator is 1667 oceans, sea
Kilometers/h
and it decreases towards the poles, different ty
where it is zero. underlies th
continental
Earths rotation results in crust that u
different ty
i. Causation of days and nights; different
ii. A difference of one hour between two types of roc
meridians crust and
which are 15 apart; the mantle
iii. Change in the direction of wind and b) Earth's
ocean rocky matte
currents; Rise and fall of tides everyday. that surrou
 2885
iv. The longest day in North Hemisphere km. The ma
is June 21, Earth's
while shortest day is on 22 Dec (Vice- volume. Th
versa in rock
rich in iron
S.Hemisphere). separated
Days and nights are almost equal at the from the co
equator. Discontinui
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 SSC CGL GK Digest
The outer and the inner mantle are
separated by
another discontinuity named Repetti
discontinuity.
c) Earth's Core: Earth's Core is thought
to be
composed mainly of an iron and nickel alloy.
The core
is earth's source of internal heat because
it contains
radioactive materials which release heat
as they
break down into more stable substances.
ATMOSPHE
RE
Atmosphere is a thick gaseous envelope
that
surrounds the earth and extends
thousands of
kilometers above the earth's surface. Much of
the life
on the earth exists because of the
atmosphere
otherwise the earth would have been
barren.
Nitrogen and Oxygen comprise 99% of
the total
volume of the atmosphere.
Structure of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere consists of almost
concentric layers
of air with varying density and
temperature.
a) Troposphere:
Lowest layer of the atmosphere.
The height of troposphere is 16 km
thick over the
equator and 10 km thick at the poles.
All weather phenomena are confined to BankExamsToday.com
troposphere (e.g. fog, cloud, frost,
rainfall, storms,
etc.)
Temperature decreases with height in
this layer
roughly at the rate of 6.5 per 1000
metres, which is
Temperature rises from -60C at the base of
the
stratosphere to its upper boundary as it
absorbs
ultra-voilet rays.
Upper limit of the Stratosphere is called
stratopause.
c) Mesosphere
Mesosphere extends to the height of 50-90
km.
Temperature decreases with height. It
reaches a
minimum of -80C at an altitude of 80-90 km
The upper limit is called mesopause.
d) Thermosphere
It lies at 80 km to 640 km above the earth's
surface.
It is also known as ionosphere.
Temperature increases rapidly with
increasing
height.
It is an electrically charged layer. This layer
is
produced due to interaction of solar radiation
and
the chemicals present, thus disappears with
the
sunset.
There are a number of layers in
thermosphere e.g.
D-layer, E-layer, F-layer and G-layer.
Radio waves transmitted from earth are
refected
back to the earth by these layers.
e) Exosphere
This is the uppermost layer of the
atmosphere
extending beyond the ionosphere.
The density is very low and temperature
becomes
5568C.
This layer merges with the outer space.
called normal lapse rate.
Upper limit of the troposphere is called
tropopause
which is about 1.5 km.
b) Stratosphere:
The stratosphere is more or less devoid
of major
weather phenomenon but there is
circulation of
feeble winds and cirrus cloud in the lower
stratosphere.
Jet aircrafts fy through the lower
stratosphere
because it provides perfect fying
conditions.
Ozone layer lies within the stratosphere
mostly at
the altitude of 15 to 35 km above earth's
surface.
Ozone layer acts as a protective cover as it
absorbs
ultra-voilet rays of solar radiation.
Depletion of ozone may result in rise of
temperature of ground surface and lower
atmosphere.
About Ionosphere
At heights of 80 km (50 miles), the gas is so
thin that
free electrons can exist for short periods of
time
before they are captured by a nearby positive
ion.
This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and
contains plasma which is referred to as the
ionosphere. The Ultraviolet (UV), X-Ray and
shorter
wavelengths of solar radiation ionizes the
atmosphere. The ionosphere is broken down
into the
D, E and F regions.
PRESSURE AND WIND BELTS
Air pressure is thus defined as total weight of
a mass
of column of air above per unit area at sea
level. The
amount of pressure exerted by air at a
particular

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SSC CGL GK
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 The Pacific
five
oceans. Str
OCEANS waterways
Arctic Ocean-- The Arctic Ocean is the include the
smallest of Taiwan,
the world's five oceans. The Northwest
Passage (US Singapore,
and Canada) and Northern Sea Route It is body o
(Norway and Ocean,
Russia) are two important seasonal Asia, Austra
waterways. It
It is a body of water between Europe, Asia, includes Ba
and North China
Sea, Gulf of
America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle. Japan, Sea
of Okhotsk,
Lowest point: Fram Basin water
Major chokepoint is the Southern
Chukchi Sea bodies.
Ports and harbors: Churchill (Canada), Lowest po
Murmansk Mariana
(Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US) Trench.
Atlantic Ocean-- The Atlantic Ocean is The major
the second Strait, Pana
largest of the world's five oceans. The Kiel Canal, Luzo
Canal the
(Germany), Oresund (Denmark-Sweden), Equator div
Bosporus North
(Turkey), Strait of Gibraltar (Morocco-Spain),
and the Pacific Ocea
Saint Lawrence Seaway (Canada-US) are Ports and
important Angeles
(US), Manila
strategic access waterways. Korea), San
It is a body of water between Africa,
Europe, the Francisco (U
Southern Ocean, and the Western Singapore,
Hemisphere. It (Russia).
BankExamsToday.com
includes includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, SOUTHERN
Caribbean the
Sea, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of fourth large
Mexico, body
Mediterranean Sea, and other tributary of water be
water and
Antarctica.
bodies. Bellingshau
Lowest point:Milwaukee Deep in the Sea, part of
Puerto Rico small part
of the Scoti
Trench tributary
Major chokepoints include the
Dardanelles, Strait water bodie
of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Lowest po
Suez Canals. Sandwich
The Equator divides the Atlantic Ocean
into the Trench.
North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic
Ocean. Kiel The major
Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are
two between So
important waterways. Ports and
offshore an
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of
the world's TIDES
five oceans. Four critically important The tide is
access levels
waterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), caused by t
Bab-el gravitationa
Mandeb (Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of forces exer
Hormuz (Iran- rotation of
Oman), and Strait of Malacca (Indonesia-
Malaysia). the earth. M
It is a body of water between Africa, the experience
Southern each day
Ocean, Asia, and Australia. It includes (semidiurna
Andaman Sea, experience
Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea, only one hi
Gulf of Aden, (diurnal

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 SSC CGL GK Digest
tide). The times and amplitude of the tides
at the coast are infuenced by the
alignment of the Sun and Moon, by the
depth of the ocean, and by the shape of
the coastline and near-shore bathymetry.
When the moon exerts gravitational force
on the earth the tidal bulge moves out and
causes high tide. Simultaneously on the
side
opposite to that place on the earth i.e. just at
180 to it, also experiences the tidal bulge
due to reactionary force (centrifugal) of the
gravitational (centripetal) force. Thus two
tides are experienced twice at every place
on the earth's water surface within 24 hours.
Due to the cyclic rotation of the earth and
moon, the tidal cycle is 24 hours and 52
minutes long.
RIVERS OF
INDIA
In India, the rivers can be divided into two main
groups:
Himalayan Rivers--1) Indus 2)
Ganga 3)
Bhramputra
Peninsular Rivers--1) East fowing 2) West
fowing
HIMALAYAN RIVERS OF
INDIA
THE INDUS
SYSTEM
It has a total length of 2880 km (709 km in
India). Rises in Tibet (China) near
Mansarovar Lake. In Jammu and Kashmir,
its Himalayan tributaries are: Zanskar, n ame.comof
Dras, Gartang, Shyok, Shigar, Nubra, Gilgit,
etc. Its most important tributaries, which
join Indus at various places, are: Jhelum,
Chenab
Ravi, Beas(1800 km),
& Satluj.
Sources: Jhelum from Verinag (SE
Kashmir), Ravi from Kullu Hills near
Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh,
Beas from a place near Rohtang Pass in
Himachal Pradesh and Satluj from
Mansarovar Rakas lakes in W. Tibet.
THE GANGA
SYSTEM
It is 2525 km long of which 1450 km is in
Uttarakhand and UP, 445 km in Bihar and
520 km in West Bengal. The Ganga, thehead
stream is constituted of two main rivers
Bhagirthi and Alaknanda, which combine at
Devprayag to form Ganga.
www.BankExamsToday.co
m RIVERS OF THE PENINSULA IN INDIA
Sources: Bhagirthi from Gaumukh,
Alaknanda from Badrinath, Mandakini
from Kedarnath (all from Uttarakhand).
Yamuna (1375 km) is its most important
tributary (on right bank). It rises at the
Yamunotri glacier in Uttarakhand. It runs
parallel to Ganga for 800km and joins it at
Allahabad. Important tributaries of Yamuna
are Chambal, Betwa (480 km) and Ken (all
from south).
Apart from Yamuna, other tributaries of
Ganga are Ghaghra (1080 km), Son (780
km), Gandak (425 km), Kosi (730 km),
Gomti (805 km), Damodar (541 km). Kosi
is infamous as Sorrow of Bihar, while
Damodar gets the name Sorrow of
Bengal as these cause foods in these
regions. Hooghli is a distributory of Ganga
fowing through Kolkata.
THE BRAHMAPUTRA SYSTEM
It has a total length of 2900 km. It rises in
Tibet (from Chemayungdung glacier), where
it is called Tsangpo, and enters the Indian
territory (in Arunachal Pradesh) under the
name Dihang. Important Tributaries:
Subansiri, Kameng, Dhansiri, Manas, Teesta.
In
BankExamsTodayBangladesh,Brhaputraisknwnbythe
Jamuna while Ganga gets the name
Padma. Their combined stream is known
as Padma only. Meghna is the most
important distributory before it enters the
Bay of Bengal.
The combined stream of Ganga and
Brahmaputra forms the biggest delta in
the world, the Sundarbans, covering an
area of 58,752 sq. km. Its major part is in
Bangladesh.
On Brahmaputra is the river island, Majuli in
Assam,
the biggest river island in the world.
Brahmaputra, or the Red River, is
navigable for a distance of 1384 km up to
Dibrugarh and serves as an excellent
inland water transport route.
A. EAST FLOWING RIVERS OF INDIA
(OR DELTA FORMING RIVERS)
Mahanadi River (858 km) : Rises in
Raipur distt. in Chhatisgarh. Godavari
River (1465 km) : Also called Vriddha
Ganga or Dakshina Ganga. It is the longest
peninsular river. Rises in Nasik. Main
tributaries:

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Manjra, Penganga, Wardha, Indravati, Other important lakes are Vembanad in Kerala
Wainganga, and
Kolleru & Pulicat in Andhra
etc. Pradesh.
Krishna River (1327 km) : Rises in Western The three important Gulfs in the Indian
Ghats Territory are:
near Mahabaleshwar. Main tributaries: Gulf of Kuchch (west of Gujarat) : Region
Koyna, with
Dudhganga, Panchganga, Malprabha,
Bhima, highest potential of tidal energy generation
Gulf of Cambay or Gulf of Khambat
Tungabhadra, etc. (Gujarat) :
Cauvery River (805 km) : It is the Narmada, Tapti, Mahi and Sabarmati drain into
largest it.
peninsular river (maximum amount of water). Gulf of Mannar (south east of Tamil
Infact, Nadu) :
it is the only peninsular river which fows Asias first marine biosphere
almost reserve.
throughout the year. Known as the
Ganga of the IMPORTANT RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS IN
South. It rises from the Brahmagir range of INDIA
Western
Ghats. Main tributaries: Hemavati, Lokpawni, Bhakhra Nangal Project: On Satluj in
Shimsa. Punjab. Highest in India. Ht 226 m.
Swarnarekha River (395 km) and Brahmani Reservoir
(705 km) is called Gobind Sagar
: Rises from Ranchi Plateau. Lake \
Mandi Project: On Beas in
H.P
B. WEST FLOWING RIVERS IN INDIA Chambal Valley Project: On Chambal
Narmada River (1057 km) : Rises in in
Amarkantak M.P & Rajasthan. 3 dams are there:
Plateau and fows into Gulf of Khambat. It Gandhi
forms the Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap sagar Dam and
famous Dhuan Dhar Falls near Jabalpur.
Main Jawahar Sagar dam
tributaries: Hiran, Burhner, Banjar, Shar, Damodar Valley Project: On Damodar
Shakkar, in
Tawa, etc. Bihar.
Tapti River (724 km) : Rises from Betul Hirakud: On Mahanadi in Orissa.
distt in World's
Maharashtra. Also known as twin or
handmaid of longest da : 4801 m
Narmada. Main tributaries: Purna, Betul,
Arunavati, Rihand On Son(river) in Mirzapur. Reservoir
Ganjal, etc. BankExamsToday: .com
is called Govind Vallabh Pant reservoir
Sabarmati River (416 km) : Rises from
Mayurkashi Project : On Mayurkashi in
Aravallis in
W.B
Rajasthan.
Kakrapara Project : On Tapi in Gujarat
Mahi River (560 km) : Rises from
Vindhyas in
Maharashtra. Nizamsagar Project: On Manjra in A.P
Luni River (450 km) : Rises from Nagarjuna Sagar Project : On Krishna
Aravallis. Also in A.P
called Salt River. It is finally lost in the Farakka Project: On Ganga in W.B.
marshy Apart
grounds at the head of the Rann of from power and irrigation it helps to
Kuchchh. remove
Sharavati is a west fowing river of the
Sahyadris. It silt for easy navigation
forms the famous Jog or Gersoppa or
Mahatma Climate of
INDIA
Gandhi Falls (289 m), which is the highest
waterfall in
India. India has tropical monsoon type of climate.
Note: The largest man-made lake in
India is Indira CLIMATE SEASONS IN INDIA
Sagar Lake, which is the reservoir of
In India, the year can be divided into four
Sardar Sarovar seasons,
Project, Onkareshwar Project and Maheshwar resulting from the monsoons which occur
Project mainly due
in Gujarat-MP. to the differential heating of land and
Chilka Lake (Orissa) is the largest brackish water movement of
lake the suns vertical rays.
of India. Otherwise also, it is the largest lake of The highest temperature experienced in
India. South is in
Wular Lake (J & K) is the largest fresh April while in North it is in May and June.
water lake of Cherry
India. Dul Lake is also there in J & K. From Blossoms are there in Karnataka, beneficial
Sambhar to coffee
and Didwana Lake (Rajasthan), salt is plantation and Mango showers in
produced. elsewhere South
India, which are beneficial to
mango crops.
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 SSC CGL GK Digest

The south west monsoon enters the country in Tropical and Subtropical Steppes : Large
two areas in
currents, one blowing over the Bay of Bengal and Punjab, Haryana and Kutch region.
the Temperature
other over the Arabian Sea. This monsoon
causes varies from 12-35 Deg.
rainfall over most of the country (except
Tamil Nadu Soil
and Thar Desert area). s
The Bay of Bengal branch after crossing 1. Alluvial Soil:
the deltaic In India it covers about 40 per cent of the
region enters the Khasi valley in Meghalaya and total land
gets area. It is very fertile and contributes the
entrapped in it due to funnel shape of the largest
region. It share of agricultural wealth. Found mostly in
strikes Cherrapunji in a perpendicular the
direction Northern Plains, starting from Punjab in the
causing heavies rainfall in Mausryam west to
(Approx. 1400 West Bengal and Assam in the east. The
cm). From mid-Sept to mid-Dec, the northern
monsoon parts and the coastal areas of Gujarat also
retreats. As the suns vertical rays start have some
shifting
towards the Tropic of Capricorn, the low deposits of alluvial soil.
pressure The fine particles of sand, silt and clay are
area starts moving south and winds called
finally start alluvium. The alluvial soil can be divided into
blowing from land to sea. This is called a. Old
north-east alluvium, called bangar b. New alluvium,
monsoon. The withdrawal of monsoon is called
a much
more gradual process than its onset. It causes khadar.
rainfall Alluvial soil is most suited to irrigation and
in Tamil Nadu as the winds pick some moisture can
from
Bay of Bengal. This explains the produce bumper crops of rice, wheat, maize,
phenomenon why sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, jute, oilseeds,
Tamil Nadu remains dry when the entire etc.
country
receives rain and why it gets rain when 2. Black Soil:
practically the The black soil is locally called regur, a word
entire country is dry. derived
from Telugu word reguda. It is also called
the Black
Cotton Soil, as cotton is the m st important
CLIMATIC REGIONS OF INDIA crop
BankExamsToday.com
west coastal Assam.
India can be divided into a number of plains, the Characterised by
climatic regions.
Western Ghats high
Tropical Rain Forests in India : Found in the and parts of temperatures
throughout the year. Rainfall, though grown in this soil. Maharashtra,
seasonal, is heavy- about 200 cm annually The black soil is eastern parts of
during May-November. mostly found in the Andhra Pradesh,
Tropical Savanna Climate : In most of the Deccan Trap, Madhya Pradesh,
peninsula region except the semi-arid zone in the covering large areas Orissa and Jhark
leeward side of the Western Ghats. It is of Maharashtra, hand. The red colour
characterized by long dry weather throughout Gujarat and western is due to the high
winter and early summer and high temperature Madhya Pradesh. percentage of
(above 18.2 Deg.c); annual rainfall varies from 76 The black soil is well- iron contents.
cm in the west to 150 cm in the east. known for its 4. Laterite Soil:
Tropical Semi-Arid Steppe Climate : It prevails
capacity to hold The word laterite
in the rain-shadow belt running southward from moisture. Black soil has been derived
Central Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu in the is widely used for from a Latin word
leeward side of the Western Ghats and the producing cotton, meaning brick. It
Cardamom Hills. It is characterized by low wheat, is mainly found on
rainfall which varies from 38 cm to 80 cm, high linseed, millets, the summits of the
temperature between 20 and 30. tobacco and Western Ghats,
oilseeds. Eastern Ghats,
3. Red Soil: Rajmahal Hills,
The red soil occupies Vindhyas, Satpuras
about 10 per cent and Malwa plateau.
area of India, mostly It is well- developed
in the south-eastern in southern
part of the Maharashtra, and
Peninsular India. The parts of Orissa,
red soil is found in West Bengal,
Tamil Nadu, parts of
Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Kerala,
Karnataka,
Bihar, Assam and
southeast

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 SSC CGL GK Digest

Meghalaya. Such climatic conditions

promote CROPPING SEASONS IN INDIA
leaching of soil. Leaching is a process in
which heavy
Kharif Crops of India
rains wash away the fertile part of the
soil. The
laterite soil is red in colour and composed Sown in summers between May and July, and
of little harvested after the rains, in September and
clay and much gravel of red sandstones. October.
Due to intensive leaching, the laterite soil Eg: Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Cotton, Jute,
generally
lacks fertility and is of low value for crop Sugarcane, Tobacco, Groundnut, Pulses, etc.
production.
But when manured and timely irrigated,
the soil is Rabi Crops of India
suitable for producing plantation crops
Sown at the beginning of winter and
like tea, harvested
coffee, rubber, coconut, arecanut, etc. before the onset of the summer season,
between Feb
5. Mountain Soil: and April.
The mountain soil is generally found on the Eg: Wheat, barley, oilseeds, gram, potatoes,
hill slopes etc.
covered with forests. This soil is also
found in the
Western and Eastern Ghats and in some
parts of the Zaid Crops
Peninsular India. This soil is rich in humus, but
poor in They are raised between April and June.
E.g. : Melon, watermelon, cucumber, toris,
potash, phosphorus and lime. leafy and
In the Himalayan region wheat, maize,
barley and other vegetables.
temperate fruits are grown on this soil.
This soil is
especially suitable for producing Cash Crops of India (Commercial Crops)
plantation crops, Grown mainly for the market, only a small
such as tea, coffee, spices and tropical portion of
fruits in the product is consumed by the farmers
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. themselves
6. Desert Soil: (cotton, sugarcane etc.
The desert soil is found mostly in the arid
and semi-
arid regions, receiving less than 50 cm of
annual BankExamsToday.com
rainfall. Such regions are mostly found in
Rajasthan
and the adjoining areas of Haryana and
Punjab. The
Rann of Kachchh in Gujarat is an
extension of this
region. The desert soil has sand (90 to 95
per cent)
and clay (5 to 10 per cent). Desert soil can
produce a variety of crops, such as wheat,
millets, barley, maize, pulses, cotton, etc.

NATIONAL PARKS AND WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES

There are 96 National Parks and
510 Wildlife Sanctuaries in India.
Madhya Pradesh and Andaman and
Nicobar Islands have the maximum
number of National Parks (9 each) while
Andaman and Nicobar Islands has 96 and
Maharashtra has 36 Wildlife Sanctuaries
(maximum in India).

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 SSC CGL GK Digest

BOUNDRY
LINES Longest Tributary river of India-
LINES Durand Pakistan &
Line Afghanistan Yamuna
MacMohan Line India & China Largest Lake-Wular Lake, Kashmir
Radcliffe Line India & Pakistan Largest Lake (Saline Water)-Chilka
Maginot Line France & Germany Lake, Orrisa
Oder Niesse Line Germany & Poland Largest Man-Made Lake-Govind
Poland & Germany
Hindenberg Line (at Vallabh Pant Sagar (Rihand Dam)
the time of First
World Highest Lake-Devtal Lake, Gadhwal
War) (Uttarakhand)
38th Parallel North & South Korea Highest Peak-Karkoram-2 of K-
49th Parallel USA & Canada 2(8,611 meters)
Area Geography & Boundaries OF INDIA Largest Populated City-Mumbai
1. India stretches 3,214 km from North to Largest State(Area)-Rajasthan
South & 2,933 km from East to West. Largest State(Population)-Uttar
2. Geography Area of India : 32,87,263
sq. Pradesh
km. Accounts for 2.4% of the total world Highest rainfall-Cherrapunji (426
area and roughly 16% of the world inches per annum)
population. State wise largest area under forest-
3. Mainland India has a coastline of 6,100 Madhya Pradesh
km. Including the Lakshadweep and Largest Delta-Sunderbans Delta
BankExamsToday.com
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the coastline
Longest River Bridge-Mahatma
measures about 7516.6 km. Gandhi Setu, Patna
4. In India, of the total land mass: Biggest Cave temple-Ellora
Plains Geography: 43.3% Longest Road-Grand Trunk Road
Plateaus: 27.7% Hills: 18.6%
Longest Canal-Indira Gandhi Canal
Mountains Geography: 10.7%
or Rajasthan Canal (Rajasthan)
5. In the South, on the eastern side, the
Gulf
Largest Museum-India Museum at
of Mannar & the Palk Strait separate India
Kolkata
from Sri Lanka.
6. Total land neighbours: 7 (Pakistan, Longest Dam-Hirakud Dam (Orrisa)
Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Highest Dam-Tehri Dam ( 260
Bangladesh and Myanmar). meters , 850 ft )
7. Indias Islands include the Andaman & Largest District-Kutch district
Nicobar Islands in Bay of Bengal and Longest Highway NH-44 (NH-7)
Lakshadweep, Minicoy & Amindive Islands which turns from Varanasi to
in the Arabian
Sea. Kanyakumari
Smallest State (Population)-Sikkim
INDIA
FACTS Smallest State (Area)-Goa
 Highest Award-Bharat Ratna Largest State (Area)-Rajasthan
Highest Gallantry Award-Param Vir Largest State (Population)-Uttar
Chakra Pradesh

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SSC CGL GK
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7 Rivers--Mississippi, Missourie, St. 6 Islands-- Tasmania

Lawrence, Mackenzie, Colorado,
Hudson, 7 Plateaus-- Western Plateau
Potomac, Ohio 8 Deserts-- Gibson Desert, Great Sandy
Plateaus-- Columbia Plateau,
8 Colorado Desert, Great Victoria Desert, Simpson
Plateau, Mexican Plateau,
Canadian Shield. Desert.
Deserts--Chihuahuan, Colorado,
9 Mujave, Important mountain
ranges
Sonoran Andes -- South America

South
America Rockies -- North America
1 Area-- 17,820,770 sq Kms Atlas --- Africa
2 Straits-- Straits of Magellan Kilimancharo --- Africa
3 Mountains-- Andes Appalechian--- America
Highest Point- Aconcagua (6,960
4 m) Ural ---Europe
Lowest-Point Valdes Penin (-39.9
5 m) Alps ---Europe
Islands-Galapagos, Falkland,
6 Tierra del Karpathyan ---Europe
Fuego. Mount Eribus --- Antartica
Rivers--Amazon, Orinoco,
7 Paraguay, Himalayam --- Asia
Parana, Uruguay
Plateaus-- Plateau of Bolivia, LAKE
S
8 Plateau of
Equador Important Lakes
9 Deserts-- Atacama, Pantagonia Superior -- North America
Ladol --Europe
Europ
e Caspian -- Asia
BankExamsToday.com
1 Area -- 10,530,750 sq Kms Victoria --Africa
2 Straits-- Straits of Gibraltar Ayar --Australia
Mountains-- Alps, Pyrenes,
3 Appenines, Marakkoiba -- South America
Dinaric Alps, Carpathians,
Transylvanian Vozthok --Antartica
Mountains, Balkans, Caucasus,
Urals Azad --Syria
4 Highest Point-- Elbrus (5,663 M.) Nazar --Egypt
Lowest Point--Caspian Sea (-28.0
5 m) Land of ten thousand lakes --Minazotta
Islands--British Isles, Iceland,
6 Sardinia, Land of thousand lakes -- Finland
Sicily,Crete. Oldest lake, Deepest lake -- Baikkal
7 Rivers--Volga, Danube, Rhine, Po,
Dnieper, Don, Vistula, Elbe, Oder,
Seine,
Loire, Garrone, Douro, Tagus, Ural
Plateaus--Plateau of Bohemia,
8 Plateau of
Spain, Central Massif
(Russia)
Largest Island Lake -- Manitollin
Largest freshwater lake --Superior
Largest salt water lake -- Caspian sea
Largest artificial lake -- Volta (Ghana)

Australi
a
1 Area-- 7,830,682 sq Kms
2 Straits-- Bass Strait
3 Mountains-- Great Dividing Range
4 Highest Point-- Kosclusko (2,228 m.)
5 Lowest Point-- Lake Eyre (-15.8 m.)

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General Science
2Train A
bowli
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Newtons first If a ball
law train and a
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running they law
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the rider go the from a gun
bends same with a
forward. distan certain force
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coat/blank feel there is an
et is the equal and
beaten by same opposite
a stick, force. force exerted
the dust But if on the gun in
particles the the
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train is
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1 It is easier single shore, the
for a strong train boat moves
adult to will go away from
push a full twice him. The
shopping the force he
cart than it distan exerts on the
is for a ce of boat (action)
baby to the is
push the double responsible
same cart. train for its
Also, it is and motion and
easier for a will his motion to
person to feel the shore is
push an twice due to the
empty the force of
shopping force. reaction
cart than a exerted by
full one. 3 the boat on
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rd (1mA Metals,
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e 3 A) pure
ne and state,
ga the possess a
tiv micro shining
e amper surface
ter e (metallic
mi (1A lustre).
Freshly
nal = 10 cut
. 6 A) metals
have a
The bright
SI METAL metallic
& lustre.
unit
NON-
of METAL
curr
ent 1. All
is the
the mat
erial
am
 e s
m
M p l
e e i
t r k
al a e
s t
a u s
r r o
e e d
s .
ol i
u
id
a m
M
t e a
r
o t n
o a d
m l
t s p
e o
m a t
p r a
e e s
r s
a g i
t e u
u n m
r e
e. r a
M a r
e l e
rc l
u y
r e
y x
h c
is a
t e
r p
h
e d t
o i
nl a o
y n n
m d a
e l
t s l
al t y
t r
h o v
a n e
t g r
is . y
li
q B s
ui u o
d t f
a
t t
m
r e
o a
t n
o
a d
m
t l
c m
a , Met
n als
b g are
e a goo
c l
u l d
t i con
w u duct
it m ors
h of
a a heat
k n .
ni d
fe S
. m i
e l
v
M r
c e
e r
t u
r ,
al
s y
f
h o
a h
a l
v l
e v
e o
hi w
g e
h l
o d
m
el w
b
ti y
n m
g e
l c
a o
n t
i p
d p
b n
g e
oi r
li
n a
n a
g n
p d
d
oi
n b
o a
ts l
. i
l u
S m
o i
n i
di n
u g
i
m u
, p
o m
p ,
o i
t n
t i
a s
s s
si .
t
u
h
e p
b o
e o f
st f
c e
o c l
n o e
d p c
u p t
ct e r
o r i
r c
of a i
h n t
e d y
a .
t. a
T l S
h u i
e m l
s i v
e n e
d i r
a u ,
y m
s, .
f
c o
o
o l
M l
ki e
n o
t w
g a
v e
l d
e s
s
s b
a y
el r
s
e c
a
n o
a p
d
o l p
t s e
h o r
e ,
r g
u o g
t o o
e d l
n d
si c
ls o a
a n n
r d d
e u
m c a
a t l
d o u
e r m
u s i
ni c s
u t u
m r a
, i l
is c l
t a y
h l
e m
b w a
e i l
st r l
c e e
o s a
n . b
d l
M e
u e
t
ct a .
l
o s
a
r r T
e h
of s
el
o
n e
e
o
r y
o
ct u
ri
s
.
c
T a
ci h
e n
ty y
m
. a
k b
C e
e
a
o r
i
p n
h
g
p i a
n
e g m
Ban
r
a
m
e
kEx
n r
d
ams
al
e
d
Tod
u
m i
ay
in so n
uundwhe t
mnstruck
o
.c
s.
a
om
r
t
h
e 1 i
u n
s M
e e s
d t h
fo a e
r l e
m s t
a s
ki a
n r a
g e n
el d
e u
r t w
ol a n
le l
d s i
in . n
t t
o 2 o
di
ff M w
e e i
r t r
e a e
n l s
t s .
s
h a G
a r o
p e l
e d
s g
w e a
it n n
h e d
o r
u a s
t l i
b l l
r y v
e e
a d r
ki u
n c a
g. t r
G i e
ol l
d e m
a . o
n s
d T t
si h
lv e d
e y u
r c
a c t
r a i
e n l
t e
h b
e e m
m e
o e t
st a a
m s l
al i s
le l .
a y
bl C
e d o
m r p
e a p
e o i
r l .
w d e
ir .
e h
e
s a t
a v h
r y e
e y
u l
s o a
e a r
d d e
fo s
r w h
el i e
e t a
ct h v
ri o y
c u
al t i
p n
b
u r
r e n
p a a
o k t
s i u
e n r
s. g e
. .
3
M
e 4 S
t o
al M d
s e i
h t u
a a m
v l
e s
hi a
g n
h h d
t a
e v p
n e o
si t
le h
st a
i s
r
e g s
n h i
g u
t d m
h, e
i. n m
e. s e
t i
h t
e t a
y i l
c e s
a s
n a
h
r c e
e e r
e s i
x s c
c o
e f g
p a
s
ti s
o l e
n o s
s w
a l a
s y n
t d
h e
e a w
y t a
h i t
a e
n
v r
e g
lo o
w a n
d w
e a t
n y h
si e
ti o
e f s
s u
a m r
n e f
d t a
f a c
o l e
a
t d o
o u f
n e
w m
a t e
t o t
er a
. a l
4 t .
. t
C a T
o c h
rr k e
o
si o m
o f o
n s
is a t
t t
h m c
e o o
p s m
p m
r h o
o
 n o t
e n i
x n
a i g
m s
pl o
e t f
of h
c e i
o r
rr r o
o u n
si s .

w
w
w.
Ba
nk
Ex
a
ms
To
da
y.c
o
m
Pa
ge
64
In Best irs
di Curr Androi
a' ent d App
s Affa
SSC CGL GK
Digest
.g., ed
stea saponi
ricol fication
SOA .
eic
PS
and Soaps
AN
pal do not
D
DET
miti work in
ERG
c hard
ENT acid water.
S s. Hard
Soa water
ps contains
con Ca+2 and
Soa
tain Mg+2
ps
ing
ions.
S sodi
o um These
d salt ions form
i s insoluble
u are calcium
m for and
me magnesiu
o d m soaps
r by respective
p hea ly when
o ting sodium or
t fat potassium
a (i.e. soaps are
s , dissolved
si glyc in hard
u eryl water.
m est These
s er insoluble
a of soaps
lt fatt separate
s y as scum
o aci in water
f d) and are
l wit useless as
o h cleansing
n aqu agent.
g eou
c s
h sodi Synthetic
a um Detergen
i hyd ts
n roxi
f de Sodiu
a solu m
tt tion salts
y . of
a alkylb
This
ci pro enzen
d e
ces sulpho
s, s is
e nic
call acids.
T pe ates.
h s: These
e (a) are
y Anio neutraliz
n ed with
a dete alkali to
r rgen give
e ts anionic
are detergen
thos t.
b
e e (2) They
t dete are also
t rgen effective
e t in slightly
r whic acidic
h solutions.
c cont In acidic
l ain solution,
e large
part they form
a alkyl
of
n anio hydrogen
s n. sulphate
i which is
n (1)
For soluble in
g water
pre
par whereas
a soaps
g ing
ani form
e
n oni insoluble
t c fatty
s det acids.
erg (b)
t ent Cationic
h , detergent
a lon s are
n g mostly
cha acetates
s in or
o alc chlorides
a oho of
p ls quaternar
. are y amines.
T firs These
h t detergent
e tre s have
s ate germicida
e d l
wit
h properties
a
r con and are
e cen extensivel
trat y used as
o ed germicide
f H2 s.
t S,
givi (c)
h Non-
r ng
alk ionic
e deter
e yl
gents
hydro are
t gen esters
y sulph of high
m f
o L o
l I r
e S
c T m
u e
l O a
a F s
r u
m S r
a i
C
s n
I g
s E
. N a
T l
I t
F i
I t
C u
d
I e
N s
S i
T s
R
U c
M a
E l
N l
T e
d
1
. -
A
n A
l
i t
n i
s m
t e
r t
u e
m r
e
n
t 2
.
u A
s n
e
d i
n
i s
n t
r
a u
i m
r e
c n
r t
a
f u
t s
s e
d
t e ter
o 4
m t .
e h A
a e n
s
u s i
r p n
e e t
t e r
h d u
e , m
st e
r d n
e i t
n r
g e u
t c s
h t e
of i d
a o
n n t
el o
e a
ct n m
ri d e
c a
c p s
u r u
rr e r
e s e
n s
t u d
is r i
c e f
al f
le o e
d f r
- e
A t n
m h c
m e e
e w
t i i
n n
e
r d h
3. i e
A s a
n r
in c i
st a n
r l g
u l
m e i
e d s
n -
t c
t a
A l
o
m n l
e e e
a m d
s o
u -
m
r e A
u e w
d t o
i e
o p
m r o
e i
t 6 n
e . t
r A s
5. n
A i
n i s
in n
t c
st a
r r
u l
u l
m m
e e
e d
n
n
t
t -
to u
m s Volt
e e met
a d
s er
u t 7
re o .
at A
m m n
o e
s a o
p s p
h u t
e r i
ri e c
c a
p p l
re o
s t i
s e n
u n s
re t t
a i r
n a u
l m
d
c d e
o i n
n f t
di f
ti e u
o r s
n e e
s n d
is c
c e f
al o
le b r
d e
- t m
B w a
a e g
e n
r n i
o f
m t i
e i s
d r u
vi e r
e , e
w
of t
di u q
st b u
a e a
n n
t o t
o r i
bj t
e r
o i
ct d e
s s
is i
c s
al o
le f
c
d- a
B l H
i l e
n e a
o d t
c -
u i
la C
a
ll s
r i
p
e
s r
s
Bank c
8.
Exam a
A
sTod l
ay.c
n
om
in l
st 9 e
r . d
u
m A -
e n
n C
t
u i a
s n l
e s o
d t r
t r i
o u m
m m e
e e t
a
s n e
u t r
r
e u 1
t s 0
h e .
e d
di
a A
m t n
e o
t a
e m p
rs e p
of a a
w
r d r
a e
t
u o
f
s C
u a t
s r h
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d u
fo r h
r e u
c t m
a
h t n
a o
r r b
gi 1 o
n 1 d
g . y
ai
A i
r s
w n
it i c
h n a
p s l
e t l
tr r e
u d
ol -
v m
e The
a rmo
n
p t met
o
u er
u
rs s 1
in e 2
a d .
n A
f
in o
t r d
e e
r m v
n e i
al a c
c s e
o u
r w
m i h
b n i
u g c
st h
io t
n h c
e o
e n
n t v
gi e e
n m r
e p t
is e s
c r
a m
al e
t
le u c
h e n
a l s
ni e t
c c r
al t u
e r m
n i e
e c n
r a t
g l
y u
in p s
t o e
o t d
el e
e n f
ct t o
ri i r
c a
al l d
e e
n d t
e i e
r f c
g t
y f i
is e n
c r g
al e
le n t
d c h
- e e
D s
y p
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n s e
a s
m c e
o a n
l c
1 l e
3 e
. d o
A - f
n E
in l e
st l
r e e
u c c
m t t
e r r
n o i
t c
u m
s e c
e t h
d e a
fo r r
r g
m 1 e
e 4
a . i
s s
u A
ri n c
n a
g i l
 le n r
d t
- m
E i e
l s a
e s
c c u
tr a r
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s l n
c e g
o d
p d
- e
e
p
1 G t
5 a h
. l
A v o
n a f
in n
st o t
r m h
u e e
m t
e e o
n r c
t e
1 a
u
6 n
s .
e i
d A s
fo n
r c
m i a
e n l
a s l
s t e
u r d
ri u
n m -
g e
n F
El t a
e t
ct u h
ri s o
c e m
C d e
u t
rr f e
e o r
nkE
xam
sTod
w ay.c
w om
w. Pag
Ba e 65
In Best irs
di Curr Androi
a' ent d App
s Affa
SSC CGL GK
Digest
instru Called -
ment Photom
used eter
17. Afor 22. An
n magn instru
ins ified ment
tru view used
me of to
nt very measu
us small re high
ed objec temper
for ts is ature
rel called is
ati - called -
ve Micr Pyrom
de osco eter
nsi pe
ty 23. An
of 20. An instrume
liq appar nt used
uid atus to
s used measure
is in Rainfall is
cal subm called -
led arines Rain
- Gauge
for
Hy viewi 24. An
dr ng instrumen
o t used for
m object recording
et s the
er lying
above intensity
18. Athe and origin
n of
ins eye earthquak
tru level es shocks
me of the is called
nt obser
us ver is Siesmogr
ed called aph
for - 25. An
rel Peris instru
ati cope ment
ve 21. An used
de for
nsi instru measu
ty ment ring
of used angula
mil for
k comp r
is aring distanc
cal the e
led lumin betwee
- ous n two
La intens objects
ct ity of is
o two called -
m sourc Sexta
et es of nt
er light
26. An
19. A is instrumen
n t used for
meathat ng
suri contin growt
ng uously h in
spe record plant
ed s a s.-
of barom Cres
the eter's cogr
vehi readin aph
cle g of
is 31.
call atmos An
ed - pheric in
Spe pressu str
edo re. - u
met Barog m
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t
27 29. A us
. n ed
A inst for
n ru tr
ap me ac
pa nt in
ra use g
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s to ov
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ed asu m
fo re en
r
infr t
are of
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ti t.-
at, C
ng rad
hi iati ar
gh on. di
o
vo - gr
lt Bol a
ag om p
e et h
to er
lo 3 32. A clock
w 0. that
an A keeps
d very
n accurate
vi in
ce st time and
- determine
r
ve u s
rs m longitude
a e of a
is nt vessel at
ca u sea. -
lle s Chronom
d- e eter
Tra d 33. An
nsf fo instrume
or r nt used
mer m to
e examine
28. Aa internal
n s parts of
inst u the body.
rum ri -
ent Endosco
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3 e
4 a
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A t
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u E
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s 5
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c A
h
a m
n a
g c
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s i
n
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n
f
t o
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e
c p
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m d
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c c
a i
l n
g
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e e
c o
o r d
r e
d t s
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s
o n
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n u d
d. m
- i t
G d o
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a t b
m y e
o
p o u
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n a d
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3 r u
6. n
A o d
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in r
st a w
r n a
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n a
t s f
u . o
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c s
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tr n
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O u u
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s a
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4 5 4
4. . 6
A A .
n n A
in n
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r n i
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r n e
m t n
e t
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a o e
R r a
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a p r
ct e i
iv c n
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In r
d u b
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R e a
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S
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t e min
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4 c Min
7. a eral
A l s
n
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st n a
r s l
u t a
m n
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t m
fo e D
r n i
m e
t
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a
s s -
u e
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a
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T s o
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the body cells, tissue and organs.

Balance of a gas varies inversely with the pressure
diet should contain right amount of of the gas. Thus,
vitamins and minerals for overall PV = K (constant), where, P = Pressure and V
development of the body. = Volume.
Vitamins: Vitamins are organic
compounds 7. Charles's Law - It states that pressure
required in small quantities for
optimal remaining constant, the volume of a given
health. It enhances the metabolism
of mass of gas increases or decreases by 1/273
proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
Vitamins part of its volume at 0 degree celsius for
are required for growth in children, each degree celsius rise or fall of its
formation of hormones, blood cells,
tissues temperature.
and bones. Vitamins cannot be 8. Coulomb's Law - It states that force of
synthesised/produced by the
human body, attraction or repulsion between two
thus, our diet must contain
vitamins. charges is proportional to the amount of
charge on both charges and inversely
Important Scientific Laws and
Theories: proportional to the square of the distance
1. Archimede's principle - It
states between them.
that a body when wholly or
partially 9. Heisenberg principle (uncertainty
immersed in a liquid, experiences
an principle) - It is impossible to determine
upward thrust which is equal to the
weight with accuracy both the position and the
of the liquid displaced by it. Thus,
the body momentum of a particle such as electron
appears to lose a part of its weight.
This loss simultaneously.
in weight is equal to the weight of
the liquid 10. Gay-Lussacs Law of combining
displaced by the body. volumes - Gases react together in volumes
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2. Aufbau principle - It states that
in an which bear simple whole number ratios to
unexcited atom, electrons reside in
the one another and also to the volumes of the
lowest energy orbitals available to
them. products, if gaseous all the volumes
3. Avogadro's Law - It states that
equal being measured under similar conditions of
volumes of all gases under similar temperature and pressure.
conditions of temperature and 11. Grahams Law of Diffusion - It states
pressure
contain equal number of
molecules. that the rates of diffusion of gases are
4. Brownian motion - It is a
zigzag, inversely proportional to the square roots
irregular motion exhibited by small
solid of their densities under similar conditions of
particles when suspended in a
liquid or gas temperature and pressure.
due to irregular bombardment by
the liquid
or gas molecules.
5. Bernoulli's principle - It states
that as
the speed of a moving fuid, liquid
or gas,
increases, the pressure within the
fuid
decreases. The aerodynamic lift on
the wing
of an aeroplane is also explained in
part by
this principle.
6. Boyles's Law - It states that
temperature
remaining constant, volume of a
given mass

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