Comparisson Test GRP Vs Thermoplastic

TEST REPORT
Title: Report number:
Comparison of mechanical properties on Classification

thermoplastic pipes vs GRP pipes for sewer
application. Stiffness,
tiffness, deflection and stress Free:
relaxation. Internal: X
Restricted:
Author: Date:
Xavier Serres Colell 08/11/2016
Signed: Countersigned: Witnessed:

Josep Aubeso
Abstract:
The scopeofof the following tests is to compare the stiffness, deflection and stress
relaxation behavior of different pipe materials for sewer application.
application
The materials compared are polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE)), unplasticized

polyvinylchloride (PVC-U)and
and glass reinforced polyester (GRP).
Because of the test is for sewer application, the thermoplastics are structured-wall
while the GRP is the standard Flowtite sewer pipe FS 2.51.
All tests are performed with two different diameters,, DN300 and DN600.
Distribution:
Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

Sheet T-1093, Folio 142, Tomo 1.062, Insc. 1 - C.I.F. A-43417328
43417328
1
INDEX
1. Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Definitions ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
3. Test samples ................................................................................................................................................... 3
4. Tests definition .............................................................................................................................................. 4
4.1. Stiffness test ............................................................................................................................................ 4
4.1.1. Equipment ...................................................................................................................................... 4
4.1.2. Test procedure .............................................................................................................................. 4
4.1.3. Test data .......................................................................................................................................... 5
4.1.3.1. Stiffness test on DN300 pipes......................................................................................... 5
4.1.3.2. Stiffness test on DN600 pipes......................................................................................... 6
4.1.4. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2. Deflection test ........................................................................................................................................ 8
4.2.1. Equipment ...................................................................................................................................... 8
4.2.2. Test procedure .............................................................................................................................. 8
4.2.3. Test data .......................................................................................................................................... 8
4.2.3.1. Deflection test on DN300 pipes ..................................................................................... 8
4.2.3.2. DN300 pipes stiffness performance.......................................................................... 10
4.2.3.3. Deflection test on DN600 pipes .................................................................................. 11
4.2.3.4. DN600 pipes stiffness losses........................................................................................ 13
4.2.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................... 14
4.3. Stress relaxation test ........................................................................................................................ 15
4.3.1. Equipment ................................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.2. Test procedure ........................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.3. Test data ....................................................................................................................................... 16
4.3.3.1. Stress relaxation test on DN300 pipes ..................................................................... 16
4.3.3.2. Stress relaxation test on DN600 pipes ..................................................................... 18
4.3.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................... 19
5. Summary - Final conclusions and results......................................................................................... 21
5.1. Stiffness test ......................................................................................................................................... 21
5.2. Deflection test ..................................................................................................................................... 21
5.3. Stress relaxation test ........................................................................................................................ 22
Appendix A: Stress relaxation test pictures .............................................................................................. 23

2
1. Summary
The scope of this test is to compare different types of thermoplastic pipes (polypropylene (PP),
polyethylene (PE), unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U))versus GRP pipes for sewer
application. The properties to compare arethe stiffness, deflection andstress relaxation caused
by circumferential deflection under compressive loads.
This deflection, is applied by a perpendicular force to the longitudinal axis of the pipe, thus
simulating the ground loads andexternal agents such as traffic loads.
Because of the test is for sewer application, the thermoplastic pipes are structured-wall while the
GRP is the Flowtite sewer pipe FS 2.51.
All tests are performed with two different diameters, DN300 and DN600.
2. Definitions
Deflection: deformation of an element by the effect of external loads.

Ring stiffness (SN): relationship between the compressive vertical forces applied to the pipe
and deformation occurring in diameter.
Flexibility: ability of an element to be deformed without becoming plasticized.
Stress relaxation: is the observed decrease in stress in response to the same amount of strain
generated in the structure.
3. Test samples
In this test it has been used the following materials:

Two GRP sewer pipes FS 2.51:DN300SN10000 and DN600SN5000.Both manufactured
by AMIANTIT Spain.
Two PP sewerstructured-wallpipes: DN300 and DN600, both marked as SN8 (Equivalent
to SN8000 N/m2).Manufactured by SAMAPLAST.
Two PEsewerstructured-wallpipes: DN300 and DN600, both marked as SN8 (Equivalent
to SN8000 N/m2). Manufactured by POLIECO.
Two PVC sewerstructured-wallpipes: DN300 and DN600, both marked as SN8
(Equivalent to SN8000 N/m2).Manufactured by ADEQUA.
All pipe samples are 300mmlength.

In order to unify the results, it has been considered all SN unit on N/m2 for all pipe samples.

3
4. Tests definition
The following tests are followed:
4.1. Stiffness test

The scope of this test is to determine the specific circumferential stiffness of the pipesin a short
termby a circumferential deformation of 3%.
4.1.1. Equipment
To carry out the test, the following equipment is necessary:
Parallel plates press.
Caliper, accuracy 0.2 mm minimum required.
Tape measure CLASS III
Interior micrometer for DN <500 mm
4.1.2. Test procedure

The reference standardswere the ISO 7685 and EN ISO 9969.
The test temperature shall be 23 5 C. The specimen shall be conditioned for 0.5h at this
temperature before proceeding with the test.
Ring Preparation: The minimum length of the specimen shall be 300 mm ( 15 mm, 5%) or
minimum 5 ribs in structured-wall pipes. The ends of the specimen shall be perpendicular to the
axis and be free of any defects.
Marking reference lines ring: should mark straight lines, inside or outside, along the entire length
of the specimen and at intervals of 60 around its circumference.
Measuring the average thickness of the specimen: taken at each of the ends of each reference
line. The thickness is calculated as the average of the 12 measured values.
Measuring the average inner and outer diameter: for DN 300 pipes, the inside diameter must
bemeasured with a micrometer, and for the DN 600 pipes a Class III measuring tape will be
used.
Mean diameter: is used to calculate the stiffness, can be obtained either by adding the average
thickness to average internal diameter or by subtracting the average thickness to average outer
diameter.
Measuring the length of the ring: take 6 points (each 60) and calculate the average.
For the test, it will apply a constant velocity of 12.5 mm/min.
Leave the ring for stabilize during 2 minutes before reading the stiffness.

4
4.1.3. Test data
The stiffness pipe, must be equal or greater than the value that appears as SN in the
specifications of the pipes.
Stiffness calculated according to standard ISO EN1228:
STIS = EI/ D3 = (f)* F/ y*L
Where:
f = deflection coefficient= 0.0186 + 0.025 y/D
L = sample length m
F = applied load N
y = deflection m
4.1.3.1. Stiffness test on DN300 pipes
Ingraph 1, it is shown the DN300 stiffness comparisonbetween all materials, applyinga 3% ring
deflection.
GRP pipe stiffness is SN10.000, butthe other pipes are SN8.000 because of their normative
design.
DN300 Pipe reaction load (3% deflection)

3000
2500
2000
PE
FORCE (N)
1500 PVC-U
PP
1000
GRP
500
0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
DEFLECTION (%)
Graph 1: DN300 pipe reactionforce vs deflection to 3%
Results of 3% ring deflection:
DN300 (3% deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Mean diameter* (mm) 319 300,4 294,52 293,38
Length (mm) 290 300 333 300
Required deflection (mm) 9,57 9,01 8,84 8,8
Load at 3% deflection (N) 2.411,44 1.482,77 1.152,8 820,88
2
Nominal Stiffness (N/m ) 10.000 8.000 8.000 8.000
2
Resulting Stiffness (N/m ) 16.890,2 10.631,64 7.562,77 6.026,58

5
*For thermoplastic pipe samples is taken 0.03*Dm (mean diameter) instead of internal diameter which is
requested in the standard ISO 9969. In order to provide same criteria for all sample test.
4.1.3.2. Stiffness test on DN600 pipes
In graph 2, it is shownthe DN600 stiffness comparison for a 3% ring deflection.
In the case of GRP, the pipe stiffness is SN5.000, butthe other pipes are SN8.000.
DN600 Pipe reaction load (3% deflection)

3500
3000
2500
FORCE (N)
2000 PE
1500 PVC-U
PP
1000
GRP
500
0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
DEFLECTION (%)
Graph 2: DN600 pipe reaction force vs deflection to 3%
Results of 3% ring deflection:
DN600 (3%deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Mean diameter* (mm) 605,6 619,55 591,77 588,79
Length (mm) 293 302 328 302
Load at 3% deflection (N) 2.247,67 3.220,56 2.167,28 1.724,19
2
2
*For thermoplastic pipe samples is taken 0.03*Dm (mean diameter) instead of internal diameter which is
requested in the standard ISO 9969. In order to provide same criteria for all sample test.

6
4.1.4. Conclusion
Difference between nominal and resulting stiffness at 3% of ring deflection:

2
2
Stiffness difference (%) 68,90 32,90 -5,47 -24,67

2
2
Stiffness difference (%) 63,28 38,63 -9,92 -31,24
Only in the case of GRP and PVC-U pipe samples, their resulting stiffness are higher than the
nominal stiffness, so only the both GRP and PVC-U comply with their specifications.

7
4.2. Deflection test
The purpose of this test is to compare the load resistance of the tested ring pipes, checking the
load reaction under high circumferential deflection values without collapsing or becoming
damaged.
4.2.1. Equipment
This test shall be done with the same equipment as in the stiffness test.

The standards considered to perform the test were the ISO 7685 and ISO 10466
In this test it shall be done with the same procedure as in the stiffness test, with the only
difference being the deformation values.
The deflection ismeasured in twolevels, levelA: 11,3% and level B: 20%.
For this test, the following shall be taken into account:
Level A: When the ring is deflected at this level, internal cracks will not occur. Cracks appear in
the critical zones; considering the ring like a clock face, the critical areas are 6 and 12 o'clock on
the inner surface and at 3 and 9 on the outer surface.
Inspect the sample at 2 +0,25 minutes and check that no cracks (both surface and structural)
are appearing.
Level B: When the ring is deflected at this level,there cannot be any delamination or structural
failure. Cracks on resin are not considered as a failure at this level.
Inspect the sample for 2 +0,25 minutes and check that no failures (both surface and structural)
are appearing.
*NOTE: The deflection values chosen are not complying with the requiredones from the
standards. These values are fixed from level A and B for all pipe samples and SNs.
4.2.3. Test data

Deflection calculated according to standard ISO EN1228:
4.2.3.1. Deflection test on DN300 pipes
The following graphs shown the evolution of DN300 pipeperformance at levels A and B of ring
deflection.
Level A: 11.3% of ring deflection.

8
DN300 Pipe reaction load (11,3% deflection)
8000
7000
6000
5000 PE
3%
FORCE (N)
4000 PVC-U
PP
3000
GRP
2000
1000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
DEFLECTION (%)
Graph 3: DN300 pipe reactionforce vs deflection to 11,3%
The small variations on the graphic lines are showing the stop on the load application at 3%.
DN300 (11.3% of deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Mean diameter (mm) 319 300,4 294,52 293,38
Length (mm) 290 300 333 300
Load at 11,3% deflection (N) 7.474,79 4.387,99 3.069,61 1.878,33
2
2
Level A inspection no cracks no cracks no cracks no cracks
*For thermoplastic pipe samples is taken 0.113*Dm (mean diameter) instead of internal diameter which is requested
in the standard ISO 9969. In order to provide same criteria for all sample test.
Level B: 20% of ring deflection.
DN300 Pipe reaction load (20% of deflection)

12000
10000
11,3%
8000
3%
FORCE (N)
PE
6000
PVC-U
4000 PP
GRP
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
DEFLECTION (%)
Graph 4: DN300 pipe reaction force vs deflection to 20%
The small variations on the graphic lines are showing the stop on the load application at 3% and
11,3%.
9
DN300 (20% of deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE
Mean diameter (mm) 319 300,4 294,52 293,38
Length (mm) 290 300 333 300
Nominal Stiffness (N/m) 10.000 8.000 8.000 8.000
Resulting Stiffness (N/m) 14.658,51 7.508,33 4.715,9 3.263,11
no no no no
Level B inspection
delamination delamination delamination delamination
*For thermoplastic pipe samples is taken 0.2*Dm (mean diameter) instead of internal diameter which is requested in
the standard ISO 9969. In order to provide same criteria for all sample test.
4.2.3.2. DN300 pipesstiffness performance
Graph 5, shows the stiffnessperformanceconsidering the force values at 3%, 11,3% and 20% of
the different deflection levels.
DN300 Pipe Stiffness Performance (N/m2)

18000 3%; 16890,2
11,30%; 15425,16
16000
20%; 14658,51
14000
STIFFNESS (N/m2)
12000 3%; 10631,6

10000 11,30%; 9237,99 PE
3%; 7562,77 20%; 7508,33
8000 PVC-U
11,30%; 5937,99
6000 20%; 4715,9 PP
4000 3%; 6026,58 GRP
20%; 3263,11
2000 11,30%; 4049,63
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
DEFLECTION (%)
Graph 5: DN300 pipes stiffness performance comparison (N/m2)
Graph6, is comparing the stiffness performance expressed in percentage,considering the initial

3% of ring deflection level as the reference value.
DN300 Pipe Stiffness Performance (%)
100 11,30%; 91,33

11,30%; 86,89
90 20%; 86,79
3%; 100
80 20%; 70,62
STIFFNESS (%)
70 11,30%; 78,52 20%; 62,36

60 PE
50 11,30%; 67,20 20%; 54,15
PVC-U
40
30 PP
20 GRP
10
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
DEFLECTION (%)
Graph 6: DN300 pipes stiffness loss comparison (%)

10
3% of deflection 11,3%of deflection 20% of deflection 3% to 20% of deflection
DN300 Stiffness Stiffness Stiffness Stiffness loss
2 2 2 2
N/m % N/m % N/m % N/m %
GRP 16.890,2 100 15.425,2 91,33 14.658,51 86,79 2.231,69 -13,21
PVC-U 10.631,6 100 9.237,29 86,88 7.508,33 70,62 3.123,31 -29,38
PP 7.562,77 100 5.937,99 78,52 4.715,9 62,36 2.846,87 -37,64
PE 6.026,58 100 4.049,63 67,20 3.263,11 54,15 2.763,47 -45,85
4.2.3.3. Deflection test on DN600 pipes
The following graphs are showing the evolution of DN600 pipe stiffness performance at levels A
and B of ring deflection.
Level A: Ring deflection at 11,3%.
DN600 Pipe reaction load (11,3% of deflection)

10000
9000
8000
7000
3%
FORCE (N)
6000
PE
5000
PVC-U
4000
PP
3000
GRP
2000
1000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
DEFLECTION (%)
Graph 7: DN600 pipe reactionforce vs deflection to 11,3%
The small variations on the graphic lines are showing the stop on the load application at 3%.
DN600 (11.3% of deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Mean diameter (mm) 605,6 619,55 591,77 588,79
Length (mm) 293 302 328 343,5
Load at 11,3% deflection (N) 7.202 9.701,67 5.720,67 4.016,62
2
2
Level A inspection no cracks no cracks no cracks no cracks
*For thermoplastic pipe samples is taken 0.113*Dm (mean diameter) instead of internal diameter which is requested
in the standard ISO 9969. In order to provide same criteria for all sample test.

11
Level B: Ring deflection at 20%.
DN600 Pipe reaction load (20% of deflection)

14000
12000 11,3%
10000
FORCE (N)
8000 3% PE
3%
PVC-U
6000
PP
4000
GRP
2000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
DEFLECTION (%)
Graph 8: DN600 pipe reaction force vs deflection to20%
The small variations on the graphic lines are showing the stop on the load application at 3% and
11,3%.
DN600 (20% of deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Mean diameter (mm) 605,6 619,55 591,77 588,79
Length (mm) 293 302 328 343,5
2
2
Level B inspection no no no no
delamination delamination delamination delamination
*For thermoplastic pipe samples is taken 0.2*Dm (mean diameter) instead of internal diameter which is requested in
the standard ISO 9969. In order to provide same criteria for all sample test.

12
4.2.3.4. DN600 pipes stiffness losses
Graph 9, shows the stiffness losses with the load values at 3%, 11,3% and 20% of deflection
levels.
DN600 Pipe Stiffness Performance (N/m2)

12000 3%; 11090,4
11,30%; 9832,66
10000
STIFFNESS (N/m2)
3%; 8163,82 20%; 7951,24

11,30%; 7694,99
8000
3%; 7206,24 20%; 7424,68 PE
6000 11,30%; 5590,47 PVC-U
20%; 4495,99
4000 PP
3%; 5501,16
20%; 2994,26 GRP
2000 11,30%; 3766,32
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
DEFLECTION (%)
Graph 9: DN600 pipes stiffness performance (N/m2)
Graph 10, is comparing the stiffness performance in percentage, considering the initial 3% of
ring deflection level as the reference value.
DN600 Pipe Stiffnes Performance (%)

3%; 100 11,30%; 94,26
100 11,30%; 88,66
20%; 90,95
90
80 20%; 71,69
STIFFNESS (%)
70
60 11,30%; 77,58 20%; 62,39
50 11,30%; 68,46 PE
20%; 54,43
40 PVC-U
30 PP
20 GRP
10
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
DEFLECTION (%)
Graph 10: DN600 pipes stiffness performance (%)
3%deflection 11,3%deflection 20%deflection 3% to 20%deflection

DN600 Stiffness
2
Stiffness
2
Stiffness
2
Stiffness loss
2
N/m % N/m % N/m % N/m %
GRP 8.163,82 100 7.694,99 94,26 7.424,68 90,95 739,14 -9,05
PVC-U 11.090,4 100 9.832,66 88,66 7.951,24 71,69 3.139,16 -28,31
PP 7.206,24 100 5.590,47 77,58 4.495,99 62,39 2.710,25 -37,61
PE 5.501,16 100 3.766,32 68,46 2.994,26 54,43 2.506,9 -45,57

13
4.2.4. Conclusion
None of the pipes are damaged in any deflection level, so it is verified that the pipes can be
deflected up to 20% without breaking.
At 20% ring deflection, the stiffness losses are the following,considering 100% as the value of
their initial stiffness at 3% ring deflection:
Initial stiffness Resulting stiffness Loss of stiffness

Nominal Stiffness
DN300 (3%) (20%) from initial
2 2 2
N/m N/m N/m %
GRP 10.000 16.890,2 14.658,51 -13,21
PVC-U 8.000 10.631,6 7.508,33 -29,38
PP 8.000 7.562,77 4.715,9 -37,64
PE 8.000 6.026,58 3.263,11 -45,85
Initial stiffness Resulting stiffness Loss of stiffness

Nominal Stiffness
DN600 (3%) (20%) from initial
2 2 2
N/m N/m N/m %
GRP 5.000 8.163,82 7.424,68 -9,05
PVC-U 8.000 11.090,4 7.951,24 -28,31
PP 8.000 7.206,24 4.495,99 -37,61
PE 8.000 5.501,16 2.994,26 -45,57
DN300 and DN600 GRP pipes are the only that theirresulting stiffness overcome their nominal,
so it is theonly material that comply its specifications with 20% of ring deflection.
DN300 PIPES DN600 PIPES
Loss of stiffness from 3% to 20% Loss of stiffness from 3% to 20%

deflection on DN300 pipes deflection on DN600 pipes
-45.85% -45.57%
-37.64% -37.61%
-29.38% -28.31%
-13.21%
-9.05%
GRP PVC-U PP PE GRP PVC-U PP PE
Graph 11: Loss of stiffness from 3% to 20% of deflection on Graph 12: Loss of stiffness from 3% to 20% of deflection on
DN300 pipes (%) DN600 pipes (%)

14
4.3. Stress relaxation test
This test consists of applyingfixed deflection the sample test pipes of different materials and
compare the final stress relaxation.
4.3.1. Equipment
To perform the test, the following equipment is necessary:
Mechanical Press. Annex 2, manufacturing drawing details
Electronic measuring system: Spider 8
Software: Catman Easy
Force transducer: C2_20KN_HBM

The ring deflection was3% on the DN300 pipes, and 15% on the DN600
The deflection is applied through a mechanical parallel plate press, which is composed of two
steel platesfixed by four supporting bolts.
An electronic load transducer is located between the steel plate and the pipe ring. The force
values along the time are registered using the Spider 8 equipment, considering periodic registers
taken.
Figure 1: Pipe sample and mechanical press
Its important that the pipe temperature remains at 23C2C, at least half an hour prior to
measurement.
Below is the recording data registered:

15
Reading units Reading dates Period time (days)
1 31/07/2008 1
2 31/07/2008 1
3 05/08/2008 6
4 05/08/2008 6
5 06/08/2008 7
6 07/08/2008 8
7 19/08/2008 20
8 25/08/2008 26
9 01/09/2008 33
10 17/09/2008 49
11 30/10/2008 92
12 06/11/2008 99
13 04/12/2008 127
14 24/12/2008 147
15 11/02/2009 196
16 03/03/2009 216
17 03/04/2009 247
18 03/04/2009 247
19 11/05/2009 285
20 18/05/2009 292
21 11/08/2009 377
22 31/08/2009 397
23 28/09/2016 2981
24 29/09/2016 2982
4.3.3. Test data

As in the previous test performed, the nominal stiffness is different in the case of DN300 and
DN600 pipes, being SN10000 and SN5000 respectively.
All the test samples used were the same from the stiffness and deflection test, but some
changes in length were applied to fix into the parallel plate devices.
It must be considered that all values recorded in the stress relaxation test are from the already
over stressed samples from the previous test.
4.3.3.1. Stress relaxation test on DN300 pipes
In the case of DN300 pipe samples, the ring deflection was 3%.
Mean diameter Length Applied deflection

DN300 mm mm mm
GRP 319 290 9,57
PVC-U 300,4 300 9,01
PP 294,52 333 8,84
PE 293,38 300 8,80
The PP DN300 pipe sample was tested and value recorded until 14/09/2009.
The other DN300 pipes were tested until 29/09/2016.

16
Graph 13is showing the stress relaxation of DN300 pipe samples with their reaction force
values.
DN300 Pipe Stress Relaxation (N-H)
1000
FORCE (N)
PE
GRP
100 PVC-U
PP
10
0,001 0,1 10 1000 100000
TIME (H)
Graph 13: DN300 pipes reaction force vs time(N-h)
Graph 14is showing the DN300 pipes stress relaxation in percent,considering the 100% value as
the initialvalue registered in the test.
DN300 Pipe Stress Relaxation (%-H)
100
RELAXATION (%)
PE
GRP
PVC-U
PP
10
0,001 0,1 10 1000 100000
TIME (H)
Graph 14: DN300 pipe stress relaxation vs time (%-h)
Initial Final
Initial force Final force Relaxation
DN 300 (3%) stiffness stiffness
2 2
N N/m N N/m %
1st month values 2.210,4 15.411,39 6,92
GRP 2.374,8 16.557,63
Final test values 1.905,6 13.286,26 19,76
1st month values 1.330,8 9.524,70 19,75
PVC-U 1.658,4 11.869,37
Final test values 932,4 6.673,30 43,78
1st month values 638,4 4.198,49 39,68
PP 1.058,4 6.960,66
Final test values* 552 3.630,28 47,85*

17
1st month values 336 2.462,34 27,05
PE 460,6 3.375,45
Final test values 180 1.319,11 60,92
*PP DN300 pipe finishedthe test on 14/09/2009
4.3.3.2. Stress relaxation on DN600 pipes
In the case of DN600 pipe samples, the ring deflection will be 15%.
Mean diameter Length Required deflection

DN600 mm mm mm
GRP 605,6 300 90,84
PVC-U 619,55 302 92,93
PP 591,77 328 88,77
PE 588,79 270 88,32
All of DN600 pipe samples were tested until 29/09/2016.
Graph 15 is showing the stress relaxation of DN600 pipe samples with their reaction force
values.
DN600 Pipe Stress Relaxation (N-H)
10000
FORCE (N)
PE
GRP
PVC-U
PP
1000
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100
TIME (H)
Graph 15: DN600 pipe reaction force vs time(N-h)
It is remarkable that in Graph 15, the reaction force of the GRP is overcoming the PVC-U at
20.000 hours approximately.
Graph 16 shown the DN600 pipes stress relaxation in percent,considering the 100% value as
the initial value registered in the test.

18
DN600 Pipe Stress Relaxation (%-H)
100
RELAXATION (%)
PE
GRP
PVC-U
PP
10
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100
TIME(H)
Graph 16: DN600pipe stress relaxation vs time(%-h)
Initial Final
Initial force Final force Relaxation
DN600 (15%) stiffness
2
stiffness
2
N N/m N N/m %
1st month values 7.138,8 5.068,83 7,77
GRP 7.740 5.495,71
1st month values 7.884 5.435,67 26,00
PVC-U 10.653,6 7.345,19
Final test values 6.318 4.355,98 40,70
1st month values 3.002,4 1.995,41 50,25
PP 6.034,8 4.010,75
1st month values 1.815,6 1.473,28 29,69
PE 2.582,4 2.095,51
4.3.4. Conclusion
Comparing stress relaxation values during the first month and the final stages of the test, we can
clearly see that the relaxation does not increase proportionally along the time.
In the case of DN300 pipes, the final stiffness for 3% of ring deflection and the final stress
relaxation for the GRP, PVC-U and PE at 71.630 hours and 9.906 hours for the PP under
continuous deflection are the following:
Nominal Period of Final stress

Initial stiffness Final stiffness
DN300 (3%) stiffness deflection relaxation
2 2 2
N/m h N/m N/m %
GRP 10.000 71.630 16.557,63 13.286,26 19,76
PVC-U 8.000 71.630 11.869,37 6.673,3 43,78
PP 8.000 9.906 6.960,66 3.630,28 47,85
PE 8.000 71.630 3.375,45 1.319,11 60,92
After the continuous deflection at 3%, the difference between nominal and final resulting
stiffness are the following:

19
Difference between nominal
Nominal stiffness Final stiffness
DN300 (3%) 2 2
and final stiffness
N/m N/m %
GRP 10.000 13.286,26 32.86
PVC-U 8.000 6.673,3 -16.58
PP 8.000 3.630,28 -54.62
PE 8.000 1.319,11 -83.51
The DN300 GRP sample, after the fixed deflection is still above the nominal stiffness values.
In the case of DN600pipes, the final stress relaxation at 71.630 hours under continuous
deflection and the final stiffness for 15% of ring deflection are the following:
Nominal Period of Final stress

Initial stiffness Final stiffness
DN600 (15%) stiffness deflection relaxation
2 2 2
N/m h N/m N/m %
GRP 5.000 71.630 5.495,71 4.732,27 13,89
PVC-U 8.000 71.630 7.345,19 4.355,98 40,70
PP 8.000 71.630 4.010,75 1.601,43 60,07
PE 8.000 71.630 2.095,51 1.449,91 30,81
After the continuous deflection at 15%, the difference between nominal and final resulting
stiffness are the following:
Nominal Difference between

Final stiffness
DN600 (15%) stiffness
2 2
nominal and final stiffness
N/m N/m %
GRP 5.000 4.732,27 -5.35
PVC-U 8.000 4.355,98 -45.55
PP 8.000 1.601,43 -79.98
PE 8.000 1.449,91 -81.88
The following graphs are showing the stress relaxation in percentage.

DN300 pipe stress relaxation at DN600 pipe stress relaxation at
3% of deflection (%) 15% of deflection (%)
60,92 60,07
43,78 47,85
40,7
30,81
19,76
13,89

Graph 17: Stress relaxation at 3% of deflection on DN300 Graph 18: Stress relaxation at 15% of deflection on DN600
pipes (%). pipes (%).

20
5. Summary - Final conclusions and results
5.1. Stiffness test

Difference between nominal and resulting stiffness at 3% ring deflection.
Nominal stiffness Resulting stiffness (3%) Difference between nominal

and resulting stiffness(3%)
2 2
N/m N/m %
GRP 10.000 16.890,20 68,90
PVC-U 8.000 10.631,64 32,90
DN300 PE 8.000 7.562,77 -24,67
PP 8.000 6.026,58 -5,47
GRP 5.000 8.163,82 63,28
PVC-U 8.000 11.090,40 38,63
DN600 PE 8.000 7.206,24 -31,24
PP 8.000 5.501,16 -9,92
5.2. Deflection test

Pipe stiffness performance at levels A (11,3%) and B (20%) ring deflection.
Stiffness at Stiffness at Stiffness at Stiffness loss

3% 11,3% 20% from 3% to 20%
N/m N/m N/m N/m %
GRP 16.890,2 15.425,2 14.658,51 2.231,69 -13,21
PVC-U 10.631,6 9.237,29 7.508,33 3.123,31 -29,38
DN300 PP 7.562,77 5.937,99 4.715,9 2.846,87 -37,64
PE 6.026,58 4.049,63 3.263,11 2.763,47 -45,85
GRP 8.163,82 7.694,99 7.424,68 739,14 -9,05
PVC-U 11.090,4 9.832,66 7.951,24 3.139,16 -28,31
DN600 PP 7.206,24 5.590,47 4.495,99 2.710,25 -37,61
PE 5.501,16 3.766,32 2.994,26 2.506,9 -45,57
At level A (11.3%) ring deflection, internal cracks were not noticed at any pipe.
At level B (20%) ring deflection, delamination or structural failureswere not noticed at any pipe.
Loss of stiffness from 3% to 20% Loss of stiffness from 3% to 20%

of deflection on DN300 pipes of deflection on DN600 pipes
-45.85% -45.57%
-37.64% -37.61%
-29.38% -28.31%
-13.21%
-9.05%
21
DN300 pipes (%) DN600 pipes (%)
5.3. Stress relaxation test

Stress relaxation caused by a continuous deflection at 3% for DN300 pipes and 15% for DN600
pipes.
Initial stiffness Final stiffness Period of deflection Stress Relaxation

2 2
N/m N/m h %
GRP 16.557,63 13.286,26 71.630 19,76
DN300 PVC-U 11.869,37 6.673,3 71.630 43,78
(3%) PE 6.960,66 3.630,28 9.906 47,85
PP 3.375,45 1.319,11 71.630 60,92
GRP 5.495,71 4.732,27 71.630 13,89
DN600 PVC-U 7.345,19 4.355,98 71.630 40,70
(15%) PE 4.010,75 1.601,43 71.630 60,07
PP 2.095,51 1.449,91 71.630 30,81
DN300 pipe stress relaxation at DN600 pipe stress relaxation at

3% of deflection (%) 15% of deflection (%)
60,92 60,07
43,78 47,85 40,7
30,81
19,76
13,89
DN300 pipes (%)at long term DN600 pipes (%)at long term

22
Appendix A: Stress relaxation test pictures
DN 300 PVC-U DN 300 GRP
DN 300 PE

23
DN 600 PP DN 600 PVC-U
DN 600 GRP DN 600 PE

24

Comparisson Test GRP Vs Thermoplastic

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TEST REPORT

Title: Report number:

Comparison of mechanical properties on Classification

Signed: Countersigned: Witnessed:

The materials compared are polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE)), unplasticized

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

Deflection: deformation of an element by the effect of external loads.

In this test it has been used the following materials:

All pipe samples are 300mmlength.

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

4.1. Stiffness test

Parallel plates press.

Caliper, accuracy 0.2 mm minimum required.

Tape measure CLASS III

Interior micrometer for DN <500 mm

4.1.2. Test procedure

For the test, it will apply a constant velocity of 12.5 mm/min.

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

Stiffness calculated according to standard ISO EN1228:

STIS = EI/ D3 = (f)* F/ y*L

4.1.3.1. Stiffness test on DN300 pipes

DN300 Pipe reaction load (3% deflection)

Results of 3% ring deflection:

DN300 (3% deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

In graph 2, it is shownthe DN600 stiffness comparison for a 3% ring deflection.

DN600 Pipe reaction load (3% deflection)

Results of 3% ring deflection:

DN600 (3%deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

DN300 (3% deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

DN600 (3% deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

4.2.2. Test procedure

The deflection ismeasured in twolevels, levelA: 11,3% and level B: 20%.

For this test, the following shall be taken into account:

4.2.3. Test data

4.2.3.1. Deflection test on DN300 pipes

Level A: 11.3% of ring deflection.

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

DN300 (11.3% of deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Level B: 20% of ring deflection.

DN300 Pipe reaction load (20% of deflection)

4.2.3.2. DN300 pipesstiffness performance

DN300 Pipe Stiffness Performance (N/m2)

12000 3%; 10631,6

Graph6, is comparing the stiffness performance expressed in percentage,considering the initial

DN300 Pipe Stiffness Performance (%)

100 11,30%; 91,33

70 11,30%; 78,52 20%; 62,36

Graph 6: DN300 pipes stiffness loss comparison (%)

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

4.2.3.3. Deflection test on DN600 pipes

Level A: Ring deflection at 11,3%.

DN600 Pipe reaction load (11,3% of deflection)

DN600 (11.3% of deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

DN600 Pipe reaction load (20% of deflection)

DN600 (20% of deflection) GRP PVC-U PP PE

Registered in the Registro Mercantil de Tarragona

DN600 Pipe Stiffness Performance (N/m2)

3%; 8163,82 20%; 7951,24