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ADRIANCEM
BARCELONA - REPORTER
BOSCHI
DE GUZMAN
21.Large steam central stations have net thermal efficiencies nearly as high as
that of the diesel.
22.Diesel engines have high exhaust noises.
23.Real engines have cylinder cooling for mechanical reasons.
24.The outstanding characteristic of diesel engines is compression ignition.
25.It is possible to raise the air sufficiently in temperature, by polytropic
compression, to ignite hydrocarbon fuels.
DESPI
26.Control of ignition timing is obtained by injecting fuel into the air after the
compression.
27.Timing of combustion is accomplished by timing of fuel injection.
28.For diesel engines, atomization rather than carburetion is employed for
dispersal, and inexpensive low-volatile liquid fuel, such as petroleum
distillate, can be used in place of the gasoline of spark ignition engines.
29.The mechanical heart of the Diesel is the fuel injection system.
30.The mixing of air and fuel becomes more difficult the larger the cylinder and
the faster rotative speed.
EPE
FABIAN
36.Diesel engines are commonly rather large, the valves are correspondingly
large in diameter and are operated from a massive cam-shaft.
37.It is customary to design a line of engines on the basis of a fixed bore and
stroke, and to vary capacity by adding cylinders.
38.In-line arrangement is common, but increasingly the V-bank arrangement is
seen
39.The double-acting principle was adopted to obtain larger capacity than the
single-acting without much increase in over-all dimensions.
40.Governing is accomplished by control of the quantity of fuel oil spray.
GENELBRALDO
LASA
LIM
51.Loss of power can be avoided by using a supercharger with the engine, driven
either mechanically from the crankshaft or by an exhaust gas turbine.
52.Combustion of Diesel fuel goes in two stages, first an ignition delay stage,
then a stage of inflammation of the air-fuel mixture.
53.Although the whole delay of period may be only microseconds long, its
characteristics of the engine, such as detonation, starting, products of
combustion, and smoothness of operation.
54.Injection must begin several degrees of crank angle before dead center.
55.Following ignition there is a rapid pressure rise during inflammation, the
extent of this being inversely to the delay period, for the longer the delay the
more fuel in the cylinder to be suddenly inflamed.
LING
LOBITANA
61.A hypothetical pressure, known as brake mean effective pressure, bmep, can
be employed to show the magnitude of mean effective pressure.
62.The true pressure, pmep, is higher compared to brake horsepower on account
of engine friction losses.
63.An advantage of the Diesel is its fairly constant efficiency over considerable
range of load and also, the achieved do not vary greatly with the size of the
engine.
64.Fuel-air mixture will not be the same for all cylinders unless the injection
mechanism is individually adjusted, using the exhaust temperature as guide.
65.The I.C. engine is almost a self-contained prime mover in that it requires very
few auxiliaries beyond those built onto the engine by the manufacturer.
MACALAM
66.It is a common practice to set the engine generator units in a power plant on
parallel center-lines.
67.As the average plant has two or more engines, the parallel arrangement
leads to a bulding of somewhat square shape.
68.The heavy reciprocating parts of the Diesel will cause objectionable vibration
unless sufficient foundation mass if provided.
69.Foundations of engines in the basements of hotels, and in similar locations
where any vibration transmitted from the foundation would be undesirable,
must have the foundations insulated from the rest of the building by
corkboard or vibration dampers.
70.Piping connections to the engine should be through short flexible sections.
OLORVIDA
PAQUIBULAN
76.Exposed tanks are set on concrete saddles and can have openings from the
bottom as well as the top.
77.The number and size of tanks are established from the plant size, capacity
factor, and delivery schedules.
78.Transfer pumps and the oil supply lines from storage to engines must have
sufficient capacity to be well in excess of the maximum rate of flow at full
plant capacity.
79.Relief valves are placed so as to prevent excessive pump pressures.
80.Satisfactory operation of a fuel oil supply system is impossible unless the
designer and builder competently handle provisions for cleanliness, valving to
alternate lines during emergencies and insuring tight pipe joints in all suction
lines.
SAUT
TORTUGO
86.An engine requires 0.056 to 0.084 m3 of air per min per HP developed.
87.The cycles of these engines must be externally motivated until the essentials
of fuel-air ignition are correlated and power ensues.
88.The temperatures existing inside the engines would disintegrate the film of
lubricating oil on the cylinder liners and otherwise render the engine
unserviceable by warping of valves, pistons, etc, were they not cooled by
circulating water and recirculating this water accounts for much of the plant
auxiliary equipment.
89.Water absorbs heat in the engine and releases it to raw water flowing in
another circuit, via heat exchanger.
90.The water in the primary, or engine, circuit must be free from impurities
which would form a scale on the inside of the water jackets.
VIRTUCIO
96.Performance testing includes the taking of many data, much of which is just
for the record and is not subsequently employed in calculations of efficiency
and heat balance.
97.Cooling loss is found by testing for quantity of cooling water flow and its rise
of temperature.
98.The degree of cooling action is limited by the vapor that can be absorbed
before the air reaches saturation humidity at its leaving temperature.
99.Atmospheric towers are long, narrow structures of considerable height placed
with the long axis normal to the prevailing wind.
100. The exhaust system must carry approximately 0.168-0.224m 3/min of
gases per hp developed, this volume being at the average exhaust
temperatures.