JL/PH8A6

BRIDGEHORKS DESIGN DETAILS

SECTION Q_;_INSPECTION, ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR

BDD NO. G1

CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF MATERIALS FOR INITlAL_ASSESSHENT

INTRODUCTION

Assessment is carried out using limit state philosophy with the

exception of cast iron construction and brick or stone masonry
arches (ref BD 21/93 Section 2.1). Chapter 4 of BD 21/93 The
Assessment of Highway Bridges and Structures gives
recommendations on the characteristic strength of materials to
be used for section analysis in the initial assessment.
Testing is normally carried o;t only if the initial assessment
indicates the material strength is inadequate, or if there is
some doubt about the nature and quality of the material.

Guidance is given in BD 21/93 on the characteristic strength

of:

Structural steel
Steel reinforcement
Prestressing tendons
Concrete
Wrought Iron g
Brick and stone masonry

Guidance is also given on the permissible stress to be used in

cast iron.

This BDD gives additional guidance- on the characteristics

strength of :

~ 61/1 -
Structural steel - See Section 2
Steel reinforcement - See Section 3
Presstressing tendons - See Section 4
Concrete - See Section 5

Particular reference is made to relevant British Standards

relating to material specifications. '

The characteristic strength is the strength belom which not

more than 5% of'all test results may be expected to fall. It
is for : '

Steel reinforcement - the yield or 0.2% proof

strength
Prestressing tendons - the breaking load of a tendon
Concrete - the 28 day cube strength of the
concrete

For structural steel the nominal yield strength is used.

Characteristic strengths given within brackets in sections 2, 3

and 5 are the metric conversions in N/mmz of strengths given in
imperial units in t/in2 or lb/in2 taken from the relevant
standard.

Note:1t/in2 = 15.44 N/mmz

1 lb/in2 = 0.006095 M/mm?

Characteristic breaking loads given in brackets in Section 4

are either : .

a) the metric conversion in kN of either the breaking load

in lbf or of the equivalent minimum tensile stress in
t/inz taken from the relevant standard.

- G1/2 -
Notezl lbf = 4.448 X 10 -3 kN

1 t/inz E 9.884 X rte? kN = 7.828 d2kN

4
where d = diameter of prestressing wire in inches.

OT

b) the value in kN corresponding to the minimum tensile

stress in' Kgf/mmz or N/mmz taken from the relevant
standard.

Notezl kgf/mm? E 9.807 X [1_a2 kN = .0077 02 RN

1000 4

1 N/mmz E .7854 X 10-4a? kN

where d = diameter of prestressing wire in mm.

This BDD relates specifically to characteristic strength of

materials, but some guidance is also given on section sizes.
It is beyond the scope of this BDD to give comprehensive
details of section sizes of all hot rolled structural steel
sections, but some guidance on British Standards on which to
refer is given in Appendix I. Details of preferred mesh sizes
of fabric reinforcement is given in Appendix II. Areas of
prestressing strand are given in Section 4 along with the
characteristic strength of the strand.

- G1/3 -
STRUCTURAL STEEL

BD 21193

Section 4.3 of BD 21/93 states that in. the absence of definite

information, a characteristic yield strength of 230 N/mm2 may
be assumed for steel produced before 1955 from when steel has
been available in various grades and reference should be made
to the relevant British Standard.

Appendix C2 to BD 21/93 (reproduced on the following page)

gives a table of minimum yield stresses specified in various
post 1955 British Standards, see 2.2.

G1/4 -
 g Hinimum
British Standard i Yield Strengths
N/mm 2

Mild Steel

BS 15: 19N8 Amendment No 1 April 1959

Up to 20mm thickness 2"?

21mm to 51mm thickness J 230

BS 2762: 1956

Notch ductile IA Up to 51mm thickness 220

Notch ductile IB Up to 51mm thickness 235

Notch ductile IIA Up to 51mm thicknes_ 220

Notch ductile IIB Up to 51mm thickness 235

High Yield Steel

BS 958: 1962

Up to 16mm thicknes 3 355

17mm to 32mm thickn B33 3"?
33mm to 51mm thickness 3H0

K 1 l
' The above table is only valid for plates, flats and sections up to 51 IIIIII
thickness. y
.2-

l BS 15 revision September 1961. Universal beams and universal columns with

flange thicknesses less than 38mm have minimum yield stresses of ZNYN/mm2.

TABLE OF MINIMUM YIELD stnessss TO

POST 1855 BRITISH stnnonnos

' ea? so zips APP c2

British Standard Material Specifications

Relevant British Standards specifying the yield strength (or

failing that the tensile strength) of steel are 1

i) Mild steel ( pre 1968) to BS 15

ii) Mild steel (pre 1968) to BS 2762 and BS 3706
iii) High yield steel (pre 1968) to BS 548 and BS 968
iv) All grades of structural steel (post 1968) to BS 4360 and
8s EN 10 025 X

BS 5400 : Part 3 (as amended by BD 13/90) gives yield strength

of steels covered by BS 4360 : 1990 and BS EN 10 025 : 1990,
see 2.3.

Hild Steel (Pre 1968 to BS 15)

BS 15 : 1906 Standard specification for structural

steel for bridges and general building
construction.

BS 15 : 1912 - ditto

BS 15 : 1930 ditto -

BS 15 : 1936 - ditto -

Each of these standards gave a minimum ultimate tensile

strength of 28 t/inz but none gave the yield strength (but see
BS 15 : 1948, which also specified a minimum ultimate tensile
strength of 28t/inz and yield strengths for differing
thicknesses).

BS 15 : 1948 Structural steel

This standard gave a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 28

t/inz and yield strengths as follows:-

- G1/5 -
 . \ .

Upto and including %" thick 15 t/inz (247 N/mm2)

Over " upto 1%" thick
n-\" 15 t/in2 (232 N/mmz)
Over lg" thick 14.75 t/in2(228 N/mm )l\)

BS 15 : 1961 Mild steel for general structural

purposes

Yield strengths were as BS 15 : 1948

BS 15: 1961 was replaced by BS 4360 : 1968

2.2 Mild Steel (pre 1968) to BS 2762 and BS 3706

BS 2762 : 1956 Notch ductile steel for general structural

purposes

This standard covered mild steels whose notch ductility was

better than ordinary mild steel to BS 15.

Yield strength was given as follows :

Grade 1 Class Nominal thickness Minimum yield stress

in.
t/inz (N/mmz)

~01 0.40 to 0.75 15.00 (232) (

NDII A over 0.75 14.25 (220)
NDI11 1
ND1V' 1 0.40 to 0.75 16.00 (247)
B over 0.75 15.25 (236)

BS 2762 : 1956 was replaced by BS 4360 : 1968

~ G1/6 -
 _ .-_-_?_.*__ 1%.. _%_ _
'|5niV'I'!

BS 3706 : 1964 Specification for mild steel for general

engineering purposes.
This standard covered mild steels generally similar to BS 15
but without a specified yield strength. Minimum tensile
strength specified as 26 t/inz for plates, sections and bars
and 25 t/in2 for rivet bars. I

BS 2762 : 1964 was replaced by BS 4360 : 1968

2.2.3
jgh yield steel (Ere 1968)_to BS 548 and BS 968

BS 548 : 1934 High tensile structural steel for bridges and

general building construction.

This standard gave the following minimum yield strength :

Thickness Minimum yield strength

;_ t/in? (N/mmz)
Thickness upto and including 1% 23 (355)
Over 1%" upto and including 1% 22 (340)
Over 1%" upto and including 2% 21 (324)
Over 2%" upto and including 2% 20 (309)
Over 2% 19 (293)

BS 548 : 1934 was withdrawn in 1965.

BS 968 : 1941 (Mar emergency standard) High tensile

(welding quality) structural steel for

bridges and general building construction
Minimum yield stresses were as BS 548:1934 upto Amendment No.1.

Amendment No. 1:1943

Thickness Minimum yield strength

_ t/142 (~/mm?)
Thickness upto and includin 21 (324)
Over %" S-Q :-\ 19 (293)

- G1/7 ~
 BS 4360 : 1972 Neldable structural steels

This standard included weathering steel grade 50.

BS 4360 : 1979 Heldable structural steels

BS 4360 : 1986 _Heldable structural steels
BS 4360 : 1990 Heldable structural steels
BS EN 10 025: 1990 Hot rolled products of non alloy
structural steels and their technical
delivery conditions.

BS EN 10 025 : 1990 is the Euro standard covering structural

steels and is complemented by BS 4360 : 1990 which covers steel
not included in BS EN 10 025 : 1990.

The minimum yield stresses to all grades of steel covered by BS

4360 : 1969 to BS 4360 : 1986 are contained on the following
pages. The minimum yield stress for steel after 1990 may be
obtained from BS 5400 : Part 3 .

\
1

- G1/9 - _
 Conversion table for values of minimum yield stress given in
" BS 4360 : 1968
(It/in2= 15. 44 N mm?)
1/ 1' o.2.:-._. -l l- J3/111102

13 5 208
14 25 220
14 5 224
15 '0 232
15 5 239
16 0 247
16 5 255
17 0 262
17 5 270
18 0
km)
21 0 324
21 5 332
22 O 340
22 5 347
23 O 355

26 O 401
27 O 417
28 O 432
29 O 448

- 01/10 -
 8s 4150; 1958

.\'OTES
_ _\-hnimum, |e|J mesa values for 11.11 bars over -I in (hick 10 be agreed between zhe m1nu:'.1c|urer and lhe purchaser.
_,.-
- Nln
. .\l1n1mum tensile strenglli .11 \onl'm' l'cr material o\er I in thick.
J--w . .\l1mmum yield stress, I6-0 1onl' in for l.ll\'CI52ll beams, columns and bcanng piles 10 BS -l Structural steel secuol-15' Part l ' H01-rolltk
secuons ' v-nh flange thicknesses n0! exceeding H5 III.
5 . For lJlll\ClSJ.l beams. columns and bearing piles the Fl'|J(ll'l1UIl1 tensile strength may be increased to J5 lonllrn.

Yldd Strmsl "I min.

,___, _ _ _ Tensile
1 1 Glad! strength Up lo Over O\er Over Over
Yield stress. min. 1 1 Ind H in l in I .12 in 2 l.-1 in
i.n<ludi.ng up to 1nd up I0 Ind up I0 Ind up to and
Tensile 3;; in including including including including
Glide strength kip lo and Over Over Q",- lin llhln 11,4111 415'"
lncluding 5; in 1'!-1 in 2 ll; in
5.; in up lo and up lo Ind up to and )1
lonflin 1onl'$in' lonflin' lonllin 1oql'lin' lonflin
including including including
l lh ln Z Th in -l lnl" 40A 26731 _

lonflin' tonl'lin' lonl'lin' l0nllin' lonfIin' 4013 26731 15-5 15-0 14-5 14-2.5 13-5
40A 25,-51
40B 28151 15-0 14-5 14-25 l3-5 4-0C 26131 1.5-5 15-0 14-5 14-25 13-5
40C 25/51 15-0 14-51-- 14-25 13-5
40D 26131 15-5 l5-0 14-5 14-25 13-5
40D 25151 17-0 16-0 15-5 14-5
4-OE 26731 16-5 16-0 15-5 15-0 14-5
4-OE 25/51 17-0 16-0 15-5 14-5
4341 ' 2813.11-1
43A]. was 43A 281551-1 15-5 16-0 15-sw . 15-0 14-5
43A 28.188 16-0 15-54 15-0 1.4-0
l
1
43B 28155 16-0 15-51-1 15-0 14-0 43B mlssw 18-5 16-0 15-51-1 15-0 14-5
43C 2815.1 16-0 15-51-I 15-25 14-5
43C 2875: 15-5 16-0 15-5 15-0 14 -5
43D 28133 18-O 17-5 16-5 15-5 43D 28/55 15-5 16-0 15-5 15-0 14-5

43E 28733 18-0 l7-5 1.6-5 15-5

43E 28155 17-5 17-O 16-5 16-0 15-5

50A 32140 50A 32740 -

SOB 521401-1 23-0 22-5 22-0 21-0
SOB 327401" 23-0 22-5 22-5 22-O 21-0
1

SOC 52,'40<'> 23-0 22-5 22-0 21-0

50C 3274001 25-0 22-5 22-5 22-0 21-0
52140 23-0 22-5 22-0
By agron-
SOD
ITICEII 50D 32740 23-0 2-5 E-5 Q-0 by
l agree-
men
Up lo Ind Over Over 0|-er l
including; lhln . ll.n I 1|/,1
. ihln :|l1Pl0l_Dd-iU'Pl0llJdEuplo1nd 1556 =36(45 _ 29-0 28-0 27-0
. ilnltludingiln-elud.lng
llhln '1lhln
sseu" 35/45 29-0 28-0 27-0 26-0
55C ' 36145 29-0 -
l
26-0 27-0 _

5512 35145 29-0 - 28-0 27-O 26-0 1

I
$Ec]'1()N3 (OTHER THA_N
HOI_.LOW SECTIONS) AND FLAT BARS
PLATE5

~ NOTES
Minimum tensile strength 3| lonl'Iin' for material over 11,5 in thick
Minimum yield slress values for material _over 4 in mi c k to [K agreed between lhe manufacturer and the purchaser.
1474
Minimum yield stress I5-0 lonl'Iin' for malerial up lo and including J/4 in rbiek.
\-!|.h\J!\l-- Minimum yield stress I6-01onl7in' For malerlal up to and including 1'4 in ll-|i5;_
 BS -1360: 196$

NOTES
I. Values for thicknesses o\~:r 5a l are subjccl to agreement buwccn the m.1nu|'Jclu:cr and lhc purchnitf

field slrrss min.

Grade Tensile L'p to and
_ _ strength including 5| in'"
| 1

Yield stress, min. loni in :on11in'

43C 28135 16-5 1
Tens ile Over Over Over Over
Crude strength I ll] 1 ill Ii!-1-ll: 4 ln 43D 28135 1s-s
lln up to Ind up lonnd up (0 and up I0 and
Including
zm
lnclunng
Ilhln
including
4111
including
alhmw
43E 28135 11-5
, :onf1in' I0nI11n' lonffin lon.f1in' muffin lon1'1in'1
40A 5 26131 I
4013 1 26131 j 15-5 15-0 14-5 14-Z5 13-5
40C = 26131 15-5 15-0 14-5 14-25 13-5 SOB 3214-0 23

40D ! 25131 ' 15-5 15-0 14-5 14-Z5 13-5 SOC 32140 23
E
40E 1 25131 . 16- 5 16-0 15-5 15-0 14-5 SOD 32140 25

43A 1 128133 I
- 43A 128155 ' 16-5 I 16-0 15-5 L5-0 55C 36145 29
1 43B '2a133 I 16-5 16-0 L5-5 15-0 ' 14-5
1 43C 23133 15-5 16-O 15-5 L5-O , 14-S 55E 3-6145 29
1
1 43D 213133 16-5 16-0 15 -5 15-0 14-5
1
1 43E 2a133 I 17-5 17-0 16-5 16-O 15-5
1
HOLLOW SECTIONS
S-0A 32140 i
SOB 3210,0111 | 23-O 23-0 22-5 21-5 _ 21-0

!
!
1 - 1 50C 32140 2-1'0 2.3-0 22-5 21-5 - mo
50D 32140 23-0 23-0 22-5 21-5 ; .-.-.ni

E?s11 Overi
-._L

-5..s591-
E
F11-= -E1 25EE
._-'s"s;
5
55C -36145 I 29-0 . 2e-0 27-0 _
l

i 53E 361--.5 - 29-0 1 28-0 n

1 27-0 26-0

7 _ __ __ii__i _ _ _J

ROUND AND SQUARE BARS

NOTES
l. Minimum yield stress values for round and square bars ovcr 6'): in ma) 5'? =Ud b"W'=" ii milllura-5-"'" and '1 P"'":h' "7
minimum yicld su-as values for grad: SOD over 4 in. \
2 Hpx
3. Minimum tensile strength JI muffin for inaienal ovcr 3 V4 in-
 BS -'.'--- 1 : P.:rt I : I901-

\UTES

';_"'_"" 3- -5 -" "':"-i 5-'-T ii-1! P---\ ---' u "' 21:1: 1.1: ~A IJ f: .-. ,'.':"
__. "- \\ 1 _ J 1|. .'.r.\-_"t 11.: ~.'1.t\i.r
Hp,
F1 .\li.1:::1-..-m
\ rc.-:=:I-: strength -IS hi-.1rf0rr.-.11.-::_-=10-.-_-; ft) 131,-;
I
11-1
-- .._.'I -
' "1 "' ' - ~ I -
--~-- 1-. -- _ _._. .. '
Wu. 11" 5""5_-fl 5 M-if I0! J-'1!-L.).li ._1.m.,_ ..)I_|.....~ - _' "g ,'- : 11 H5 4
.
S1ru:u;.'sl 511-cl sections
-
l.:rl I
_
H0!-rOi!~_'
~.-czzons -.\111. thngc tnickncsscs not c\:ct-d:n-' -l-1:-.1.-r
i
Fur u.':|\\.'rs1! i:-cams. -.'D|I.'f1-I15 111-1 b<II|'i\lE1 Pllei the l".'Z_l\1.'ll'.J.'.ll-.l'.1;|c' :[f.'!l_ll :12.-\ "c .:'.:.':1sc..l :0 5-l hb.tr.

Yield sin.-ss '1' min.

lcnstlc
1 Cradc strength Lptu U\r.-r Ou-r Otcr Ou.-r
1 I and I6 mm 35 mm -I0 mm 63 mm
\ it-Id stress. min. including up lonnd up to and U|)l0 and uploan d
1 l6 ntnt including including including includin 1:
Tensile 15 mm -I0 mm 63 mm I00 mm-
Cradc slrcngth Up to and Over ()\cr l)\c|'
including I6 nun -I0 mm l mm
16 mm up to and upto and up I0 and hbnr ' hb:1r hb:tr' hb:1r' hbar' hbcr
including including including
40 mm 63 mm I00 mn-1'" 40A -10,48

hbnr hbar' hbar' hb:!r' hb;tr'

400 -l0_'48 2-4-10 0 2;5 22-0 2|.-0
40-C 40 '48 24-0 23-0 22-5 22-0 2|.-0
-i-Or\ "103-18
401) l0_'~l8 2-l-0 23-0 22-5 22-0 21-0
400 4048 23-0 22-5 22-0 . I..l._-0
( 1 40C -l0'48 23-0 33.531. 22-0 21-0
40E 40 -18 25-5 21-5 24-0 23-0 22-5

401.) 10-10 26 0 2l-5 21-0 22 5

43.511 431511->
40E 401'-'18 26-0 24-5 24-0 22-5
43.-\ 4315111 25-5 24-5 24-01-- 23-0 22-5
430 431511-1 25-5 24-5 24-01-1 23-0 22-5
43C -13151 25-5 24-5 24-0 2.1-0 zz-5
43.1\1 -13151 43D 43151 25-5 2l-5 24-0 23-0 Z.-5

43A 43151 24-5 24-015' 23-0 22-0 43E 43151 2?-0 26-0 25-5 24-5 24-0

-1311 -13151 24-5 24-01-r 23-0 22-0 50A 50162

501621" 55-5 34-5 3-l-0 32-5
43C 43151 24-S 24.015] 23-5 22-5 50 B 34-5

431) -13-'51 23-0 27-O 25-5 24-0 50C so,-021-1 05-: 34-5 3-l-5 -$4-0 32-5

15E 43 51 28 O 27~0 25-5 2-l-0

SOD 50,-02 35-5 S4-5 34-5 34-0 B-
agree-
1, 50A 50162
THC!

50B 501621! 35-5 34-5 34-0 32-5

55C S5170 45-0 43-0 41-5

55Ei1 55170 45-0 43-0 41-5 40-0 -

50C 50162!" 35-5 34-5 34-0 32-5

50D 50162 35-5 34-5

_
04-0
H Y 3g ICC ' 1
mcrll l hbar == l0 N,'m

Over Oi-er 1 10 I-I/nn,

Up to and Over
including 16 mm 25 mm -I0 mm
I6 mm up to and up to and . up to and
including including including
25 mm -I0 mm 63mm ARS
HOLLOW SECTIONS) AND FLAT-11
55C 55,70 45-0 43-0 41-5 -

55E 55110 45-0 430 41-5 40-0

Ll
I h1):1r = 10' N_-'m=
: ION/um-11 PLATES

u
NOTES
Minimum tensile strength 48 hbar for mitlcriill over 6} mm thick.
Minimum yield stress values for material over I00 mm [hick to be agreed belwecn lhc manufacturer and lhc purchaser.
N/A
Minimum yield stress 23 hbar For marerinl up to and including I9 mm lhiek
~1 :-.0-1. Minimum yield stress I4 5 hbtlr !'nr muzcriztl up to and including I) mm thick.
 BS -I360 : Part 2 ; 19159

NOTES
L Values t'0r thicknesses o\er I6 mm are '
' Subetr - - - .
J * J3"im'-"1 b\" lih_ 11nut.tr.turcr
- _
and the punIh1$cr

Tensile Yield stress mm

Grade strength Up to and
including
r I6 l1l1.lIl"' 1
1 Yield stress. min.
1 hbar hb:tr'
Tensile L'p lo and Over Over Over 0\er 1 43C -43154 25-5
Grade lIt.l1glh including Z5 rnrn 50 mm 63 mm 100 rum
25 mm up tn and up to nnd up to and up to and 43D -43154 25-5
Including including including including
50 mm 63 mm I00 mm I60 mm'" 43E 43154 27-0

hbar' hbar hbar hbar hear hbar 1

40A -40.-48
40B 40143 24-0 23-0 22-5 22-0 21-0 T Y
1 40C 40148 24-0 23-0 22-5 22 0 21-0 500 50162 35-5

40D 4048 24-0 23-0 "2-5 22-0 21-0 50C 50152 35-5

SOD 5-0162 35-5

A4012 40148 25-5 24-5 24-0 23-0 22-5 1

7 -13151 43151
431 43151 25-5 24-5 24-0 23-0 55C 55170 45
431; 43151 25-5 24-5 24-0 B-0 22-5
43c 43151 25-5 24-5 24-0 23 0 22-5
55E 55110 45
43D 43151 25-5 2-l-5 24-0 23-0 22-5 1

. 43E 43151 27-0 26-0 25-5 24-5 24-0 ' I hbar = ID N/rn'
= IO hi/rrv-51
50A 50,-52
50 B 501521-- 35-5 35-5 3-4-5 33-0 32-5 HOLLOW SECTIONS
1

i50C 501521 35-5 35-5 34-5 33-0 32-5

SOD 50162 35-5 35-5 34-5 33-0 _(\}

Over Over Over

Up to and I6 rnm 15mm -1-0mm
including - up to and up to and up to and
I6 mm including including - including
ZS mm -10 mm 63mm

55C 55-"10 45-0 43-0 41-5 -

55E 55170 45-0 43-0 41-5 4-0-0

' l hbar = 10' N.'m .

: tori/mm

ROUND AND SQUARE BARS

NOTES

1 . t\.-1'tntmurrt
' ' Id st re ss values for rOul1d and square bars over I60 mm may be agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. as may
yre
minimum yield stress \'alu=5 1'0? BT35 500 mo mm \

2. N_lP\ . _ _
3. Minimum tensile strength 48 hbar for material nscr B3 0 mm-
 BS 4360 I 1972

I Gr!-dc Tcnstle strength Yield sucu. min. l

L'p to and Over I6 mm Over 40 mm OW.-r 6] mm

l including up t0 and up to Ind up to md
I6 mm including including including
40 mm 63 mm IOO mm E)
l l__

.\'.'mm V .\'.'mm' .\"mm Nimm .\'-mm

-ll).-\ -100/480
408 -100/-ISO Q1 F0 IIU
40C -I00/480 230 1356) 110 ZIO

-DD -100/-IEO 260 2-l5 240 I25

40E 400/480 260 34$ 140 11$

~l3Al 430/510
-HA -U0/$10 2-15 2400 330 130
438 -t30r$i0 1 Z45 2-10@ I30 320
43C 430/S10 r 245 2~:0 235 11$
43D 430/510 Z80 270 25$ 2-l0

2 -HE 430/SIO 230 270 255 I-l0

50. 490/ezo
T son no/6206) 35$ 345 J40 335
soc 490/6 20@ 35$ 34$ 1-ll] 11$

l son -190/6 20 J55 34$ J40 By apeemcnl

$0Dl 490/620 Y 355 345

l Up (.0 and Over l mm Over 15 mm Ova.-r40 mm

including up to u1d up 00 and up to and
I6 mm including including inclr.|din3
15 mm 40 mm 6] mm
SSC S50/700 450 430 -H5

SSE 550/700 450 -110 H5 400

aw
( @

NOTES '
. Minimum yield slttss valucs for material over I00 mm thick to be agrccd bctwccn rhc ma:-afacwrer :u1d thc purchaszr.
N/A
. N /K
. N /A
. N/A
. Minimum yield strnss 230 N/mm for material up to and including 19 mm thick.
. Minimum yield strcss 24$ N/mm for material up to and including I9 mm thick.
m~_to\r.-:~\._- Minimum t:nsi.lc strcngth 480 N/mm /or matcrial over 63 mm thick.
 BS 4360 972
l Grade Tcnsde Yteld ttrestn;-' rnr fl.
stre ngrh J
lfp to and Over lb mm Over 25 mm Over 40 mm Over 6] mm
uicludtng up to and up to and up to and up to and
I6 mm including including including includi
25 mm -l-0 rnm 61 mm I00 mnnb
1/

.\' mm .\'m R1" N mm .\'mm: \ mm .\'.mm

Jr|.\ -mt) -nit)

mu -llll).-{Bil I40 Z10
114.
In In
-l.|'l(' -".10-'-I80 I40 I10 115 I10 Ill)

Jill) 4110-'48!) I-IU I10 \'\s I10 lll]

-ml-1 400/480 15$ I45 140 3}!) Z35

no/5 |0
{
l
~lJr\l
4],-\ 410/s|o 15$ _]-15 2406) 50 {Is
-ill} 430/5109 I55 :45 24n Z30 22$
-13C uorsto 255 2-ts Z-l0 130 22$

43D 430/510 25$ 245 2-ltl Z10 225

43F. 410/510 270 Z60 I55 245 Z-10

50A we/620
SOB 490/6206) 355 345 14$ 340 32$

5l)C 490/6206 J55 345 3-t5 J-ll) 12$

1 SOD 490/1520 J55 34$ 34$ J40 By agrcemen

SSC S50/700 450 430 4|5

SSE 550/700 450 430 -HS 400

sections (other than hollow sectional Hd lli D8"

NOTES
l For universal beams column: and bearing |JllC$ the yield tuets obtained on text pieces taken from the Web shall be not lli
than I5 N/mm greater than the specied minimum value.
1. N//-\

. Minimum yield stress values rm nu but over I00 mm thick to be agreed between the manufacturer and Ute purchaser.
N/A
_ N/A
. N/A
~J@lJ\<IL -I. For universal beu'n.t_ columns and bearing pile: ihe muimum lenailc suength may be increased to 540 N/mm.

8, Minimum yield stress 14$ Nlmm' for universal be-uns, column: and bearing piles to BS 4: Part l with ange lhici-I11$=! not
exceeding 40 mm.
9. Minimum tensile strength 480 N/mm for mllcrill Over 59 mm \hll<-
 3L
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3
 ' tirade Tcnse t tt'lt.l \l'Tt.\, mm.
>[Iel1 gth
."l\l|'1.
Lpto .tnt.l Iltcr llmm "\<-r15 ntttt Lher -l0 ntnt ll\t'r hj mm
tttcludtng up tn _|nJ up to Jntl up to and up to and
ll mm tnclutltng including u1clut.lintz including
IS mm -10 mm OJ mm H I00 mm

f\ rum \ "tr:1' \ g--_;---

\ _-... . \ 11:11" \ rim
t

_3\.| _i-ltr _1_< . ~

\\R.*-Iltl

RS-I.-\ -l\_{t\ _--lrt __

-Hill 315 .-4. _\ -I-| ll\ it::t'ertterrt

\\l-{illlll

\\R|1|1 J:-ill _-.15 It;

1 \\'R 5 UC -Hit) 345 _-_|,\_ .'-J-5

t
_ t _

plates, sections (other than hollow sectionsl and at bars weather resistant grades

\ _
( t Id stress. min.
Grade Tensile
strength
min. __;T
Over 50 mm Over 63 rnm Over 75 mm Over 100 mm
Up to and Over 25 mm up to and
up to and up to and up to and
including up t0 and
including including including
; 25 mm including including
75 mm lO0mm l60 mm
, 50 mm 6} mm

mi Nlmm N/ntnt: N/mm

Nlmm' int N/mm Nfm

\\'R50Al -180 335 325

WRSOO-\ 48/1 -H)

]-I 3-10 By agreem Cl'Il

g wnsont 480 345 1-15

480 . 1-4--.r..JS! 3-ll) -

\\'R5tltt 2
-w. -,.\.- Lntn

HU
\\'R50C -tat) 34$ 145 345 --;

round and square bars - weather resistant grades

4 _

Grade Supply Tensile

Yield stress.
condition strength min. Up to
and including
I6 mm
thickness

N/mm .\'/mm:

Hot nished 500/620 355

355
' WRSO Normalized 500/621)

hollow sections weather resistant grades

Values for thicknesses over I6 mm an: subgect to agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.
 ES 1360: :9;9

l_ Q

_Gr=tcle --_"\|:E " -eld il'Er\t;th =_._ rntrt

l ifrenqth
. \e._:
3 _. Uo to and Over H5 mm OVEI JO rnn-\ Or-er 0] mm
v ' :_

including uo to and .lD to and . ._. .. Tl|_.t'_ .-e strertgt" \:"'J!i lc' 1ie'~J>0\.-er ICC "~"" ='"~'
u l0 and
l8 mm rcludtng Including tnclu Gmq 3 59 -\G'?=!U LI-31'-'-eerr the "'\Jr\u-acture' =1-rt: :'=e 'JurEt'135e'
J-O mm 53 mm
100 mm- I Nrn
lt
i P".-11: ; -rm-15
r rte"-"
140:. -'00-480
40a -1G0 430 230 225 320 Z10
40c -1501130 330 1'25 1 220 Z10
3 urn

400 400 430 260

-t urn
2-15 I.-IO 2'25
5 .1-nrmum vii-Id strength 210 N.rnm or material uD to and
-rrcludtng lQ mm thick.

'5-OE -100/480 250 245 Z40 225

-6-
T-;-" 21'.
cl--'r'b

7 l\.1m.r'1um lerttrte rtrengtn 480 N/mm: lor |T\B([_'!l3|OVE1 63 rr

l43At \
410/510 - . T llk.
43A 430/510 2&6 US H0
l
t
438 ?~'lQ;55
la3C
-130/510 ?15_ 215 B0155 no ft.-,
l
dJOr5lO Z55. 2"; F
2-
HJ1\.-'J\ Z"-*&:E<; z~2s_ .35
no 1 4:to.=-to 280 270 355 $40 .-___:.

-115 ; J10/SID 280 270 .*:. l

355 ?*Q

so. - 490/520 _
lsoa 49016 20-; 355 345
l" Rgvt-5.~:r:_:_ lc-57..
J40 J25
'__'l'
"

soc 49ors2o\3' 355 345 3110 J25

SUD l 490/620 355 345

SOD 490/620 355 345 340 Bv agreement

50E 5 90/G20 355 J45 340 Bv agreement

Up to and Over 16 mm Over Z5 mm Over ~10 mm

including up to and up to and up to and
15 rnm including including including
25 mm 4O mm 53m [T1

~ JF 490/620 390 390 J90

ssc ; ssorroo 450 430 415

55E l S50/700 450 430 415 400

l

55F 550/700 450 430 415 __4_

plates

l
t

._ t
t
 ES 4360. 979

Grade ~'="\i"-' ='-erd SI-'Qr1g{l'r_-'_~tn

it'"\qlh
U0 to Over Os-er Ore Que I
and -ncl. I5 mm 25 mm -30 mm 6] mm l
lurrtrt-t an to '.tO IO un Z0 JD I
d |tl'1Cl. and tnel ind l|"\(|_

and incl.
i
I
25 mm -10 mm 5] mm I00 mm -'
\_ -..|_._. \_ _\l'U: '_ ~\,___ \ t _._..
-10.: 1 1 -'00 -IEO
we 400':-a0 t!
t_"'l-2 1:30 I25 ITO I30
-rec ' -too-420 3-10 230 1'25 230 3'0
400 - :00.-rat) I-10 230 225 320 310

roe 400.490 255 245 2-10 230 I25

l

trIlA1 E f 430/510
ll

t
4]-A 430/510 255 245 140 -f 330 225
-136 l UOISIO 255 245 240 3 J30 225
t:tc t 430/S10 I 255 245 2'40 230 225
430 ' -130/SIO . 255 245 240 230 225

I 432 lnotsto 210 260 255 245 240

l |

sort l deorszo
soa ' 490/ts 2o F2trl 345 3'15 J40 J25
oc 490/620 J45 345 340 325

( I i 490/620 cut_t. l tnU\U'\ UUIU1 145 J-15 ll-10 Bv I

Jgre Cflt
i 55C 550/700 IfU'\ Q 430 415

SSE 550/700 450 430 4l5 400

flat bars, wide flats, universal wide flats@

and sections (other than hollow sections)

NOTES to table 19 '1'-' "'43- ".5 /"/_ _ twp

1 8v 6qr?W11l.untvef5alwl ats rna e tumor to the 5. N/A

-"ftechan ot l tn whtch
casertfamav e nor rzed or corftrolled led.
7, nl\
2. For universal beams, columns and bearing pile; the igecrlted
3. For universal beams. columns and bearing piles the marttmum
rrttntmum vteld strength rs related to the thtcltness at the sample
tensile strength may be increased to 540 N/mt-rt.
t- oosttton. The yield strength obtained lrorn test Dteces taken trot-rt
the web shall be not less than 15 N/rrtrn greater than the specified 9. Minimum yield strength 245 N/mm for untversal beams_,
rrttrttrrtum value columns and bearing ntles to BS -1 : Part 1 with ange thicknesses
not exceeding 40 mm.
1- NlA_ 10. Mtrtin-tum tensile strength 480 N/rnt-rt for material over 50 rnm
thick.

4. Minimum weld strength values for llat bars. trw-iv-451116

gm over 100 mm thick to be agreed between the
manufacturer and the purchaser.
5. t4/A

- Q
 LJ u ,1- . o>O Z0 -.1 <0

- Grade 1,T:r\s|!e held suenqm_ L, mm

\
iylrenqlh " 1
'2 1
U01 0 Ovel Over Over Over
| and mcl. 25 mm 50 mm G] mm 100 mm
25 rnm uD IO up IO UD lO LID 10
and m:|_ and |ncl_ and mcl. and mc|_
50 mm G3 mm 100 mm I50 mm

-I-rnr-" '\J-m rr1' Nfmm: Nlrnm: -\|l|"l'\'\: N.mm: Gum, Tinnle I Y-eld suenqlh
40A 4-UDM30 suenglh F 5.; ml"-
-108 400/480 240 230 225 220 210
F1 1
m . U0 10 and
40C . f400m80 240 230 225 220 Z10 I mcludnnq IVE mm
40D 4001480 Z40 230 225 220 210 'Ih\cknas.\\I

we
K
\400!48O 255 245 2'-I0 230 225
NImr1\7 \i'|1|m:

43C |:10.*s40 "_"- ' '

43A 1
43A
430-'5l0
430/510

255 245 240 230
\ 43D [410/5:0 )5 - u- --
A1
435 430/510 255 245 240 230 225 i
43C 4301510 255 245 240 230 225 \ 1 43E I 4301540 '2~1cL -; -45 '
43D 430l5lO 255 Z45 240 230 225

43E A30./'5lO 270 260 255 245 240 508 4901640 J55
50C 490/640 ass I
son 4901640 ass
50A \490rs20 \ \
508 490/620@ 355 355 345 330 J25
490/540
\

155
SOC $490/02061 355 355 345 330 J25 soe
500 14901620 355 355 345 330 ~51

55C 55-(H700 450

Up: 0 Ova: Over Ova:
and incl. 15 mm 25 mm 40 mm
15 mm up I0 up I0 up I0
and mci. and lflC|. and incl. 5 555 55-0! 700 450
Z5 mm 40 rnrn 63 mm

55C 5501700 450 430 415

SSE 5501700 E 450 430 -H5 400 h0|l0w sections

\
mores
round and square bars \ L NM
2, Valueslor1mc\<nrsses over I6 mm ale iub|cct :0 aqreerm
NQTES between H1! manulaclurer and the Du'Ch89Ef-
U s 0 er
1. Mnlmum vueld suenqlh values lor round and suuare av v
mo mm may be agmed Ue[wggn me rnanu:8C;u|r:'r arrglg h5200 -. ?8V\51OI'\5 ['11 Q2
'

Durchaser, as rnav "'\"1"'"""" Y9'd sue Va Us q

over I00 mm-

- \
 LU (J1 I
I (,3 O) C) 1979

Grade J Tensile field ilfength ~"_ rn-n

_ _ .- strength
'7~~ UD to Bd Over 1 2 mm Over 25 mm Over -10 mm
including LID to and up to and up to and
I2 mm Including |t'IC|ud|ng including
Z5 mm J0 mm 50 mm
l
\l mm: H 'r'rn' \.' -"Hm \; mm: \; -|--"1

WRSUAI 430 :345 315 325

l
l i
l wnsop. I 480 345
I |
WFl50l3I 480 J45 J45 J45 340

WRBOB 480 345 345 345 3-10

1 wFt50Cl 480 L-I B U1 345 345 J40

WFISOC 480 1345 J45 J45 140-5

plates, flat bars, wide flats, universal wide flats, sections l

[other than hollow sections) and round and square bars@ : weather resistant grades

NOTES
l. Round and square bars available at greater thicknesses, orooerues by agreement

_L l

G redo Tensile Yield

. strength strength
l Rm Re mm.
up to and
includinq
16 mm 1
thickness
F
l Nlmm' Nlmm
1
wF,50<; 5001020 ass l
l
w|q5t)Q 5001520 355
L

hollow sections weather resistant grades

~ l
 BS 4350 I986

__

Grads
Tensile strength, Minimum yield rtrqngth, Fla, lor lhlcknassa-1 Iin mml
R-1

Up to and Over 16 I Ovnr 40 Over E3 Over I00

including up to and up to and I up to and up to and l
I
l
I6 including including including including
40 63 . 100 150
I
4 _
"1-
Nirnm: ' Nlmm N.'mrn: N1mrr\' Nrmm: .l,'m

3401500 I 235 225 ' 215 I 205 185

40A
400 3401500 1 235 225 1215 205 I85

I 40C 3401500 . 235 225 rat I215 210 185

40D 3401500 235 225 215 215 205

40EE 340/500 250 245 I 240 225 205

I I _
225
I 43A 4301580 I91 215 265
255
255 245
225
438 4301580 l9I A 275 255 245

43C 4301580 i9I I215 255 i 255 245 225

I 43D -no/sac ten I 215 255 255 245 225
I 43EE 4301580 I91 215 255 255 245 225

4901640 ll0|i1 I I i 355 345 I 340 1 325 305

( l 50A

4901640 t10ll1l I 5 355 -35 340 325 305

508

4901640iIOItl1 I 355 345 I 340 325 305

50C

50D ~ 4901640IIOH1l I 355 345 340 J25 305

50DD i 490I640l10Il1t I 355 345 I 340 1 325 305

50EE I 490l640l11lll2 I 355 345 340 325 305
50F 400/5-so 390 390

Up to and Over 16 Ovnr 25 Over4-0 I I

'Including
' up to and up to u nd up to and
16 including including including
25 4-0 63

55c 550/100 450 430

5555 550/700 * 450 430 415 400

( 55 F 550/7 00 -150 430 415

}_.
_ __ _\_ ,4

~ ' ats
P latex. llp i"d "'"d

[8] Minimum yield strength 230 Nfrnml for material up to 19 mm thick.

[Q] Minimum tensile strength 410 Nlmml for material over I00 mrn thick.
H01 Minimum tensile strength 480 Nlmm: tor material over 63 mm thick up to and including 100 mrn thick.
[11] Minimum l9nsi|E strength 460 Nlmml for material over 100 rnm thick.
112} Minimum tensile strength 480 Nlmrni for material over I6 mm thick up to and including 100 mm thick.
 354350 I935

! Grade Tensile Minimum yield rtrangth. 3,3. Ior thicknesses

strength, tin mml
QM

Up to and Ovar I5 Over 40 Over 53

2 including I uo IO ild I up to and - up to and
I
I :16 including ' including i including
I I | I00
I 40 I 63

I Nrrnrn: 31- N. mm: Nrm rtt ' _ Nlmrt-i'

40A 1401500 22 5 Z15 1 205

I ting _ 3401500 iur~.l' i..ii..iuttrtg
!Z 22 5 2l5 _ 205
40C I 340/500 235 225 l4I l 2l5 210
400 . 3401500 235 22 5 2l5 2i5
I 1401500 H 260 24 5 240 PJ 25
4000
l
I l

43A
I
' 4301580 IQ I-il U1 265 255 l 245
4:10 4301580 275 265 255 245
I 430 4301500 275 255 255 245
#30 4301580 275 26 5 I
255 245
4300 4301580 275 265 255 1 245 .

4901640 I5] 355 34 5 I 340 325

50A
490/640 I5l 1 355 34 5 340 1 325
I 50E
4901640 (5) . 355 34 5 340 325
SOC
4901640 I5l 355 34 5 340 I 325
50D
4901640 (SI 355 34 5 340 325
. 50DD

50E 4901540 I5l I 155 34 5 340 1 325 i

l
Up to and O V or 15 Over 25 l
including un to and up to Ind
16 , inclu-dinq including
25 40

i 55C 550/700 450 43 0 415 -

sections Iother than hollow sections)

I4) Minimum yield stren 9 th 230 N/mml for material uo to arid including 19 rnrn thick.
l5I Minimum tensile strength 480 Nlmrnl Ior material ovcr 63 mm thick.
I6] Minimum tensile strength 400 Nlmml for material over 16 mm thick up to and including 100 mm thick.
 J U1 p_. (.4 O) O
U . .986

_ Grade ' TEFHIIE Minimum vial d strength. E_ or thicknesas

= strength. 'll'\ mml
|
I :;_ I
I

I Up to and Over 15 Over 40 Over 53

including up lo and up to and up to and
I
_i6 including including including
A
40 63 100
t
i__- \
N mm N. mm N_-'rnrn .\!imm' ail

40A 3401500 -35

'1 5 225 2l5 8?.ma
408 3-10r500 235 i 225 2l5 205
-10C 340F500 235 ' 225 2l5
l
210
400 340I500 235 225 215 215

40E 1 3401500 325 0 245 240 225

i Gmda Tentrie ':Minimum yield strength,
l lenqlh. R,.lor1hi-zknnuu
- if
Rm lm mml
43A E 4301530 27 5 265 255 245

i 438 4301580 215 265 -255 245 \ Up to and Ovcr I5

* 43c 430/530 . 225 265 255 245

\
including
15
\ up IO and
including
430 - 430/sao 5 215 265 255 245
40 l2I

27 5 265 255 245

i 43E ' AIIOISBO Nlmm: Nlmm Nfrnrn
2

2 4 t..| O
4301580 275 255
430 430580 1 275 265
i son 4901540 :41 A35 5 345 340 325
43E 430/580 275 265
1 soa 4901640 141 :35 5 345 340 J25
soc 490/640 :41 :5 5 345 I140 325
500 3 -:90/6-10 l4I l35 5 J45 J40 325
59 4901640 355 l J45
sue 2 490/540 151 135 5 345 340 J25
\ 1 599 4901640 355 l 345
W SOEE 4901640 355 345
Up to and Over 15 Olfnl 25 Oval 4U
includinq up to and up to Ind up to en-d
including including Up to and Ovnr 16
16 includinq
25 40 53 including up to and
T ______ _ i i IE inciudinq
430 415 25 l2]
45 D
55C
5555
5501700
5501700 45 O 430 AI5 400 >,l 55 550-WOO I 450 430
\ - 555E 550/700 450 l 430
_ _ _ 55; 550/100 -:50 4 430 l

hollow sections

I2] Onlv circular hollow sections are available in thicknesses over 161
(lat: and round and square bars

l4l Minimum tensile strength 480 Nlmrnz for material over 63 rnm thick.
I5) Minimum tensile strength 480 N/mml for material over 1.6 rnm thick up to and including 100 mm lhi1<-
 BS 4360: 1986

ii Grade Minimum inimum yield strength, Re, lor thicknesses

tensile "5in mml
nienqth, 7" r
Rm U9 to and i Over I2 Over Z5 Over 4U
including ; up to and up to and up to and
l2 - including including '1'?
including
!
_25 50
J hO

,t I _.-l
i Ninrn: } Nlmm -! |\;'lIIl1\_ I Nimrtt' '\|-'mrn
WFISOA 430 345 - 325 325
i

~
wnsoa 450
I
|
=
|
345 134 345 340

wnsoc - 430 ' 345 U 345 J45 340 I4)

pmgg, strip, wide flats, llats, sections (other than hollow sections) and round
and square ban: weather resistant grades

I41 Up to and including 63 rnrn.

i Grade K Tensile Minin-turn yield rtrenqth, 3,. for

_ strength, thidtnesses lin rnmi
.Rm
Up to and Over 12. Over 25
including up to end up to and
12 mm irldudinq including
25 l2] 40
l . 1' I Q I
i NImrn' Nlmm .*llmm' NIrr\m'
i WRSOA 480 345 325 325

wnsoa 480 345 345 345

2 wnsoc . 480 3-15 345 345

i
i l
hollow sections: weather resistant grade:

U only ckcular honow 5ec[|()|'\ are available in thlt;kr\E5SE OVEY 16 mm-

3 BS 5400 : Part 3 I

BS 5400 : Part 3 : 1983 Steel concrete and composite bridges

Part 3, Code of practice for design of steel bridges as amended

by B0 13//90 (reproduced on the following page) gives yield
strength of steels covered by BS 4360 : 1990 and BS EN l0 025 :
1990.

- G1/11 -
 The ncminal yield stress av, for steel supplied toastandardgrade
oai1plyingwiththereguirerrt<e_ntsofBSENlO025orBS4360 and tested in
accordance wlth those standards, should be taken as:

Steel gade in Yield strength oY , for thickness (in mm) i

uptoand over63upto overl00upto

as EN 10 025 as 4350 \ including and including and includbmg
63 1 100 150

g f N/nd N/510' N/hn

Fe 350 40 3 225 215 195
Fe 430 , 43 l 255 245 225
Fe 510 50 * 355 325 295
55 450 400
we so 345
if

l-when steel tospecific:ations0thierthanBSEN1002501-BS4360isusedthe

riomirialyieldstrezssshouldbetalcenas:

<~
where
De
)(o>,,,k,xstaru:1arddeviationsfrt:rno,_,,_)
100

Pe is the percentage tolerance b.lCH the specified trticlo by

the relevant British Standard for material for the relevant th_lCl\C11ES5

ow, is the mean yield stress of material of the relevant thickness.

K; is the coefficient as given in Table 7 of BS 2846:Part 351975, using

thec>::r1fidencelevel(l a)'= 0.95 and the pnoportlort of the
txgldaticn P = 0.95.

YIELD STRENGTH DF STEELS TAKEN FROM

BS 5400 : PART 3 : i983 AMENDED BY BD l3/90
 STEEL REINFORCEMENT

BD 21[93

Section 4.4 of BD 21/93 states that pre 1961 reinforcement may

be assumed to have a characteristic strength not greater than
230 N/mmz, and for reinforcement after this date the strength
shall be taken as specified in the appropriate design codes of
the period for high yield and mild steel bars.
___\

with regard to the above, the characteristic strength of 230

N/mmz relates to mild steel. lt is not known to what the year
1961 relates, but BS 7B5 did not specify a minimum yield point
for hot rolled mild steel bars until the 1967 revision.

Characteristic strength (yield strengths) may be taken from the

relevant British Standard material specification as values in
design codes refer to material specifications. However
design codes may not be specific to the exact type of
reinforcement and where more than one type of bar may fit the
design code the lower value of characteristic strength relating
to these bars should be used for the initial assessment, unless
records exist to indicate the exact type of bar used. For
example a design code may call for high yield steel which may
be either hot rolled or cold worked bars which subject to the
period used may have different characteristics strengths.

The ability of a bar to achieve its characteristic strength may

be affected by its bond characteristics and the details of the
bar as scheduled. Some guidance on the detailing of
reinforcement is given in 3.3 '

G1/12
British Standard Material Specifications

Relevant British Standards specifying yield strength (or

failing that tensile strength) of bar reinforcement are :

i) Bars to structural steel standards (pre 1938)

i?e*\ BS 15 for mild steel and BS 548 for high yield
steel.

ii) Hot rolled mild steel and high yield steel bars (pre
\ 19as) to as 785 and as 4449.

iii) Cold worked high yield steel bars (pre 1988) to BS 1144
" and BS 4461.

iv) Carbon steel bars (post 1988) to BS 4449

v) Stainless steel bars to BS 6744

vi) Steel fabric to BS 1221 and BS 4483.

Bars to structural steel standards {pre 1938)

The first British Standard for bars for the reinforcement of

concrete (BS 785 : 1938) was not introduced until 1938. Prior
to this date bars were manufactured to the standards for
structural steel, i.e. BS 15 for mild steel and BS 548 for high
yield steel.

BS 15 : 1906 ) Standard specification for structural

BS 15 : 1912 ) steel for bridges and general building-
BS 15 : 1930 ) construction
BS 15 : 1936 )

Each of these standards gave a minimum ultimate tensile

strength of 28t/inz but none gave the yield strength see
2.2.1.

G1/13 -
3 2.1.2 BS 548 : 1934 High tensile structural steel for bridges and
general building construction.

Yield point
Size of bar
(dia, side or square) T/in2
N/mmz
Upto and including 1" 23 (ass
Over 1" upto and including 1%" 22 (340)
Over 1%" upto and including 2" 21 (324)
Over 2" upto and including 2%" 20 (309)
Over 2%" 19 (293)

2.2 Hot rolled mild and hiqh yield steel bars (pre 1988) to
BS 785 and BS 4449

BS785 : 1938 Rolled steel bars and hard drawn steel wire
for concrete reinforcement

_*i Hin.yield p oint

Steel Mild Medium High
steel itensile tensile
,steel steel
it/inz (N/mm) t/in2)(N/mm
Upto 1" dia. or thickness ' 19.5 (30l) 23.0 (355)
Over 1" upto 13dia None .18.5 (286) 22.0 11340)
or thickness
Over 13" upto 2 dia specified\17.5 (270) )21.0 (324)
or thickness
Over 2" upto 23 dia y $16.5 (255) 1 20.0 (309)
l
or thickness
Over 2%" upto 3" dia OT 16.5 (255) 19.0 (293)
thickness

- e1/14 -
No minimum yield point was specified for mild steel, but it
gave a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 28 t/in2 (see BS
785 : 1967 which specified a minimum ultimate tensile strength
of 63000 lb/in2 i.e. approximately equal to 28 t/in2 and also
gave minimum yield stresses).

BS 785 Part 1 : 1967 Hot rolled bars and hard drawn wire for
the reinforcement of concrete. Part 1
Hot rolled steel bars.

This standard was extended to include deformed bars shaped such

that its bond with concrete was increased by at least the
percentage required by CP 114 for bars having a high bond
strength. '

Material type g Nominal sige **iMin. yield stress

, ) lb/in2 (N/mm?)
Mild Upia 0 including 1%" 4 30,000 (240)
Over 1%" 33,000 228)

High yield 60 ~All sizes 60,000 414

High yield 70 All sizes 70,000 - .a./-. 483

BS 785 Part 1 2 1967 was superseded by BS 4449 : 1969

BS 4449 : 1969 Hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement

of concrete

Material type Specified characteristic

g;_ W, strength. N/mmz ff
Mild Steel 250
High yield seel 410

- G1/15 -
 BS 4449 : 1978 Hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement
of concrete.

Grade Specified characteristic

strength. N/mm?
250 (mild steel) 250 9
450 (high yield 450
steel)

BS 4449 : 1978 was superseded by BS 4449 : 1988.

2.3 Cold worked hiqh yield steel bars (pre 1988)Wto

BS 1144 and BS 4461

BS 1144 : 1943 Cold twisted steel bars for concrete

reinforcement.

Type of bar _g_ Minm.4yield stress _W

A _g lb/in2 1 (H/mm2)
Single twisted bars under 3/s" * ' 70,000 (483)
diameter or thickness
1
Ditto 3/8 and over 60,000 (414)

Twin twisted bars under 3/8" 54,000 (372)

diameter or thickness

Ditto 3/8" and over 54,000 1 (372)

BS 1144 : 1967 Cold worked steel bars for the reinforcement of

' concrete

This standard was extended to include deformed bars shaped such

that its bonds was increased by at least the percentage
required by CP 114 for bars having a high bond strength.

- G1/16
 Type and size of bar Minm.0.2% proof
W i stress
lb/in? (N/mm
Standard Grade :
Upto and including 5/8 size 50,000 (455
Over 5/8 60,000 414
72' grade all sizes 72,000 496

BS 1144 : 1967 superseded by BS 4461 : 1969

BS 4461 : 1969 Cold worked bars for the reinforcement of

concrete

Nominal size. mm Specified characteristic

strgngth. N/mmz
Upto and including 16 460
Over 16 425

BS 4461 : 1978 Cold worked steel bars for the reinforcement

of concrete

Nominal size mm Specified characteristic

strength. N/mmz
Upto and including 460
'Over 16 425 increased to 460
with amendment No. 1 1983

BS 4461 : 1978 superseded by BS 4449 : 1988

- G1/17 -
2.4 Carbon steel bars (post 1988) to BS 4449

BS 4449 : 1988 Carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of

concrete.

BS 4449 : 1988 superseded BS 4449 : 1978 and BS 4461 : 1978 to

combine the specification for mild steel plain round bars
(grade 250) and hot rolled or cold worked deformed high yield
steel bars (grade 460).

Grade Specified characteristic

_ __4strength. N/mm2 g
250 250
460 460

2.5 Stainless Steel bars to BS 6744

BS 6744 : 1986 Austenitic stainless steel bars for the

reinforcement of concrete.

This standard covers two types of stainless steel bars (i.e.

type 304 and type 316) of 6mm to 40mm nominal diameter in 2
grades similar to carbon steel.

i.e. Grade 250 plain round bars

Grade 460 high yield deformed bars

Grade Specified characteristic

strength. N/mmz
250 250
460 460

Note : Plain round bars can also oe obtained in grade 460.

G1/18
2.6 Steel fabric id as 1221 a_nd_ as 4403

See Appendix 11 for details of preferred mesh references

BS 1221 : 1945 Steel fabric for concrete reinforcement 1

This standard consisted of 3 parts each representing a

different type of fabric:

Part A - Hard drawn steel wire fabric:

The fabric was made from hard drawn steel wire to BS 785.

BS 785 : 1938 Rolled steel bars and hard drawn steel wire for
concrete reinforcement gave a minimum ultimate tensile strength
of 37 t/in2 but did not give the yield strength.

Mesh references includei :

Oblong mesh ~ Ref 101 to 113

Square mesh - Ref 121 to 126 and 130

Part 8 - Twisted steel fabric:

The fabric was made from cold twisted steel bars to BS1144
except in oblong mesh cross bars may be hard drawn steel wire
to BS 785.

BS 1144:1943 Cold twisted steel bars for concrete reinforcement

gave :

Size of bar Minmiyield stress

lb/102 ('1/2u1-_---
Under 3/8" thickness 70,000 (483) 1
3/8" and over V 60,000 (414) 1

G1/19 --
BS 785 : 1938 see Part A

Mesh references included :

Oblong mesh - Ref 201 to 212

Square mesh - Ref 221 to 226

Part C - Expanded metal (steel) fabric :

Minimum yield stress of 50,000 lb/inz (345 N/mmz) and minimum

ultimate tensile strength of 75000 10/ih2. -

Mesh references included :

301 to 310, 321 to 330, 341 to 353.

BS 1221 : 1964 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete

This standard had 2 parts, incorporating Parts A and B of BS

1221 : 1945 into Part 1 and Part C into Part 2.

Part 1 Welded hard drawn steel wire fabric, cold twisted

square bar fabric and other cold worked deformed
bar fabric.

Hard drawn steel wire fabric was made from wire to BS 785.

BS 785 : Part 2 : 1964 Hot rolled bars and hard drawn wire for
the reinforcement of concrete. Part 2 Hard drawn mild steel
wire gave a nnimum tensile strength of 37 t/in2 (571 N/mm2)
and a 0.2% proof stress of 70000 lb/inz (483 N/mmz).

Mesh references included:

Oblong mesh - Ref 100 to 113

Square mesh Ref 120 to 126 and 130.

- G1/20 -
Cold twisted square bar fabric was made bars to BS 1144.
BS 1144 : 1943 Cold twisted steel bars for concrete
reinforcement (details as given above) was not revised until
1967.

BS 1144 : 1967 Cold worked steel bars for the reinforcement of

concrete gave :

Type and size of bar ~Minm 0.2% Proof Stress

lb/in2 (N/mmz)
Standard Grade :
Upto and including 5/8" size 66000 (455)
Over 5/8" 60000 (414)
72' grade all sizes 72000 \ (496)

For interwoven fabric mesh references included :

Oblong mesh ~ Ref 200 to 212

Square mesh Ref 220 to 226

For welded fabric either square twisted bars or other cold

worked deformed bars, mesh references included :

Oblong mesh Ref 400 to 412 1

Square mesh - Ref 420 to 426

Part 2 Expanded metal steel fabric 2

Minimum 0.2% proof stress 50000 lb/in2 (345N/mmz) and minimum

ultimate tensile strength of 72000 lb/in2.

Mesh references included 321 to 332 and 341 to 353.

as 1211 = 1964 as superseded by 054483. 1

- G1/21
BS 4483 : 1969 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete.

This standard introduced :

a) Structural mesh in addition to oblong and square mesh.

b) Wrapping fabric.
c) Hard drawn indented or other deformed wire fabric.

Expanded metal (steel) fabric was excluded as its use for

concrete reinforcement was minimal.

welded wire for fabric was to BS 4482.

BS 4482 : 1969 Hard drawn mild steel wire for the reinforcement
of concrete gave the specified characteristic strength (0.2%
proof stress) as 485 N/mm2-

Welded or interweaved cold worked square Bars for fabric was to

BS 4461.

BS 4461 : 1969 Cold worked bars for the reinforcement of

concrete gave the specified characteristic strength of 460
N/mm2 for bars upto and including 16mm nominal size.

(Characteristic strength of wrapping fabric was 250 N/mmz).

The preferred mesh sizes for fabric was :

Square mesh A393, A252, A193, A142, A98

Structural mesh B1131, B785, B503, B385, B283, B196
Long Mesh C785, C636, C503, C385, C283
wrapping fabric D98 (from 1972) O49 (D31 withdrawn
1972)

- G1/22
BS 4483 : 1985 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete.

This standard covered welded steel fabric manufactured from

plain or deformed wires or bars complying with either BS 4449,
BS 4461 or BS 4482 as follows :

BS 4449 : 1978 Hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement

of concrete.

BS 4461 : 1978 Cold worked steel bars for the reinforcement

of concrete (including amendment No. 1 1983).

BS 4482 : 1985 Cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement

of concrete.

BS 4449 : 1978 and BS 4461 1978 were superseded by the

combined standard BS 4449 : 1988 Carbon steel bars for the
reinforcement of concrete

All of these material standards gave a specified characteristic

strength of wire or bars as appropriate of 460 N/mm2-

The preferred mesh sizes for fabric were unchanged from BS 4482
5 1969.

1
Oeta'ling Reinforcement

Bond

Material specifications for hot rolled bars and cold worked

bars first included reference to deformed bars in the 1967
revisions i.e BS 785 : 1967 and BS 1144 : 1967 respectively to
the effect that the bond was to be increased by at least the
percentage required by CP 114 for bars having a high bond
strength. This was repeated in the material standards revised
in 1969 i.e. BS 4449 : 1968 and BS 4461 : 1969 respectively.

- G1/23 -
CP 114 : 1965 Reinforced concrete in buildings and CP 114 :
Part 2 : 1969 Reinforced concrete in buildings, indicated
that for high bond bars the bond strength exceeded that of a
plain round bar by 40%.

BS 4449 : 1978 and BS 4461 : 1978 introduced types 1 and 2

deformed bars.

Type 1 - generally square twisted bars

Type 2 - deformed bars having transverse ribs.

This was continued in the combined revision BS 4449 : 1988

which superseded BS 4449 : 1978 and BS 4461 2 1978.

Department of Transport Technical Memoranda gave the same

requirements for deformed bars.

BE 1/73 Reinforced concrete for highway structures stated the

bond strength of deformed bars was to exceed that of plain bars
by 402.

Amendment No. 1 to BE 1/73 in 1979 revised this to subdivide

deformed bars into types 1 and 2 in accordance with the
material specifications in British Standards.

BE 1/73 (Amendment No. 1) indicated that the bond strength of

deformed bars were as follows : ~

Bond strength of type 1 deformed bars = 1.25 x bond strength of

plain bars.

Bond strength of type 2 deformed bars = 1.40 x bond strength of

plain bars. u .

The subsequent issues of design standards (i.e. BS 5400 : Part

4 together with the appropriate BO for Use of BS 5400 : Part 4,
these being BS 5400 : Part 4 : 1978 plus BD 13/83 , .BS 5400 :
Part 4 : 1984 plus BD 24/84 and BS 5400 : Part 4 : 1990 plus BD
24/93) as well as the assessment _standard BO 44/90 The
assessment of concrete highway structures, indicate that the

- G1/24
 strength of deformed bars is dependent upon the grade of
concrete but very approximately are as follows :

Bond strength of type 1 deformed bars 211.4 x bond strength of

plain bars.

Bond strength of type 2 deformed bars 851.8 x bond strength of

plain bars.

3.2 Oetailinq reinforcement to BS 1478 and BS 4466

BS 1478 : 1948 Bending dimensions of bars for concrete

reinforcement.

This standard covered bars to BS 785 Rolled steel bars and hard
drawn wire for concrete reinforcement and BS 1144 Cold
twisted steel bars for concrete reinforcement

Internal radius of bends = 2d.

Shape codes referenced 1 to 7 with suffixes A, B etc.

BS 1478 : 1964 Bending dimensions and scheduling of bars for

the reinforcement of concrete.

This standard covered bars to BS 785 : Part 1 Rolled steel bars

and hard drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement. Part 1.
Hot rolled steel bars, and BS 1144 Cold twisted steel bars
for concrete reinforcement. .

Scheduling was introduced in this revision of the BS with each

bar given a unique 'mark' number. Bars were identified by
abbreviations M, H, R and S indicating mild, high yield, round
and square bars. For bars with yield stress greater than 60000
lbs/in2 or 66000 lb/inz in the case of cold worked bars upto
and including 5/8" diameter, an additional suffix was required
to indicate the yield stress e.g. HR70 indicates yield stress
bf 70000 lb/inz.

- G1/25 -
Internal radius of bends = 2d for mild steel and 3d
for high yield steel.

Shape codes referenced 20 upwards. Non standard shapes

referenced 99.

BS 1478 : 1967 Bending dimensions and scheduling of bars for

the reinforcement of concrete

This standard covered bars to BS 785 and BS 1144 (as did BS

1478 : 1964)

Bars were identified by a letter M,H,S or X plus the size of

bar stated as a number which indicated the number of 1/8" in
the diameter e.g. 3" = 4 (intermediate sizes 5/16 and 7/16"
were indicated as 25 and 35). This revision was amended in
1969 to cover metric bars when the number was changed to
indicate the diameter in millimetres, but the schedule had to
indicate it was in metric.

M = plain mild steel bars to BS 785 Part 1.

H = high yield steel having a high bond strength in the
round range of areas to BS 785 Part 1 and BS 1144.
S = high yield steel bars having a high bond strength in the
square range of areas to BS 785 Part 1 and BS 1144.
X = bars not covered by other letters.

Internal radius of bends = 2d for mild steel and

3d for high yield steel.

BS 4466 : 1969 Bending dimensions and scheduling of bars for

the reinforcement of concrete

This standard superseded BS 1478 : 1967 and its metric version.

- G1/26 -
 It covered bars to BS 4449 Hot rolled steel bars for the
reinforcement of concrete, and BS 4461 Cold worked steel
bars for the reinforcement of concrete.

Bars were identified by a letter R, Y or X plus the size of bar

in millimetres.

R = round mild steel bars to BS 4449

Y = high yield steel bars having a high bond strength to
BS 4449 and BS 4461
X = bars not covered by other letters

BS 4466 : 1981 Bending dimensions and scheduling of

reinforcement for concrete.

This standard covered bars to BS 4449 and BS 4461 (as BS 4461 :

1969) as well as wire to BS 4482 3ard drawn mild steel wire for
the reinforcement of concrete, and fabric to BS 4483
Steel fabric for the reinfo.cement of concrete.

Bars were identified by a letter R, T or X plus the size of bar

in millimetres '

R = plain or deformed mild (grade 250) steel bars to BS4449

T = type 2 deformed high yeild (grade 460/425) steel bars to
' as 4449 and as 4461
X = bars not covered by other letters

Internal radius of bends = 2d for mild steel

= 3d for high yield steel for
d = 20 or less
= 4d for high yield steel for
d = 25 or more

- G1/27
BS 4466 : 1989 Scheduling, dimensioning, bending and cutting
of steel reinforcement for concrete

This standard covers

bars to BS 4499 Carbon steel bars for the reinforcement
of concrete.

and BS 6744 Austenitic stainless steel bars for the

reinforcement of concrete,

wire to BS 4482 Cold reduced steel wire for the

reinforcement of concrete

and fabric to -
BS 4483 Steel fabric for the reinforcement
of concrete.

Bars are identified by a letter R, T, S, M, O or X plus the

size of bar in millimetres.

R, T and X - as BS 4466 : 1981

S = stainless steel to BS 6744
H = plain steel wire (grade 460) to BS 4482
O = type 1 deformed steel wire (grade 460) to BS 4482

Internal radius of bends = 2d for mild steel bars type

R .

= 3d for bars type T and S

for d=20 or less
= 4d for bars type T and S
for d = 25 or more

G1/28 -
PRESTRESSING TENDONS

BO 21/93

Section 4.6 of BO 21/93 states that the characteristic strength

of tendons may be taken from relevant British Standards first
introduced in 1955, and before this date taken from documents
of the period and giving as a reference First report on
prestressed concrete" - Institution of Structural Engineers
1951, see 4.2

In the case of prestressing tendons, characteristic strength is

the specified characteristic breaking load or tensile strength.

First Report on Prestressed Concrete - Institution of

Structural Engineers 1951

This report indicated that steel commonly used for prestressed

concrete was hard drawn wire with an ultimate strength about
90t/inz (1390 N/mmz) for 0.275" diameter wire to 150 t/in2
(2317 N/mmz) for 0.04" or 0.08" wire. These are similar to
values given in BS 2691 : Part 1 E 1955, see 4.3.1.

British Standard Material Specifications

Relevant British Standards specifying either initially the

minimum stress or breaking load or subsequently the
characteristic breaking load (characteristic value is that for
which there is a 95% probability that 95% of values will be
equal to or greater than this lower limit) are :

i) Steel wire (pre 1980) to BS 2691-

ii) 7 wire strand ( pre 1980) to BS 3617
iii) Mire and strand (post 1980) to BS 5896
iv) Steel bars to BS 4486

This section also gives the relaxation characteristics of wire

and strand and the nominal area of strand.

G1/29 -
Steel Mire (pre 1980)_toWBS_2691

BS 2691 : Part 1 : 1955 Steel for pre-stressed concrete

Part 1 : Plain hard drawn steel
wire

Dia. of Mire Tensile range 1 Min breaking load

in ,W__t/inz g (RN)
.276 05/105 (56
.200 100/110 (31
.160 110/120 (22.
.128 1 120/130 (15
.104 130/140 (11
.080 140/150 ( 7

There was no indication of relaxation of stress for plain drawn

wire.

BS 2691 : 1963 Steel wire for prestressed concrete

This standard included wire either plain or deformed by

indenting or crimping, for drawn wire, and drawn stress
relieved wire with a relaxation requirement. Mire sizes were
given in imperial and metric.

i) Cold drawn and stress relieved wire:

Imperial ( Metric
if W 1
Nominal Tensile Minm. Nominal (Tensile Minm.
dia .strength breaking dia strengt h breaking
in (t/in2) load (kN) . mm. kgf/mmz load(kN)
.276 9 as/100 ~(56.6) 7 150/165 (56.6)
.276 100/110 (59.6)1 7 160/175 (60.4)

.200 100/110 1
(31.3) 5 160/175 (30.8)
.200 110/120 (34.4) 5 175/190 (33.7)

.160 110/120 (22.0) 4 175/190 (21.6)

.12a (110/120 (14.1) 3.25 ~ 175/190 (14.2)

.126 120/130 (15.4) 3.25 190/205 (15.5)

2.5 190/205 ( 9.1)

- G1/30
 ."_:i 3'.-.-1:

Relaxation of stress was 10,000 lbs/in2 for initial prestress

of 70% of specified minimum tensile strength

ii) Cold drawn wire :

4_ImperialW g Metric
Nominal ) Tensile ;Minm. Nominal Tensilelill Minm.
dia (strength lbreakin 9 dia strengt h breaking
in (t/in2) load (k N) mm. kgf/mmz load (kN)
.200 #100/110 (31.3)' 5 160/176 (30.8)
.200 110/120 (34.4) .5 .175/190 (33.7)

.160 110/120 (22.0) 4 i175/190 (21.6)

.128 110/120 (14.1) (175/190 (14.2)

.128 120/130 (15.4) L-lL~\ f\7I\J U'\U"l 190/205 (15.5)

.104 120/130 (10.2) 3 175/190 (12.1)

.080 130/140 (0.5) 2 205/220 (6.3)

There was no indication of relaxation of stress for cold drawn

wire.

- 61/31 -
BS 2691 : 1969 Steel wire for prestressed concrete

Hires were only given in nmtric sizes for plain or deformed

wires of normal or low relaxation.

Cold drawn and prestraightened wire '

Hax relaxation
Normal relaxation Lou relaxation
Nominal Spec ified ) Specified
dia.nm char act- character- Initial Initial lnilial Initial
eris tic 1 istic Load stress stress stress 1 stress 80%
stre ngth 1 (kN) 702 BOX 702
Mm? l
l
7 1470 (56.6)
7 1 1570 ' (60.L) All All AH \ an
Si
1570 (30.8) 5% 8.52 zz \ sz
5 1720 (33.8) l

[.1
1720 (21.6)

* indicates preferred nominal diameter/specified characteristic

strength wire.

ii) Cold drawn wire in mill coils

This wire is manufactured and supplied on mill coils such that

it is not intended to pay out straight from the coil. It may
be supplied as drawn or if required given low temperature heat
treatment (for relaxation of wire)

Nominal dia. ;Specified Specified

ml icharacteristic characteristic
(hi (strength N/mm? load (kN)
1570 k
(30.8)
1720 (33.8)
4.5 1620 (25.8)

4 *
1720 (21.6)
3.25 * 1720 (14.3)
3.25 1870 (15.5)
1720 (12.2)
2.65 1870 (10.3)

\ 2020 ( 6.3)

- G1/32 -
 * indicates preferred nominal diameter/specified characteristic
strength wire.

BS 2691 : 1969 was superseded by BS 5896 :1980.

3.2 7 wire strand (pre 1980) to BS 3617

BS 3617 : 1963 Stress relieved 7 wire strand for prestressed

concrete.

APP rox.dia. of 1
Nominal cross Minm.breaking
strand ' l sectional area load
in I i mm _7 in2 mm2 ( lbf l_ /--. 77 I! 1
1/4 i 6.3 0.039 25.1 Y 10000 4.5)
5/16 7.9 2 0.068 ; 37.4 15500
3/8 9.5 0.080 51.6 21000 4-\=\/~. UDC\
lb DJCD J)
UD -_w'-_

7/16 11.1 0.109 70.3 . 26000 (124.5)

1/2 12.7 * 0.144 ( 92.9 37000 (164.6)
0.6 15.2 0.215 130.1 . 51000 (226.8)

Although the wire was stress relieved no recommendation was

given for the relaxation characteristics.

BS 3617 :1971 Seven wire steel strand for prestressed

concrete

This standard included normal and low relaxation strand

Max % relaxation
Normal Relaxation 1 Lou relaxation
Nominal Nominal Specified
dia. of area characteristic lnkim lnial jlnhial )1nn|m
strand m? load stress l stress SIPESS SIFESS
mn l (gnu i rox )_ 1 aox Z 20x aoz __
6.4 1 24.5 44.5
1
7.9 37.4 69.0

9.3 52.3 93.5 All 1 All All All

10.9 71.0 125.0 7% 12Z 2.5% 3.5%
12-5 94.2 165.0

15.2 1 113a? 227.0

BS 3617 : 1971 was superseded by BS 5896 : 1980

G1/33 -
3.3 wire and strand (post 1980) to B_5896

BS 5896 : 1980 High tensile steel wire and strand for the
prestressing of concrete.

This standard combined the requirements for cold drawn wire and
7 wire strand previously contained in BS 2691:1969 and BS 3617
: 1971 respectively. 7 wire super strand and 7 wire drawn
strand were specified for the first time in addition to 7 wire
standard strand.

i) Cold drawn wire

1 )_ Max. relaxation
Nominal Nominal [Specified Initial Class 1 Class 2
dia. mm tensile (characteristic stress (normal (low)
;strength breaking
N/mmz load kN
7 1 1570 60.4 For 611 1 1
7 1670 1 64.3 1 wires

6 I670 47 La oi c:ae -D U) \ ii \n

6 1770 50.1 1 1

5 (1670 32 la "I-J Z o\ CD u\ 1\J U") o\

5 1770 34.7 1
4.5 11620 25 I ' 1 Z o\ Pi l'\J o\ -D U! o\

4 (1670 21.0
4 1770 22.3 (

The nominal diameter and tensile strength are for designation

purposes only.

- G1/34
ii) Cold drawn wire in mill coil

Max Relaxation.
Nominal Nominal Specified Initial
dia mm. tensile characertistic stress Relaxation
strength load kN
N/mm 2
5 1570 30 .8 For all
5 1670 32 .7 wires
5 1770 34 .7 60% CD \

4.5 1620 25 .8 70% 10%

4 ;1670 21 .0
4 1720 21 .7
4 1770 22 .3

3 1770 12 .5
3 1660 13 .1

The nominal diameter and tensile strength are for designation

purposes only.

iii) Seven wire Strand

Hax. Relaxation

lype of Nominal Nomi nal Nominal Specified initial Class 1 Class

Strand dia.mn tens ile BT86 breaking Stress (Normal) I (Low)
stre ngth m load
N/nm 2 kH
15.2 1670 (130 232 For all
7 wire 12.5 1770 03 164 istrands
standard 11.0 1770 n 125 60% 4.5% 12
9.3 1770 52 92 70Z 8% 2.52
15.7 1770 150 265 B02 12% 4.5%
7 wire 12.9 1060 100 1B6
super 11.3 1860 75 139
9.6 1860 55 102
0.0 1860 30 70
18.0 1700 223 380
7 wire 15.2 1820 165 300
drawn 12.7 1860 (112 209

The type of strand, nominal diameter and tensile strength are

for designation purposes only.

- G1/35
 3 Steel pars to BS 4486

BS 4486 : 1969 Cold worked high tensile alloy steel bars for
prestressed concrete.
Metric Series

Specified
Nominalsize characteristic load kN
20 325
22 375
25 500
28 625
32 800
35 950
40 1250

* indicates preferred sizes

Imperial Series (pref-rred sizes)

Nominal Size (Specified characteristic load

in lbf (k N )
7/8n
86000 302.5)
lll l
112300 99.5)
1.1/s" 1 142100 32.1)
1.1/4" 175500 30.6)
I-|U\D

( 1.3/s" 212200 a-xr-.1-4/K"\ 943.9)

- G1/36 -
BS 4486 : 1980 Hot rolled and hot rolled and processed high
tensile steel bars for the prestressing of
concrete

This standard covered smooth or ribbed bars. Processed bars

are bars processed by stretching or some other form of cold
working.

Nominal
.,_)
area nmz Hax. relaxation
lype of Nominal Nominal 1 characterisr lnlt ial Z
bar 1 size tensile ) breaking SIFCSS Relax
strength Smooth Ribbed load kN ation
nmmz
Hot 20 314 M9 325 l For all bars
Rolled 25 491 533 y 505 box 1.52
32 IMO 1 804 an 830 7oz 3.52
40 1 257 B48 I300 1 80% 6.02
Hot 20 314 349 . 385
Rolled & 25 1230 491 . 538 600
Processed 32 7 804 l an 990

The nominal size of bar and

for tensile strength ar e
designation purposes only. The load carried by the threaded
portion of smooth bars was to be not less than the specified
characteristic load.

The 1980 standard was amended in 1988 as follows

Max. Rel axation

.a._.i______.._..__
Type of Nominal Nominal Nominal Specified Initial Z
Bar size no tensile BFE3 characteristic stress Relax-
strength mnz 1 breaking load ation
rum? kH __
For all
Hot 26.5 522 ' 568 bars
Rolled I32 804 830 60% 1.52
or Hot 36 1030 1018 1048 701 3.5%
Rolled 40 1257 1300 802 6.0%
and
Processed

In the amendment ribbed bars were referred to as deformed b H175.

G1/37 -
CONCRETE

80 21793

Section 4.7 of B0 21/93 states that pre 1939 concrete may be

assumed to have a characteristic strength not greater than 15
N/mm2, and the strength of modern concrete taken as specified
in BS 5400 1 Part 4 as implemented by B0 44.

BS 5400 : Part 4 gives the grade of concrete, this being the

characteristic strength or the 28 day cube strength of a
designed concrete mix.

Concrete after 1951 is most likely to have been specified as a

concrete grade or class. (The grade is as indicated above, the
class is in the form of grade/maximum aggregate size).
Alternatively concrete may have been specified as a nominal mix
given by relative weights of cement : fine aggregate : coarse
aggregate or a standard mix where the complete mix was
specified together with requirements for minimum cube strengths
at different periods.

Concrete in highway structures after 1951 has largely been

specified in accordance with the Ministry of Transport (or
Uepartment of Transport) Specification for Highway works, see
5.2. However in the period immediately after 1948 structural
concrete in highway structures may have been designed and
subsequently specified as a nominal concrete mix (or a designed
concrete mix after 1957) in accordance with CP 114 Reinforced
Concrete in Buildings, see 5.3.

Qepartment of Transport Specification-for Highway Norks

Note : The Department of Transport (DoT) was formerly known as

the Ministry of Transport (MOT) and the Ministry of Transport
and Civil Aviation (MOT 6 CA). The Specification for Highway
Work (SHN) was formerly known as the Specification for Road and
Bridge Works (SRBN).

G1/38 -
MOT & CA SRBH (lst Edition) : 1951

The first edition gave requirements for standard mixes for

reinforced concrete only as fol lows:

Class Minm 28 day compressive strength

g 16/1112 L (11/mm?)
A 3600 (24.8)
.B 3300 (22.7)
C 2850 3 (19.7)
D1 & 02 2400 (16.5)
E1 & E2

The class of concrete included the m aximum size of aggregate

(Upto 3/4 for class A, Bgand C

Upto 1.l/2 for classes 01 and E1
Upto 2.1/2" for classes D2 and E2)

No requirements were given for mixes for prestressed concrete

MOT & CA - SRBN (2nd edition) 1 957

No change from the lst edition.

- G1/39 -
MDT - snow (3rd edition): 1963

This edition gave requirements for design mixes and nominal

mixes as follows:

minm 28 day .
l compressive
strength
Mix type (Grade lb/inz 4__ j(N/mmzl
x 7500 j(51.7)
Design Y 6000 (41.4)
Z 4200 (29.0)

A 14200 ' (29.0)

Nominal B 3750 (25.9)
c 3000 ((20.7)
' 0 2400 ((16.5)
\ E _

The class of concrete was denoted by grade, maxim um aggregate

sizes in inches for both design and nominal mixes, e.g. A.3/4.

HOT SRBH (4TH EDITION) : 1969

In this edition the specification commenced referencing grades

of concrete by its minimum 28 day compressive stre n 91h (lb/142)
for design and standard mixes as follows.

Design mixes : Grades 7500, 6000, 4500 , 3000

(51.7) (41.4) (31.0) (20.7)

Standard mixes: Grades 4500, 3000.

(31.0) (20.7)

The class of concrete was denoted by grade/maxim um aggregate

size in inches for design mixes but just by it s grade for
standard mixes. (Concrete for ancillary purposes was Class E
but with no strength requirements).

- G1/40
DTp - snow (5th edition) = 1976

This was similar to the 4th edition but in metric where grades
of concrete where given by the minimum compressive strength
(N/mmz) for designed and standard mixes as follows :

Designed mixes : Grades 52.5, 45, 37.5, 30, 22.5

Standard mixes : Grades 30, 22.5

The class of concrete was denoted in a similar manner to the

4th edition except the maximum aggregate size was given in mm.

DTp - sun (616 6611166) = 1956

This gave requirements for designed mixes only, where the grade
of concrete was given by its character strength (based upon the
compressive strength) in the following grades :

7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60

The class of concrete was denoted in a similar manner to

previous editions (Ancillary concrete was denoted by C
(grade) P eg C20P).

DoT - SHH (7th edition) : 1991

No change from the 6th edition for structural concrete

(Ancillary concrete denoted as standard mixes ST1 to ST5 taken
from BS 5328).

CP 114 Reinforced Concrete in Building;

CP 114 was issued in 1948, revised in 1957 and again in 1965.

Tt gave :

a) Nominal concrete mixes with minimum cube strengths for

G1/41 -
 i) Portland cement (PC) and Portland-blastfurnace
cement (PBC) with 28 day cube strengths,

ii) High alumina cement (HAC) with 2 day cube strengths

in the 1948 edition and 1 day cube strengths in the
two revisions.

b) Designed mixes in the two revisions only

CP 114 : 1948

i) i PC and PBC

Nominal Hix 28 day cube strength

lb/in2 ___ (N/mmz)
1 = 1 = 2 4500 (31.0)
1 = 13 = 3 3750 (25.9)
1 : 2 ; 4 3000 (20.7)

ll )HAC)

Nominal Mix 2 day cube strength

lb/inz __gg (N/mmz)
1 : 2 : 4 5000 (34.4)

CP 114 : 1957 (Reset and reprinted 1965)

a) Nominal mixes :

i) PC and PBC were as CP 114 : 1948

ii) HAC

Nominal Mix 1 day cube strength

lb[in2 (N/mmg)
1 : 2 : 4 6000 (41.4)

- G1/42 -
b) Designed mixes :

i) PC and PBC - Specified 28 day cube strength

between 2250 lb/inz (l5.5N/mmz)
and 1500 lb/in2 (51.2 N/mmz)

ii) HAC - Specified 1 day cube strength

between 6000 lb/inz (4l.4N/mm2)
and 7500 lb/inz (51.7 N/mmz)

CP 114 : Part 2 : 1969 (Metric version)

a) Nominal mixes :

i) PC and PBC

Nominal Mix 28 day cube strength

(N/mmzl
1 : 1 : 2 30
1 : 1% : 3 25.5
-1 : 2 : 4 21

ii) HAC

Nominal Mix 1 day cube strength

gg_ (N/mm?)
1 : 2 : 4 40

b) Designed Mixes :

i) PC and PBC Specified 28 day cube strength

between 15 N/mmz and 50 N/mm?

ii) HAC - Specified 1 day cube strength

between 40 N/mmz and 50 N/mmz
Date: 1st March 1994

- G1/43 -
BDQ_No. G1 _APPEND1X 1

STANDARDS FOR SECTION SJZES OF HOT ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS

The first standard giving section sizes of hot rolled steel sections, BS4,
was issued in 1903. Prior to this first attempt to standardise sections,
they were given in manufacturer's own catalogues e.g. Dorman Long and Co,
and Redpath Brown and C0. first published their catalogues in 1887 and 1892
respectively, only a few years after commencement of the production of
steel sections. BS 4 initially only gave details of beams with other
sections given in BS 6, although eventually all sections were given in
BS 4. From 1903 to 1959 beams were initially referred to as British
Standard Beams (BSB) and subsequently New British Standard Beams (NBSB) but
in 1959 beams and columns were referred to as Universal Beams (U8) and
Universal Columns (UC). In 1962 the 3rd revision of BS 4 was named BS 4 :
Part 1, and in 1963 BS 4 : Part 2 was it roduced to specify sizes of
structural hollow sections. BS 4 gave the details of the sections in the
imperial range but in 1975, BS 4848 as introduced to give details of
hollow sections, angles and bulb flats in the metric range. Some details
of Dorman Long and Co. steel sections pre 1903, and of sections taken from
BS 4 and BS 6 are reproduced in the BCSA publication "Historical Structural
Steel Handbook" by H Bates.

British Standards giving details of steel sections were as follows :

BS 4 Structural steel sections (the title varied with revisions)

BS 4 : 1903 first published
BS 4 : 1921 1st revision
BS 4 1 1932 2nd revision
BS 4 : Part 1962 3rd revision
BS 4 : Part 1972 4th revision
BS 4 : Part 1980 5th revision

BS 4 : Part Hot rolled hollow sections

BS 4 : Part 1963 first published
BS 4 : Part 1965 1st revision
BS 4 : Part 1969 2nd revision(superseded by BS 4848:Part 2:1975)
Section sizes given in the early editions of BS 4 were supplemented by BS 6
and lists were also given in BS 1, as follows :-
1

BS6 (

BS 6 : 1904 (title not known ) gave details of sections other than

beams
BS 6 : 1923 (title not known 1
BS 6 : 1924 Bulb angles and bulb plates for structural purposes (this
title was given in BS1 Year Book but the title given in
the standard wa s Rolled steel sections for structural
purposes and di d in fact give details of all sections
superseding BS 1 : 1920, BS 4 : 1921 and BS 6 : 1923. It
was eventually w ithdrawn and superseded by BS 4).

BS1

BS 1 : 1920 Rolled steel sec tions for structural purposes.

BS 4848 Hot rolled steel sections (metric range)

BS 4848 Part 1975 Part 2 Structural hollow sections
BS 4848 Part 1991 Part 2 Hot finished hollow sections
BS 4848 Part 1972 Part 4 Equal and unequal angles
BS 4848 Part 1980 Part 5 Bulb flats.
 BDD NO GI ~ APPENDIX_I1

TABLE OF PREFERRED FABRIC

MESH REFERENCES

a) IMPERIAL SIZES TO BS 1221

b) METRIC SIZES TO BS 4483

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