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TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
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Kumpulan YUSOF
AHMAD
ZAKARIA
(Tandatangan)
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
1.0 OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the centre of pressure on both submerged and partially submerged plane surface.
2. To compare the centre of pressure between experimental and theoretical.
Demonstrate the ability to conduct experiments related to fluid flow by following standard operating
procedure effectively in a group.
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
The hydrostatic pressure apparatus has been designed to study on the hydrostatic of an object immersed in fluid. It will enable
students to measure the static thrust exerted by a fluid on a submerged surface while allowing them to compare the magnitude
and direction of the force with theory.
The hydrostatic force on one side of a plane surface submerged in a static fluid equals to the product of the fluid pressure at
the centroid of the surface times the surface area in contact with the fluid. Thus, basic physics says that the hydrostatic force
is a distributed load equal to the integral of the local pressure force over the area. Pressure acts normal to a surface,
therefore the direction of the resultant force will always be normal to the surface.
In most cases, since it is the net hydrostatic force that is desired and the contribution of atmospheric pressure P a will act on
both sides of a surface, the result of atmospheric pressure P a will cancel and the net force is obtained by:
F g h cg A
(2)
F Pcg A
(3)
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
Pcg is now the gauge pressure at the centroid of the area in contact with the fluid. Therefore, to obtain the net hydrostatic
force, F on a plane surface,
1. Determine depth of centroid, hcg for the area in contact with the fluid
2. Determine the gauge pressure at the centroid P cg
3. Calculate F = PcgA
Appendix C shows the centroid and other geometric properties of several areas. The effective point of application of force
which is normally called the Center of Pressure, CP of the hydrostatic force and this is not necessary the same as the
centroid.
The location of the resultant force is determined by integrating the moment of the distributed fluid load on the surface about
each axis and equating this to the moment of the resultant force about that axis. Therefore, for the moment about the y axis:
F y cp y P dA
A (4)
Applying a procedure similar to that used previously to determine the resultant force, we obtain:
g sin I xx
Ycp 0
Pcg A
(5)
I xx 2 nd moment of the area
(6)
Therefore, the resultant force will always act at a distance y cp below the centroid of the surface (except for the special case
of sin = 0). Proceeding in a similar manner for the x location, and defining I xy = product of inertia, we obtain:
g sin I xy
X cp
Pcg A
(7)
Where Xcp can be either positive or negative since I xy can be either positive or negative. For areas with a vertical plane of
symmetry through the centroid, the y-axis (e.g. squares, circles, isosceles triangles, etc.), the center of pressure is located
directly below the centroid along the plane of symmetry, Xcp = 0.
For most problems where we have a single, homogeneous fluid and the surface pressure is at atmospheric, the fluid specific
weight cancels in the equation for Ycp and Xcp and we have the following simplified expressions:
I xx sin
Ycp
h cg A
(8)
I xy g sin
X cp
h cg A
(9)
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
The following figure illustrates a hydrostatic pressure demonstration setup where the center of pressure of an immersed and
partial immersed vertical plane surface can be determined.
Referring to Figure 2,
L = Distance between Suspended Mass and Fulcrum
D = Height of End Surface
B = Width of End Surface
H = Total Depth of Quadrant
C = Centroid of End Surface
P = Center of Pressure of Plane Surface
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
Referring to Figure 3,
A Bd (10)
d
h
2 (11)
Bd 2
F g
2 (12)
If the system as shown in Figure 4 is equilibrium with the moment of horizontal arm, then,
M fulcrum Fh "WL
Fh " WL mg L (13)
mg L 2mL
h"
F Bd 2 (14)
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
Theoretically, the center of pressure from the water surface, h is expressed in Equation 8:
I sin
h ' h Ycp h xx
h cg A
(15)
The orientation of the surface from the horizontal = 90 gives 1 for sin, then
I xx
h ' h
hA (16)
And
Bd 3
I xx
12 (For a Rectangular Surface) (17)
Where, I xx is the moment of inertia of the submerged surface (please refer to Appendix C)
d
h" H
3 (19)
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
Referring to Figure 4,
The hydrostatic force of a fully immersed vertical plane surface, F is determined as:
D
F g Ah gBD d
2 (20)
If the system as shown in Figure 5 is equilibrium with the moment of horizontal arm, then,
M fulcrum Fh "WL
Fh " WL mg L
Thus,
mg L mL
h"
F D
BD d
2 (21)
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
Theoretically, the center of pressure from the water surface, h is expressed in Equation 8:
I sin
h ' h Ycp h xx
h cg A
The orientation of the surface from the horizontal = 90 gives 1 for sin , then
I xx
h' h
hA
2
D D2
d
D BD 1 3
1 2 12
h ' d
2 12 BD D D
d d
2 2 (22)
h " h 'H d
2
D D2
d
2 12 H d
h"
D
d
2 (23)
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
a) Quadrant
Material : PVC
Total Depth of Quadrant, H : 200 mm
Height of Fulcrum above Quadrant : 100 mm
Height of End Surface, D : 100 mm
Width, B : 75 mm
Length of Balance, L : 300 mm
b) Reservoir Tank
Material : Clear Acrylic
Volume : 5.5 L
c) Balance Arm
Distance between Suspended Mass and Fulcrum, L: 290 mm
Set of Weights: 50 g/each
d) Overall Dimension
Length : 340 mm
Width : 130 mm
Height : 300 mm
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS
5.0 PROCEDURE
Formula
Partial Immersed Fully Immersed
Bd 2 D
Fg F gBD d
2 2
mg L mL
h"
2mL F D
h" BD d
Experimental: Bd 2 2
2
D D2
d
2 2
h" H d
d D
h" H d
Theoretically: 3 2
Signature / Tandatangan :
Signature/Tandatangan:
Name / Nama : PM. DR. ANGZZAS SARI
Name/Nama: DR. NOR FAIZAH BINTI RAZALI
BINTI MOHD KASSIM
Date/Tarikh :
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: FLUID
REVISION NO:
MECHANICS