Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one

set of chemical substances to another.[1] Classically, chemical reactions
encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the
forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to
the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described
by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry
that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements
where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur.

The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction

are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually
characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products,
which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often
consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary
reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the
reaction mechanism. Chemical reactions are described with chemical
equations, which symbolically present the starting materials, end products,
and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions.

Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given

temperature and chemical concentration. Typically, reaction rates increase
with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available
to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms.

Reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they go

to completion or reach equilibrium. Reactions that proceed in the forward
direction to approach equilibrium are often described as spontaneous,
requiring no input of free energy to go forward. Non-spontaneous reactions
require input of free energy to go forward (examples include charging a
battery by applying an external electrical power source, or photosynthesis
driven by absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the form of sunlight).

Different chemical reactions are used in combinations during chemical

synthesis in order to obtain a desired product. In biochemistry, a consecutive
series of chemical reactions (where the product of one reaction is the
reactant of the next reaction) form metabolic pathways. These reactions are
often catalyzed by protein enzymes. Enzymes increase the rates of
biochemical reactions, so that metabolic syntheses and decompositions
impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperatures and
concentrations present within a cell.

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Percent Yield =
Once again it's time for an example problem:

Problem: What is the percent yield of the following reaction if 60 grams

of CaCO3 is heated to give 15 grams of CaO?
CaCO3CaO + CO2

Solution: Ideally, how many grams of CaO should be produced? First verify the
equation is balanced; it is. Now convert to moles, based on the amount
ofCaCO3 present.

= 0.6 mole CaO

How many grams is this?

= 33.6 grams CaO

So, ideally, 33.6 grams of CaO should have been produced in this reaction. This is the
theoretical yield. However, the problem tells us that only 15 grams were produced. 15
grams is the actual yield. It is now a simple matter to find percent yield.

= 0.446 = 44.6%

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Practicesomeactualyieldandpercentageproblemsbelow.

1.Forthebalancedequationshownbelow,ifthereactionof40.8gramsof
C6H6O3producesa39.0%yield,howmanygramsofH2Owouldbeproduced?

C6H6O3+6O2=>6CO2+3H2O
C=12
H=1
O=16

12*6=72
1*6=6
16*3=48

48+6+72=126grams/mole

1*2=2
16*1=16

2+16=18grams/mole

126*1=126
18*3=54

54/126=.428
.428*40.8=17.5=theoreticalyield

39=(actualyield/17.5)*100

39=(actualyield/17.5)*100
100
17.5*.39=actualyield/17.5*17.5

actualyield=6.83grams

2.Forthebalancedequationshownbelow,ifthereactionof20.7gramsofCaCO3produces6.81
gramsofCaO,whatisthepercentyield?
CaCO3=>CaO+CO2

Ca=40
C=12
O=16

40*1=40
12*1=12
16*3=48

40+12+48=100grams/mole

40*1=40
16*1=16

40+16=56grams/mole

56/100=.56

.56*20.7=11.6

theoreticalyield=11.6grams

percentageyield=(6.81/11.6)*100=58.7%

3.Forthebalancedequationshownbelow,ifthereactionof91.3gramsofC3H6producesa
81.3%yield,howmanygramsofCO2wouldbeproduced?

2C3H6+9O2=>6CO2+6H2O

C=12
H=1
O=16

12*3=36
1*6=6
36+6=42grams/mole

12*1=12
16*2=32

12+32=44

42*2=8444*6=264

264/84=3.14

3.14*91.3=286

81.3=(actualyield/286)*100

81.3=(actualyield/286)*100

100

286*.831=actualyield

actualyield=232grams
4. For the balanced equation shown below, if the reaction of 0.112 grams
of H2 produces 0.745 grams of H2O, what is the percent yield?

Fe3O4+4H2=>3Fe+4H2O

H=1
O = 16

1 * 2 = 2 grams/mole

1*2=2
16 * 1 = 16

2 + 16 = 18 grams/mole

2*4=8 18 * 4 = 72

72/8 = 9

9 * .112 = 1

percentage yield = (.745/1) * 100 = 74.5 %

percentage yield = 74.5%

5. For the balanced equation shown below, if the reaction of 77.0 grams
of CaCN2 produces 27.1 grams of NH3, what is the percent yield?

CaCN2+3H2O=>CaCO3+2NH3
Ca=40
C=12
N=14
H=1

40*1=40
12*1=12
14*2=28

40+12+28=80grams/mole

14*1=14
1*3=3

14+3=17grams/mole

80*1=8017*2=34

34/80=.425

.425*77=32.7

percentageyield=(27/32.7)*100

percentageyield=(.83)*100

percentageyield=83%