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    Crime Victims - An Introduction To Victimology

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    \NDREW KARMERDS IME VICTIT Ee ede ACRE crime victims AN INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY NINTH EDITION ANDREW KARMEN John Jay College of Criminal Justice City University of New York ¢ « CENGAGE ** Learning: Avastralia « Brazil « Mexico + Singapore + United Kirgdem + United States or ihe D¥TIGRIBO IT Brief Contents PREFACE xvii Chapter 1 What Is Victimology? 1 Chapter 2 The Rediscovery of Crime Victims 39 Chapter 3 Victimization in the United States: An Overview 66 Chapter 4 A Closer Look at the Victims of Interpersonal Crimes of Violence and Theft 93 Chapter 5 The Ongoing Controversy over Shared Responsibility 134. Chapter 6 Victims and the Police 177 Chapter 7 Victims’ Rights and the Criminal Justice System 205 Chapter 8 Victimized Children 246 Chapter 9% Victims of Violence by Lovers and Family Members 286 Chapter 10 Victims of Rapes and Other Sexual Assaults 325 Chapter 11 Additional Groups of Victims with Special Problems 376 Chapter 12 Repaying Victims 416 Chapter 13 Victims in the Twenty-First Century: Alternative Directions 454 GLOSSARY 491 REFERENCES 502 NAME INDEX 563 SUBJECT INDEX 574 ABied material q. All foghts Reserved. May not b Contents PREFACE = xvii 1 What Is Victimology? 1 Focusing on the Phght of Cnme Victims 2 Studying Victimization Scientifically 3 Why Objectivity Is Desirable 5 netimes Ut Is Difficult to Distinguish Victims from Villains Criminals Can Be Victims Too 8 Victims Can Find Themselves at Odds with the Sources of Bias that Thwart Objecawity 11 Victimolegy's Undeserved “Bad Reputation" 14 Why Emphasize Research? 17 “Goed Guys” 10 Comparing Vicuimology to Criminology 18 The Many Paraliels betueen Criminology and Vietimology 18 Some Differences and Issues about Boundaries 19 Interfacing with Onler Disciplines 20 Div What Victimologisss Do 24 Step 1: Mentify, Define, and Desctibe the Problem 24 Step 2: Measure the Tree Dimensions of the Problem — 24 Step 3: Investigate How Victims Are Handled Step 4: Gather Evidence to Test Hypotheses 27 Why Study Victimology? 32 Reco; “Survi ons within the Disipline 23 izing Exemplary Behavior Under Very Difficult Circumstances 33 orology:” Toward a More Inspiring and Upbeat Trajectory within Victimology 36 Summary 37 Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 38 Questions for Discussion and Debate 38 iv ning. All fights Reserved. May not Capyrighied material CONTENTS v Critical Thinking Questions 38 Suggested Research Projects 38 2 The Rediscovery of Crime Victims 39 The Discovery, Decline, and Rediscovery of Crime Victims 40. Social Movements: Taking Up the Victims’ Cause 41 Elected Officials: Bnacting Laws Named after Vietims 43 ‘The News Media: Portraying the Victims’ Plight 46 Commercial Interests: Selling Security Products and Services to Victims 48 Victimology Contnbutes to the Rediscovery Process 49 Rediscovering Additional Groups of Victims 50 The Rediscovery Process in Action, Step by Step 54 Stage 1: Calling Attention to ax Overlooked Problem 54 Stage 2: Winning Victories, Implementing Reforms 55 Stage 3: Emergence of an Opposition and Development of Resistance to Further Changes 56 Stage 4: Research and Temporary Resolution of Disputes 57 Summary 64 Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 64 Questions for Discussion and Debate 64 Critical Thinking Questions G+ Suggested Research Projects 65 3 Victimization in the United States: An Overview 66 Victimization Across the Nation: The Big Picture 67 Making Sense of Statistics 68 The Two Official Sources of Data 69 Facts and Figures in the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Umtorm Crime Repor (UCR) 70 Facts and Figures in the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Vicumization Survey (NCVS) 73 Comparing the UCR and the NCVS 76 Al Fist Glance at the Big Pictures Estimates of the Number of New Crime Vietims Each Year 77 Al Second Look at the Big Picture: Watching the FBI's Crime Clock 77 Delving Deeper into the Big Picmre: wnining Victimization Rates 79 Tapping into the UCR and the NCVS to Fill in the Details of the Big Picture 81 Searching for Changes in the Big Picture: Detecting Trends in Interpersonal Violence and Theft 83 Taking a Longer View: Murders in the United States over the Past Century 86 The Rise and Kali of Murder Rates Since 1900 87 Putting Crime into Perspective: The Chances of Dying Violently—or from Other Causes 89 Summary 91 Capyrighted material Cegyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All fights Reserved. Muy not be copied, acanted, or duphamted, in whe! CONTENTS Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 92 Questions for Discussion and Debate 92 Critical Thinking Questions 92 Suggested Research Projects 92 4 A Closer Look at the Victims of Interpersonal Crimes of Violence and Theft 93 Addressing Some Troubling Questions 94 Identifying Differential Risks: Which Groups Suffer More Often Than Others? 95 Focusing on Murders 95 Where ft Is Safer or More Dangerous: Making Intemational Comparisons 95 The Geographic Distribution of Violent Deaths in the United States 99 Who Gets Killed by Whom? How, Where, and Why? 100 Who Faces the Gravest Threats of Being Murdered? 102 Changes over Time i Near Death Experiences: Trends in Aggravated Assault Rates 03 Focusing on Robberies 106 Robbers and the People They Prey Upon 107 Robberies: Who, How Often, How, Where, When 107 Changes over Time in Robbery Rates 108 Checking Out Whether More Robberies Are Turning into Murders 108 Differential Risks: Whict Groups Get Robbed the Most and the Least Often? 110 Focusing on Burglaries | 114 Trends and Patterns in Burglaries 114 Focusing on Motor Vehicle Theft 115 Stealing Cars for Fun and Profit, 115 Trends in Motor Vehicle Mheft 116 Which Motorists Should Be Most Concemed When Parking? 117 Focusing on Individuals Whose Identities Were Stolen 121 The Nature of the Problem and How Many People Experience Its Aggravations 121 Losses and Suffering 123 Is the Problem Growing ot Subsiding? 126 Whe Faces the Greatest Risks? 128 Predicting the Chances of Becoming a Victim Someday: Projecting Cumulative Risks 129 Summary = 131 Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 132 Questions for Discussion and Debate 132 Critical Thinking Questions 132 Suggested Research Projects 132 5 The Ongoing Controversy over Shared Responsibility 134 How Some Victims Contnbute to the Came Problem 135 Repeat and Chronic Victims: Learning from Past Mistakes? 136 Capyrighted material 2016 Cangage Learcing. All fights Reserved. Mey not be copied, scanted, or duplemted, in wi! CONTENTS vii The Enore Spectrum of Possibilities: Recognizing Complete Innocence and Fall Responsibility 137 Who or What Is to Blame for Specific Incidents? 138 What Is Victim Blaming? 138 What Is Vierim Defending? 141 What Is System Blaming? 142 Mistakes Individuals Make: Facilitation 143 How Many Burglaries Were Victim-Facilitated? 144 How Many Vehicle Thefts Were Vietio-Facilitated? 145 How Many Identity Thefts Were Vietin-Facilirated? 148 Victim Precipitation and Provacation 152 How Many Violent Crimes Were Precipitated or Provoled? 155 Transcending Victim Blaming and Victim Defending: System Blaming 157 The Importance of Determining Responsbility in the Criminal Justice Process 160) Applying Deterrence Theory to Victims 161 ‘Theorizing about Risk Factors: Figuring Out Why Certain Groups Suffer More Often Than Overs 164 Wiy Various Groups Experience Differential Risks: Routine Activities and Specific Lifestyles 165 Some Victims Were Criminals: ‘The Equivalent Group Explanation 169 What's the Difference Betwven Crime Prevention and Vietimization Prevention? 170 Reducing Risks: Hour Safe Is Safe Enough? 172 Ambivalence About Risk Taking 173 Summary 174 Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 175 Questions for Discussion and Debate 175 Cntical Thinking Questions 176 Suggested Research Projects 176 6 Victims and the Police 177 Victims Interacting with the Criminal Justice System: Cooperation or Conflict? 178 What Would Be Ideal? 178 What do Victims Want: Punishment? Treatment? Restitution? 179 Make “Them” Suffer 179 Make “Them” Get Treatenent 182 Make “Them” Pay for Losses and Expenses 183 Victims and the Police 183 Reporting Incidents 184 Responding Quickly 188 Handling Victims with Care 188 Challenging the Victim's Version of Events 189 Investigating Complaints and Solving Crimes 193 Alesting Suspects 199 Gapyrigated material Cegyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All fights Reserved. Muy not be copied, acanted, or duphamted, in whe! CONTENTS Recovering Stolen Propenry 200 Measuring Progress toward @ Victim-Oniented Police Departinent 20 Summary = 203 Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 203 Questions for Discussion and Debate — 203 Cniical Thinking Questions 203 Suggested Research Projects 204 7 Victims’ Rights and the Criminal Justice System 205 The Adult Cnminal Justice System Versus the Juvenile Justice System — 2116 Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights within the Criminal Justice System — 207 The Quest for a Constitutional Amendment Guaranteeing Vietims' Rights 210 The Achievements of the Victims' Rights Movement 211 Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders 212 Rights Gained at the Expense of the System 212 Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders, the Systen:, or Both 213 Victims and Prosecutors 216 Assisting Victims and Other Witnesses for the State 247 Protecting Victims Who Serve as Witnesses for the Proseastion 219 Diomiscing Charges and Rejecting Cases 222 Negotiating Pleas 223 Victims and Defense Attomeys 225 Postponing Hearings 225 Cross-Examining Witnesses Ducting Trials 226 Victims and Judges 228 Granting Bail 228 Sentencing Offenders 229 Appealing to the Supreme Cowt 232 Victims and Junes 233 Victims and Corrections Officials 236 Keeping Track of Offenders and Receiving Reimbursement fiom Them — 237 Influencing Parole Board Decisions 237 And Justice for All? 239 Recognizing “Second-Class" Treatment 240 Summary 243 Key Terms Defined in the Glosary 244 Questions for Discussion and Debate 244 Criueal Thinking Questions 244 Suggested Research Projects 245 8 Victimized Children 246 The Ongoing Debate Beeween Maximalists and Minimalists 247 Missing Children 248 Tie Redixovery of the Plight of Kidnapped Children 248 Fears and Confusion Reigns in the Absence of Data 250 Estimates of the Incidence and Seriousness of the Disappearance Problem — 252 Gapyrigated material Cegyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All fights Reserved. Muy not be copied, acanted, or duphamted, in whe! CONTENTS ix Hunting for Children Whe Have Vanished 255 The Amber Alen System 256 Protecting Children from Kidaappers 258 Physically and Sexually Abused Children 259 ‘The Rediscovery of Child Abuse 259 How Children Suffer 261 Estimates of the lacidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Child Abuse 263 Maximalist versus Minimalist Approaches to the Seriousness of the Problem 264 ‘Trends in the Rate of Child Abuse 266 Differential Risks Children Face of Being Malecated 268 More Controversies Surrounding Childhood Sexual Abuse 269 ‘The Furor over Recalling Repressed Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse 269 Strange Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse During Rituals 274 Abused Children and Legal Proceedings 276 Taking into Account the Best Interests of the Child 276 ‘The Credibility of Children as Witnesses 277 Devising Child-Friendly Practices 279 Proactive versus Reactive Strategics 281 Additional Forms of Exploitation and Mistreatment of Young People — 282 Sibling Abuse 282 Abuse of Adolescents by Parents 282 Statutory Rape of Miners 283 Summary 283 Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 284 Questions for Discussion and Debate 284 Cntical Thinking Questions 284 Suggested Research Projects 284 9 Victims of Violence by Lovers and Family Members 286 Violence within Romantic Relationships and Families 287 The Rediscovery of “Wife Beating” 287 Blaming Her for His Violent Outbursts 290 How Victims Suffer 290 Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Intimate Partner Violence 291 Recognizing Waring Signs 297 Fatal Attractions: Slayings of Intimate Partners 298 Explaining Intimate Parner Violence: Why Doesn't She Just Leave Him? 300 Enabling Victims Who Feel Trapped to Exape 303 Bantered Woenen and the Criminal Justice System: Violence ls Vielence—or bh? 304 The Rediscovery of Bauered Husbands and Boyfriends 310 Victim Provecation and Murder: When Is the Slaying of a Wife Beater Justified? 311 Intimate Partner Honricides and the Criminal Justice System 312 Arguments Stressing That the Brutal Man Did Not Deserve to Die 312 Arguments Emphasizing That the Bnetal Man Provoked the Lethal oy 313 py¥righted material Cegyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All fights Renerved. Muy not be copied, aca dor dhuplcmted. in wi! CONTENTS The Rediscovery of Other Victims of Beatings 316 Dating Violence 316 Abuse of Parents by Adolescents 318 Elder Abuse 318 Bartering Within Same-Sex Relationships 321 Preventing Battering 322 Summary 322 Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 323 Questions for Discussion and Debate 323 Crincal Thinking Questions 323 Suggested Research Projects 324 10 Victims of Rapes and Other Sexual Assaults 325 Sexual Assaults and Rapes: The Social Reaction 326 The Rediscovery of the Plight of Rape Victims 327 The Consequences of Being Sexually Assaulted 328 The Controversy Surrounding Questions of Shared Responsbility 329 “Real Rapes” ae Compared to “Acquaintance Rapes” and “Date Rapes” 330 Victim-Blaming Viewpoints 332 Vietim-Defending Perspectives 335 Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Rape 338 Who Faces the Gravest Dangers? Differential Risks of Being Sexually Asaulted and Raped = 340 How the Cnminal Justice System Handles Rape Victims 341 The Controversy over Unfounded Accusations 345 The Accuser Versus the Accused 349 Unwanted Publicity and Negative Media Portrayals 350 Rape Shield Laws 352 Issues Surrounding Fore and Resistance 352 The Need for Corroboration 383 Rape Victims and the Police: Reporting Rates and Solution Rates 354 Rape Victims and Prosecutors 355 Crisis Centers: Providing Emergency Assistance 358 The Rediscovery of More Vicums of Rapes and Sexual Assaults 359 Drug-Faalitated Sexual Assaulis 359 The Rediscovery of More Rape Victims 361 Sexual Assaults on Campus 362 Sexual Aszaults Within the Military 368 Sexual Assaults Between Males 369 Sexual Assaults Behind Bars 370 Sexual Assaults Within Mamiages 371 Three Competing Approaches to Reducing the Problem of Forcible Rape 372 Summary 374 Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 374 Questions for Discussion and Debate 374 Gapyrigated material Cegyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All fights Reserved. Muy not be copied, acanted, or duphamted, in whe! Critical Thinking Questions 375 Suggested Research Projects 375 11 Additional Groups of Victims with Special Problems 376 Individuals Menaced by Stalkers 377 Stalking: A New Word for an Old Problem 377 ‘The Scope of the Problem 378 Cyberstalking: A New Word for a New Problem 381 Victims of Comes Committed at School 382 ‘Dhreats Facing Middle and High School Suidents 382 ‘Thueats Facing College Students 385 ‘The Controversy over Hazing on Campus 389 Casualties of Workplace Violence 390 casualties While oa the Joh 391 Targets of Hate Comes 393 Rediscovering a Very Old Problem — 393 How Mach Hate? 395 Criminal Justice System Reforms 398 Violence Between Prisoners 399 Law Enforcement Officers Injured and Slain in the Line of Duty Who, Where, What, When, How, and Why? 402 Showing Solidarity 404 Casualties of Pohtically Inspired Violence and Terronsm 405 Assessing the Vhreat of Terrorism 406 Assistance and Recovery 411 Summary 414 Key Terms Defined in the Glossary = 414 Questions for Discussion and Debate 414 Cntical Thinking Questions 415 Suggested Research Projects 415 12 Repaying Victims 416 The Costs of Victimizations 417 Gaining Restitution from Offenders 418 Back to Basics 418 ‘The Rise, Fail, and Redixovery of Restitution 419 Divergent Goals, Clashing Philosophies 421 Opportunities to Make Restitution 423 Obstacles Undermining Restitution 425 Restitution in Action 426 Winning Judgments in Civil Court 428 The Revival of Interest in Civil Lawsuits 428 The Litigation Process 429 Collecting Damages from Third Parties 433 Collecting Insurance Reimbunements 437 Private Crime lnsutance 437 Pattemns of Loss, Recovery, and Reimbursement 439 Cegyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All fights Reserved. Muy not be copied, acanted, or duphamted, in whe! CONTENTS xi 401 Capyrighted material CONTENTS Federal Crime Insurance 439 Recovering Losses Through Victim Compensation Programs 440 The History of Victins Compensation by Goveraments 441 The Debate over Compensation in the United States 441 How Programs Operai uilanities and Differences 444 Monitoring and Evaluating Compensation Programs 446 Confiscating Profits trom Notorious Criminals 449 Writing and Rewriting the Law So That Crime Doesn't Pay 450 Summary 452 Key Terms Defined in the Glowary 452 Questions for Discussion and Debate 453 Crineal Thinking Questions 453 Suggested Research Projects 453 13 Victims in the Twenty-First Century: Alternative Directions 454 Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful Responses 455 The Legitimate Use of Force in Self-Defense 455 Would Victims Be Better Of if They Were Armed? 456 Purchasing aud Using Firearms for Self-Protection: The Maxitmalist Versus Minimalice Debate 457 Arguments Advanced by Proponents of Arming for Self-Protection 459 Counterarguments Advanced by Critics Opposed to Anning for Self: Protection 461 Gun Laws Directly Affecting Victims 465 Justifiable Homicides Carried Out by Victims ard Law Enforcement Officers 468 The Vague Line Betuven Victims Acting in Self-Defense and Using Excessive Force 469 Victims and Bystanders Sometimes Engage in “Retaliatory Justice" 470 Vigilantisea's Fronticr Origins 472 The Appeal of Retaliatory Justice 473 Toward Restorative Justice 477 AL Brief History of Restorative Justice 479 The Peacemaking Process: How Reconciliation Programs Work = 481 Evaluating Effons at Reconciliation 484 Pres and Cons fiom the Victim's Point of View 485 The Future of Restorative Justice 487 Summary 488 Key Terms Defined in the Glosary 489 Questions for Discussion and Debate 489 Critical Thinking Questions 489 Suggested Research Projects 490 GLOSSARY 491 REFERENCES 502 NAMEINDEX 563 SUBJECT INDEX 574 Gapyrigated material Cegyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All fights Reserved. Muy not be copied, acanted, or duphamted, in whe! Boxes, Tables, and Figures BOXES Box 1.1 What the Police Mean by the Term Vietimology 4 Some Striking Examples of “Victimology Bashing” 15 The Social Reaction to Victimization: A Look at the Interplay between Victims, Offenders, and Bystanders 21 A Sampling of the Wide Range of Studies about the Interaction between Offenders and Victims 25 An Mlustration ef Haw to Analyze a Specific Type of Victimization: Road Rage 28 Questions to Spur the Development of Survivorolegy 37 Highlights in the Brief History of Victimalogy and Victim Assistance 51 The Process of Rediscovery Goes On and On 52 An Illustration of the Four Stages in the Rediscovery Process: The Plight of Victims of Human Trafficking 58 Box 1.3 Box 1.4 Box 1.5 Box 1.6 Box 2.1 Box 2.2 Box 2.3 hts Rewerved. Mary not b Box 3.1 Box 4.1 Box 4.2 Box 4.3 Box 5.1 Box 5.2 Box 5.3 Box 5.4 Box 5.5 Box 5.6 Box 5.7 The FBI's Instructions About How to Classify Certain Complicated Crimes: Guidelines from the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook 84 A Statistical Picture of Murders in the United States, 1980-2008 104 “Your Money or Your Life!” 110 Carjacked Drivers 113 Early Expressions of Support for Inquiries into the Victim's Role 140 Early Criticisms of the Notion of Shared Responsibility 142 Advice from Experts About Burglary 146 Advice to Motorists About Vehicle Theft 148 The Perils of Identity Theft: What to Do and What Not to Do, According to the Experts 152 Prof Calls for Crackdown on Crime Victims 162 Robbery: What the Experts Recommend 165 Gapyrighted material xiv Box 6.1 Box 6.2 Box 7.1 Box 7.2 Box 7.3 Box 7.4 Box 7.5 Box 8.1 TABLES Table 2.1 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 BOXES, TABLES, AND FIGURES Notable Criticisms of How the Criminal Justice System Handles Victims 180 Which Individuals Who Claim to Be “Victims” of Auto Theft Might Be Suspected of Engaging in Fraud by Law Enforcement and Insurance Investigators? 192 Inspiring Examples of Victim Activism 208 Events That Call Attention Not Only to the Plight but also ta the Rights of Various Kinds of Vietims 210 Legislation Introduced in Congress Sponsored by the Crime Victims Caucus 216 Supreme Court Decisions Directly Affecting Victims Which Victims Get Better Treatment? 241 Highlights of the Rediscovery of the Missing Children Problem 251 234 Possible Indicators That a Person Is a Trafficking Victim 63 Estimated Nationwide Victimization Rates from the UCR and the NCVS, 2013 82 Comparing the Risks of Death Posed by Crime, Accidents, and Certain Diseases, 2010 and 2012 90 Murder Rates Across the Globe: Selected Countries, 2012 57 Murder Rates in Selected Cities Around the World 98 Yearly Estimates of Murders Committed During Robberies 110 ng. All Fights Reserved. Muy not be copied,» Box 8.2 Box 10.1 Box 10.2 Box 10.3 Box 10.4 Box 11.1 Box 12.1 Box 13.1 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Table 4.9 Table 4.10 How Often Are Children Kidnapped, and What Happens to Them? 254 The Controversy Surrounding Widely Held Rape Myths 337 The System's Shortcomings from a Victim's Point of View 342 The Problem of Untested Rape Kits 356 Guidelines for the Proper Handling of Allegations of Sexual Misconduct on Campuses 367 A Timeline of Some of the Worst Campus Shootings 388 Challenges Facing Burglary Victims Who Seek Insurance Reimbursement 438 What Armed Citizens Under Attack Must Consider Before Pulling the Trigger 457 Robbery Rates for Various Groups, 1993 and 2013 111 Which Vehicle Owners Suffered the Most Thefts? 118 Vehicle Theft Rates in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 2013 120 How Victims of Identity Theft Were Harmed, Nationwide, 2006, 2010, 2013 125 Estimates About the Number of Identity Theft Victims per Year, 2001-2013 127 States Where Residents Faced the Highest and Lowest Risks of Identity Theft, 2013 128 Chances of Becoming a Victim over a Lifetime 130 Capyrighted material Table 6.1 Trends in Reporting Crimes to the Police, Selected Years, 1973-2013 187 Trends in Clearance Rates, United States, Selected Years, 1953-2013 195 Clearance Rates for Homicide Cases (Murder and Manslaughter) in Major U.S. Cities, Selected Years, 2003-2012 197 Victims’ Rights Gained at the Expense of Suspects, Defendants, and Convicts 213 Victims’ Rights Gained at the Expense of Criminal Justice Agencies and Officials 214 Accomplishments of the Amber Alert System, 2005-2011 257 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 7.1 Table 7.2 Table 8.1 FIGURES Figure 3.1 The FBI's Crime Clock, 2013 78 Trends in Violent Victimization Rates, United States, 1973-2013 85 Trends in Property Crime Rates, United States, 1973-2013 86 An Historical Overview of Homicide Rates, United States, 1900-2013 88 Murder Rates In Major Cities, United States, 2013 100 Trends in Aggravated Assaults, United States, 1973-2013 106 Trends in Robberies, United States, 1973-2013 109 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Table 11.1 Table 11.2 Table 12.1 Table 12.2 Table 13.1 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 8.1 Figure 9.1 Figure 10.1 Figure 11.1 arcing. All Poghts Reserved. Mey not be copied, scanrad, or duplew BOXES, TABLES, AND FIGURES x Victimization Rates per 1,000 Students, 12 to 18 Years Old, at School Compared to Away from School, 1992-2012 383 Crimes Committed on College Campuses, United States, 2001-2011 387 Percentages of Convicted Felons Sentenced to Restitution as an Additional Penalty in the 75 Largest Jurisdictions Nationwide, Selected Years, 1996-2006 427 Percentage of Convicted Felons Placed on Prabation Who Have Restitution ‘Obligations in the 75 Largest Jurisdictions Nationwide, Selected Years, 1994-2009 428 Comparing and Contrasting Retributive and Restorative Justice 480 Trends in Burglaries, United States, 1973-2013 115 Trends in Motor Vehicle Thefts, United States, 1973-2013 117 Trends in Child Maltreatment Rates, United States, 1990-2012 267 Trends in Murders Due to Intimate Partner Violence, United States, 1977-2013 295 Trends in Rape Rates, United States, 1973-2013 339 Trends in Murders of Students at Elementary, Middle, and High Schools, United States, School Years 1992 to 2011 384 Capyrighted material 564 NAME INDEX Hareb, 0, 55 Baile, K., 49, DH, 338, 378 tas B, 270 Haman, L., 187 ‘Baum, K. 124, 127, 378, 381, 382, 385 Syumand, D., 52 BBC, 429 ‘Beall, G., 225. Beck, A. S71, 370 Beck, M.. 297, 379 Beckett, K. 271 Bago, P.. 305 Behar, R, 159 Beira, P. 290, 371 Helden, D., 488 Bethin, L., 412 Belknap, J.. 310 Hell, L402 Bellamy, P., 19% Heeniller, Mi, Ke Henedict, H., 3%) Beniodict. J.. 16S Henang, R., 241 Bent-Goodiey. T., KO Bergen, R., 372 Beeger, R148 Bergield, D.. 00 Derk, R., Ki Berke, R., 169 Herkowitz, A. 22 ‘Devtiner, L. 277 Beenos, F, 239, 315 est, J. 28, 32, 4, SS. $7, 163, 164, 275 Betws Brninee Bureau, 79 Beutel, A., 409 Hibser, A, 184 Gibare, D., 184 Bienen, L., 357 Birkbeck, €., 28, 4 Bokups J. 235 Binar and Chase Law Pim, 52 BJS. Sr Burvau of fextice Sexcntion Hck, D., Mb Black, M., 297 Bhndier, A 274, 410 he, J. St tock, C Hock, D., M7 ‘Bhock, R., 112 Bheck, T., 252. 24 Hlomnguist, M., 282, 254 Blor Campaign, 63 Bharstein, A., 17 Hota, &., 167, 173 Bobet, T., 3 Bochnak, E. S16 Boke, J. 648 1. 1D, 232, 20K, M4 ‘Copyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All Rights Reserved. Mey not be coy Breeding, Mi, 24%, 201, S88, S78 Horettrmows, G14 Lreitesies, N., 288 Brennan, A, 1 Kirerts, Bt, 9 Brien, V., 242, 630, 431, 432, 453, 434 Brows, S., 243 Browne, A, 301, JOH, Ma, HS. MG Browedield, D168 iS, 142, 327, Ad, 353 Binuck, ML, 204, 265, 278, 279 Bruni, F., 256 Himumon, K.. 197 Boctreald. A, 163 Bochwald, E., 373 Back, P., 304 Wockler, K.. 47_ 48 Backley, €., 7, 52, 281 Buckley, W., 15 Wodik, B., 52 Bal, $., XG Borger, M., 168 tua, 1, 372 Ballecen Bord, 213 Bulonen, M.. 4 Bunch, f.. 235 Bureau of fomice Scsitica (YS), 17, 51, 7, 73, 83, 247. 370, 400 Gareau of Public Affvits, 63 Burpew, A. 329, 343, 361 Barke, C., 167 Garke, T.. S22 Burke, V., 42% 1d, scanead, or duphewted. in whole or i Batheigh, N., S73: Burnet, 1D. 388 Burrows, W.. 472. 475 Burs, M., 24, 328, S37 Busxch-White, L., 126 Bush, G, 181, 211 Bucmom Wing, 210 Batier, D., 486, 487 Butler, K., 282 Baresfooco, M., 477 Bameriekd F185, 404, 465 Bastrers, J, 31 Bore, J. 428 Bazawa, C., KG, 08 Barwa, £., 06, OK Bybee, D,, 294 Bybee, R., 282 Cc Cable News Network (CNN), 413 ‘Caffaro, A., 282 Catlin, J., 282 Cahill, M4, 58 Cohn, N_ 208 Calhoun, K., 334 Callender, D, 278 Calmes, [., 365, 373 Camptell, A. 306 Campbell, J, 298, $66 Campbell, R., 328, 359 Cantor, D.. 76, 77, 269, 388 9 Caminggces, F., 42, 212, 429, 433, 404, 435, 4M, 437 Camow, D442, 443, 448 Carmen, E21, 429 Canna, 1D, Ms ‘Catania, S., Mi ‘Cathet, RL 3 Cameo, A. 32 ‘Cavacuni, C. 2% ‘Cavales, 5., 61 Cavansegh, M., 2H Cawthame, 4., 96 CDP. See Childrea’s Detense Fund Ceci, S, BA, 26S, IM, 27 Cedlock, J. KO ‘Cetoos, L195, 4 Center, L, 119 ‘Center for Dixewe Conteal (CDC), a0 Center for Pubbe ineegnty, 56 Ceptes, S$, 397, 338, 51 Capyrighted material Chaver, J, 10 Chemaly, $., 356 Chea, D412 Chen, J., 249, 888, 378 Cheag, ¥.. 306 Chesney, 8. 42% Chideya, F., 379 (Childres’s Defense Fund (CDF). 465 Childres, B., 442, 443 Childrow, 8., 205, 09 ‘Chiltoa, KR 73, 100 China, $, 272 Chorney, Aue 316 (Chestinton, S., 277 Chontie, N., 5, 497 Chu, L.. 73 Chuang, J. $8, 60, 61, 62 Chunn, &, 371 Cleebind, M. 200 Gian, A. 188 Chaney, 8., 276 Clark, C., 232, 234 Chr, D_ 104 Clark, J., 288 ‘Chirk, L., 36 Chik, B.S Cleae, [E.. 917 Clery, Clery, 1. 386 Clery Comer For Securiey Ou Campus, 386 Coates, R.. 483, 483, 408 Coben, L., 100, 167 Cohea, M., 124, 438 Coben, P:, 353 Cohen, R., 351 Cohen, $8. 295 Coben, T., 428 Cobn, A, 354, 465 Cohn, E.,, 171, 34 Coker, A, MT Cole, S275, 276 Colindres, K., 282 Collins, J 123, 1K, 285 Colomy, P19 Combinal News Services... 197 Coogrenional Victess” Rights Gaocus, 210 Conklin, J.. 172 Connelly, E464 Connelly, K.. 485, 457 Coanick, E., 41 Conssnter's Union, 159 Cook, P. 10%, 461, 43 Cook, B.. 445, Cook, 5, 442 Cook-Crag, FHT Cooper, A., 39, 104, 248, 297 ‘Copyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All Rights Reserved. Mey not be coy Cooper, ©, 479, 48), 487 COTWA, 47% Cowan, A, 404 Cows, G_ 34 Cox, C., 438, 46% Cox, R,, Mite Chives, D294 Creowelll, J, 17 Crew, KR. 52 Cockeon, S., Mol, 365 ‘Crmee Vocus Digew, 187 (Crme Views Research and Treament Center, 372 Cromun, J. 106, 198 Croain, &. 307 Crouse, K.. 287 Crowe, &., 480 ‘Cronmfey, KM Cox, J. 322 Crpnal, &, 56 Culhane, S., 23 Culka, F,, 328, 354, 362, 363, 365, I73, 379 ‘Cunningham, J.. 53 Curry, C, % Curis, L, 1 Curis, R,, 62 dD Dahl, J. 198 Daigh, L. S28, 344, 962, 573 Daily Mail Reporter, $64 Dilesio, E53 Day One, 380 DEA. See Drug Extoecemert Adminiaation Dem, ©, 03 Deane, G., 97 Deltery, M. 396 de Bouyn-Kops M08 DeBurger, J. 53 1d, scanead, or duphewted. in whole or i NAME INDEX 565 Dedel, K., 220, 222, 34, 855 Dee, M., 475 De Pabriqoe, N26 DeFrances, ©, 219, S82 DeCiette, D., 19 Deiter. BE) , WS de Kower, K., 264, 362 Del Casnile, V_. 404 De Lea, M,, 418 Dellone, D_ 329 DeLooe, M., 463 Doman, A. M7 Denipicy, M_ 306 De Parke, J, 263 Deohowres, A., 279, 413, 351, 470, 475 Deena, 5., 310 DeStefine, A. 61 Deurch, C., 285 Devine, 5., 276 Dewan, 8, 11, 388 Dignon, J... 5, 46 Dionne, D., 303, 34 Dotarh, R. E., 288, WO Doboh, BR. P., 265, 43 Dobort, J.. 258 Deockai, M., 20 Doacy, J., 25 Douglas, E., 308, 311 D’Ovde, PD. 82 Drog Enforcement Acmurointon (DEA), oe) Dory, A.. 418 Dubber, M. 181, 212 Doge L.. 10 Duhon, D., ver, 392 Dvorak, $., 328 Dwyer, J. M2 Dror, A., 483, 484 E Exkhoka, E, 204 Echtem. K.. 22 Bady, D., 255 Edelbacher, M., 406 Edeltberce, HL, 155. 426 Edwards, C159 Efkeman, H., 409 Higuo, J. 147 Bagger, K.. 53 Egger, S.. 53 Capyrighted material Goldeo, R, 1K) Goldunith, J. 319 Goldanith, S. Mo Goldtein, E, 188, 271 Golducin, J., 241, 249, 257 Goldaein, K., 294 Goldawin, M., 25 Golducia, $., 468 Gelemas, D.. 275, 277 Goedolf, E.. 46 Goesaler, D190, 259 Goonler, T,, 59, 61 Goude, E, 3 Goodman, D,, 52, 58, 18%, 168, 257 Goodin, R_ 136 Goodnoug, A., 52, 24, 275, 201, 407 Gooduwin, L., 21, 274, 274 Gowtman. E. 383 Goedon, L461 Goa, B,J Gottewnan, R., 426 Goerfrediom, D., 168, 184 Goatfrodsom, M.. 167, 108, 186 Gowoni, R., 24 Gorham, E., 38> Geanhag, P., 277 Gant, M, , 61, 62 Gatch, L., 522 Gay, E., 263, Gay. J.. 32 Gey, M., 460 Geegory, ., 405 Griffin, S., 32%, M6 Goisom, Ib. 356 Getewold, M52 Geoeningst, S402 Grows, 1, 100, 10 Geo, J., 108, 255, 112 Gens, T., Xe Growaman, M.. $10 Grow, B, 52 Guerino, F371 Geen, P19, 398 Goce, M., 3 H Make. G11 Hachameister, E., 418 Hackew, G. 224 ‘Copyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All Rights Reserved. Mey not be coy Hoasemeeser, T., 28 Hagan, J. 241 Naber, 1D., 53 Halbfinger, D., 451 Hal, D., 200, 212 Mal, T. 90 Hielind, A., 421, 425, 426, 439 Harlow, C., 9, 0, 121, 14, 40, 995, Morrell, E., $2, 124, 125, 12h, 128, 181, 402 Harrell, S_ 52 Hormegion, €., 480 Morr, A., 105 Hoes, M., 419 Horns, P19 Harrsom, P3710 Harrop, P15 Howry, J. 237 Manhbangrr, 8., 277 Hart, T., 22, 184, 185, 187, 408, 424 Horuman, S477 Harvey, J. 171, Ma Harvey, M., od Heagrad, L.. 522 Hinnbeck, K > Hower, C, 7 Howekins, G., 96 Miuselbaier, K., 147 Healy, K., 220, 297, 303, 306 Heine, J, 180 Heineclann, F., 25 Heer, C204, 310 Helfgeee, J., 239 Helberecin, D., 212 Hellen, P., 36, 364 Hemenway, DM), 464, 667 Hendsnom, L., 212 Hendemon, N., 219, 242 Mendrickes, J., KI Henney, D, A. 32 Heanques. D. 10 Meron, T. 141 Hepburn, J. 156 Metberman, E.. 248 Herbert, B., 356, 368 Hendt, T., 235 Mal, €,, 63, 210 Ha, Rd 1d, scanead, or duphewted. in whole or i NAME INDEX 567 Milleabrand, S., 420, 478 Hilb, S., 332 Milton, N., 27, 305 Hilts, P., 295 Hinchcliffe, K., 447, 468 Mindeling. M., 167, 168 Hines, D., 24, 27, MOS, 317 Hinman, K., 62 Hinct, D,, 10S Hitchoock, J. 31, S82 Ho, T., 52 Moan, B. $3 Hochsedler, EM Heft. P., 256 Motfer, N53 Hotiman, B, 53 Hodlinsa, J. 123, 141 Hotlinzn, S123, 150 Hotimaswer, D., 52 Hotinaan, R_ Hotwadeer, R., 472 Helder, E44 Holman, B., 270 Holmes, R., 58, 87, 275 Holmes, S.. 275, Holuwtrom, L., 329, 353 Holttireter, K.. 58 Hook, S., 42, 211, 4 Hoover, J Ba. 76, 16 Hoover, L., 158 Hosch, H., 26 Hessing. G,, 253, 254, 42 Hoteling, K. 859, 360, 873, 380 Heusen Police Deparment, 165 Howell, J. 251, 280 Hoyt, D., $2 Hu, W., 257 Hubbard, A. 6, 507 Huckabee, J.. 32 Hudson, D., 451 Hudeor, J, 0, 54, 420 Hui, J. 372 Mube, C63 Humane Society, 304 Homan Raghts Watch, 35 Hater, C. 128 I IACP. See Intemational Awocuman of Chiets of Police Treo. O., 117 TBR (incident Basod Reporting), 72 Mentity The® Asptnce Center (TAC), | Identity Theé Resource Center (TRE). 121, 150, 158 Incianli, J. 36 Capyrighted material 568 NAME INDEX Johnwoe, G., 261, 316 1.47.19), 21 m4, MI Kabe, J.. 221 Kaeser, D. 371 Kalish C., 96 Kallewad, B., 251 Kalven, HM. 241 Kampshrorr, C49 ‘Karan, E., 348, 335 ‘Kiecrowse, B., 351 Kagane, IL, 363, 305, Karken, N. 239 Copyright 2016 Cungage Learning. All fights Reserved. May not be coy Karmen, A, 48, 76, 85, 66, 8, 9, 1, 100, 147, 148, 156, 159, 160, 16, 215, 242, 44s Karp, D., 236 Katel, P., 151, 158 Kates, D,, 465. Katz, L., 53, 225, 232 Kelleher, J., 122, 149, 150 Kellecman, A, 467 Kelley, T.. 279, 280, 417 Kelly, D.. 152 Kelly, B® Keeber, H., 410 Kendall Tackett, K., 263 Keenedy, D., Mit Kesler, J.. 15° Ketcham, K_ 271 Kechimen, $., 2 Keve, P., 422 Khun, B., 62 Kidder, L., 179, 354 Kilporrick, D., 329, 834, 354, 859, 368 Kincaid, J. 4, 275, 473 Kindermann, C., 77, 388 King, DL 271 King. P., 322 King. W.. 475 Kinghade, T., 387, 388 Kirkpatrick, J. 302 Kirkwood, C.. Wot Kituase, J. 54, 35 Kp. R., 306 Klaus P., 113, 319, 885, 496 Kohn, A. 461 Kolank, G., 370 Konrad, L.. 299 Koppel. HL, 120. 130, 131 Kododi, A, 319, 498 Kou, M., 324, 38, 362, 373 Kotecha, K. 474 Ker, C., 119 Krels, C.. 361, 363 Koncert, J, 73, 282 Keoeal, A, 314 Kestof, N. 9 33. 293, Mus, 312, 355, st Krosger, F370 Kuhl, A, 316 Kuhiner, J. 15 Kunrewther, F., 4 Lafree, G,, 3%, 355 LaGory, M.. 82 Lanter. A. 19 Lamm, R., U5 Land. K., 100, 167 Lander, E., 228 Landoeman, Pt Landairom, S, 139 Lanet, M., 317, 318 Lang, M., 459 Langan, B., 1M, 169, 234, 237, 294, 427 Langhinrichsen-Rohlng, J. 310, 318 Langeaff, J. 267 Langton, L., 74, 76, 77, 20, 146, 180, 187, 24, 296, 353, 355, JOR, SNS, 395, 98 Lanning, K.. 275, 276 Lanza, J. 149 LaPierre, W., 466 Lagen, ML, 43, 359 Lance, B., 434 Larzelere, R, 52 Linch, ., 475. Later, R., 423 Lawano, T., 22 Lason, J. 22 Laufterweier, D., 33 LaViokne, A., 301 Lawrence, K., 291 Lrary, M.. 277 Laywoek, G, 106 Leander, L., 277 Lear. J. Me Leary, We, 468 7. 136, 148, |, 40, Mi, LeDat, C533 Lee, J. 52. 53. 183, 404 Lee, M., 404 Leepson, M.. 421 LeGrnde, ©, 3, M1 Lehnen, R74 Leo, J. SM Leon, 316 Leone, B, 62, Lerman. L., His Lemer, D., 52 Lermer, M139 Lessniller, K.. 356 Letellier, P. 322 Lethemann, F., 163 Levin. J.. 39% Levew, J, 74 Levat, L, 185 Levy, AL 335 Lewin, T., 310, $11, 352 Lews, D., 36 cunead, or duplicated, inwhem or hepy¥iigited material Lika, D., 279 Litiey, P., 282 Lichtblva, BL, ac Lighttooe, E., 48 Limbungh, R14 Lindner, C, 404 Lindon, C361, 363 Limdaces, J.. 201 Lipins, 8.1% Lippenceer, B., Sr Lipuk, A.. 234 Lipton, A, 222 Lisk, D,, 344, 48, 349 Liwndea, S37 Lietika, B., 357 Litel, K., 305 Linle. BL 321 Linke, K., 955 Livingwon, 1, 407 Lobsz, J_ 58, $9, 69, 61 Lobel, W., 275 Lackwoed, D,. 370 Lottin, €., 116 Laofius, E271 Lafiuy, 1, 95 Loge. T.. 79 Long. ©, 53 Lanewsy, K.. A87 Lond, K., 207 Lawke, D., 240, 298 Lot, J., 466 Louden, R.,. Law, 5. 58 Laweit, D., 393 Loven, K., 53 Loya, F., 156 Lazana, J. 474 Lobrnow, G. Ma Luras, L., 122 Luckenbill, DL 154, 157, 163, 168 Ludwig. J. 461, 403 Landman, &,, 191, 197 Luo, At, 310, 461, 468, 466, 467 Lurigio, A. 14 Lyman, [., 47 Lyech, C. $2 Lynch, J, 77, 338. Lynch, R., 24, 20% Lyne, W.. 173 Lyoe, EB, 30% M Mag, R., 138, 195 MaxDonald, HM, 15, 16, 56, 002, 304, 308 MaxDomali, J, 882, 45, 47 MaxGowan, ©. 3 MxNamura, D., 370, 41 Moacecker, A. 387 Magrian, L, 01 Magruder, B. 322 Mahanna, P.. 225 Maire, S., 207 Maleprace. J. 317, 318 (Copyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All fights Rexerved. Muy not be copied, scanted, or dupbemted., in whole oF i Macht. MK Matin, ©. 30 Malley-Mombon, K.24, 22, 011 Mate, W., 200 Mastin, S294, 361, 363 Montiner, M., 429 Mastinwe, R183 Maat, Lo 10% Manx, IH, 528 Marx, G., 598, 08, 473 Mush, E.. Bet Mah, K., S38 Mantes J. 53 Mason, MM, 3 Maire, L. 44 Machews, A, 349 Muchis, A, 389 Macon, Zo. us Monty, 24, 88 Manfiedd, M9, 167, 171, 263 Maxwell. C9 May, G., 159 Mary, Je 152 Mayhew, P74 MeAndle, Mo Sam MeDoeald, D., 421 McDoild, R., 227 McDooald, W., 41, 217, 224, 2M), 421 McDowall, D. 389, 461 McFadden, C, 362, 36 McPodden, S.. 52 MeFarland, 5., 371 NAME INDEX 569 McPachow, J. S79 McGee, 1D. 53 McGills, D.. 425, 428, 447, 448, 481 McGrath, K., 320 Melutyre, D241 McKinley, J., 19%, 10, 251 McKoght, D., 422 McMunimon, P., 20 McNeill) lackies, K.. $17, S18 McPhee, M., 53,410 McQueary, K., 231 McRobbie, 276. McShane, L.. 29° McShane, M., 166, 166 Mead. J, 62 Mean, D, 22 Mechanic, M., 308 Meehan, ML, 21 Memen, K,, 441, 442, 443 J. Meme, M.. 24%, 291, SM, 376 Meri, 1. 332 Nemeachest Je 20, 371 Miller, S., 168, 290, 311, 32 Muller, T., 438 Mallet, Ke. Mil, ©., 28, 33 Mill, MO. 25 Milner, J.. 20 Mitchell. J.. 445 Mither, ©. 271 Muril, L.. 28, 29, 32 Mnookin, $., 191, 160 Mock, L., 156 Molonky, E389 Mone, PSH Montague, RS Moore, A. 145 Moore, D., 428 Moore, E., 25 Moore, L. 171 Moore, M418 Moore, S., 309, 361 Moore, T. 322 Morales, €., it Morah, M., 33 Moggin, R. 2%, 297, 319 Capyrighted material 570 NAME INDEX Mormon, P.. 429 Mow, M., 397 (Mountz, L.. 426 Muciler, E., 52, 168 Muflic, L., 336 Mugelescu, K.. 6) Mulfond, <., 243 Munwe, Murphy, 8 11 Murphy, C., 82 Murphy, G., 52 Murphy, K.. 189 Murphy, W.. 216 Muruy, D_ 52 Mudim, A. 62 Muaaine, E., 168, 178 Mydias, S., 6 Myers, J, 280) (Myers, M,, 269 Myers, R., 54, 369, Mol, 58 Myer, 8. MO, OR Myndl, G.. 12 N Nadler, J. 208 Nig. M., 486 Nigin, D.. Km Noam, M13: Nuthes, D. 276 Nunoaal Counreremorsm Center (NCTC), 411 Negras, A, 359 Neng. P.. 303, 313 Nebon, D. 445 Nemy, F., 200 Newman, G., 122, 123, 228, 158 Nicholl, T_ 310 Nichols. A.. 10 Nichols L., 48% Niceoryer, M_ 485 Nicmtoen, E. 53 Nicwss, E. 435 Nigoff, A. 379 Niko, SH, 368, 449 ‘Ontenan, M., 461 ‘Obuma, B, 178, 287, 248, 324, 365, 377 (Copyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All fights Rexerved. Muy not be copied, scanted, or dupbemted., in whole oF i O'Brie, KR. 71, 74 Ochherg. F.. 6 O'Coenell, P, 399 Y'Coenor, A,, 282 O'Connor, M., 387 O'Donsell, N., 241 Ofthe, R., 271, 272 Oprws, B18 O'Keefe, M.. 317, 18 Obahire, N.. 141 O'Lewy-Kelly, A. Oliwer, R. 3Ot O'Neill, T., 235 O'Shawghnewy, P. 312 Oviing, &,, 273 ‘O'Sulivan, C_ 10, 309 Onnere, A. 359, 360, S73, IO ‘Owennan, S. 274 ‘Oudckerk, B_ 283 Outlaw, M,, 421, 426 Owalle, 1D. 4t4 ‘Overland, A. 186 Ovaley, S S2 P Pacepa. L. 15 Paddock, [., 58, 4 Papelow, M., 265, 282, 283, 288, 318, 120 Pagha C., 15, 300 Pakhomon, 8. 53 Panescamdote, B., 185, 469 Parent, D., 4446 Parla, R256 Pare, C36 Parker, M. 238 Parker, R. 156, 157 Parrot, A. M2, 365 Parsell, T., 371 Panonage, W.. 24, 140, 259 Patementer, KR, 241 Patekk. R.. 52 Pameron, L.,. 276, 277 Pattos, C., 397 Payne, I, 33, 200 Peacock, P., 372 Peat, K., 52, 1607, 420, 463 Pear, Ru. 320 Peaman-Nelsse, B. 170 Pease, K.. 0, 62,63, 136, 137 Peery, S.. 217, 218, S82 Pitog-Good, M., M7, 318 Plarny, M., 21, 127, 40, S41, 353, 955, 985, 08 Pee, T., 136 Pucell, A. 361 Pha, A. 259 Bleek, E., 28%, 4, 05, 100 Pleck, J. 310 Fodbocenr, N.. 364 Polk, 19,, 317, 318 Polued J., 39 Poller, K.. 44, 951 Pops, E.. 4%, So Porter, E., 369 Poston, B, 186 Potter, K.. Povelote, B., 273 Powel, G., 265 Pratt, C20, M03 Presta, K S2 Frestom, J. 150 ¥ Realy. J., 18? Reaves, I, 224, 226, 227, 225, 357. M9, 389, 6S, 404, 428 Reaves, T. 428 Reblvan, L, 157 Capyrighted material Walsh, P, 411, 459 Wabh, S_ 254, J68 Walsh. WO Ww, Warhol, G.. 112 ‘Ward, R40 Weaver, W,, 236 ‘Wetodide, N.. 16 Webster, D., 310 Wetwur, R., 25? Wood, F.. 41, 57 Weigend, T., 219 Wen, K. Mo Weisberg, L438 Wenband, D., 16° Wend, D., 114 Weiser, O.. 413, 434 Welchars, 8.. 378 Weliced, C. 10, 198 ‘Wels, M., 271 Wemmern, J, 488 ‘Copyright 2016 Cangage Learsing. All Rights Reserved. Mey not be coy Werlker, ©... 995, 198 ‘Wealer, R., 265 Whitsker, ©. 1? ‘Whitcomb, D., 265, 2tet, 277, 278, 29, 28, 28) White, E. 404 White, J. 370 White, N., 361 Whitman, H. 109 Wicker, T., 388 Widom, C., 9, 26} Wiehe, V., 282, 328 Wiecema, 1 (0) 42, 63, 197, 498 ‘Wiesemhal, D. L, 2 Wilgoeen, J. 179 Wil, G,, #4) Willams, A, 298 Wills, 0,3 ‘Williams, C., 53 Williams, E.. 259 Willies, K_ 53, 160, 161, 241 Williams, L, 268, 36, N28 Williams, T., 23, $2, 205, 429 Wikow, D,, 63, M7 Wikon, J. 28 Wikon, M. 398 Wikoo, P_ 25. 53 Wil, 8, 467 ‘Winter, R408 Winton, R235 Whniewski, NMI Wirkin, G., 400, 461, 403 Welf, R321 ‘Wolfe, D, D4 Wolfgang, M., 49, 141, 154, 155, 156, 168, 170, 241, 442, 443 Wood, J. 211 Wood, JA. 381 Wood, N.. 103 Woode, K.. 24 Wooldrdge, J., 401 1d, scanead, or duphewted. in whole or i NAME INDEX 573 Yio, K., MO, 316, 372 Vode, B., 302, S64, 365, 366, 367 Zemike, K.. 52, 84 451 Zetia. K., 388 Zgnba, K., 257, 275 Zhang, ¥. 188 Dae, J. 52 Zaegrohogya, E., 240 Fimnrimg, F110 Ginzow, H., 328, 329, 354, 399, 363 Zobea, |, 83 Zuedh. J, 110 Capyrighted material Subject Index A ABA. Sor American Bur Auocution Abused chikinen, 246-283 ‘cunations during a Proven, adolescents, 242-243 bartered child syndrome, 26M) child, 276 childfes as witsexes, 277 id contody nce best mterests of credibility devia child-fnendly pracerces of, Jette 270-272 pint +s momemalra debate, 4-Die Proustive ri. reactive strategies, 281 rediscovery of, 259-261 oes, MPA ZP2 a ¢ by waanic culty, 274-2 sexual abuse by religious figures, teachers, others in posmices of tras, 272-274 wbling abuse, 242 Mututory rape, 243, 327 saffening of, 61-208 treads in the mate af, 6-268 Acquainunce tages, 3M, M34, 337, 338, 355, 559, 302, 405, 97S S85, Adam Wabh Child Protection and Safety Act, 45 ADAG See Asintant connect attceneys Adolewen maui repreund me jntic 3 242-243 f Eamiy coemibers, $18 Adult peotective service agencies, 319 Agasavated assiolts fates and trends, 1Lb-10 Alou ADR). 480. Amber Alert, Bar Association (AMA), 420, 442 son's Commeter of tation, 420 2016 Cengage L arcing. A Anti-Car Theft Act, 113 Arbitration, 48), Sw at Assistant ditrkt ton Attachment of svat, 431 Attrsctivence of targets, 166 Auto theft, LIS 116. Ser ate Motor vehiche theft Avoadance antages, 171 Kestoestive juste (ADAG), 217 Abosed Uaetered w bar si women syndrome, M4 erarracad joo and, ¥ sabliing. O0—MM taming. 290 om, SIAS6 Luetered- woman syndeome, MM, 314 Bortery, 40 Bedbheetiny, Hate crmnes, Big peceure, 67 Bil of Righes, BIS. Sec Barca of Justioe Stitinticn [sheung 142-143 188-141 Boost explanation, 187 Bady Bil, 45 Kirady, James, #5 Bureau of fostice Sextintics (BJS), 75-76, 382 400 rea of Labor Statistics, 91 vytern iad, scanned Burganes description, 114 trends and puntenes, 14-115 wate fos Wrest vetims collecting evar Burnou, 189 Bywanderokeygy, Xi, 21-22 c Calkee UD phe Campus secure srotents is victims Campun, sereal asaults, M2- 38 adteumy sexu) minwnduct on, 363-36 umaliot +, mninimalst perspectives, JO2—Mecs Copial punishment, S27, 465, 481, 488 Carjacking, 113 CATL See Co eRe Causes of action, 4% Celedery aalking, 377. See Chamber of Commerce, 241 rm. 150 . See ales Colleges Ute andsted telephoee Salk Chuncter conte ction Respoese Flin, 256 Sw Abused children: Child Abuse Preweetion seal Treatment Act, 260, ‘Child Fanlity Review Tearm, 267 Child lures, 253 ‘Child Vicoms’ bill Childee f Righes, 201 s nighs grompa, +4 Civil coun, 40 Civ Lewwits by victine, 428-4) Lecting damages trom third paroes 4Na57 Ikigation proces, 42-403 ses aed portills, 41-433 of interest in, 428129 tal bodies, £15437 ig Privane enterprises, 44-455 Ciel bberties m Civil right mvovenenc, 42 ‘Chims-making, $5 wement, 44 (Gapyrighied material Chsocal school, 167 Cleaance mies, 193, 355 (Clinical fallacy, 300 Code Adam, 25% Cosher v, Govepia, 327 Cold case sequins, 198 College students ax victims, 545-590 Community policing appeuach, 201 Community service, 408 Comparcive nsis, 8°? Cos-beorfn analysis, 178 (Court Tank Force of the Natenal Adveory ‘Commision on Criminal Justice Standards aed Goals 217 Courthip viekence, Smale buttered, 316-318 CPTED, See Crime prevention theough ermrocenrntal deny (Creahve revitution, 419 ‘Crime enemas, control, 171 ersh, 83 other exegones, 13 prewordian, 170 redsuace, 172 waves, HS (Crim: Awarcnre and Campen Security Act, 45, ie Crime Chock, 77 (Crime prevention Ueough enviconmental design §CPTED), 177 (Crime victimization, 143 (Crim: victims amobivalence about sk taking. 173-174 eall Se crackdown on, 162 crime prevention vs. victimization preventica, rd deterrence theory applied to victims, 16t—164 differential rbks, 165-168 jcquivalent group explanation, 164-170 legilation, 216 reducing risks, 172-173 Oak fetocs, 164-165 (Crime Victim's Rights Act (CVA), 211 Criminal jeotice ayters. Sor abo Coerections odhouls, Defense attoreys, Judges; Police: ‘Prowcuten Copyright 2016 Cangage Learning. All fights Reserved. May not De co; addet gptem os juvenie, M207 buttered wives and, JOS 310 deseripern. 160-161 formal egal nghe, 27-216 hute crane reforms, Heo ape wets and, J41-358 sialking, victems and, 379-380 Victins interacting with, 178-179 ‘Crmminals a5 vin, S-10, 169-170 definition, 18 wiceimelogy and, 18-24, 52-38 Crain contery foe rape victims, 358-35 Cracky to cildten, 259, Sev ale Abused chiddeen Crete Vowel Secuney and Safety Act, XE Cultural intimidation, 221 Cummubitive eas, 94 EVRA Sw Crime Victim's Righe Act Cybersalking, 881-82, Sev ale Stalking Dd Damages 424, 440, 433-437 Date expe drags, 459-401 Devils in Custody Reporting Act of 2000, 400 Deductite chines, 46 Deep pockets, 442 Detruk judgmem, 432 Detraduns im civd court, 432, 493 Defending, victim, 141-142 Defme altornrys and victims dfoss-cominieg witiescs during triab. 2de-228 postponing bearings, 225-236 Detoatsding, 191 Deportment of Homolied Secunty, 122 Deviant place thctor, 168 Pescading. cagecting, 112-113 ariminal yoxtise poorem, 165-168 definition, 1 hate crimes, Mat identify, 95 makfoxment, 268-26 rape and sexwal avault, 346341 robbery, 110-116 workglice Violence, 392 Direct victim, 2-3 Ducowery, 430 Discreoomary authority, abuse of, 437 Dupute Remiuene Act, 481 Dutrict attorneys, 216. Doctrine of peconal accountability, 19 Doersiuticeer reboomhip, 135 Demet chotmement, 229 4, scanned, or duphemted. in whole or i SUBJECT INDEX 575 Domestic violence victims, 286-S22 abuse of adobocon by parcut, 282-283 aoding victims, MS-HH4 bartered women syndrome, 314 Vistio centered analyse, 93. Vict -fhcilitated borglaries, 144-145 Victim facilitated identity thets, 148-151 Victim -facilitated wehick: Uhefiy, 145-148 Victimian, 14 Victimization cant of, 417418 definition, 2 prevention, 171 tates, 68 swctil ccolegy of, 167 > types, 2 Vistm-otinder mediahen, 48), 454 Victim-Olfender Reconcilixion Programs, 483, any Vstum-odiender reclaporhiga, 33, 100, 150, 77-378 Victimology craninals a victim, 8-10 criminology and. 18-24, 32-33 defininon, 2 shGerences and twos about bowndanes, 1o-20 dmdons within cacaine, 2-24 emphasizing reorarch, 17-18 4, scanned, or duphemted. in whole or i SUBJECT INDEX 579 exempbey bebavion, 33-36 gathering evidence to teat Iypothesrs, 27 hoenseade detectives, 3 ademify, define, and descanbe problem, 24 Muwration of 24-52 ierertacing with other diciphines, 20-22 sources of bios, 1 hie studying, rear for, 32-X3 subjective approach, 3 survreorology and, S37 tasks of victimodogiats, 4-92 warety of studies, 25-26 “veetimokyy-toshing.” eamphes of, S16 willis is. victims, 3-8 Vxxtim

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