1.

DETERMINATION OF DAILY HEAVIEST RAINFALL, P

No Year P, mm P, mm Rank, m Tr=(n+1)/m

1 1960 33.0 83 1 16.5
2 1962 78.0 78 2 11.0
3 1963 57.7 73.4 3 8.3
4 1965 34.0 68.2 4 6.6
5 1966 40.5 66.3 5 5.5
6 1967 18.0 64.7 6 4.7
7 1968 34.0 63.6 7 4.1
8 1969 62.0 62.7 8 3.7
9 1971 55.5 62 9 3.3
10 1972 38.3 61.2 10 3.0
11 1974 64.7 60.9 11 2.8
12 1975 52.6 58.4 12 2.5
13 1976 31.4 57.7 13 2.4
14 1977 53.3 56.7 14 2.2
15 1978 60.9 55.5 15 2.1
16 1979 58.4 54.8 16 1.9
17 1980 66.3 54 17 1.8
18 1981 73.4 53.4 18 1.7
19 1982 43.2 53.3 19 1.7
20 1983 54.0 52.6 20 1.6
21 1984 51.2 51.2 21 1.5
22 1985 41.5 48.3 22 1.4
23 1986 68.2 43.2 23 1.4
24 1987 48.3 41.5 24 1.3
25 1988 61.2 40.5 25 1.3
26 1989 63.6 38.3 26 1.2
27 1990 62.7 34 27 1.2
28 1991 54.8 34 28 1.1
29 1992 56.7 33 29 1.1
30 1993 83.0 31.4 30 1.1
31 1994 53.4 27.3 31 1.0
32 1995 27.3 18 32 1.0

As shown in the produced chart, the relation between the return period (T r) and the daily heaviest
rainfall for a give return period (PTr) is given by the following relation with an R2 value of approximately 85 %.

PTr = 18.888Ln(Tr) + 36.696 with the R2 value of R2 = 0.8438

Using this relation, the daily heaviest rainfall for the project area for different return period is as follows

For Tr = 25 years P25 = 97.49313 mm

Tr = 50 years P50 = 110.5853 mm
Tr = 100 years P100 = 123.6775 mm

For this project a design period of 100 years is taken. So, the design daily heaviest rainfall is 124 mm
2. COMPUTATION OF THE TIME OF CONCENTRATION, T c

Based on the delinated catchment using 1: 50000 scale topographic map, the Borkena river course
is divided into five reaches inorder to calculate the time of concentration

L1 = 3000 m H1 = 280 m S1 = 0.0933

L2 = 4000 m H2 = 80 m S2 = 0.0200
L3 = 4250 m H2 = 40 m S3 = 0.0094
L4 = 12000 m H3 = 40 m S4 = 0.0033
L6 = 6000 m H4 = 120 m S5 = 0.0200

0. 77
The time of concentration, Tr, is given by 1 L 13.956 hr
T r= =
3000 S
3. DETERMINATION OF THE AVERAGE CURVE RUNOFF NUMBER, CN

The catchment area of Borkena River at the proposed bridge site is approximately 97 Km 2. This is done
using 1: 50, 000 topographic map of the area.

To have a very good information about the land use - land cover of this big catchment, a detail investigation
that needs money and time is required. So, for this specific project, secondary informations from the former
Co-SAERAR catchment and soil professionals are gathered. Based on these informations, the catchment
area of Borkena River at the proposed Bridge site is divided in to seven parts (starting from the upper) as
follows
a. The upper catchment which is about 5 Km2 is composed of mainly sandy loam soil.
b. The next upper catchment which is about 17 Km2 is composed of mainly loam soil.
c. The next catchment which is about 16.5 Km2 is composed of mainly sandy clay loam soil.
d. The next catchment which is about 36 Km2 is composed of mainly clay loam soil.
e. The next catchment which is about 12 Km2 is composed of mainly clay loam soil.
f. In the catchment, there is about 5.5 Km2 marshy area.
g. In the catchment, there is about 4 Km2 Urban area.

From tables 5 - 8/9/10/11 of ERA Drainage Design Manual, the hydrological soil group for the considered
catchment is as follows
a. Bare soil, ----------------, Soil Group A, CN = 77 ------------------- Catchment area, A = 5 Km 2
b. Pasture, grassland, ---, Poor, Soil Group B, CN = 79 ----------- Catchment area, A = 17 Km 2
c. Crop residue cover, Poor, Soil Group C, CN = 90 ---------------- Catchment area, A = 16.5 Km 2
d. Crop residue cover, Poor, Soil Group D, CN = 94 ---------------- Catchment area, A = 37 Km 2
e. Raw Crops , Poor, Soil Group D, CN = 91 -------------------------- Catchment area, A = 12 Km 2
f. Marshy area, CN = 98 ----------------------------------------------------- Catchment area, A = 5.5 Km 2
g. Residential area with an average plot size less tha 0.05 ha,
-----------------------CN = 92 ----------------------------------------------------- Catchment area, A = 4 Km 2

The weighted runoff curve number, CN, is CN = 89.5876289

/ERA Drainage Manual recommends to use this value
as it is for the Wollo area where the site is located/
 4. DETERMINATION OF PEAK DISCHARGE, Q p100

For a time of concentration (Tc) > 3 hrs, the rainfall excess duration,D = 1 hr

Time to peak, tp = 0.5D + 0.6Tc 8.87 hrs

Time base of hydrograph, tb = 2.67*T 37.26171 hrs

Lag time of hydrograph, te = 0.60*T 8.373417 hrs

Peak rate of discharge created by 1mm runoff excess on whole of the catchment, qp
p

2.29562072 m3/sec per mm of runoff

0 . 21 A
q p= =
talignl

Table - 1
Duration Daily point Rainfall Rainfall Areal Areal Incremen- Decreasing
rainfall for Profile Profile to rainfall tal rainfall order
a return point
period of rainfall
100 years profile
hr mm % mm % mm mm mm
0.0 - 1.0 124 46 57.04 65 37.08 37.08 37.08
1.0 - 2.0 58 71.92 73 52.50 15.43 15.43
2.0 - 3.0 66 81.84 78 63.84 11.33 11.33
3.0 - 4.0 72 89.28 80 71.42 7.59 7.59
4.0 - 5.0 75 93.00 82 76.26 4.84 4.84
5.0 - 6.0 78 96.72 83 80.28 4.02 4.02

Table 2
Rearrang-Rearranged Cummula- Time of incremental hydrograph
ed order incremental tive Time of Time of Time to
rainfall rainfall beginning peak end
No. mm mm hr hr hr
6 4.02 4.02 0 8.87 37.26170587
4 7.59 11.61 1 9.87 38.26170587
3 11.33 22.94 2 10.87 39.26170587
1 37.08 60.02 3 11.87 40.26170587
2 15.43 75.44 4 12.87 41.26170587
5 4.84 80.28 5 13.87 42.26170587
 The maximum potential difference between rainfall (P) and direct runoff (Q) is given by

25400
S= 254= 29.5213 mm
CN

For a curve number of 89.6 (CN = 89.6), Ia (the initial abstraction including surface storage,
interceptoion, infilitration prior to runoff) is 5.9 mm

Ia = 0.20*S = 5.90425777 mm

( P0 .2 S )2
The direct runoff, Q, is given by Q=
( P+0 . 8 S )

Substituting the values of rainfall P (as shown in table 2) in the above formula, the corresponding
values of direct runoff (Q) are given as shown in table 3.

Table 3
Rainfall P, mm4.02 11.61 22.94 60.02 75.44 80.28
Runoff Q, m 0.13 0.92 6.23 35.01 48.81 53.24

Table 4
Duration Cumulative IncrementalPeak runoff Time of Time Time Hydrograph
runoff runoff for increm- beginning to to name
ent peak end
hr mm mm m3/sec hr hr hr
0.0 - 1.0 0.13 0.13 0.30 0 8.87 37.2617058707 1
1.0 - 2.0 0.92 0.79 1.82 1 9.87 38.2617058707 2
2.0 - 3.0 6.23 5.31 12.19 2 10.87 39.2617058707 3
3.0 - 4.0 35.01 28.78 66.06 3 11.87 40.2617058707 4
4.0 - 5.0 48.81 13.80 31.69 4 12.87 41.2617058707 5
5.0 - 6.0 53.24 4.43 10.16 5 13.87 42.2617058707 6
Table 5: Design Hydrograph at the proposed Bridge site of Borkena River
Time Ordinate of hydrograph, m3/sec
hr 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
0 0.00 0.00
1 0.03 0.00 0.03
2 0.07 0.21 0.00 0.27
3 0.10 0.41 1.37 0.00 1.88
4 0.13 0.62 2.75 7.44 0.00 10.94
5 0.17 0.82 4.12 14.89 3.57 0.00 23.57
6 0.20 1.03 5.50 22.33 7.14 1.15 37.34
7 0.23 1.23 6.87 29.78 10.71 2.29 51.12
8 0.27 1.44 8.24 37.22 14.28 3.44 64.89
9 0.29 1.64 9.62 44.67 17.85 4.58 78.66
10 0.28 1.82 10.99 52.11 21.43 5.73 92.36
11 0.27 1.75 12.14 59.56 25.00 6.87 105.59
12 0.26 1.69 11.71 65.77 28.57 8.02 116.01
13 0.25 1.62 11.28 63.44 31.54 9.16 117.30
14 0.24 1.56 10.85 61.11 30.43 10.12 114.31
15 0.23 1.49 10.42 58.79 29.31 9.76 110.00
16 0.22 1.43 9.99 56.46 28.20 9.40 105.70
17 0.21 1.37 9.56 54.13 27.08 9.04 101.39
18 0.20 1.30 9.13 51.81 25.96 8.68 97.09
19 0.19 1.24 8.70 49.48 24.85 8.33 92.78
20 0.18 1.17 8.27 47.15 23.73 7.97 88.48
21 0.17 1.11 7.84 44.82 22.62 7.61 84.17
22 0.16 1.04 7.41 42.50 21.50 7.25 79.86
23 0.15 0.98 6.98 40.17 20.38 6.89 75.56
24 0.14 0.92 6.55 37.84 19.27 6.54 71.25
25 0.13 0.85 6.12 35.52 18.15 6.18 66.95
26 0.12 0.79 5.70 33.19 17.03 5.82 62.64
27 0.11 0.72 5.27 30.86 15.92 5.46 58.34
28 0.10 0.66 4.84 28.53 14.80 5.10 54.03
29 0.09 0.59 4.41 26.21 13.69 4.75 49.73
30 0.08 0.53 3.98 23.88 12.57 4.39 45.42
31 0.07 0.47 3.55 21.55 11.45 4.03 41.12
32 0.05 0.40 3.12 19.23 10.34 3.67 36.81
33 0.04 0.34 2.69 16.90 9.22 3.32 32.51
34 0.03 0.27 2.26 14.57 8.11 2.96 28.20
35 0.02 0.21 1.83 12.24 6.99 2.60 23.90
36 0.01 0.15 1.40 9.92 5.87 2.24 19.59
37 0.00 0.08 0.97 7.59 4.76 1.88 15.29
38 0.02 0.54 5.26 3.64 1.53 10.99
39 0.11 2.94 2.52 1.17 6.74
40 0.61 1.41 0.81 2.83
41 0.29 0.45 0.74
42 0.09 0.09
43

The design peak discharge for a return period of 100 years is 117.30 m3/sec
 90
f(x) = 18.8875703156 ln(x) + 36.6960996504
R = 0.8438055898
80

70
Daily Heaviest Rainfall in mm

60

50

40

30

20
1.0 10.0 100.0

Return Period in Years

120.00

Design Hydrograph for Borkena River at the proposed Bridge site with a return period of 100 years
100.00

80.00
Discharge in m^3/sec

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time in hours
5. REFERENCES

Hand Book of Engineering Hydrology /A Woking Manual for Water Resources Projects of Ethiopia/,
Continental Consultants, 1997

Drainage Manual, Ethiopian Roads Authority, 2001

 HYDROLOGICAL REPORT

for

BORKENA RIVER AT THE PROPOSED BRIDGE SITE

By

Africa Mulumar Geremew

Civil Engineering Department
Engineering Faculty
Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar
Ethiopia
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. DETERMINATION OF DAILY HEAVIEST RAINFALL

2. COMPUTATION OF THE TIME OF CONCENTRATION

3. DETERMINATION OF THE AVERAGE CURVE RUNOFF NUMBER+B89

4. DETERMINATION OF PEAK DISCHARGE

5. REFERENCES

6. APPENDICES

6.1. CATCHMENT AREA OF BORKENA RIVER AT THE BRIDGE SITE

6.2. DAILY HEAVIEST RAINFALL AT DESSIE STATION