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CEE 332
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CEE 332
Some values of
Material
2014-T6Al 0.33
Ti 0.33
Au 0.42
Diamond 0.08
Rubber 0.49
Cork ~0
Lakes Foam 0.7
Simon Denis Poisson
(1781-1840)
All materials: 1 < < 1/2.
Many materials: = 1/4 to 1/3.
Materials with < 0 are rare ...
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These relations can be inverted, and with T=0, stresses in terms of strains are:
E
x =
(1+ )(1 2 )
[
(1 )x + (y + z ) ]
Note what
E happens
y =
(1+ )(1 2 )
[(1 )y + (x + z )] when > 1/2!
E
z =
(1+ )(1 2 )
[
(1 )z + (x + y ) ] 53
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Shear strain
A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will
deform into a rhomboid. The change of shape
(distortion) is measured by the shear strain.
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SOLUTION
A P = 36.0 kips
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E E
assumes linear elastic isotropic material
= (1+ ) or G =
2G 2 (1+ )
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x
x =
E
E
( y + z) + T
include
y
y =
E
E
( x + z ) + T these terms
for thermal
z effects
z =
E
E
( x + y) + T
yx
yx =
G E = elastic modulus
yz G = shear modulus
yz =
G = Poissons ratio
xz
xz = E
G G=
2(1+ )
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= 12 ksi
= 20 ksi
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SOLUTION:
1) Apply generalized Hookes Law to 2) Evaluate the deformation components.
determine the three components of
B A = x d = (+0.533 10 3 in./in.)(9 in.)
normal strain.
x y z B A = +4.8 103 in.
x = +
E E E
C D = z d = (+1.600 10 3 in./in.)(9 in.)
=
1
(12 ksi ) 0 1 (20 ksi )
10 106 psi 3 C D = +14.4 103 in.
Loads
applied to
sharp
wedges
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SaintVenants Principle
Two statically equivalent force systems applied to the same
region of a body produce essentially the same state of stress
and deformation at sufficiently large distances from the
region of loading (i.e. distances from the loaded region that
are larger than the size of the loaded region).
Examples of
statically
equivalent force
systems
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Stress Concentrations
A Stress Concentration is a localized increase in stress due
to a geometric or compositional change in the material.
Stress concentration factors can be determined many
different ways: analytically, experimentally, finite elements.
For design, the maximum stress is usually most important
(as opposed to the full stress distribution)
max = K ave
max = actual max. or peak stress
K = stress concentration factor
Anet = x-sectional area thru the plane w/ max. stress
ave = average stress supported by the plane w/ max. stress
= Fapplied Anet
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2r 2r
2
2r
3
2r
0 K 3
D
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Plastic deformations
Previous analyses assumed linear, elastic
stress-strain behavior. Provided stresses
remain below the yield stress, all
deformations are reversible.
For brittle materials, linear elastic
behavior can often be used all the way to
rupture.
For ductile materials, linear elastic
behavior can be used only until yielding
begins. Once yielding starts, permanent
deformations occur.
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Residual stresses
If a member is loaded into the plastic range, after the external forces are
removed, residual stresses will often remain in the member.
Example: Consider the strip with a hole from the previous slide.
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Residual Stresses
1. Thermal Residual Stresses: W /I shape
Residual Stresses
1. Thermal Residual Stresses: W /I shape
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