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Assumptions
Higher Order Needs: Internal(Self-actualization, esteem needs &
belongingness and love needs)
Lower Order Needs: External (Safety &Physiological needs)
Individuals cannot move to the next higher level until all needs at the
current (lower) level are satisfied.
Must move in hierarchical order
1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep,
etc.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
3. Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
2
Criticisms of Two-Factor Theory
Herzberg says that hygiene factors must be met to remove
dissatisfaction. If motivators are given, then satisfaction can occur.
Herzberg is limited by his procedure
Participants had self-serving bias
Reliability of raters questioned & Bias or errors of observation
No overall measure of satisfaction was used
Herzberg assumed, but didnt research, a strong relationship between
satisfaction and productivity
3
Theory X Theory Y
4
d)Equity theory of motivation
5
e) Expectancy Theory
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which means no matter how hard they try, theyre not
likely to be high performers. The organizations
performance appraisal system may be designed to
assess nonperformance factors such as loyalty, initiative,
or courage, which means more effort wont necessarily
result in a higher evaluation. Another possibility is that
employees, rightly or wrongly, perceive the boss doesnt
like them. As a result, they expect a poor appraisal,
regardless of effort. These examples suggest one
possible source of low motivation is employees belief
that, no matter how hard they work, the likelihood of
getting a good performance appraisal is low.
Second, if I get a good performance appraisal, will it lead
to organizational rewards Many organizations reward
things besides performance. When pay is based on
factors such as having seniority, being cooperative, or
kissing up to the boss, employees are likely to see the
performancereward relationship as weak and
demotivating.
Finally, if Im rewarded, are the rewards attractive to
me? The employee works hard in the hope of getting a
promotion but gets a pay raise instead. Or the employee
wants a more interesting and challenging job but
receives only a few words of praise. Unfortunately, many
managers are limited in the rewards they can distribute,
which makes it difficult to tailor rewards to individual
employee needs. Some incorrectly assume all employees
want the same thing, thus overlooking the motivational
effects of differentiating rewards. In either case,
employee motivation is sub-maximized.