Q.1 Draw a ladder logic to switch ON-OFF a bulb using a toggle switch?

Ans:

Explanation :
In the above ladder diagram we can see there is an input contact (N-O)
I0.0 which is a toggle switch in the physical connections to the plc. There is also an
output coil addressed as Q0.0 which can be a Motor, Bulb or any signaling device in
the physical connection.
Now, as soon as toggle switch is pressed the N-O contact of I0.0 becomes N-C and the
corresponding rung logic goes true. As a result out o/p coil QO.O gets energized and the
bulb will ON. On the other hand, if we want to switch OFF the bulb, the toggle switch is
again pressed and I0.0 again becomes an N-0 contact and rung goes false ,which in turn
switches OFF the bulb.

Q.2 Draw a Logic to ON-OFF a bulb using push buttons in plc ?

(Concept of LATCHING)
Ans:
Explanation :

I0.0 : START (ON) push button.

I0.1 : STOP (OFF) push button.
Q0.0 : output energize coil.
Q0.0 (CONTACT) : latch of output coil Q0.0

As soon as start push button is pressed, the contact I0.0 (N-O) becomes N-C . As the N-O
contact I0.1 is already becomes the N-C (because of the normally closed push button in
physical connections), the rung goes true and the coil(bulb) Q0.0 becomes energized.
Now, if the start push button is released then also the bulb will remain ON (here comes
the concept of latching).As soon as the coilQ0.0 gets energized, the latched contact of this
coil which is represented as Q0.0 (N-O) becomes N-C and the logic will pass through
this rung and remains the bulb ON even if the start push button is released.
If we want to switch OFF the bulb ,we simply have to press the stop push button .Due to
pressing of stop push button the contact I0.1 becomes N-O (normally open) and rung
logic goes false, which in turn de-energizes the coil Q0.0 and switches OFF the bulb.

Q.3 ON-OFF of a bulb using single push button?

Ans :

Explanation :

I0.0 : Input Push-Button (Normally-Open)

Q0.0 : Output Coil (Bulb)
Q1.5 & Q1.6 : Flags
As soon as the push button I0.0 (N-O) is pressed ,it becomes N-C and coil Q1.5 (flag) is
energized .The another flag Q1.6 will not energize as the output coil contact Q0.0 is N-O
,which breaks the circuit to the flag Q1.6.As soon as the flag Q1.5 is energized ,the
contact Q1.5 (N-O) becomes N-C and out bulb coil Q0.0 gets energized and bulb
becomes ON. Now, if the push button is released the coil Q0.0 will remain energized
because of latching applied as latch contact Q0.0 (N-O) in last rung. To switch off the
bulb the push button is again pressed which closes the N-O contact of o/p coil Q0.0 and
energizes the flag coil Q1.6.Due to energize of flag Q1.6 , the N-C contact of this flag in
last rung becomes N-O and as a result of this ,the last rung goes false and output coil
Q0.0 is de-energized and bulb goes OFF.

Q.4 Draw a ladder logic for Go-Down wiring (3-rooms) ?

(Concept Of INTERLOCKING)
Ans :

Explanation :

I0.0 , I0.1 , I0.2 : Toggle switches of corresponding rooms 1, 2, 3.

Q0.0 , Q0.1 , Q0.2 : Output coils (Bulbs) in room 1, 2 ,3.

Seeing the ladder diagram we can infer that as soon as the person enters into room 1 and
switches ON the toggle switch 1 (I0.0), the bulb of that room glows i.e, coil Q0.0 in
rung 1 gets energized. Now, the person moves into room 2 without switching OFF the
toggle switch of room 1.As soon as he/she presses the toggle switch 2 (I0.1), the bulb of
that room (Q0.1) starts glowing as its coil gets energized , while the bulb of room 1 itself
goes OFF as its circuit is break by the interlock contact Q0.1 in rung 1 which is (N-C)
type. Similarly, when the goes into room 3 and presses switch 3 (I0.2) , the bulb of room
3 starts glowing and that of room 2 switches OFF keeping the bulb of room 1 already
OFF. This is what we cover the going down from room 1 to room 2 to room 3.Now as
soon as the person wants to come back he/she again presses the toggle switch 3 (I0.2)
which in turn breaks the circuit in rung 3 and the bulb (Q0.2) goes OFF . As soon as the
bulb of room 3 goes OFF , the bulb of room 2 starts glowing again because here no
longer the interlock contact Q0.0 remains open .Similarly, pressing the toggle switch of
room2 (I0.1) switches OFF the bulb Q0.1 and in turn makes interlock contact Q0.l (N-C)
from (N-O) and bulb of room 1 again start glowing by making the rung 1 logic TRUE.
After pressing the toggle switch 1 (I0.0) again the bulb of room 1 i.e, Q0.0 goes OFF.

Q.5 Draw a ladder logic for Stair-Case wiring using two toggle switches ?
Ans:

Explanation :

I0.0 & I0.1 : Input toggle switches.

Q0.0 : Output signaling device(bulb, motor etc.)
This ladder logic of stair-case wiring works on the X-OR logic i.e, Y is (A.B^) + (A^. B)
Suppose initially only I0.0 is pressed and I0.1 remains open physically as shown then the
upper branch of rung 1 goes TRUE and Q0.0 gets energized. Now , if I0.0 is also pressed
then it will make its interlock N-C contact I0.1 to go open and as a result Q0.0 de-
energizes . Again, if switch I0.0 is pressed it will also make its interlock contact I0.0 in
parallel branch to go again N-C , which in turn makes the parallel branch logic true and
Q0.0 again energizes but if the I0.1 input is also pressed again the logic goes FALSE and
Q0.0 again de-energizes. This is the basic concept of an X-OR logic gate.
Q.6 Draw a ladder logic for providing lubricant for the gear box before the lathe spindle
starts to run which aims to ensure that the oil pump motor starts first and the main motor
starts subsequently?
Ans :

I0.0 START pushbutton to Start Oil Pump Motor

I0.1 START pushbutton to Stop Main Motor
I0.2 STOP pushbutton to Stop Oil Pump Motor
I0.3 STOP pushbutton to Stop Main Motor
Q0.0 Oil Pump Motor
Q0.1 Main Motor

This program is a typical application of the conditional control circuit. Q0.0 is ON when
Oil Pump START button is pressed. Therefore, the oil pump will start to provide lubricant
for the gear box of main motor (Q0.1). Under the precondition of the operating state of
the Oil pump, the main motor (Q0.1) will be ON when the Main motor START button is
pressed. During the operation of main motor (Q0.1), oil pump (Q0.0) needs to provide
lubricant continuously. The oil pump will be stopped when Oil pump STOP button I0.2
is activated, and the main motor will be stopped when Main motor STOP button I0.3 is
activated.
Q.7 Draw the ladder logic for detecting the standing bottles on the conveyor and pushing
falling bottles in tray?
Ans :

Explanation :

I0.0 Proximity Sensor to sense bottom of the Bottle i.e. I0.0 is ON when the detected
input signal from the bottle-bottom is sheltered.
I0.1 Proximity Sensor to sense upper part of the Bottle i.e. I0.1 is ON when the detected
input signal from the bottle-neck is sheltered.
Q0.0 To operate Pushing Cylinder/Rod

If the bottle on the conveyor belt is upstanding, the input signal from monitoring
photocell at both bottle-bottom and bottle-neck will be detected. In this case, I0.0 is ON,
and I0.1 is ON. The normally open (NO) contact I0.0 will be activated as well as the
normally closed (NC) contact (I0.1). Q0.0 remains OFF and pneumatic pushing pole will
not perform any action. If the bottle from the conveyor belt is down, only the input signal
from monitoring photocell at the bottle-bottom will be detected. In this case, I0.0 is ON,
I0.1 is OFF. The state of output Q0.0 will be ON because the NO contact I0.0 activates
and the NC contact I0.1 remains OFF. The pneumatic pushing pole will push the fallen
bottle out of the conveyor belt.
Q.8 Draw the ladder logic for controlling the running state of the single phase motor by
pressing START and STOP pushbuttons i.e. motor should remain in ON state after
START pushbutton is pressed and should OFF when STOP pushbutton is pressed. We
also have to check if the motor is running normally by pressing TEST pushbutton?

Ans :

Explanation :

I0.0 START pushbutton to Start Motor

I0.1 STOP pushbutton to Stop Motor
I0.2 Error signal from Motor to PLC.
Q0.0 Single phase Motor

Press START button lightly and I0.0 is ON. The Motor will keep running if no error
occurred (I0.3 is OFF). The action can be practiced by a latching circuit which takes
output Q0.0 as one of the input condition to keep the motor running even if the START
button is not pressed (See normally open contact Q0.0 below I0.0). When STOP button
is pressed, I0.1 is ON and Q0.0 is OFF. The motor will stop running. If any error is
occured (I0.3 is ON), Y1 will be OFF and the motor will stop running. When TEST is
pressed (I0.2 is ON), Q0.0 is ON. The motor will start running if no error occurred (I0.3
is OFF). On the contrary, when TEST is released, the motor will stop running. The testing
function is performed by this process.