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  • Compound Curves

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    Agatha Astrisele
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    lengkung gabungan dalam desain jalan

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    Compound Curves

    Загружено:

    Agatha Astrisele
    lengkung gabungan dalam desain jalan

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 8
    A MATHEMATICAL EXAMINATION OF SPIRALED COMPOUND CURVES* By T. F. Hickrrson Kenan Professor of Applied Mathematics, Emeritus, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Synopsis In considering spiraled compound curves (see Figs. 1 and 2), one is confronted with the question: What are the limits of spiral length and total change in curvature beyond which desirable accuracy is not attainable. The reason for this doubt arises from the usual assumption—based partly on intuition—that the total radial separation of the two branches of the compound curve depends on the nominal “spiral angle”, a quantity analogous to the central angle of a spiral joining a straight line with a circular curve. It will be shown that the conventional procedure agrees closely with rigorous theory for the ordinary range of values. This is to be expected since a transition spiral is a curve of uniformly changing curvature, hence it should diverge in angle and offset, for a given distance, at about the same rate from the osculating cirele as from the initial tangent. Inrropucrion Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, let D, and R; equal, respectively, the degree of curve and the radius of the flatter curve subtending central angle A, ; while D2 and R; apply to the sharper curve subtending angle A: ; and let the total central angle =A(=A; + A2). Also, 1 = AP = length of any spiral arc; 1, = AB, = total length of spiral; 8 = central angle of are AP [8 = A, for arc AB]; D = degree of curve of the spiral at any point (as P); 6, = nominal spiral angle; c = chord AB, = spiral long chord; p = total radial shift at C (the P.C.C.) [p = CC, = 00. = BB; x, y = coordinates of any point P of the spiral (see (b) of Figs. 1 and 2); a = AG, m1 = GB; T, and T, = tangent distances AV and VB,, respectively, where 7; is the long tangent and T> is the short tangent. Case I: Sharper branch shifted radially inward at C, Fig. 1. Since it is the function of the transition spiral to change the degree of curve uniformly as the are distance from A (the C.S.) to any point P, we have D = Di + Il, (Dz — Di). (a) * Presented at the Mathematics Section of the 50th Annual Meeting of the N. C. Acad- emy of Science at Raleigh, May 8-9, 1953. 108 1953] Sprratep Compounp CuRvES 109 From the differential sector at point P (see (b) of Fig. 1), we have (diene, 4 = 5 = 199% (b) where F (feet) = 100, D being measured in radians. Fic. 1. Transition spiral between the branches of compound curve when the sharper branch is shifted radially inward at C (the P.C.C.). Substituting (a) in (b), we get dp = im [Di + W/l(D: — Ds)1 di. © Integrating, we get fot Dz — Di 5|-28 Bis B= yD (AEP) E] = Pe + aytore, @ where 0, = (Dz — D;) = nominal spiral angle. Is 200 110 JouRNAL or THE Mrrcnent Socrery [December Noting that the coordinate axes coincide with AG and 0,A respectively, we have (see Fig. 1b), --], () 5 rae], ® where cos 6 and sin 8 are expanded into series. Substituting (d) in (e), integrating, and reducing, we get ny Agee [2 —@e e ee) [i (Pa a +3 (R) shot 3] et (CR) [ERY (ito) +202) (ita) +$(2) (fe) +32) Gia) +a] © where 6, is expressed in degrees. Substituting (d) in (f), integrating, and reducing, we get 1 =IGBe=e [+ (0.01745329) [3 (2) a : al = i) ae) emma eee) +3 () fe dN 4 gio: (Sr) E (2) (ds | “CG i) ie oy (ie) ie By (ito) + a 2) (to) om ult @) where 6, is expressed in degrees. Next, we have ae = dl os 6 = ail — Be] Re and A ay = asin g = ai p- 2+ ee, oy ¢ =spiral “long chord” = Wx? + 93; (3) @, = total deflection angle from A to Bi = are tan ee (4) & =A-h (5) T; = AV = long tangent = AG — V@ = 1 — meot A; (6) GB _ on. T, = VB; = short tangent = ) sinA sin A’ 1953) Sprratep Compound CuRvES lL In Fig. 1a, let verticals through B, and B intersect a horizontal line through C at H and M respectively. Also, let a horizontal line through B intersect the vertical GB; at K. Then y: = GB, = GH + HK + KB, ; (g) where GH = FC = R, vers A, HK = MB = BC sin BCM = 2R,(sin 44,)(sin (A: + 44:)), and KB, = BB, cos Ay = p cos Ay. Substituting in (h), and reducing, we get _ ti — Rivers Ay — 2Ra(sin $42)(sin (Ar + 442) 8) ig cos Ay i Eqs. (1-8) are basic formulas giving the various parts of a spiraled compound curve. An independent, but slightly approximate, set of formulas will now be derived on the basis of the radial shift p found in tables compiled from Eq. (h) when the “equivalent” spiral angle and spiral length are given. 0.158231503 , 0.102242605 _ 0.407856 a a) (10)' (10) (10) where 6, is expressed in degrees, and this p has special reference to the spiral which provides a gradual change in curvature from a straight to a circular path. With 0,A as zero azimuth (north), treat 40,0.B,A (Fig. 1) as a closed tra- verse. Accordingly, y = d cos A and « = d sin A, where d and A represent distance and azimuth respectively, as indicated below. p=l. [oor 454ssi0, = Point Azimuth Distance y | ® | , A (C.S.) | 180° Ri -ki |.o Or A 0:02 (Ri — Rz — p) Cos Ar | (Ri — Rz — p) sin Ar Or A Ry | Rs cos a | Rosina A By 270° + & c | csin | = ccos & Sum = 0 0) From 2y = 0 and 3x = 0, we get cesind = R, — (Ri — R: — p) cos Ai — Re cos A (i) c cos & = (R; — R, — p) sin A, + Resin A Qj) Let: Ni = R, — (Ri — R: — p) cos Ai — Re cos A. (k) B, = (Ri — Rz — p) sin 4; + Resin A. ()) Then on dividing (i) by (j), we get tan @; = u , from which 1 = Ms @, = arc tan By (9) 112 JournaL or THE Mrrcuett Socrery (December This value of @, should agree closely with the spiral deflection formula: LD, , 4s 300 + 3° From (j), we get = B ~ cos 0" 0) Applying the law of sines (see Fig. 1a), we have Seri aa tr sin A panne: sin A’ (1) Since 7; + VG = T; + T2 cos A = c cos ®, , we get T, = B, — T: cos A = B, — Ni cota. (12) As an independent check, c= T, coed + Tz cos &. (m) Example 1. Given D, = 6°, Dz: = 10°, l, = 300 ft. Required: The parts of a transition spiral (Fig. 1) by both the exact and the conventional methods. Sonution: The nominal spiral angle = 6, = oo (10 — 6) = 6°; i = 1. Apply- ing Eqs. 1 and 2, we get 2: = 292.33 ft., y. = 56.808 ft.; from which (by Eqs. 2-8): c = 297.80 ft., @; = 10°59/49”, d, = 13°00/11”, T, = 164.74 ft., Tr = 139.67 ft., and p = 2.603 ft. With @ = 6° andl, = 300 ft., p = 300 X 0.00872 = 2.616 ft., in which 0.00872 is a unit value of p (found in tables) as if the spiral joined a straight line with a circular curve. Accordingly, by Eqs. 9-12, @; = 10°59’51”, : = 13°00'19”, c = 297.86 ft., T2 = 139.70 ft., and T; = 164.76 ft. Example 2. Given D; = 10°, D, = 20°, 1, = 200 ft. Required: The parts of a transition spiral (Fig. 1) by both the exact and the conventional method. Sonution: The nominal spiral angle = pa (20 — 10) = 10°; @,/D, = 1. Applying Eqs. 1 and 2, we get 2; = 192.38 ft., y: = 45.569 ft.; from which (Eqs. 2-9), c = 197.71 ft., @, = 13°19'32”, = 16°40'28”, T, = 113.46 ft., T. = 91.14 ft., and p = 2.879 ft. With 6, = 10° and J, = 200 ft., p = 200 X 0.01453 = 2.906 ft., in which 0.01453 is a unit value of p (found in tables) as if the spiral joined a straight line with a circular curve. Accordingly, by Eqs. 9-12, @, = 13°19'36”, 2. = 16°40'24”, c = 197.81 ft., Tz = 91.19 ft., and 7, = 113.51 ft. Case II: Flatter branch shifted radially outward at C, Fig. 2. In this case, the degree of curve decreases uniformly as the are distance from A (the C.S.), hence D = D, — I/l.(Dz — D)). (n) 1953) SprraLep Compounp Curves 113 Substituting (n) in (b), integrating, and reducing, we get p= aya. (0) — Dy), as in Case I. lL, where 6, = 200 A Fia. 2. Transition spiral between the branches of compound curve when the flatter branch is shifted radially outward at C (the P.C.C.). Substituting, in turn, (0) in (e) and (f), integrating, and reducing, we get wed |e) () (i) (2) ito) +3] +o) Ls @) (ito) -3(2) ta) +5 a (4) -[5G5) (ie) +a])s 0% 6 114 JOURNAL OF THE MircHELt Soctery [December and =GBrert [W0. 01745329) 4 A (ho) - 3 ~

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