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La guerra del pueblo

Fabricio Ojeda
La coleccin Alfredo Maneiro. Poltica y sociedad publica obras
necesarias, capaces de desentraar el significado de los procesos
sociales, polticos y econmicos que dictaminan el curso del mundo
actual. Venezuela tiene un papel activo y determinante en la escena
Fabricio Ojeda global contempornea, de all la importancia del pensamiento, la
1.a edicin, editorial Domingo Fuentes, Venezuela, 1970.
investigacin, la crtica, surgidos del anlisis y la comprensin de
1.a edicin Fundacin Editorial El perro y la rana, 2007.
4.a edicin Fundacin Editorial El perro y la rana, 2017 (digital). nuestra realidad. Firmes propsitos animan esta coleccin: por una
parte, rendir homenaje a la figura de Alfredo Maneiro, uno de los
Centro Simn Bolvar, principales protagonistas de los movimientos sociales y polticos que
Torre Norte, piso 21, El Silencio, tuvieron lugar en Venezuela durante los duros y conflictivos aos
Caracas - Venezuela, 1010
sesenta y ochenta del siglo pasado; y por la otra, publicar libros que
Telfonos: 0212.768.8300 / 768.8399.
permitan difundir temas e ideas medulares de nuestro tiempo. Est
Correos electrnicos conformada por cuatro series: Pensamiento social, Cuestiones
atencionalescritorfepr@gmail.com geopolticas, Identidades y Comunicacin y sociedad.
comunicacionesperroyrana@gmail.com

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Diseo de la coleccin exploracin en los mbitos econmicos, sociales, polticos y
Dileny Jimnez
culturales de las relaciones Norte-Sur y Sur-Sur, sus estrategias e
Hernn Rivera
implicaciones para la humanidad.
Edicin: Vanessa Chapman / Jos Zambrano
Diagramacin y portada: Jairo Noriega Identidades indaga en la diversa gama de culturas ancestrales y
Hecho el Depsito de Ley
populares latinoamericanas, en la bsqueda de los aspectos que nos
Depsito legal lfi40220153203715 definen como pueblos.
ISBN 978-980-14-3141-1
Comunicacin y sociedad aborda los diferentes temas de la
comunicacin, a partir de sus dimensiones polticas y sociales, en
relacin con los problemas del mundo contemporneo.
La guerra del pueblo
Fabricio Ojeda
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alma
Edicin digital
enero de 2017
Caracas, venezuela

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