Cơ Sở Động Lực Học Công Trình (NXB Đại Học Quốc Gia 2004) - Nguyễn Tiến Khiêm

N G U Y N T I N K H I M
n g
cs
l c h c c n g t r n h
H Ni NH XUT BN I HC Q u c GIA H NI
N G U Y N T I N K H I M
C S
D N G L c H C C N G T R N H
m
NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI

H NI,
92004
NHft XUftT BN I HC u c GIA ha ni
16 H ng Chui - Hai B Trng - H Ni
in thoi: (04) 9715011, Fax: (04) 9 7 1 4 8 9 9
Email: nxb@ vnu.edu.vn
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C hu tr ch n h im x u t bn
Gim c PHNG QUC BO
Tng bin tp PHM THNH HNG
C hiu tr ch n h im ni d u n g
Hi ng xt duy gio trnh Vin C hc
Ngi nhn xt
GS. TS. NGUYN VN PH
PGS. TSKH. SN
B in tp x u t bn: NGUYN NGC QUYN
C h bn: O NH MAI
T rn h by ba: O NH MAI
C S NG Lc HC CNG TRNH
M s: 1K -01015-01204
In 200 cun, kh 16 X 24 ti N h in Vin Khoa hc v C ng n g h Vit N a m
S xut bn: 5/422/XB-QLXB, ngy 7/4/2004. S trch ngang: 95 KH/XB
In xong np lu chiu qu II nm 2004
Li ni u
Cun sch nh ny c bin son da trn c s nhng bi
ig ca tc gi v chuyn ng lc hc cng trinh ti Trung tm
Hp tc o to v Bi dng C hc thuc i hc Quc gia H Ni.
Trong khun kh mt chuyn ngn, phi trnh by mt b mn rt
rng, ti buc phi suy ngh la chn ni dng v cch truyn t
cho ph hp. C l vi th m cun sch ny khng th bao qut ht cc
vn ca ng lc hc cng trnh.
Trc ht, phi phn bit ng lc hc cng trinh vi L thuyt,
(lao ng ni chung v vi Dao ng k thut ni ring. L thuyt dao
ng ni chung l c s l thuyt v cc qu trnhc tnh chu k,
thng gp trong nhiu ngnh khoa hc, k thut khc nhau nh Vt
l, C hc, Ch to my, Giao thng, Xy dng ... y nghin cu
nhng khi nim v dao ng v cc phng php nghin cu,
pht hin cc qu trnh dao ng trong thc t. Dao ng k thut l
mt s c th ho l thuyt dao ctng, nhm cung cp cho cc k s s
hiu bit cn thit l gii v x l cc hin tng dao ng trong k
thut. ng lc hc cng trnh khng th dng li i tng k
thut ni chung, m tp trung vo nghin cu i tng c th l cng
trinh nh mt h c hc n hi. Tuy nhin cng khng th hiu ng
lc hc cng trnh nh b mn Dao ng ca cc h n hi, mc d
trong mt vi trng hp cng kh m phn bit r rng. Nu i
tng ca L thuyt dao ng cc h dn hi l cc m hnh ton hc
ca cc vt th n hi mang tnh tng qut, th ng lc hc cng
trinh tp trung vo nhng i tig thc tc th c m phng nh
cc h n hi - cng trinh . Bn cnh , nu l thuyt dao ng cc
h c hc, do tnh tng qut, c th khng cn quar tm nhiu n vic
m hnh ho cc h c hc, th ng lc hc cng trinh , nh l mt b
phn ca ng lc hc ni chung cn phi bt. u chnh t vic xy
dng m hnh ton hc cho mt i tng thc t. Khi mn ng
c hoc c n g t r i n h c n g p h i c u n g cp c n h n g c n g c m h n h
ho cc i tng (cng trnh) ca minh. Vi t duy nh vy, nhng
bi ging ca ti c hnh thnh. Trong mi mt tit c trinh
by mt cch trn vn t vic m hnh ho cho n nhng li gii, kt
l u n c V n g h a c th . T u y n h i n m c c h c n g c h c u n g c p c h o
hc vin nhng tng c th t mnh gii cc bi ton c th gp
trong thc t.
Ni dung m ti mun truyn t chinh l nhng khi nim c
bn; nhng phng php cn thit v mt s ng dng c tnh minh
ho. Nhng tnh ton phc tp khng c trnh by chi tit bi v ti
muon dnh mt s cng vic cho ngi c cng tham gia vo qu
trinh t duy t bi dng thm kin thc. C th ni, c im ring
phn bit cun sch ny vi nhng ti liu cng b l tnh c
ng v cch tip cn cc c trng ph i vi cc bi ton quen
thuc. Rt nhiu vn c n sau nhng tinh ton >bnh lun m
khng thnh mc ring bit. Ngi c s khng tim thy y vic
tch phn cc phng trnh chuyn ng trong min thi gicin... V l
chng ti cng chi gi cun sch l C s ng lc hc cng trinh.
Xin cm n Trung tm Hp tc o to v Bi dng C hc;
Chng trinh nghin cu c bn Nh nc v khoa hc t nhin d
to iu kin v ng h c v ti chinh ln tinh than trong vic hon
thnh quyn sch nh nv. c bit xn cm n cc GS. TSKH. o
Huy Bch (Ch tch Hi ng o to Trung tm Hp tc o to v
Bi dng C hc), GS. TSKH. Nguyn Cao Mnh (Ch tch Hi ng
xt duyt cho xut bn gio trinh ny), GS. TS. Nguyn Vn Ph va
PGS.TSKH. Sn (nhng phn bin) a c k v cho nhiu kii
rt xc ng v ni dung cng nh cch trnh by m tc gi c
gng sa li theo kin ca h. Ti cng xn cm n cc ng nghip
v hc tr trong Phng Chn on k thut cng trnh , Vin C hc
h tr trong vic tnh ton minh hc bng s, v hnh ...
Cun sch ny chc cng khng trnh khi nhng sai st, mong
rng s nhn c nhng gp ca cc ng nghip.
gp lu n c n n h n
M i V k i n m t c c h t r n tr n g v xin
gi v: Vin C hc, 264 i Cn, H Ni.
Tc gi.
iii
M C L C
m
1 rang
Li ni u ........................................................................................................ i
Nhp mn ng lc hc cng trnh........................................................1
Chng 1. Nhng khi nim c bn ca ng lc hc

cng t r n h ........................................................................... 9
1.1 H mt bc t do..........................................................................................9
1.2 H nhiu bc t do...................................................................................22
1 .3 Truyn sng n hi trong thanh.........................................................32
1 .4 Dao ng un ca dm n hi..............................................................39
Chng 2. Nhng phng php tnh ton c bn ca

ng lc hc cng trnh................................................... 49
2.1 Phng php ma trn h s'nh hng............................................... 49

2.2 Phng php ma trn truyn................................................................ 60
2.3 Phng php phn t hu hn........................................................67
2.4 Phng php ma trn cng ng ................................................79
2.5 Cng c my tnh trong dng lc hc cng trnh...............................93
Chng 3. Mt s bi ton thc t ca Dng lc hc cng

t r n h ........................................... ...................................101
3.1 Dao ng ca m cu di tc dng ca ti trng di ng....... 101
3.2 Phn ng ca cng trnh trong ng t...........................................107
3.3 Dng lc hc cng trnh bin............................................................... 113
3.4 Bi ton chn on k thut cng trnh............................................122
Mt s bi kim tra.......*.................................................................... 131
T i l i u t h a m k h o ........................................................................ ..................... 133

NHP MON
DNG L c HC CNG TRN H

0.1 Khi nim v ng lc hc cng trnh.
a. Khi nim v ng lc hoc

C hc ni chung l khoa hc v chuyn ng v s cn bng
di tc dng ca cc lc khc nhau. Nu ch xt cc trng thi cn
bng ca vt th di tc dng ca lc ngoi ta c bi ton ca tinh
hc. Trng thi cn bng c hiu l khng c chuyn ng, tc khi
vt th c gia tc v vn tc bng khng. Suy lun ny thng
thng s dn n mt quan nim cho rng tnh hc b qua yu t"
thi gian khi nghin cu trng thi cn bng ca cc vt th. V do
cc bi ton trong c tnh n yu t thi gian u c coi l dng
lc hc. Thc cht, quan im ny cha y . Yu t"thi gian ch
l diu kin cn ch cha ca dng lc hc.
ng lc hc l mt b phn ca c hc nghin cu chuyn ng
ca cc vt th c k n qun tinh ca chng.
Qun tnh l mt thuc tnh ca vt cht, c xu hng bo tn
trng thi ang tn ti, chng li nhng tc ng bn ngoi nhm
thay i trng thi sn c ca chng. Qun tnh c c trng bi
khi lng v lc qun tnh c tnh bng khi lng nhn vi gia
tc ca vt th trong chuyn ng. Nh vy, qun tnh l du hiu ct
li ca ng lc hc. Nu b qua qun tnh, tc cho gia tc bng
khng, th bi ton khng cn l ng lc hc na mc d vn c th
cha yu t thi gian.
Nu tnh hc c lch s lu di cng vi C hc, th ng lc hc
chi thc s tr thnh mt b phn ca C hc nh nhng pht minh
cua Newton. Ba nh lut c bn ca Newton tr thnh nhng vin
gch (tu tin xy nn b mn dng lc hc c in. Trong cc nh
lut ny, quan trng nht i vi ng lc hc l nh lut th hai
Tng hp tt c cc lc ngoi tc dng ln mt vt c khi lng m
v gia tc a bang ma (khi lrtg nhn vi gia tc). T tng c bn
ny ca ng lc hc vn cn ngha cho n ngy hm nay trong C
hc.
2 Nguyen Tin Khi cm. ng c hc cng trnh
h. Khi nim v cng trnh

Trong Co' hc c in ca Newton, ngi ta ch xt n cc clVt
im. Sau ny c nghin cu n cc vt rn tuyt i. y l di
tng chnh ca c hc l thuyt m c thi tr thnh mt mn hc
c bn ca sinh vin cc ngnh khoa hc t nhin v k thut. Trong
s pht trin ca c hc sau ny ngi ta m rng i tng sang
cc vt th c th bin dng. Cc vt th ny thng xc nh bang
cc hm s ph thuc khng ch vo thi gian m cn ph thuc r;'
vo to (l trong khng gian cha vt. th . V vy cc vt th bin
dng to thnh h c hc vi cc tham s phn b lin tc v thng
c gi l h lin lc hay h v s bc t do.
Cng trnh l mt h c hc gm nhiu vt th bin dng lien
kt vi nhau to thnh mt chnh th thc hin mt s chc nAng
nh sn.
V l mt h c hc phc tp gm nhiu thnh phn khc nhau
lin kt li thnh mt i tng c hnh dng kch thc, nn cng
trnh thc cht l mt h v s bc t do. S cu trc ca cng
trnh c gi l kt cu cng trnh. Cc tham s m t kt cu
cng trnh bao gm cc tham s hnh hc, vt liu, lin kt gii cc
phn t v vi mi trng. Nh mt h c hc, kt cu cng trnh r
cc dc ng ng lc hc nh tn s, dng dao ng ring,... v cr
tham s trng thi lm vic nh chuyn v, vn tc, gia tc, ng sut,
bin dng,...
Nh vy ng lc hc cng trnh l khoa hc nghin cu cc dc
trng dng lc hc v trng thi ng sut, bin dng ca cng trinh
di tc dng ca cc ti trng ngoi c k n qun tnh ca chng.
Nhng khi nim chnh ca ng lc hc cng trnh c trnh
by trong chng 1 .
0 . 2 M hnh ha cng trnh
Vic tnh ton cng lc hc cng trnh tr nn phc tp do s c

mt ca lc qun tnh m chnh lc qun tnh ny li ph thuc vo
khi lng v chuyn ng ca cng trnh. Cc cng trnh l cc h c
hc c khi lng phn b"lin tc trong khng gian nn lc qun tnh
cng l mt trng vc t phn b"trong khng gian, do d v nguyn
tc, bi ton ng lc hc cng trnh thng c m t bi cc
Nhp mn dng lc hc cng trinh 3
p h n g tr n h vi p h n d o h m r i n g r t p h c t p . N i c h u n g , d g i i
bi ton ng lc hc cng trnh, ngi ta cn phi tm cch m t

cng trinh mt cch (ln gin nhng st vi thc t nht. Di dy
1 r n h b y s l c v m t s m h n h t h n g d n g c a c n g t r n h .
a. M hnh tp trung khi lng

y l s m hnh ho, gi thit mt cch gn ng rng s
p h n b k h i l n g li n t c tr o n g k h n g g ia n r a c n g tr n h d c q u y
v t p t r u n g t i m t s i m no . K h i c n g t r n h th c c h t c
th a y bng m t h hu hn cc cht i m v b i ton ng l c hc
c n g tr n h tr n n n g i n h n v l c q u n tn h c x c n h t i c c
(lim khi lng tp trung. Lc ny, bi ton ng lc hc cng trnh

(l c m t bi h c c p h n g tr n h v i p h n th n g . T u y n h i n , v i c
tp trung b a o nhiu khi lng, vic quy di khi lng ti tng im

v li n h g i a c c c h t i m nh th no m b o c h n h xc
ca kt qu phn tc h ng l c h c l vn ph th u c vo k in h
nghim v s hiu bit ca tng chuyn gia i vi tng loi cng

tr n h c th .
p (t)
/hv~ /A?
H n h 1 .1 .1 . D m n g i n v m h n h c c k h i l n g t p t r u n g t h a y t h
b. M hnh toa suy rng

M h n h n y c x y d n g d a trn m t t p v h n m c:
cc th a m s p h t h u c t h i g i a n . C s t o n h c c a v i c m h n h h a
n y l s tn t i k h a i tr i n tr n g c h u y n v c a h di d n g tn g
chui v h n cc hm tr c g ia o b i t th a m n c c i u
k i n b i n h n h h c
u(x,y,z,t) = Y^b,, {tY{x,y,z)

n=I
h o c = Y JB n cos(c + a ) 4 / ,i (x ,.y ,z ) (0 .1 )
n -I
= ( B : cos(cot) + B' sin(cof))y(x,y,z).

n-\
4 Nguyn Tin Khim. ng lc hc cng trnh
Khi d cc h s bjt) ng vi mi dng chuyn v cho trc
c xem l c c t a s u y r n g c a c n g tr n h . T u y n h i n v i c tn h
ton vi tp v hn tham s l khng th tin hnh dc. Nn ngi

ta phi ngt ui, gi li mt s' hu hn cc ta suy rng. Khi
li gii bi ton ch l gn ng. chnh xc ca phng php ta
su y r n g s t n g l n nu ta l y n h i u s h n g c a chui xp x i, t u y
n h i n k h i k h i l n g tn h to n c u n g t n g l n n g k.
c. M hnh p h n t hu han (PTHH)

Nhu cu chnh xc ha cc m hnh n gin nu trn trong vic
m h n h ha cng tr n h th c y cho s xut h i n m t phng
p h p m h n h h a m i, g i l p h n g p h p p h n t h u h n (P T H H ).
y l m t phng php c b n , h i n i v th n g dng nht h i n
nay dng m h n h ho v phn tc h tn h , n g l c h c c c c n g
trnh. tng ca phng php PTHH thc cht l da trn hai cch
m h n h h a n u tr n v n i d u n g c a n n h sa u : C h n m t t p h u
h n c c i m n t tr n c n g tr n h v i c c t a s u y r n g n h s n ri
tm cch tp trung khi lng vo cc im nt v biu din trng

c h u y n v c a c n g t r n h q u a c c t a s u y r n g n y m t c c h l p l
n h t cui c n g x y d n g c m t h ri rc m t b n g p h n g
t r n h v i p h n th n g v i cc to s u y r n g ; s a u k h i tm d c vc
t c h u y n v n t , c c c t r n g v t r n g t h i n g s u t , b i n d n g c a
c n g tr n h t i b t k i m n o trn cng tr n h u c th x c in h
(lc. Mc d phng php PTHH ang c s dng rt rng ri

t r o n g t h c t , n h n g y c n g c h l m t p h n g p h p g n tilin g , v a n
cn phi c pht trin c th p dng cho vic m t cc cng

tr n h p h c t p m t c c h c h n h x c hn.
Cc phng php c bn hin i c th p dng mt cch hu

h i u tr o n g n g l c h c c n g tr n h c tr n h b y tr o n g c h n g h a i
c a cu n sch n y.
0.3 Cc dng ti trng tc ng ln cng trnh
Trong qu trnh s dng, cc cng trnh chu nhiu loi ti

tr n g khc nhau. Ti trn g tn h l dng t i tr n g bn th n , trn g
lng ca vt th c sn trn cng trnh hoc ti trng c t ln

h m t c c h t t , m m tr o n g m t th i g ia n n g k g y ra g ia t c
Nhp mn ng lc hc cng trinh 5
n dng b c th b qua lc qun tnh. Ti trng ng l dng ti
trng ph thuc thi gian v gy nn gia tc khng th b qua. Trong
thc te, hu ht cc tc ng ln cng trinh l ti trng ng v mang
tnh ngu nhin (phc tp khng th bit trc dc). Tuy nhin cng
r nhng tc m c the m t bng cc hm tin nh nhu' ti trng
tun hon, ti trng xung tc thi hay ti trng dng bt k theo thi
gian gy ra gia tc bin dng ln. Ti trng tun hon l ti trng lp
li trong mt khong thi gian nht nh nh ti trng pht sinh khi
t m t c lch tm ln cng trnh, ti trng sng... S dng khai
trin chui Fourier, vic tnh ton cng trnh chu ti trng tun hon
bt k dn v vic tnh cng trnh chu ti trng iu ha n gin
dng sin, COS. Ti trng xung tc thi nh ti trng do n mn, ng
cc bng ba, do va p, ng t..., xy ra trong mt thi gian ngn
gy ra s thay i vn tc bin dng ti cc im vt cht ca cng
trnh. Cc dng ti trng trn y xem nh l xc nh c v
dng v v gi tr. Vic xt n tnh ngu nhin ca cc tham s* v
ig ti trng nm ngoi phm vi trnh by ca ti liu ny.
Mt s"bi ton ng lc hc c th, nghin c cng trnh di
tc ng ca mt s dng ti trng hay gp trong thc t c trnh
by trong Chng 3.
0.4 Cc nguyn l c bn ca ng lc hc cng trnh
Newton ara nh lut c bn thit lp phng trnh

chuyn ng ca h c hc, tuy nhin nh lut ny kh p dng cho
cc h phc tp, v d nh h chu rng buc. thun tin cho vic
thit lp phng trnh chuyn ng ca cc h c hc, nhng nguyn
l khc nhau, m thc cht l s m t khc ca nh lut c bn,
c nghin cu v pht-trin. Di y xin gii thiu mt s nguyn
l c bn ng dng trong dng lc hc cng trnh.
a. Nguyn l D'Alembert
Nguyn l ny xut pht t nh lut th hai ca Newton v
c pht biu nh sau
Tng vc t cc lc tc dng ln vt th, k c lc qun tnh,
bng khng.
Trong bi ton ng lc hc cng trnh, lc tc dng ln vt th
gm:
6 Nguyn Tin Khim. n lc hc cng trnh
Fj l l c q u n tn h b n g k h i l n g n h n v i g ia tc v l y du
tr ;
Fs lc n hi trong vt th chng li s bin dng ca cng

trnh thng c m hnh nh l l xo vi cng l xo bit;
Fd l lc cn trong vt th tiu hao mt phn nng lng, chuyn

thnh nhit... thng c m hnh nh cn nht t l vi vn tc
bin dng;
Fp l lc ngoi tc ng ln h.
Khi theo nguyn l DAlembert
F, + Fg + Fr) + Fp =0; F, =-m (0.2)

at
Thc cht, nguyn l ny a bi ton ng lc hc v mt
bi ton tnh hc nh khi nim lc qun tnh. Nguyn l ny ch p
dng khi tt c cc lc ngoi u c th tnh dc.
. Nguyn l cng kh d
Nguyn l DAlembert nu trn l bc du pht trin nh lut
Newton v ta thy rng thc cht phng trnh chuyn ng ca
ng lc hc cng l s cn bng cc lc. Nhng cc phng trnh vn
dng vct v ni chung kh p dng cho cc h chu rng buc. S
pht trin tip theo cc nguyn l ng lc hc l nguyn l cng kh
d. Nguyn l ny da trn khi nim dch chuyn kh d, tc l
nhng chuyn v c th, tho mn cc rng buc ca h, c pht
biu nh sau:
"Cng ca tt c cc lc tc ng ln vt th trn cc dch
chuyn kh d bng khng."
Trong bi ton ng lc hc cng trnh, nguyn l cng kh d c
tl a v dng
vi p l mt khi lng; l trng ng sut pht sinh trong vt

th; fy , f s l cc lc khi, lc mt v lc tp trung tc ng ln
Nhp mn ng lc hc cng trnh 7
h; yv ,s ,u f l Cir bin dng v chuyn v kh d tha mn cc
lin kt hnh hc bn trong vt th, tron b mt v ti cc im t
lc tp trung.
Thc chat y van l s cn bng ca cc lc, nhng dc xt
trong khng gian cc dch chuyn kh d. u im ni bt ca nguyn
l ny l ch php thit lp phng trinh chuyn ng ca cc h chu
rng buc v thay v phi tnh ton cc i lng vctd th y ch
cn tnh mt di lng v hng l cng ca cc lc.
c. Nguyn l bin phn
D nguyn l cng kh d c pht trin them mt bc so
vi nguyn l DAlembert, nhng n vn kh p dng cho cc h vi
khi lng phn b. i quyt kh khan ny, cc nguyn ] bin
phn c quan tm pht trin. T tng ci ngun ca chng,
theo chng ti, xut pht t nguyn l Dirichlet trong tnh hc: Ti
cc v tr cn bng n nh, th nng ca h t gi tr cc tiu. Cc
nguyn l bin phn cung dn n tm cc tiu ca mt phim hm
biu din cc dc trng c hc ca h. Chnh v th m phng trnh
thu dc cng l mt dng phng trnh cn bng. i din cho cc
nguyn l bin phn l nguyn l tc dng ti thiu ca Hamilton,
c xy dng da trn nhng tnh ton bin phn ca nng lng
trong mt khong thi gian [ti,t.>| bt k
t.
}[7(/)-V)* + jW()d/ = 0, (0.4)
t,
trong T l ng nng; V l hm th nng ca cc lc bo ton bao

gm th nng hin (lng v th nng ca cc lc ngoi bo ton; w l
cng ca cc lc khng bo ton nh lc cn, cc lc ngoi khng c
th; ton t bin phn.
Ap dng nguyn l ny cho mt h c ri rc ho, ta c

h phng trnh Lagrange
(0.5)
Q, - ~ i j = 1*2,...,
0,
trong q , , j l cc to suy rng ca h; T l ng nng; V
l th nng; Q. l lc suy rng tng ng vi to suy rng Cr
Phng trnh ny l c s d nghin cu dng lc hc ca nhiu h co'
hc khc nhau, trong c c h phn b' tc c cng trnh.
C ba nguyn l trn y du c gi tr tng ng nhau v
cng dn v mt h phng trnh chuyn ng, vic la chn cch xy
dng nh th no ty thuc dng bi ton v ngi kho st la chn.
9
Chng 1
N H N G K H I N I M c B N
C A N G L c H C C N G T R IN H
1.1 H mt bc t do
1.1.1 Khi nim bc t do
Bc t do ca mt h c hc l tp hp cc tham s c lp ti
thiu xc nh v tr v hnh dng bn thn h mt cch duy
nlat trong khng gian. Cc tham s ny dc gi l cc: bc t do hay
to suy rng ca h. S lng cc tham s"trong tp hp nu trn
gi l s bc t COca h. H c hc c th c mt, nhiu hay v s bc
t do. Trn hnh 1.1.1.a l dm khng khi lng mang vt nng m,
xc nh v tr ca vt nng ta cn bit vngy ti tit din t
vt nng, khi h dc xem l 1 bc t do. Tuy nhin, nu chuyn v
c trc ca dm xp xi chuyn v ngang ca tit din th cn 2 tham
s mi xc dnh v tr khi lng m, khi h c xem l c 2 bc t
do. Trn hnh 1.1.1.1) l h 2 thanh khng c khi lng mang mt vt
nng m nhng cn hai thng s mi xc nh dc v tr ca khi
lng rn trng thi bin dng, nh vy h c xem l c 2 bc t
do.
Ay
Hnh 1.1.1 Xc nh s bc t do: a) H 1 bc t do, b) H 2 bc t do
Trong C hc, ngi ta thng phn bit hai dng h theo s

lng bc t do. l cc h hu hn bc t do v h v s"bc t do.
Vic chn cc bc t do (hay to suy rng) ph thuc vo ch th
nghin cu ca i tng. S"bc t do ni chung l cc s t nhin,
tuy nhin cng c khi phi dng n c cc s"l nh 1+1/2 m t
s bc t do ca cc h phc tp, Nhng h hu hn bc t COng
10 Nguyn Tin Khim. ng lc hc cng trinh
vai tr c s nghin cu cc h v s bc t do v do cng thuc:
cc khi nim c bn ca ng lc hc cng trnh.
1.1.2 Khi nim v dao ng

Ta nghin cu chuyn ng ca mt con lc ton hc dn gin
nh trong Hnh 1.1.2. Cht im c khi lng m, tp trung u dy
khng trng lng d di L c c*nh u kia ti mt im A no
. V tr ca cht im trong mt phng c xc nh hng hai to
X v y . N h n g v m t u d y c" n h v k h o n g c c h t v t n v
tr A khng i bng L nn h s ch c mt bc t (lo, l gc* gia
on dy to vi phng thng ng, k hiu l (p.
Chn h to nh trong hnh v, ta c
X = L s i n <p, y = L ( 1 - COS ( p ) .
Khi ng nng v th nng ca vt bng:
T = mix2 + 2)= mL2(p: ,

2 v } 2 * 9 (1.1.1)
V = mgy = mgL( 1- cos<p).
Hnh 1.1.2. Dao ng ca con lc n gin
B qua nhng lc khc, phng trnh Lagrange ca h c dng

<p+(g/ L) sin (p= 0,
trong g l gia tc trng trng. y l mt phng trnh vi phn
bc hai phi tuyn, sau khi khai trin Taylor hm sin, c dng
Nhng khi nim c ban cua ng lc hc cng trnh 11
Nu ch xt thnh phn b c nht ta c phng trnh c ban
hiu din dao ng iu ho
+ 0><p= 0 . (1.1.2)
Phng Irnh ny cho ta nghim
cp = a s i n ( c o () + 0 ) (1.1.3)
biu din mt dao ng iu ho vi bin dao ng a, tn s' dao
ng co ( h a v c h u k d a o n g b n g T = 2 7/ co0 ) v p h a b a n u 0
(Hnh 1.1.3). Dao ng iu ho ny c th biu din dng phc
q>= Re A e ,
trong A gi l bin d phc ca dao ng: iu ho A = aie~i{) v
=\A\: 0 = -argA + . (1.1.4)
V vy thng thng ta s ng dng phc ca dao ng iu ho
X = A (1 .1 .5 )
Trong trng hp dao ng t do khng cn ca h mt bc t

do, bin v pha ban u c xc nh bng iu kin du
<p(0) = <p,},(f)(0) =<>0, tc
/ \
<p0O)(,
<p+^v> 0 = arctg
1 I (Po J
Hnh 1.1.3. Dao ng t d khng c cn
Khi k n lc cn nht t l vi vn tc, dao ng t do ca h

mt bc t do c cn c m t bng phng trnh
Z + 2 C f {)z + ( z = 0 . (1.1.7)
Nghim phng trnh biu din mt dao ng tt dn
z = a e i y t sin(( Jjt + 0 ) , (1.1.8)
(00 = co()/i-< ;-
vi l mt s ng v c gi l h s tt dn dao ng , c trng
cho lc cn nht, )) l tn s dao ng ca h c cn (Hnh 1.1.4).
Trong khun kh dao ng chng ta ch xt trng hp h s tt dn
nh hn 1 (0<^ < 1). Bin a v pha ban u ca h c cn c
xc nh bng iu kin u z{0) = 2 {,,z(0) =Z0Cdng
22+. (^<
+ CcD0 Z z 0( [)
a 0 = arctg
co) \ *0 /
Hnh 1.1.4. Dao ng t do c cn nh

K hiu z v z+/ l hai nh dng lin tip ca dao ng ti cc thi

im n- v (n + 1)- ; l h s suy gim (lao ng logarit
(0i) (!)1)
5 = ln ~ . Khi ta c th xc nh h s tt dn dao ng Cy t
2n
. +l
phng trnh
= 2ttC/i -C : =>s = /V ir - : . (1.1.10)
.1.3 Dao ng cng bc - cc c trng tn s
Xt h c hc c m t trong Hnh 1.1.5. Gi s nn b dch

chuyn vi gia tc (t) v chuyn dch tuyt i ca vt l z(t). Chn
gc ta tng ng vi im cn bng tnh ca l xo, khi ng
nng v th nng ca h bng
Nhng khi, nim c hn ca ng lc hc cng trinh 13
7 =i-mz2\ v =i-k (z~ y )2.
Lc su y r n g l l c c n b n g Q = - c ( i - V ). P h n g tr n h L agrange
c h o ta
mi + c(z - V) + k{z
z(t)
k <
\ li =JC y(t)
m m m m w M m m .
Hnh 1.1.5. Dao ng ca h mt bc t do c xt n nh
hng ca chuyn v nn.
a vo to suy rng X - z - y l chuyn v tng i ca vt th
so vi nn, ta c
phng trnh
m x + c X + kx = -m(t) . (1.1.13)
Nh vy, dao dng ca h 1 bc t do c nn b dch chuyn vi gia tc

v) l mt trng hp ring ca bi ton dao ng ca h 1 bc t do
chu ti trng bt k (Hnh 1.1.6) c biu din bng phng trnh
mx + c.i: + kx = Pit)
hay l
P(t)
X + 2^G)(J X + ( x =
m
trong (l
co,
lykm
vi lc tc dng P(t) - -mv(/).
Xt phng trnh dao ng (1.1.14). Gi s ti trng ngoi l

qu trnh dao ng iu ho P(t) = P0e<w vi bin phc p 0 v tn
s (. Khi , nghim y ca (1.1.15) c dng
X = x T(t) 4*X (0 = ae ^ sin(cDt 4- 0) 4- A

P0/m (1.1.17)
A = A((0) = 2 2 ^
cotl - 0) + 2 /C ( 0fJ 0
trong .tr(0 l nghim tng qut ph thuc vo iu kin du

.r(0) = Jto,i(0) = i0, l dao ng iu ha tt dn c gi l qu trnh
chuyn tip; X/>(t) l nghim ring khng ph thuc vo iu kin ban
u, l dao ng iu ha c tn s bng tn s lc kch ng (Ov
bin phc A{(o) l mt hm ca tn s kch ng v c gi l d a o
ng cng bc ca h.
i x(t)
Hnh 1.1.6. Dao dng ca h mt bc t do di tc dng ca lc cng bc

Bin / v pha u 0;>ca dao ng cng bc c dng
m
1.1 P ft/ m ^ 2Ccofta>
ar = \A\ = - = = === = s t 0/t sarctan , (1.1.18)
( - c o 2 ) 2 + 4 C 2 ( ( 2 < - CO'
ln lt c gi l c trng bin - tn s v c trng pha hay

cc c trng ph ca h cho.
Hm phc
K ( co ) = = k - m ay + C(
A ( 1 . 1 . 1 9 )
c gi l cng ng (Dynamic Stiffness) ca h mt bc t do.

Hm ny l t s"gia bin phc ca lc tc dng v bin cl phc:
ca dch chuyn ( ngha d cng) v ph thuc vo tn s lc kch
dng ( ngha ng lc hc). D dng nhn thy /C(0) = k , c trn
cho cng tnh.
Hm phc
Nhng khi nim c bn ca ng lc hc cng trinh 15
//((.>) = (1.1.20)
K(t>) k m o) -f icxo
u'c gi l mm ng hay hm phn ng tn s
Tr khng c hc (Mechanical Impedance) ca h l di lng
(lc xc nh bng t s gia bin phc ca lc tc dng vi bin
<i phc ca vn tc v c dng
/ ((!)) = = (k - mor + ict)/ < .

0)A
Hm phc
i
M( co) = - = ----------T------- (1.1.22)
/(co) k - mco + icc
(lc gi l dn c hc (Mechanical Mobility) ca h mt bc t do.
l mt hm phc c phn thc v phn o nh sau
cco )(k - m a r)
(k - (0 1 )1 )' + (c))1 (k - )2m)2 + (cco):
D dng nhn thy di vi cc hm trn ta c hng ng thc
r 1 I
Rc))----- I + [lm(r>)] (1.1.23)
2c J 2c
vi mi (0 . Trn mt phng phc trc honh l phn thc v trc
tung l phn o CUM hm dn c hc th dn c hc dc biu
din bng mt ung trn bn knh bng 1/2c vi tm ti im c ta
it (1 /2c, 0), xem Hnh 1.1.7.
Hnh 1.1.7. Biu Nyquist ca hm d dn c hc M{>)

16 Nguyen Tin Khim. ng lc hc cng trinh
ng trn ny i qua gc to (ng vi co = 0), ct trc honh t.ii
im ng vi co = co = Jk / m (tn s ring), khi cl phn thc hi>v
chnh gi tr ca dn cd hc hng 1lc. ng trn ny c gi li
chu trnh Nyquist ca dn c hc. R rng l c tnh nu trn cliiO)
php ta tm c tn s ring v h s cn ca h nu bit ng trcni
Nyquist ca dn c hc. Ch cn tm giao im ca ng trn vrii
trc honh, khi gi tr ca tn s"tng ng vi giao im bng tm
s ring, cn h s cn l nghch o ca honh giao im.
Tng t ta c th xy dng chu trnh Nvquist ca hm d mnni
ng hay phn ng tn sH(a) nu trn.
1.1.4 Hm p h n ng xung
Ti trng xung thng c c trng bi lc c gi tr ln xiy
ra trong mt khong thi gian ngn.
Ta c th biu din xung P(t) dng
0
Pit) T - C < / < T + g (1.1.2^4)
2e
0 t > X+ c
nh trn Hnh 1.1.8 vi z > 0 l mt s nh.
P I2z -
Hnh 1.1.8. Ti trng xung

Xng lng ca ti trng p(t) l
rc JA
I p (e)= p ( t ) d t = p( t ) dt = 2e = p
tc
Nh vy, hm P(t) ch khc khng trong ln cn [x - ET+ z] v c tnlh
cht p(tit = p . Khi E

> 0 th hm P(t) c gi l hm Delta
Nhng khi nim C( bn ca nglc hc cng trinh 17
Dirac vi cng / - p . Trng hp xung c cng bng 1 k

hiu l ) vi tinh cht
0(0 - l " 1 ; / <; = \(t)dt = 1. (1.1.25)

[o * ( ) J
Xt h 1 bc t do thi im ban u ng yn
.v(0) - 0; i(0) = D chu ti trng xung P). khi phng trnh chuyn
dng ca h l
m x + c X + k x = P( t ) -
Bin i Laplace hai v phng trnh cui ta c
(ms2 + cs + k)X(s) - P ,
t (t suy ra
A
P
X(s) = 2 - .
ms + cs +
Bin i Laplace ngc ng thc cui ta s c
x(t) = Ph(t), (1.1.26)

trong cl hm s h)
(1.1.27)
TO(Ofl [ 0 /.<0
l chuyn v ca h di tc ng ca hm xung Delta Dirac 5(0-

lm s"h(t) c gi l hm phn ng xung ca h. D dng nhn
thy tc ng ca ti trng xung (t) i vi h 1 bc t do tng t
vi vic p dng iu kin u .v(0) = 0; v(0) = 1/ m .
Bin i Fourier hai v phng trnh (1.1.27) ta c
H t)= h(t)e-'"'dt= -------- i ---------------------------------- .(1.1.28)

jX m(ii)) + c(io>) + k
So snh vi cng thc (1.1.20) ta thy ngay bin i Fourier ca hm
phn ng xung chnh l hm phn ng tn s. Thc hin php bin
(li ngc Fourier i vi hm phn ng tn s (1.1.20), ta thu c
-- H(M)e'"dw =-L (-------- L-------e^jhty =J^.eJrlsjiUCw.,,0 = hit).

2n j 2n Jk - mx0 4- ic0) j I
n%i[) > _ - I
I
1 i t . i t I, c i J ( I
S(V L C / / i 0 4 ' ~ f ~
Nh vy, hm phn ng tn s"v hm phn ng xung l mt
cp bin i Fourier thun nghch.
1.1.5 Tch p h n Duhamel

Xt h mt bc t do ti thi im ban u ng yn
.r(0) = 0; i(0) = 0 chu ti trng P(t) bt k vi phng trnh dao dng
c dng (1.1.14). Theo l thuyt phng trnh phi phn thng tuyn
tnh ta c nghim tha mn iu kin u nu trn l
x(t) = p()h(t - x)dx = p(t - x)hz)dx =

0 0

= - [p{t - sin((Dx) dx\ t > 0.
m(0/; <
> (1.1.29)
Tch phn (1.1.29) c gi l tch phn Duhamel hay tch phn tin
ha.
Nu ti thi im ban u h khng dng yn, tc l
x ( 0 ) = .r0 ; i ( 0 ) = VQ, khi n g h i m y ca (1 .1 .1 4 ) bao gm
nghim ring l tch phn Duhamel (1.1.30) v nghim tng qut c

dng (1.1.8) vi hai hng s' tch phn c xc nl t cc iu kin
ban u
x(t) = c o s (c d p t ) + s i n ( ( t ) / ; / ) -
1
I) J (1.1.30)
... V
+ P(x)e-^-x) sinco,; (,t - x)l dv, t > 0.

m(D0
Trong biu thc tng qut (1.1.30) thnh phn u l nghim dao
dng ring biu din qu trnh chuyn tip v n s tt dn theo thi
gian. Thnh phn sau l kt qu ca s tc ng ca ti trng, gi l
dao ng cng bc, cng vi thi gian thnh phn ny s tin n
trng thi bnh n
x(t) = - \P{t - )e<i,Xsin(c0j)T)x; t > 0

m<>0 . (1 .1 .3 1 )
Gi s P( co) l bin i Fourier ca ti trng P(t) v X(co) l

bin i Fourier ca phn ng x(t), p dng nh ] tch chp ca
php bin di Fourier ta c c phng trnh
Nhng khi nim c ban ca ng lc hc cn trinh 19
"Pi 1
X(i)= I )e J"(dt= [. P(T)h(t - z)dx e ' J<,dt =
i i
p(x)/i(/ - t)< '"(ltdI = >(T)h)c-J""'l dtdt'= H(t)P(f),

- - t /I
(1.1.32)
trong H{i()l hm phn ng ln s ca h. Ch n quan h
gia lm phn ng tn s vi d cng ng ta cng c mi lin h
P ( c o ) = K(<)XU). (1.1.33)
1.1.6 H s (tng lc v ta ph p hn ng
Trong thc t, cng trnh l mt h c hc chu nhiu loi ti
trng, tc ng khc nhau nh ti trng tun hon, xung, va chm,
dng cat,... nh gi c kh nng chu lc ca cng trinh i vi
cc tc ng ny, ta cn phi nh gi c phn ng ca cng trinh
(chuyn v, vn tc, gia tc. hay mt ch tiu no khc). Chi tiu dn
gin v thun tin nht l gi tr cc di ca chuyn v di tc ng
ca ti trng. th th hin mi lin h gia gi tr chuyn v cc
i ca cng trnh di tc ng ca mt ti trng no d v tn s
ring ca h c gi l ta ph phn ng. Mt c trng khc rt
thng dng l h s ng lc, c nh ngha bng t s gia chuyn
v ng ln nht theo thi gian v chuyn v tnh ca h. Cc c
trng trn c th tnh c da trn c s tch phn Duhamel (1.1.29),
v d chuyn v ln nht ca h c hc o tc dng ca ti trng bt
k bng
I
max x(t)\ max p()h(t - x)d
0
max j,P(T)e~;i,u" sin I-C,2(t - T) CT t >0.

m(
(1.1.34)
Sau dy ta xt mt s trng hp quan trng hay gp.
a. Hin tng cng hng (Ti trng tun hon P(t) = Puettt).
K hiu = (1.1.35)

l chuyn v tinh ca h (1.1.14) khi chn lc tnh c gi tr bng bin
P0 dt ln h. Khi bin chuyn v cng bc c dng (1.1.18).
T s gia bin chuyn v cng bc p vi chuyn v tnh r bang
8'f p0 f(0 -w : !- + 4,
.r 2(0
2<x>2
k
1
11- (co/co,. 2 +4((U)a

chnh l biu thc gii tch ca h s"ng lc. Gi tr h s"ng lc
kd cng ln th hiu ng ng lc tc ng ln cng trnh cng ln.
Nu tn s" ti trng ngoi co gn vi tn s" ring 0 th xy ra hin
tng cng hng. Khi cng hng, h s n g lc k( - s ln v
cng nu h s"cn nh * 0. Vic khng xy ra hoc gim ti a

nh hng ca cng hng i vi cng trnh l mt trng nhng
nhim v chnh ca ng lc hc cng trnh.
th h s" ng lc ktl xc nh t (1.1.36) v gc pha 0p xc
nh t (1.1.18) theo t s"gia tn s"dao ng cng bc co v tn s'
ring ca h G >0 vi cc gi tr h scn khc nhau th hin trn
Hnh 1.1.9
Hnh 1.1.9. th h s' ng lc kd v gc pha

theo t s tn s'C/t0 vi cc h s cn Q=0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.5
b. Ta ph phn ng khi va chm
Xt trng hp lc cng bc c dng nh trong hnh 1.1.10.
Theo cng thc (1.1.29) ta c
Nhng khi nim c bn ca ng lc hc cng trinh 2]
p ,
0 X)sin(0^(/ _ x)] rfl
m 0)
(1.1.37)
-Co>, >
1- =-COs[cOD(-<0)-(|)]
V*1 ?
vi () = arctg
Hnh 1.1.10.
Khi b qua lc cn trong h ( = 0)
.r() = [l - cosco0tf] (1.1.38)
k
v chuyn v ln nht l
Xmnx ~ 2 -~ - 2r ; r - (1.1.39)
/?
vi 7 l chuyn v tnh ca h. T , ta thu c h s' ng lc ca
h khng cn l kj=2.
c. Ta ph phn ng vi ti trng xung hnh na sin {Hnh 1.1.11)
Hnh 1.1.11
Gi thit, h khng c cn (C= 0) v ng yn ti thi dim bian
du x(0) = 0;
(0) = 0, khi nghim phng trnh (1.1.14) c dng
>r Tit
sin
T . 2nt
sin 0<t <
( rp \ tL) 210
J
\ **0
x) = (1.1.40)
t T t 2nt
sin 2 rc * sin t >L
T
2 1-
\
vi T=2n/()o l chu k dao ng v T = PyJ k l chuyn v tnh ca h.
T ta thu c th ta ph phn ng ca h nh trn hnh
1.1.12.
Hnh 1.1.12
cl. Vic xc nh h s dng lc i vi mt s bi ton ng lc phc

tp hn nh bi ton dao ng ca dm cu di tc dng ca ti
trng di ng, bi ton dao ng cng trnh c xt n ti trng ng
t s c trnh by chi tit hn chng 3 ca ti liu ny.
1.2 H
nhiu bc
t t
do
1,2.1 Cc c trng ng lc hc
Xt h c hc c hu hn bc t do xc nh bi vct to suy
rng = {/,...,iV}7 . Khi , ng nng v th nng ca h c dng
T = -J rM = -2 Y m i 1
l:V
J = -JU r KU = - Y kuU,Ur
V ' J (1.2.1)
Nhng kha I nim c bn ca dng lc hc cn * trinh 23
trong My K l cc ma trn i xng X e nh dng, c gi ln
lt l ma trn khi lng v ma trn cng ca h. Vi ng nAng
v th nng ny, h c xt trong khun kh cc quy lut tuyn unh
ca c hc.
Cc lc tc dng ln h gm c hai loi:
Lc cn c dng Qr = c u m trong tnh ton dng lc hc cng

trnh ni chung ch xt trng hp cn Rrtly. khi
c = uA/ + p/v (1.2.2)
vi cc hng s a. p dc xc nh t thc nghim. Khi ma trn h
s cn c l i xng v xc nh dng.
Lc ngoi Qn = P(t) = {p,(0....PN()}r .
Khi d phng trnh Lagrange ca h c dng
MU ) + C ) + T) = p(t ) . (1.2.3)
Bi ton dao ng ring c m t bng phng trnh
M + /C = 0.
Nghim ca phng trnh ny c dng

= d*1*
vi co, o dc gi l tn s" ring v dng dao ng ring ca h. Cc
tn s ring c xc inh t h phng trnh i s
det[Ar - 0yM] = 0 (1.2.4)
v cc dng dao dng ring chun ha c xc nh t phng trnh
[K - = 0; ||{d>j| = 1. (1.2.5)
C rt nhiu thut ton v chng trnh gii bi ton tr

ring nu trn, chng ta khng dng li vic gii bi ton ny m i
vo trnh by mt s tnh cht ca cc tn s v dng dao ng ring.
Trc ht trong i s tuyn tnh, ngi ta chng minh c
rng bi ton tr ring vi cc ma trn cng v khi lng l cc
ma trn i xng, xc nh dng c N tn s"ring {co, V} l cc
nghim dng v cc vc t dng ring 0, tng ng vi tn s ring
(Oj tho mn iu kin trc giao c dng
Or MO, = nij 1 = o !'K(> = \ k j ' l " J .(1.2.6)

J [0, i* j 1 [0, i * j
Tht vy, t phng trnh (1.2.5), ta c
( K - < j2M )< t>j = 0; ( K - i o M ) O k = 0.
Nhn v tri hai phng trnh cui vi vc t o ln lt, ta s

c
d)K()j -0)}O[McD; =0;
<pjK<>k - (d*]M<>k = 0 .
V tnh di xng ca cc ma trn Kf M nn

<>lK&j =&7
jK<t>k,
<X>T
k MlM<t>J = 0.
Nu j k,ij * co*, ta s nhn c (1.2.6).
Cc tham s rnj}k j , j = 1,2,..., JV c gi l khi lng v cng quy

i. Ngoi ra, cc dng dao ng ring lun cha mt hng s"bt k,
xc nh hng s ny ngi ta a vo cc tiu chun gi l php
chun ho dng ring, v d cc hng s"c ly bng 1/ ^rrij , khi
dng ring chun ho tho mn
jM', = 1, V/.
Vi cc tham s"khi lng v cng quy i ny, tn s"ring dc

tnh mt cch d dng
co, = yj kj i m ] , j = 1,2..... N .
Trong trng hp cn Rayleigh, ta c thm cc h s cn quy i

tng ng
C j = <&T
j C ( ) j = o [ a M + p if ] c p J = am J + .
Do h s cn kt cu tng ng vi dng dao dng ring th j

bng
C,J =0.5 Cjlm.j =0.5(a + pcoj2).
Nh vy, i vi h hu hn bc t do nu trn, ta c c tp hp cc
tn s"ring, cc dng dao ng ring v cc h s cn kt cu tng
ng, to thnh t hp cc c trng ng lc hc ca h cho, vit
di dng ba m trn nh sau
Q = iag(i)f l
^ = fcO')l*=P (1-2.7)
D = d i a g j c ....... ; v .
n (ly ta c th chng minh c mt mnh :

Mnh 1.2.1. H c hc hu hn bc t do tuyn tnh hon ton
dc xc nh nu bit tt c cc c trng ng lc hc ca n.
Tht vy, nh ban u nu, h hu hn bc t do tuyn tnh
c xc nh bi ba ma trn M, K, c. V vy, nu bit cc c trng
ng lc hc ca h (1.2.6), ta c th tnh c cc ma trn khi
lng, cng hay h s"cn nh sau:
M = (7' )' () !;
K =(0 ^ Q r1; (1.2.8)
c =2 (>r y'D (y'.
V l do ny nn cc c trng ng lc hc ca h cn c gi l m
hnh dao ng ca h. V m hnh ban u gm cc ma trn khi
lng, cng v h s" cn clc gi l m hnh khng gian ca h
hu hn bc t do.
1.2.2 Cc c trng ph
By gi ta xt h cho (1.2.3) vi lc ngoi tc dng c dng
p = Peiit
tc mt lc iu ho vi tn s ) v bin phc P . Khi dp ng

ca h cng c th tm di dng
u = emt
v bin phc ca p ng s dc tm t phng trnh
(-0) 2Ml<C + K ) = p .
Ma trn phc
k ( co) = (-<0 2M + i(C +K) (1.2.9)

c gi l ma trn cng ng ca h cho. Ma trn cng
ng ph thuc vo tn s lc kch ng co v cng m t quan h
gia lc kch ng v chuyn v tng t nh trong trng hp tnh.
Hin nhin, ti tn s bng khng th
-(O) = K ,
tc l tr thnh ma trn cng tnh ban u.
Ma trn
H(() = k '(()
c: g i l m a t r n m m n g h a y c n g i l m a t r n h m tr u y n , vi
= HP (1.2.10)
m t s truyn tc dng ca lc ngoi n cc bc t do to thnh
chuyn v ca h. Thc cht, hm truyn gia hai im ca cng trnh
l chuyn v ti mt im khi c lc n v tc dng im kia. R
rng l ma trn cng ng hay ma trn hm truyn cng u m
t mt cch y h cho. Do d ngi ta gi ma trn hm truyn
l m hnh tn s hay m hnh ng lc hc ca h. Trong mt s ti
liu, cc ma trn nu trn cn c gi l c trng bin tn s
(ph) ca h cho.
minh chng cho vic cc ma trn cng ng hay mm
ng c th m t y h cho, ta xt h (1.2.3) trn quan im
phng php khai trin theo dng ring sau y.
1.2.3 Khai trin theo dng ring

G i s (co,..... (N v o = {O c( ); i , j = 1,2,..., N ) l cc t n s'
ring v dng dao ng ring tng ng ca h cho (1.2.3). Biu
din nghim ca phng trnh (1.2.3) dng
U ( t ) = < t>q(t)
hay
iV
U J (t) = r U ) q r ) , j = l,2,..,JV ( 1 .2 .1 1 )
r=1
v thay vo phng trnh (1.2.3). Tin hiih nhn v hng hai v
phng trnh t pha phi vi vc t 7 v s dng tnh trc giao ca cc
dng dao ng ring (1.2.6), ta c n phng trnh vi phn tch bit
m Jqj (t) +cJqJ(t) +kJqJ(t) = fj(t)\ j = 1,2.....N, (1.2.12)
trong
f J(t) = <t>J(s)Pa(ty, 7 = 1,2.....N .
=1
Nhng khi nim c hn ca ng lc hc cng trinh 27
n dy ta thy r V ngha vt l ca cc tham s khi lng' t cng
v h s cn quy di. (hng dng vai tr khi lng, cng v h s
can ca cc h mt bc t do quy di. iu ny dng thi cng nu bt
bn cht ca phng php khai trin theo cc dng dao ng ring l
da h nhiu bc t (lo v h mt bc t do m chng ta d nghin
cu k phn trn.
R rng, nu lc ngoi tc dng l diu ho c dng
trong
(1.2.13)
trong
H (<) = [ k j - n i j t i ) 2 + iC j< o ] " 1 (1.2.14)
Lc ny ta c th nhn dc biu thc ca dp ng chung ca h

dng
N N Ar
>, = = & ,.( j ) f r(co)r(s)p, =
(1.2.15)
N N
= ps.
l I r I
Trong trng hp Ps - 0 ,Vs * r , ta c

N
J = p . / / r(ci)<D,( )Or(s),Vr, 7 = 1,2,... ,N. (1.2.16)
28 Nguyn Tin Khim. ng lc hoc cng trnh
Ch n biu thc ca ma trn mm ng lc hc nu trn, ta
thy
r(o>) = p =
Biu thc cui cho ta quan h gia ma trn truyn hay ma trn
mm ng lc hc vi cc c trng ng lc hc nh sau
H(co) = K ' (co) = [// ,,()] = H, (w)Drun>, (s)

_r-1
hay l
I
= X
r-
r1 I kr - mr( + icr(
(1.2.17)
Mi quan h mt thit ny cho php ta pht biu mt mnh :

Mnh 1.2.2. Mt h hu hn bc t do tuyn tnh c th c xc
nh hon ton bng mt trong ba m hnh: m hnh khng gian, m
hnh dao ng v m hnh ng lc hc.
T biu din (1.2.11), ta c
0 rMU(t) o tM( )
(1.2.18)
<DrA
i
/<J)i /(/)= <bTM
I

Nghin) ca cc phng trnh tch ri (1 .2 . 1 2 ) c dng (1.1.31)
/AX , <7y(0) + qp (OK 0)

q (0 )coso>/; t +--------------------------------- ^sin(0 7) t
<Dj
(1.2.19)
- Pj(x)e~l' a"lU"t) sin[(0 (t - x)]ct; t >0 ,
trong cc iu kin u q J (0); q J (0) c dng (1.2.18) ti thi im

t=0 .
Xt h chu ti trng P(t) c thnh phn th j l hm xung Delta -
Dirac Pj(t)=(t), cn cc thnh phn khc u bng 0 . K hiu ht) l
chuyn v ca bc t do th k do ti trng xung n v (t) t ti bc
t do th j gy ra. Hm hkj(t) c gi l hm phn ng xung ca h
nhiu bc t do. Gi thit iu kin u ( 0 ) = 0 ; ( 0 ) = 0 v ti
trng thnh phn Pj(t) c dng bt k, khi chuyn v ti bc t COk
c dng tch phn Duhamel (1.1.29)
Nhng khi nim c bn ca ng l c hc cng trinh 29
Uhj(t) = Pj {x)hkj(t - x)dx = [p;( / - ^> 0 . (1 .2 .2 0 )

0 n
V h(t-r) = 0 vi t<T nn thc hin bin i Fourier hai v ca
( 1 .2 .2 0 ), ta c
Ukj (co) = 1 Pj (x)hltj (t - T)dx '\e~"dt = jp, (0)tix-ItotT+O

)c/0
= p, ( x ) e d h kj ()e-iadQ = Hkj (f)Pj (co).

i
(1.2.21)
Nh vy, vi h nhiu bc t do, ma trn hm phn ng xung
\hh<(/)] v ma trn hm truyn [//*,((0)1 l cc bin i Fourier ca
nhau
H kj (co) = h kj )e'Mdf, hkJ(t) = J - y*dw , (1.2.22)

ro
tng t nh h mt bc t do (cc cng thc (1.2.32) v(1.2.33)).
Chuyn v ti bc t do th k i vi vc t ti trng P(t) c dng bt
k la
AM
u k (t) = X J P j W k j t t - *)dr, k = 1,2,...,N ; t > 0. (1 .2 .2 3 )
7=1 0
Kt hp (1.2.21) vi (1.2.23), ta c
Mfo) = (co), (1.2.24)

>=
t ta thu li c biu thc (1 .2 .1 0 ) v
1 JV *
= f/A,()P,(co)ew'dc0. (1.2.25)
271 j-i -
i.2.4 V d
Xt dao ng ca dm khng trng lng, trn dm c 3 khi

lng tp trung m J , m 9, m: (Hnh 1 .2 .1 ). Cc lc tc ng ln h gm
Lc qun tnh - m kk(t) v lc cn Rk(t) t ti cc khi lng.
Cc lc ngoi P(t), q(t) v M(t).

q(t)
111 m. m3 M(t)

UoiI L - - /377
I
142 L
Hnh 1.2.1.
Theo nguyn l D'Alembert, ta vit c phng trnh chuyn ng
uk(t) = 6*1 [- m,ii,(t) - -R|()] + *2[- m ,u:(t) - f?;)]
(1 .2 .2 6 )
+ i j [ - m , . ( t ) - R . ( t ) ] + A k r (t),
trong
>k, l chuyn v ca khi lng mk do lc dn v t theo phng
ca chuyn v u, (chuyn v ti khi lng m.j) gy ra trong h.
Akp(t) l chuyn v ca khi lng mk do cc ti trng P(t), q),
M(t) gy ra vi gi thit mk = 0 (coi nh bi ton tnh).
Gi tr cc h s >jk v Akp c xc nh theo cng thc lnh
chuyn v ca Marxell - Morh. T ta c
Akl,{t)= Jt() + ,tl[/nll()+ i?,)]
(1 .2 .2 7 )
+^[m : :) + Rz)] +k[m ji ,(t) + /?,(/)}
Xt trng hp h dao ng t do khng cn, khi dao ng ca cc
khi lng c dng uk(t) = 0 *e,C, t ta thu c phng trnh
m | n - I/O )2 m:12 m^S,3 *1

m,2l m 2 22 1 / co2 m 3S 23 o2 = 0. (1 .2 .2 8 )
m , s 3l l232 "*'3^33- 1/(02 cl>~
K hiu cc ma trn
m, 0 0 ll I2 5,3
M= 0 /71, 0 5 ai 5 jj 5
0 0 j. su
(1.2.29)
~kK\1 K
ki: *13
= *21 ^2. ki) *
k,, _
Nh fnf* khi nim c ban cua ng lc hc cng trnh 31
khi vic xc nh cc tn s v dng ring ca h (1.2.28) a v
dng (1.1.4) v ( .1.5). Gi thit d m gi ta t do hai u vi
m j=ni.j=i7i:i=pA/4 trong p l mt khi lng, A l din tch tit
din ngang v cc khi lng c t cch u nhau
L=L,=L=L 1 - L /4. khi d ta xc nh c
'9 11 7' 1 0 o'

["] 11 16 1 1 ; [M] = i ^ 0 1 0
7687 4
11 9 0 0 1
Ma trn cng \K\ c dng

23 _ 2~> 9
_ 2~> 32 _ 22
9 23
A ~7s7 X
I---
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
' Ta * L/4 L/4 L/4
A X
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
Hinh 1 .2 .2 . Cc dng dao ng ring ca h 3 bc t do

T ta thu c cc tn s ring
9.8666 \E_ 39.1918 83.2128 \E
(0, =
p L \pA c'h V pA
v cc dng ring tng ng
1.3 Truyn sng n hi trong thanh
Bat u t y chng ta s nghin cu cc h v s bc L do
hay cn gi l h lin tc. H lin tc n gin nht l kt cu dng
thanh - mt vt th n hi c mt kch thc ln hn nhiu hai kch
thc cn li. c im c bn nht ca thanh l ch lm vic trong
trng thi ko nn dc theo chiu di ca thanh v do chuyn v v
bin dng cng ch xt theo mt trc dc theo chiu i thanh. Hn
th na, trong qu trnh bin dng mt ct ngang lun phng v ch
b chuyn dch dc theo trc. V l o ny ngi ta gi y l bi ton
dao ng dc trc ca thanh. Chng ta gi mc ny l truyn sng
n hi trong thanh bi v bn cht ca dao ng dc trc ca thanh
chnh l s truyn sng n hi dc theo thanh.
1 .3 .1 P h n g t r n h c h u y n n g
e n în chng ta xt mt thanh thng c tit din u vi

cc c trng hnh hc v vt liu sau y: E mun n hi; F din
tch tit din ngang; p mt khi; L - chiu di. K hiu u(x,t) l
c h u y n v c a m t c t ti X. C h n h to l m t tr c t r n g vi tr c
ca thanh bt u t u tri nh trn Hnh 1.3.1.
u(xft)
p(x,t)
X
x'= 0 JC=L
N - N+ dx
x
f' - Q
fi
Hnh 1.3.1.
Cc lc tc dng ln phn t phn t thanh dx ti mt ct X gm:
%
Lc qun tnh fj = pFdx (x,t)
N
Cc lc ko hai u phn t N yN + ~dx
CX
Lc cn ngoi f c = c(xf t)dx
*Ti trng phn b dc theo thanh Q = p(x9t)dx
-
Hng tc dng ca cc lc ny c xc nh trong Hnh 1.3.1. S

dng nguyn l DAlembert ta c th thit lp c phng trnh
Nhng khi nim c ban ca ntf lc hc cng trnh 33
pf r 2tidu4 c-f-
cN - ~
p(Xyt)
(t <i CX
Theo dnl lut Hook N - Fo - FEr. = EF . nn phng trnh cui

rIV
c dng
pFJi + c- - E' =p(x.t). (1.3.1)

( ri ex V (X
0
y l phng trnh chuyn dng dc trc tng qut ca thanh,
khi gii cn n cc iu kin bin v iu kin du.
1,3.2 Dao dng ring - Nghim sng n hi

Xt bi ton dao ng t do, khi lc ngoi v lc cn bng
khng
pF I EF 1= 0
(t * ex V rc )
hay, trong trng hp cc tham s"hnh hc, vt liu l cc hng s' ta

c
d2u 2 (Vu ~
r - a T = 0; a - . (1.3.2)
ft* fV Vp
y l phng trnh sng mt chiu vi vn tc truyn sng bng a
ph thuc vo mi trng vt liu, khng ph thuc vo hnh hc ca
kt cu. D dng nhn thy phng trnh cui cho nghim tng qut
sau y
u(xt) =f ( x - a t ) +g(x +at ) , (1.3.3)
trong d f, g l cc hm s bt k, kh vi hai ln trn trc s, xc nh

t iu kin u v iu kin bin. Xt thnh phn th nht, hin
n h i n l h n h d n g ca h m f(x) tr o n g m t o n (Xy x) n o (tc
xc nh. Gi s c on thng ny c di chuyn dc theo trc X vi
vn tc u l a. Khi v tr X* lc u /=0, sau khong thi gian t s .
chim v tr x**= X + at v tnh thnh phn th nht trong nghim
(1.3.3) ta c
f ( x " - at) = fix ' +at -at) = f i x 9).
iu ny chng t dng diu ca hm f(x) khng thay i m c di
chuyn tnh tin theo chiu (lng ca trc X vi vn tc bng vn tc
truyn sng trong thanh a. y thc s l s lan truyn dng sng
dc theo trc thanh. Vi l lun tng t, ta thy thnh phn th hai
m t s truyn sng theo chiu ngc li. Nh vy, ni chung, ti
mt v tr bt k trong thanh b kch ng lun tn ti hai sng
c lan truyn theo hai hng ngc nhau.
Ta xt s truyn sng trong thanh chiu di L vi mt du
ngm cng (w(0 ,))=0 ) v mt du t do ( (x = L) = 0 ).
CX
Bng phng php tch bin, biu din

u = T(t)a>(x)
phng trinh (1.3.2) c da v hai phng trnh
T(t) +<2T) = 0 ;
&*(x) +(co/ a)2o = 0.
Vi cc diu kin bin trn, chng ta tm dc
Tta. .
(0 = 0)n = ~ ( 1/2);
L
(1.3.4)
(D(x) = o,, (x) = c sin ,n = 1 ,2 ,
v cui cng ta c
to
u(x,t) = a J c COS
o s ( x - a t ) - Q n - cos (x + aO + 0
l a - .]
(1.3.5)
Cc hng s" A,0xc nh l iu kin u. Biu thc cui th
hin s truyn sng chuyn v hnh cosin trong thanh theo hai hng
ngc nhau.
Tng t ta c th tm c biu thc ca sng ng sut
=E
(x,0 =
x
Z EAn(0 . () , ^ 1 |co#f .
---- ----<sin -(JC- a/) - 0 #1 -sin;(jc +at) +Q
a [ La J [ a
(1.3.6)
1.3.3 Truyn sng cng bc trong thanh
Trong phn ny chng ta nghin cu mt bi ton c th v s
truyn sng trong mt ct cho trong Hnh 1.3.2.
Hnh 1.3.2
Xt mt thanh chiu di L, c mun n hi E, tit din F, mt
khi p. Gi thit cc tham s nu trn khng di v ti du X = 0 c
mt lc xng tc dng dc trc thanh. t c m t bng h s nn
xung quanh thn cc l K t , ti mi cc K 0. Gi thit lc cn nht
xung quanh thn cc l ch yu v c h s bng x (b qua lc cn
nht mi cc). Khi phng trnh truyn sng n hi trong thanh
c dng
pF p2, -{ X/ 1 + x + K xii(x,t) - E F !ail = p)(x) (1.3.7)

dt- tV x2
cng vi iu kin bin l
EF iQ ll = 0 ;
dx (1.3.8)
n p u(jyt') 77- / . \
EF T - = K 0u ( L 9l).
x
Trc ht ta xt bi ton dao ng ring, tc l khi p = 0. Khi tm
nghim phng trnh thun nht (khng c v phi) dng
u(x,t) - (x)exp[(-/ + cd) h =

2p F,
ta s nhn c phng trnh
'(x) + .:<>(.x) = 0 , (1.3.9)
, /CO2 + A2 J J E
v iu kin bin
(>'(0) = 0; ,a ) - * o ( L ) = 0;
(1.3.10)
= =r.
0 EF
Gii phng trnh (1.3.9),(1.3.10) ta c nghim
<M*) = cosXx;
A. = 2.
2nL +sin2knL
trong d .,,A,,... l nghim ca phng trnh i s
tan XL = ka
hay phng trnh rt gn
ptan[ = 2 (1.3.12)
vi p = XL, z = kt]L .
Phng trnh (1.3.12) c th gii bng s vi mi z cho trc, khi d

kt qu cho php ta xc nh c cc tn s ring
0)n(z) = yja2[kt + .n(z)] h ' , n - 1,2,3..... (1.3.13)
Xt nghim phng trnh (1.3.12) ph thuc vo bin z ( cng t

mi cc), ta thy, khi 2 =0 ,
p(0) = nu hay = n = 1,2,3,...

A>
v tng t ta c
M 00) = (n - 0 .5 ) 7: hay X = , n = 1,2,3,...

L
tc l tn s' ca h cc nn thc t b gii hn bi tn s ring trong
hai trng hp ti hn ny.
th biu din s ph thuc ca p vo z (Hnh 1.3.3.) cho thy tn s
ch nhy cm vi cng mi cc khi gi tr ca cng mi nh.
Nu cng t mi cc t n gi tr 1 0 E F I L th hu nh n
khng thay i nhiu.
Hnh 1.3.3. Ba nghim u tin ca phng trnh (1.3.13) ph thuc vo z

nghin cu phn ng ca h cc np dtp tc dng ca lc
p{h ta vit li phng trnh (1.3.7) di dng
d2u(x,t) U du(x,t) , 2 : d2u(x,t) _ \
------ + 2 h + k xa u ( Xy t ) - a ---------
= P ( t ) 5 (x ),
t t x .
trong k hiu
Pit ) = .
p F
Ta tm nghim phng trnh dng
u(x,t) = q n(t)<t>(x) , (1.3.14)
n=1
Vi ;l(x) xc nh bng cng thc (1.3.11). V cc hm (*) tho
mn iu kin bin (1.3.10) nn nghim (1.3.14) tho mn iu kin
bin (1.3.8). Hn na, v (),, (jc) tho mn phng trnh (1.3.9) nn ta
s c
(t) + 2hqn() +a '( k x + :)<7 n(0]<t> (x) = P(t)(x).

n~.\
Nhn hai v phng trnh cui vi $m(x)v tch phn hai v theox t
0 n L, do tnh trc giao ca hm csin nn ta c
q) + 2 hq () + (' )qn(t) = pnt)

vi
pn(t) =P(t)An ;
+ h = a-(kx +),;).
K hiu
Qn(to)= e-ialqn(t)dt\
<73
pn(0))= e~""p (t)dt ;

W
U(x,(>)= e~'""u(xj)dt\
-Vj
P(() = j>()e 'w

-co
vi hm P(t) l lc kch ng cho trc u cc. Khi ta c
co - (0 + 2ih(
v do
[ / ( a ) . y 4 M)^ - 0s. ^ . . ) - (1.3.15)

/J1 - (0 + 27ico ,|Bl 0),; - ( + 2ih(
T (1.3.15) ta c th tnh c hm ph chuyn v
(1.3.16)
J.m=i (<D - co + 2 ihi)(t>;n - 0) + 2 Aco)
Tng t ta c trng bin dng bng
z(x,t) - - - ^ q n(t)An),n sin nx (1.3.17)

uX n=\
v tng ng
(*,) = = -P(0)>y _A;' /ta !

i 3 0)" + 2ihxo
(1.3.18)
Lc ny ni lc trong cc bng
N{Xft) = - E F ^ = E F q,M)AnK sin n.t

c* M=1
v tng ng ph tn s' ca ni lc l
iV(.*,) = fW(*,)e'i"* = - E F (- (x,m)- = E F P ( ) Y sin- " x - .

-i JC , 0),;- o r + 2(70>
1 .4 Dao dng un ca dni dn hi
V kt cu dm
Dm l mt dng kt cu dn gin cng vi thanh. Nu trong
thanh ngi ta ch quan tm n s ko nn v bin dng dc trc,
th vi dm, cng c kt cu dng thanh nh vy, ta xem xt bin
dng ngang vung gc vi trc thanh gi l un. Cng nh thanh,
hnh hc ca dm c xc nh bng hai kch thc: chiu di v tit
din ngang. Tit din ngang c th c hnh dng khc nhau nh hnh
ch nht, hnh trn,.... nhng ni chung cng li c xc nh bng
hai kch thc khc nhau, hay c bit cng c trng hp ngi ta
chi xt mt kch thc c trng cho tit clin. Theo mt s kt qua
nghin cu th khi nim v dm ch c s dng khi chiu di ln
hn nhiu cc kch thc cn li. Nu chiu di v kch thc ca tit
din c cng c (t l nh hn 1 0 ) th m hnh dm khng cn tc
(lng na.
Trong nghin cu m hnh dm, ngi ta phn loi dm nh sau
1 . Dm Euler-Bernoulli l loi dm tho mn cc gi thit sau:
Tit din ngang lun lun l phng trong mi trng thi bin
dng.
Mt i xng ca dm lun trng vi mt phng dao dng
(hay tit din ngang lun lun vung gc vi trc trung ho).
Qun tnh quay v bin dng trt c th b qua.
2. Dm Timoshenko l loi dm trong diu kin th hai v ba
khng cn tho mn na. iu ny xy ra khi chiu di dm
khng ln so vi kch thc tit, din ngang (t l nh hn 1 0 ).
Hin tng tit din ngang khng cn phang khi bin dng l rt
phc tp, cn t c nghin cu v l mt loi dm th ba. Trong
khun kh cun sch ny ch yu l xem xt dm n gin Euler-
Bernoulli.
1.4.1 Phng trnh dao ng un ca dm

a. Dm Euer-Bernoull
Xt dm cho trong Hnh 1.4.1. v tch mt phn t dm c chiu
di dx. Cc tham s"ca dm l mun n hi E , mt khi py din
tch tit din F , chiu di L v m men qun tnh ca tit din l /.
K hiu chuyn v ngang ca tit din ti X l i(x^t ) .
Cc lc v m men tc dng ln phn t dm ny gm

Cc lc ct ti hai u X v x+dx gm l c c t V( Xyt ) ,
dV
V(x,t) +2 L d x
CX
Ti trng ngoi phn b"theo dm Q = q(x,t)dx
Lc qun tnh fj = pF(x,t)dx

M
Mmen un tai hai u M(x>t),M(x>t) + - dx
x
dx
Mmen ca lc ngoi l q(x, t)
X= 0 (Xyt) X =L
J - , -------------- :
i L -T 1 -----
_L ---J------------
1 L i__
x)
I V
*
M fl M+dM
dx
H n h 1 .4 .1
Cn bng cc lc v mmen, b qua thnh phn bc cao ca dx v l c

cn ta c hai phng trnh
pFii(x, ) - ~ M ,(l =q(xt /);

x
M(XJ)
dx
*
S dng quan h quen thuc treng sc bn vt liu
2U(x,t)
M(x,t) = -E I
x2
t h phng trnh trn ta c mt phng trnh
2u(x,t)
F(x,t) +~ EI = q( x, t ) . (1.4.2)
x dx
Nhng khi nim c bn ca ng lc hc cng trnh 41
f)y l phng trnh o hm ring cp 4, khi gii cn n 4 iu kin
bin lin quan n chuyn v. gc xoay, lc ct v m men un hai
du dm.
Nu xt n lc cn ni dc m hnh ha dng
2u(x,t) yu(x,t)
M(x.t) = ~EI + H;
CX dx2t
v cn mi trng c dng
Fr(xj) = c ax

2 d2u(x,t) d'u(xj)
pFii(xJ) + C(xJ) + r E( -T + M, = q(x,t ) . (1.4.3)
x L x dx t
--
Xt trng hp k n lc dc trc N, trong trng ldp ny c thm
mt m men bng
N^ l dx,
CX
du cng khi lc ko v du tr khi lc nn, v do
v u ,) = ~E1 - + N liXft)
dxi x
1
2 2u(x,t)
+ N-
du(x,t)
F(xyt) + -7 - 7 A 1 - q(x,t ) . (1.4.4)
x OX x m dx \
Xt dm ta trn nn dn hi vi h sc nn l kn , ta c phng trnh
2 p j zu(x,t)
pFii(Xyt) + Y + knu(xyt) = q(x,t ) . (1.4.5)
x dx2
b. Dm Timoshenko
Tiriioshenco pht trin dm Euler-Bernoulli nghin cu
trng hp dm khng phi l di d c th b qua bin dng trt
v tnh n c qun tnh quay ca phn t dm. K n bin dng
trt ca dm c ngha l thm vo gc xoay do un bng u/ x mt
gc trt 0 no c c gc xoay tng th ca mt ct so vi trc
cn bng ban u c dng
<p(x,) = 0 + ul x .
Khi d ta s c
d i x tt) _
M{xyt) = -E1
x
cu(x,t)
Vx yt) = -aGFQ = a GF
dx
Lc ny cc phng trnh cn bng lc v mmen cho ta h

u(xJ)
pF(x}t) + aFG = q(xj):
x dx
(1.4.6)
cujxj) e ( x tt)
pI(xyt) + aFG y(xj) EI =0
x x CX
Trong cc cng thc trn G l mun trt, a l h s trt d iu
chnh theo hnh dng ca tit din ngang, p/() l qun tnh quay ca
phn t.
Nu tt c cc tham s" l hng s th h phng trnh cui c
th a v mt phng trnh
pF t s l l ^ l +EI ^ l - p/( + A ) .
t2 aG ctAdxA a Cr dx2Pt2 '
(1.4.7)
i vi phng trnh (1.4.7) cc iu kin bin phi tun th ng
cng thc ca gc xoay, lc ct v mmen un theo Timoshenko. T
phng trnh (1.4.7) ta thy nu thanh mnh c th b qua bin
dng trt (a G -> ao) v khng tnh n qun tnh quay (p/ 0 ), m
hnh dm Timoshenko tr thnh m hnh dm Bernoulli (1.4.2).
1.4.2 Dao ng ring v cc c trng dao ng ca dm

Xt dao ng ring khng cn ca dm c m t bi phng
trnh
02 d'-ujXyt)
pF(xyt) + EI = 0.
x x2
Ta tm nghim ca phng trnh dng

u( A%/) = ^ c P (.v ),
i) l tn s"ring v 0 (x) l dng dao ng ring.

trong C
Khi , phng trnh i vi 0 (x) c dng
Nhng khi nim c bn cci ng lc hc cng trinh 43
Gii phng trnh ny cng vi cc diu kin bin s cho ta cc tn s*

ring (0 , / = 1,2 ..... X v cc dng ring tng ng <bj(x)tj = 1 ,2 ,..., X .
a. Tinh trc giao ca cc dng ring

Theo nh l Betti "cng ca lc qun tnh c dng dao ng
ring th j trn chuyn v theo dng dao ng ring th k bng cng
ca lc qun tnh ng vi dng dao ng ring th k trn chuyn v
theo dng ring th f \ . i u ny c th biu din bng cng thc
L L
f, (x,t)uk(x,t)dx =f, (x,t)u:(x,t)dx;
0
f, (X, i) = -p Fii (x, t) = p F(';e c& (x)
T y ta c
, - i)) j p F O , k(x)dx = 0
(to2
vi C] * (, hay l
i.
(1.4.8)
<1
Biu thc (1.4.8) th hin tnh cht trc giao u tin ca cc dng
ring.
Mt khc, t (1.4.8), k n phng trnh
ta c
vi
>
0) , *
io*> , su y ra
Tch phn tng phn hai ln biu thc cui ta dc
0,(.r)V,(.r)|' - 0',(x)M,(*)I'' + Jo'(*)<D;(*)/(*)dx = 0 (1.4.9)

0
Biu thc (1.4.9) th hin tnh cht trc giao th hai ca cc dng
ring vi hai thnh phn u biu din cng ca cc lc ct v mmen
bin v cc du phy trn cc hm ch o hm ca chng theo X .
a) b)
Hnh 1.4.2. Bn dng dao ng u tin a) dm cng xn; b) dm n gin

b. Phng trinh tn s trong cc trng hp iu kin bin thun
nht
Ta xt trng hp cc h s"E, F, I, p l hng s. Khi phng
trnh xc nh cc dng ring l
<DV)(x)-A.4(x) = 0;
.4_ 2 pF, _ [W (1.4.10)
X= hay CO= az,a0 = -
El V
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh c dng
cl>(x) = A c o s h ( t a r ) + 5 s i n h ( t a : ) + C c o s ( X x ) + D s i n ( > j t ) ,
trong A, t, c, D l cc hng s phi tm t iu kin bin. Ta s

nghin cu cc trng hp iu kin bin c in sau dy.
Trng hp gi ta hai u:
Khi iu kin bin c dng
0(0) = O(0 ) = o (L) = <D*(L) = 0 (1.4.10)
Thay biu thc ca 0 (x) vo (1.4.10), ta c h 4 phng trnh
'i 4 + c = 0
A -C =0
B sinh L + DsinL - 0
5sinh/i. - Dsin L = 0
Nhng khi nim c bn ca ng lc hc cng trnh 45
suy ra A=0, c=0 v Bî) hay D* 0, th nh thc ca h phi bng 0
sin h XL s i n ?uL - 0 ,
t thu c
sin =0 (1.4.11)
l phng trnh tn s'cho dm gi ta n gin c nghim l
X j = j n l L J = \,2....
hay
co, = a0(jn l L)2J = 1,2,3,....
Vi mi tn s ring (Oj tm c, dng ring 0j(x) tng ng s cha
mt hng s*tu Cj v c dng
o j (x) - Cj sin jnx / L .
Hng s ny c th c xc nh nh cc iu kin chun ho, v d

L
<b)(x)dx = 1.
khi
c, =7271.
Trng hp dm cng xn:
Ti du ngm ta c iu kin bin
0(0) = 0X0) = 0
v ti u t do
= ct>"(L) = 0 .
Khi , phng trnh tn s c dng
cos XL cosh L +1 = 0 (1 .4 .1 2 )
vi cc nghim l
X ,L = 1.8751; X 2L = 4.6941; X }L = 7.8547;
X4L = 10.9955; 5L = 14.1372; * (n - 0.5)71,n > 6 .
Trng hp ngm hai u:

Phng trnh tn s"c dng
cosALcosh XL -1 = 0, (1.4.13)
cho cc nghim l
X,L = 4.7300; X2L = 7.8532; X.jL = 10.9956;
XaL = 14.1371;>v5L = 17.2787; XnL * (n + 0.5)*,n > 6 .
Trng hp hai u t clo: cho ta kt qu trng vi trng hp ng 111
hai u (1.5.13) nhng lu rng tn s u tin c th bng khng.
c. nh hng ca lc dc v nn n hi n tn s ring ca dm
Gi thit cc tham s"dm v g tr lc dc khng i, khi
phng trnh dao ng un ca dm c dng
pFii(x,t) + EI - u-ixt} N = 0 (1.4.14)

cbc4 c
vi quy c du +N nu lc N l nn v du -N nu lc N l ko. D
dng nhn thy phng trnh xc nh dng dao ng ring s l
<b'/v'(*) 2sO>(x) - 4cJ>(.r) = 0;
Phng trnh c trng

p 4 2sp2 - 4 - 0
c 4 nghim ,; ik : khi ko v :; , khi nn, trong
Xt trng hp khp hai u, ta c
c h o l c n n v
cho lc ko. T hai phng trnh nv ta c th nhn dc
2 ÊInnY NL:
(1.4.15)
w" pF L J " E /n V
vi du tr khi nn v du cng khi ko.

Trong trng hp N =0 , ta c
Nhng khi nim c bn cua ng lc hc cng trnh 47
VI vv
(1.4.16)
jC1 -
iron (l p = ? gi l tai ti hn. D dng nhn thy dao (lng
chi tn ti khi l nn N < p (n nh). Khi cl tn s ca m 1)

nn gim di v ca dm b ko tng ln. iu ny tng ng vi m
thanh cua dy n cng cao khi cng b ko cng hn. c bit, khi
lc nn N dn ti gi tr ti hn Pc th tn s"u tin ca dm tin
dn ti 0. iu th hin s chuyn i trng thi dao ng c
ngha rt quan trng trong vic nghin cu n nh ca dm.
d. Dm trn nn n hi
T phng trnh (1.4.5) ta c phng trnh dao dng ring crt
dam trn nn n hi c dng
dx2 f
Do , tharn s' s dc Lm t phng trnh' tn s' thng thng

nh trong cc trng hp khng c nn n hi. Gi s ta c dc
",/? = 1,2,3,..... khi cc tn s ring tng ng s l
0)n (1.4.18)
Cng thc (1.4.18) cho ta thy nn n hi lm tng tn s"

ring ca dm.
1.4.3 Dao ng cng bc ca dm n hi

Xt phng trnh (1.4.3) vi ti trng khc khng. Gi s tn s
ring v dng dao ng ring chun ho tng ng l
j = 1,2,3,... . Khi tm nghim phng trnh cho dng
48 Nguyn Tin Khim . ng lc hc cng trnh
u(x9t) = 5 ^ (/),(*),
j
trong j ( t ) , j = 1,2,3,.... gi l cc to suy rng. Thay biu thc
ny vo phng trnh (1.4.3), s dng tnh trc giao ca cc dng
ring ta c
j(t) +2hjj(t) +(2
j jit) =qjlt)
vi k h i u
1^
Qj (t) = \q(x , t );(x)dx
0
_ C 2
Nu ch xt dao ng dng ca h, th t phng trnh cui ta c th

tm bin (phc) dao ng dng ca to suy rng bng
Q,(co)
(J-( +2ihJ(
trong
Hj( co) =
co -C D + 2 * 7 ^ 0 )
v Q,((o) l bin phc ca lc suy rng <7 ,(0. Cui cng ta xc nh

c bin phc ca trng chuyn v ngang ca dm l
w(xf co) = ' Z Q j M H j t o W j M . (1.4.19)
j
Lc hm s
SJx,() = QJ(co)q; <co)ff, (<o)tf; ( co)4>, (x) t ( X ) (1.4.20)
*
vi du sao (*) ch lin hp phc, c gi l ph chuyn v ngang ca
dm. D dng nhn thy ph chuyn v l hm thc. Nh vy thc
cht ph chuyn v cho ta bnh phng bin dao ng l hm s'
ca tn s"lc kch ng v to dc theo dm.
49
Chng 2
NH NG PH N G PH P c BN
C A N G L c H C C N G T R N H
2.1 Phng php ma trn h s nh hng
Nh ni phn u cng trnh l mt h lin tc rt phc

tp, c v s' bc t do. Nhng phng php gii tch c trnh
by trong mc 1.5. ch p dng cho cc h n gin nh thanh, dm,
bn, m khng th s dng cho cc kt cu phc tp hn nh h
khung, dn hay h n hi ba chiu. nghin cu cc h phc tp
ny, i hi phi c nhng phng php chuyn dng n gin v
hiu qu. ng li chung vn l tm cch thay th h lin tc bng
mt h ri rc c hu hn bc t do. Phng php c in, n gin
nht trong s' l phng php ma trn h s nh hng, c trnh
by sau y. Trc tin ta a ra khi nim chung v cc ma trn
cng v khi lng ca h hu hn bc t COtheo quan im ca c
hc* vt rn bin dng.
2-1.1 Mt s khi nim

Gi s ta c mt vt th n hi tuyn tnh (h lin tc) chim
mt min D trong khng gian. Trong min D ca vt th chn mt tp
hu hn cc im nt v tng ng s c mt trng chuyn v ca
vt th ti cc im nt, to thnh mt vc t u = {U9...,N c N
thnh phn. Mi thnh phn ca vc t ny l chuyn v ca vt th
ti im nt no c c hng xc nh. ngn gn, ta quy c gi
ch s ca mi thnh phn chuyn v ny l mt cht im hay mt
im ca vt th (bao hm c v tr v hng). Lc ny vc t u cn
c gi l vc t to suy rng ca h c hc hu hn bc t do m
t mt cch ri rc h lin tc cho.
Ma trn khi lng ca h, k hiu l M vi cc phn t
[/wf>,/, j - !,.*>N] c xc nh bng
trong f l lc tc dng vo cht im i gy nn gia tc Aj ca cht

im j .
Ni cch khc, khi lng ca mt cht im l (t ln ca lc toe
dng gy nn mt n v gia tc ca cht im .
Ma trn cng K vi cc phn t [k'jiiyj = 1 , ,iV] c xc nh
bi
trong p, l lc tc dng vo cht im gy ra chuyn v Uj ti

im j. Ni cch khc, cng kj chnh l ln ca lc tc dng vo
t im gy ra chuyn v bng mt dn v ti im j.
Ma trn mm hay ma trn h s nh hng H vi cc thnh
phn
l chuyn v ti im i c gy ra bi lc mt n v ti im j. i
lng ny cn c gi l h s nh hng.
Ma trn h s'cn l c = =1 vi cc thnh phn
trong f l lc cn tc dng vo cht im i v Vj l vn tc ca

cht im j.
B 2.1.1. Cc ma trn khi lng M, cng K v ma trn mm
(h s"nh hng) H u l cc ma trn i xng, xc nh dng.
Tnh i xng c chng minh nh nh l Betti, khng nh
rng cng ca tp hp cc lc gy nn mt trng chuyn v th nht
trn trng chuyn v c gy nn bi tp hp lc t h hai bng cng
ca tp hp lc th hai trn trng chuyn v th nht.
Tnh xc nh dng ca cc ma trn ny c suy ra t thc
t: ng nng v th nng ca mt vt th n hi lun lun l cc.
i lng xc nh dng.
B 2.1.2. Hai ma trn cng K v ma trn mm (h s nh
hng) H to thnh mt cp nghch o, tc K.H = /, hay K = H 1.
Tht vy, theo cc nh ngha trn, nu k hiu tp hp lc tc

dng l p = {P]f...,PN}, tng ng vi vc t chuyn vi
= { ,,~ ., v }7, ta c
N h n g p h n g p h p c b ca n i l c hc c n g t r in h 5I
p = /c
V
= H p .
T (l ta c
p =K H P
suy ra
K H =I .
Chinh Hi lin h ny l ct. li ca phng php ma trn h s" nh
hng vi ni dung c trnh by sau y.
2.1.2 Ni dung ca phng php ma trn h s nh hng

Mc ch ca phng php ma trn nh hng cui cng l xy
dng phng trnh chuyn dng ca h lin tc dc ri rc ho
dng
MU +C +KU = P' (2.1.0)

trong (t p l vc t lc ngoi tc dng ln h. Nh vy vn d ct li
ca phng php ma trn nh hng l xy dng cc ma trn M, c,
K.
Thng thng v ma trn h s cn rt phc tp, nn ngi ta
gi thit n c dng cn Rly, tc l
c a (XM + pK
Vii cc h s> a, xc nh bng thc nghim, cc ma trn M} K a
bit.
Ma trn khi lng A/ dc xy dng hng nhiu cch.
Och thng dng nht l tp trung khi lng ca c vt th vo
cc ini nt to thnh h cht im m }, / , tng ng vi cc
ta suy rng sao cho tng cc khi lng tp trung y"m khng

vt qu khi lng tng cng cua h. Khi d ma trn khi lng s c
dng ng cho M = iagm, I . Vic chn Yij ph thuc vo s
phn b khi lng v s chn cc im nt.
Vic tp trung khi lng ph thuc vo kinh nghim v hiu bit
ea chuyn gia thit lp bi ton. Ta s xem xt k hn van ny
trong cc v d.
Ma trn mm (h snh hng) H c xy dng nh sau
Cho mt lc n v tc dng vo im / v gii bi ton tnh xc
dinh chuyn v ti cc im nt khc, ta thu c vc t {hl%. .Jtv ).
Thay i im t lc n v ln lt cho tt c cc im t 7 n
N v gii bi ton trn, ta nhn c ma trn mm (h s" nh
hng) H = [htJ \ i j = 1 .... N ] .
Nh vy, ma trn cng K c th tnh c t ma trn

mm H bng php nghch o ma trn K = H 1.
Vi cc kt cu dng thanh, y chnh l ni dung ca phng

php lc quen thuc. Trong nhiu trng hp, vic xc nh trc tip
ma trn cng K l n gin hn so vi vic xc nh gin tip
thng qua ma trn mm H. Khi ma trn mm H c th tnh
c t ma trn cng K bng php nghch o ma trn H = K [.
Trng hp ny gi l phng php chuyn v hay phng php
cng c trnh by trong mc 2.4.
By gi, chng ta c th tin hnh thit lp phng trnh
chuyn ng ca h. Gi s ta c c cc ma trn M, H, c v vc
t lc ngoi p, ta gp tt c cc lc tc dng ln cc nt vo mt vc t
lc tng
F = p - MU - CU ,
trong d hin nhin p l vc t lc ngoi, tip n l lc qun tnh v
lc cn. Mt khc, theo nh ngha v cch xc nh h s nh huTig
hf nu trn, chuyn v ca im i gy ra do lc Ff bng
v do chuyn v tng cng ca im i gy ra do tt c cc lc Fj l
j J
U = K ]( P - M - C )
Nhng phng php c ban ca i lc hc cg trinh 53
ly l
KL p - MU - CU .
s u y ra
Ml VCU + KU p .
Dy chnh l phng trinh (2.1.0) cn phai xy dng.
Vic gii bi ton tnl tm ma trn nh hng, khng phai
lc no cng thc hin c mt cch d dng, v th phng php
ny khng th p dng c cho mi kt cu cng trnh, m theo
chng ti ch thun tin cho khung gin. minh ho. chng ta xt
mt trng hp xc nh h s nh hng tng qut cho dm dn hi
sau y.
2.1.3 H s nh hng ca dm n hi
Xt mt dm c chiu di L, mul dn hi E , mmen qun tnh
tit din /, trn dm c mt lc ngang tp trung P{) tc dng ti im
x0 v chuyn v un ca dm do lc ny gy ra ti im X l u (x).
Iy so
gi l h s nh hng ca dim Xo dn im X , cn chnh hm s"

//(.t.xfl)clc gi l hm nh hng ca dm chu ti trng tp trung
t ti X 0 i vi im X bt k. i vi kt. cau dng thanh, ta c th
tm h m n h h n g n y d a tr n l t h u v t VIn th u n tu c a d m .
Phng trnh vng a dm chu tc tiling ca lc tp trung p0t

t i i m X} c d n g
. d u(x)
E = p(,(x - x).
dx
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ny l tng ca nghim tng
qut phng trnh thun nht v mt nghim ring ca phng trnh
khng thun nht. Nghim tng qut cn phng trnh thun nht c
dng
uu(x) = C0 +Ctx +C1x 2 +CyX3 (2.1.2)
vi cc h s Cj dc xc nh theo cc iu kin bin. Nghim ring
ca phng trnh (2 .1 .1 ) c th tm bng cch tch phn ln lt 4 ln
vi iu kin u bng khng. Tht vy, c th vit li phng trnh
(2 . 1 . 1 ) dng
(2.1.3)
lix E
Do tinh cht ca hm Delta-Dirac:
0 , X < x
j(s - x ) d s = I (2.1.4)
0 I1 , X >
ta c
0 X < X.
u ( x ) = [ ^ - ( s - x {) ) d s = (2 . l.a)
l E1 X > X,
E1
0 X < x0
u"(x) = Ju*(s)cfe p (2.1.51))
j ( x - x t>), x > x a'
i
X 0 x<x
u[(x) = |u'(s)ds = (2.1.5c)
0 M x - xn , X >X,
2E1
X 0 .r < Xi
u t ( x ) = j J (s )d s = (2.1.5c)
0 l ~ ( x - x t) , X > x
6EI
Cu cng ta c
0 X < x0
w(x) = C0 + CX + C2X2 + C3X3 + (2.1.6)
( x - x 0) \ X > xt)
6 EI
vi d m gi ta h a i u , ta c cc iu kin binnhsau
(/(0 ) = z/"(0 ) = u(L) = u \ L ) = 0 .
Khi ta c ngayC0 = c\ = 0 v C;,CJ t-ho mn hphng trnh
C,Z, + C,L3 + _ 5 - ( L - x 0) = 0;
67
6C3L + ~ xd) - 0*
jJ
rt ra
c. = ^ 2 -(L -* 0 )(2 L-X0); Cj S - A . ( L - x , ) ,

6EIL \0EjLL
Cui cng ta c
N h n g p h n g p h p c bn ca rit l c h c c n g t r n h 55
0
(L X)(2L x,)x- pt(x xj -
EI 6
X I)
(2 .1 .7 )
Hm nh hng do lc tp trung ti x {) cho dm gi ta hai u
0 Xx0
Hm nh hng do lc tp trung ti .rcho dm cng xn l
(2.1.10)
2.1.4 Cc v du
CI. Trng hp mt bc t do
Xt dm gi ta n gin, Hnh 2.1.1. Trc ht, ta phi chn s
bc t do N. gi s N = /. i vi dm c khi lng ring l p, tit
din ngang l F v cc tha!1 s khc nh trong mc 2.1.3. Khi ma
trn khi lng c mt thnh phn duy nht, v c chn
m = pFL/ 2 . Khi lng ny dc tp trung ti v tr gia dm .r0=L/2.
Ma trn cng cng ch c mt phn t chnh l k(x0,x). Nu hai
du gi ta n gin th theo cng thc (2 . 1 .8 ) ta c
48EI
k = ku = h(L 2 ,L / 2 ) = (12-1.11)
V
Khi d phng trnh chuyn dng ca h rt gn s c dng
m + c + kU = 0 (2.1.12)
vi
p/TL ^ 48E I ^
m = ; = ;c - a m + 3/?
2 L
A
LI2 Li 2
L/3 L/3 L/3
Hnh 2.1.1 Hnh 2 .1.2

Tn s ring duy nht ca h rt gn l
9,7979. EI
I = J
=- ta <
t V% _
= -9- oH-
Vrn L pF
So snh vi nghim gii tch, trong tn s ring u tin ca dm

gi ta n gin bng
7~ 9,8696a0
co
a z7 * D *
ta thy rng sai s"v mt tn s ca phng php ma trn h s"nh
hng nu trn, ngay c trong trng hp chn mt bc t do cng
khng ng k. Hin nhin l nu ch chn mt khi lng tp trung
th khng th nghin cu c cc dng dao ng bc cao hn. Lc
ta phi chn s"lng bc t do nh mong mun, tt nhin l ch hu
hn.
b. Trng hp hai bc t do
vn vi dm ta n gin nh trn, ta chn hai khi lng bng
m = pF L I 3 tp trung ti hai im X-L! 3 v x2=2L/3.
Theo cng thc (2.1.8), ta tnh c ma trn h s nh hng nh sau
N h n g p h n g p h p c ban ca n g l c h c c n g t r in h 57
i:
|S 7
H
486V |_7 8
v (lo ma trn cng bng

162E 8 - 7"1
A' // =
5L -7 8
Trong khi ma trn khi lng l

FL 1 0
M=
3 0 !
nn phng trnh tn s c dng
8 - ' -7
del = - 1 6 / ' + 15 = 0
-7 8-/1-
.. _ 5pF ,
VOI /. = ------ t) .
486E/
( c th tnh c hai tn sring bng
9,859 38,184,
ta, =
L - V
So vi hai tn s ring tnh dic bng phng php gii tch
tt2 9,8696a 4n 39,4784an
W| * 0 7 7 = 7 7 ; 2 = a -7 7 - = TT-----.
ta thy ngay tn s"th nht gn vi nghim chnh xc hn trng

hp mt khi lng v sai s"ca tn s th hai cng rt nh, khong
2%. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny cng tng s bc t o ta s c
nghim cng chnh xc hn.
T cc tn s ring thu c, ta tm c cc clng ring c dng
<) = [o, <!>,] = 4
V ~4
Tuy nhin, i vi dm cng xn th tnh hnh khng tt c
nh dm ta n, ta s thy mc tip theo.
Hnh 2.1.3. Cc dng dao ng ring ca h 2 b c t (lo

c. Ta xt dm cng xn vi cc tham s nh mc trn (Hnh 2.1.2).
Nu chn mt khi lng ti u t do bng m - pF L , khi
. _ V .......... ............. . _ 3 E I . >. _ IT _ 1,73a
h = - suy ra k - 7- v tn s co, = J = . So vi nghim
3 El V 1 \m L2
gii tch th sai s"ny qu ln, vo khong 50%.
Nu chn m = pFL / 2 , th sai s' gim xung cn 30%.
8
Nu tp trung khi lng ti im X = 2 L I 3 , khi d h = suv
81EI
81EI
ra k = v nu chon m = pFL hoc m - 2FL/ 3, th ta c tn
8L/
3,182a0 \k 3,897a0 . *
SO tng ng la C O
. = J ------ hoc 0), = J = ------ , sai s
Vm L Vm L2
lc ny ch cn 1 0 %.
By gi ta xt trng hp hai bc t do cho dm cng xn. Chn
hai khi lng t ti cc v tr gia dm v u t do, tc ti Xj=L/2
v X,-L vi cc bc t do l vng ca dm ti cc v tr trn JJ, Uo.
Khi cc thnh phn ca ma trn cng dc tnh nh sau:
p dng cng thc (2.1.4) cho tng trng hp cc thnh phn ma
trn nh hng, ta c
nI. 11 V" 1 t./1 Z. - 5L3 _~'u\ 71%. ML-> L'1' '

11 24EI 1248E/21EI
Klii ma trn cng ca h s c dng
48El 16 -5
l -5 2
Ta xt ma trn khi lng trong hai trng hp.

Nhng phng php c bn ca ng lc hc cng trnh 59
Trng hp th nht, ta chia khi lng ca c dm lm di v
cho vo hai im nt nh chn trn, tc l
pFL pFL
rn = ; m7 =
Trng hp th hai l chn

pFL FL
m ; m2 =
2 4
theo nguyn tc chia i tng phn t.
('hng ta th kim tra xem vi hai cch tp trung khi lng nu
trn, cch no chnh xc hn da trn kt qu bi ton tr ring vi
phng trnh tn s
det/sT - crM] = 0
Trong trng hp th nht, phng trnh tn s c dng
48E1 16 - 5
det pFL(z = 0.
I V -5 2 0
Nu da vo tham s
7pF 2 , %r o0
x = C hay (0 = J
%EI V 7 V
th phng trnh tn s c a v dng ^: -18 + 7 = 0. Phdng

trnh ny cho ta hai nghim A., =0,3976; X, = 17,6023 v hai tn s
ring tng ng l
2,33540 24,638 la 0
(0, = C2

V L2
So vi hai tn s"ring u tnh bng phng php gii tch l
__ 3,5l6a0 22,0346ao
th sai s tn s th nht ln, xp x -30%, i vi tn s' th hai, th

sai s nh hn, di +1 0 %.
Trong trng hp th hai, phng trnh tn s l
VI tham so- 1A=

_ - FV
7P (02 uhay C=
_J92
-----a<
> chouta*hai
--- u tn
- 4.*-s
192E l V 7
3,1563a0 16,2580a(J
1 - L2 ;)2 - L2
chnh xc ca tn s th nht tngln, sai s" 9%, cn tn s

th hai c sai s ln n hn 30%. Nh vy, i vi dm cng xn,
phng php ma trn h s nh hng vi hai bc t do khng: cho
kt qu mong mun.
2.2 Phng php ma trn truyn
Phng php h snh hng nu trn l mt phng php gn

ng n gin, thng dng cho cc k s trong vic phn tch ng
cc kt cu n gin nh thanh dm. chnh xc ca phng php
h s" nh hng b hn ch nhiu, nh thy trong v d th hai
cho dm cng xn. Trong l thuyt dao dng ni chung, ngi ta d
pht trin mt phng php hu hiu hn, chnh xc hn v c th
dng rng ri hn. l phng php ma trn truyn. Phng php
ny tn dng nhng kt qu gii tch da trn tng v mi lin
h gia cc trng thi lc v chuyn v nhng im khc nhau d
xy dng m hnh ma trn ca kt cu. Phng php ny c th p
dng cho c h hu hn bc t do ln h lin tc. Tuy nhin di vi
cc h lin tc, phng php ny ch yu vn ch s dng cho thanh,
dm n hi, c bit l h dm nhiu gi v c tit din khng di
tng khc. Thi gian gn y, trong mt s bi bo c s pht
trin phng php ny cho khung vi hnh dng n iu. Vi nhng
gi thit l tng nh d trnh by trong phn 1.4, phng php ma
trn truyn cho chnh xc nh phng php gii tch. Nhng n li
b hn ch bi tnh phc tp, cng knh kh p dng i vi k s. o
y chng ti cng ch trnh by phng php ny cho dm n hi
vi mc ch nu ln tng chnh ca phng php.
2.2.1 Ma t r n truyn cho p h n t d m
Xt dm n hi chiu di L, tit din khng i Ft c mun

n hi E , mt khi p v mmen qun tnh mt ct ngang /.
K hiu w(xyt) l vng ca dm ti X. Nu b qua lc cn, tjf
phng trnh (1.4.2) vi v phi bng 0, vng ca dm dao ng t
do c th biu din dng
w(x,t) = eIG
>'O(:r,(0 )
Nhng phng php c bn ca ng lc hc cng trinh 6i
tr o n g l
<!>(*,C) = c, cos(>uv) + C2sin(Jc) + Cy cosh(.r) 4*C4 sinh(Jt:);
F(2
~~
gi l bin phc ca vng. Do tnh chng cht nghim ca
phng trnh tuyn tnh, bin ca vng c th vit dng tng
dng
O(x,co) = CKXx) + C2K 2jc) 4-C}Ky(Xx) 4- CAK A(Xx) , (2.2.1)
trong cc hm Krulov Kj (x) c dng
K(x) =
(cosX + coshx);K 2{x ) = (sinx* sinhx);
(2.2.2)
KAx) = --(coshx - cosx);Kx) = -i(inh* -sin*).
2 2
D (lng nhn thy cc hm Krulov c cc tnh cht
K x(0) = 1, K 2(0) = Ky( 0)=K4(0) = 0;
(2.2.3)
K'A(x) = /r,(*),/r;(x) = tf 2 (x),*;(x) = *,(*),*;<*) - K (x)
a vo hai vc t
u = {w0, W,M0,Q0}T, ' = {w WpMpQ,}r

v gi chng l cc vc t trng thi hai u dm (Hnh 2.2.1).
Qn Qi M,
C
M
1 4 *
Hnh 2.2.1
Mt khc, theo l thuyt dm, ta c bin phc ca chuyn v,
gc xoay, lc ct v mmen un ti u tri X = 0 bng
w0= 0(0, (0) = c,, w0' = CX

= \c2,
M0 = EI = X-EIC,. Qu =EI = X'EIC'i.

x CX
Thay cc h s Cj xc nh t cc biu thc cui vo (2.2.1) ta c
OU.co) = WK<(hc) + ^ L K A t e ) + +Q - K A(\x).

A. X EI X EI
(2.2.4)
S dng li cc cng thc tnh gc xoay, mmen uYi v lc ct ca
dm u phi X = L, ta s c
W] = 0(Ltco)
W
= WK , (UL) +- K 2(IX) +
M
(L) +
o. (>),
X 2 X2E / x*/
W/ = 0'(L,co)
_ o.v
= MV0a: 4(XL) + nrjir, (/X) + if, (XL) + -22L. !(XL),
/Jii /. /?/
M. = E/d>"(L,co)
Q, / f 2 (/X),
= EIWKy(XL) +XEIW;Ka(XL) f MtK {(XL) + ^
Q, = EIOm(L, CO
)
= 3 e/w 0a:2 (?x) + x- e i w ; k }(}) + XM0K a(L) +Qtf,(/X).
(2.2.5)
Khi cc ng thc trong (2.2.5) c th vit gn li dng ma
trn nh sau
U' = [ T ] \ (2.2.6)
trong ma trn T c dng
Kt(XL) (1IMKjQJA (/X2E)K,(XL) (\/X'EI)KSXL)

XK.iXL) Kxx,) (\/XEI)K (XL) (1/X:E)k ]()X)
[T] =
X2EIK,(XL) XEIKXL) KhL) (1 / X)K:(L)
XEIKXL) sEK.OL) XKIL) K^XL)
(2.2.7)
c gi l ma trn chuvn tip (hay ma trn truyn) ca phn t
dm n ang xt. Thc cht ma trn truyn [T] l hm ca cc tham
s m hnh L ,F ,I ,E ,p v tn s (0
[t ] = [r(L,F,/,,p,co)].
N h n g p h n g p h p c b n c a n g l c h c c n g t r i n h 63
S dng biu thc ca cc hm Krulov ta c th chng minh dc:

nh thc ca ma trn truyn bng 1 (det[jT]=l).
ng dng u tin ca ma trn (2.2.7) l tm tn s ring ca dm
n gin. Tht vy, nu bit iu kin bin ca dm dn gin ny ta
c th thit lp phng trnh tn s ca n mt cch nhanh chng. V
d, i vi dm gi ta hai u, ta c
Khi ng thc (2.2.6) cho ta hai h phng trnh, h phng trnh

th nht l
\ \ : w;l + TiAQ =0
trong Tlk l cc phn t ca ma trn truyn, xc nh gc xoay

v lc ct du tri . H phng trnh th hai c dng
c th s dng tm gc xoay v lc ct u phi sau khi c gc

xoay v lc ct u tri.
H th nht cho ta phng trnh tn s
Vi cc biu thc c th ca cc thnh phn ma trn truyn, phng

trnh cui cho ta phng trnh tn s quen thuc ca dm ta dn
gin hai u (xem 1.4.2,b) l sin, =0 suy ra = jn/ L J = 1,2,3...
Tng t c th tim tn s ring cho cc trng hp iu kin

bin khc. D dng nhn thy phng php ma trn truyn trong
trng hp dm n gin cho ta tn s ring chnh xc nh phng
php gii tch. Tuy nhin nu ch p dng cho cc dm n gin ny
th phng php ma trn truyn khng c ngha. Th mnh ca
phng php ny l p dng cho dm c nhiu gi (cng hoc n hi)
trung gian m phng php gii tch khng th p dng c. l
ni dung ca mc tip theo.
2,2.2 Ma trn truyn cho cc mi ni

a. Mi ni n hi
Xt mt mi ni gia hai phn t dm lin tip nhau j v j+I.
Pha bn tri mi ni l u phi ca phn t dm th j v pha bn
phi ca mi ni l u tri ca phn t dm 7 +7 . Gi s mi ni l
lin kt n hi c m t bng mt l xo quay c cng Kj (Hnh
2.2.2). Tun th cch k hiu tin hnh mc trn, vc t trng
thi u phi ca phn t dm j t tc bn tri mi ni c k hiu
l
U={Wj \ Wf , M*j , Q+j

v vc t trng thi u phi mi ni c k hiu l
V I"
m
ur1
Hnh 2.2.2 Hnh 2.2.3

Khi xt cc iu kin lin tc v cn bng lc ti mi ni ta c
cc quan h
WJ=WJ+1;
w-;t=w;'+
Qj+\ = Qj
vi = 1/ Kj , tc l ch c gc xoay l cbc nhy quaml ni v
nt l vi cng ca l xo quay.
T iu kin trn ta rt ra c ma trn truyn ca mi ni mm
dng
Ui" = t o l / i , (2 .2 .8 )
trong
1 0 0 0
0 1 a 0
[RO)] (2.2.9)
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
Nhng phng php c ban ca ng lc hc cng trnh 65
Nu m ni l cng tuyt i, th K . = X v do a , = 0, ma trn

truyn cho mi ni (2.2.9) tr thnh ma trn dn v.
b. G i m m v k h i l n g t p t r u n g
Gia s ti im / ca dm c mt khi lng tp trung rrij v ti

y ta c gi n hi (Hnh 2.2.3) c cng l xo l ky Khi , lc
tng hdp ca lc qun tnh v lc n hi ca l xo ti im j c
hng theo chiu i xung v c bin bng
(kj - 0)2mj )W j.
Xt iu kin cn bng lc ti im ny ta dc
=Qj +(mj<2-kj)w;.
Cng vi iu kin lin tc ca chuyn v, gc xoav v mmen un ta c
u r ' = \ s ( jj\ u i , (2 .2 .10 )
tro n g
1 0 0 0
0 0 0
[SO )] (2 .2 .11)
0 0 1 0
m;ci)2 - kJ 0 0 1
y l ma trn truyn cho gi nim c khi lng tp trung.

2,2.3 Ma tr n truyn cho dm - trng hp tng qut
Xt mt dm n hi bao gm nhiu on c chung mt trc dc
theo dm. Mi on l mt phn t dm n gin nh xt trong
mc 2 .2 .1 . nhng cc tnh cht hnh hc, vt liu ca cc phn t c
th khc nhau. Gi s ta c N phn t c ni vi nhau bng mt
trong cc kiu mi ni xt trong mc 2.2.2. Cc c trng ca phn
t th j c k hiu l L j,Fj J j,E jypj , j = Tng cng ta
s c N +1 im nt l cc m ni gia cc phn t dm. Tng t
phn trn, vi mi phn t dm j ta a vo hai vc t trng thi ti
hai u tri v phi, k hiu l Du tr ch s"d i k hiu
u tri, cn du cng ch u phi. V phn t ny c cc tham s
khng i, nn theo (2 .2 .6 ) ta c
U{ =[T j) p i , (2.2.12)
trong ma trn
66 Nguyn Tin Khim . ng lc hc cng trinh
[ T U ) ] = [ T ( L J. , F J , I J , E J , p r ( )].
Tn s' tham gia vo ma trn truyn thng qua tham s"tn s'
PjFjto2 4
. . '
T i i m n t j t a c h a i v c t t r n g t h i h a i p h a c a m i n i . (I
p h a tri l vc t t r n g thi U v u phi ta c i* '.
K hiu
l ma trn truyn ti cc mi ni. Hin nhin, ma trn B(j) c th l

mt trong cc ma trn (2.2.9), (2.2.11). s dng k hiu chung ny, s
chuyn tip ca vc t trng thi qua mi ni c biu din bng
m i li n h
ur' = [B(j)]ui,j = 1,2 ...... N- 1 . (2 .2 .13 )
p dng (2.2.12), (2.2.13) ln lt theo t 1 n N + l, hay t tri qua

phi ta s nhn c
;v = [T(N)B(N - 1 )T(N - 1)B(N - 2)T(N - 2 ) - JB(2)7,(2)fi(l)T(l)]0
(2.2.14)
y, vc t trng thi ti bin bn tri ca dm dc k hiu l ,
vc t trng thi ti bin phi 1 , Ma trn nhn c l
[h \ = [T(N)B(N
- 1)T(N - 1 )B(2)7(2)B(l)T(l)] (2.2.15)
c gi l ma trn truyn ca dm thay i tng khc vi mi ni
m m . H i n n h i n m a t r n n y p h . t h u c v o c c t h a m s" c a d m
tron g t n g on v cc th a m sm i n i, hay
[H ]= [H (,F , ,,p,,<0)],
trong cc k hiu c gch ngang trn u ch mt vc t gm nhiu
thnh phn, vi cc ch s vit trn. iu kin bin t uyn tnh ti
hai bin ca dm c th vit dng
= 0
(2.2.16)
? =0
tro n g B(0) v B(N) l cc m a tr n cp 2x4
Nhng phng php c bn ca ng c hc cng trnh 67
(2 .2 .17 )
Kt h p ( 2 . 2 . 1 4 ) vi i u k i n b i n ( 2 . 2 . 1 6 ) , t a n h n c p h n g
t r n h x c n h v c t t r n g t h i t i u t r i c a d m n h s a u
[B(N).H]Un=0 ; [B (0 )] = 0 . ( 2 .2 .18 )
y l h 4 p h n g trn h tm 4 n ul - {w ^ , }r . D
d n g n h n t h y , h p h n g t r n h t h u n n h t c h c n g h i m khc
k h n g n u n h t h c b n g 0, do v y
et s F ( ( 0, a , , . . . , c u ) = 0 . (2 .2 .19 )
B(0) .
y l phng trn h tn sca dm. Cc th am sj b i u th cc tham

s mi n, tham s bin v c cc tham s hnh hc, vt liu ca dm.
Gii phng trnh cui ta c cc tn s"ring. Thay cc tn s ring
vo (2.2.18) ta s tm dc vc t trng thi ca dm u tri cha
m t h n g s" t u . S a u d s d n g ( 2 . 2 . 1 2 ) , ( 2 . 2 . 1 3 ) , t a c t h t m l n
lt v c t t r n g t h i t i c c n t ( m i n i) v b i n b n p h i . y l
ni dung phng php ma trn truyn nghin cu dao ng ring
ca d m p h c t p . H o n t o n c t h x y d n g p h n g p h p m a t r n
truyn trong trng hp dao dng dc trc v dao ng xon. Khi
cc cng thc n gin hn nhiu so vi trng hp un trnh by
trn. C th pht trin phng php ny cho trng hp dao ng
cng bc ca dm v kt cu dng khung c hnh dng n iu (lp
li c tnh chu k). Tuy nhin ('ho n nay ngi ta vn dng ch yu
phng php ny tm tn s ring ca cc h dm phc tp.
2.3 Phng php phn t hu hn
2.3./ T t n g v n i d u n g c a p h n g p h p p h n t h u h n
Phng php phn t hu hn (PTHH) l mt cng c hin i

dng m hnh ho v phn tch cc h lin tc, tc l nhng vt
t h c h i m m t m i n li n t c Dt r o n g k h n g g ia n R3 d n g th i c n g l
phng php c bn v thng dng nht cho n nay trong ng lc
hc cng trnh. T tng ca phng php PTHH nh sau: Chia vt
th thnh mt s' hu hn cc phn t sao cho trng thi ng sut
bin dng ca chng c th xc nh c mt cch n gin bng cc
cng c gii tch nh trnh by phn 1 . Cc phn t ny c lin

k t v i n h a u bi c c n t c t a x c n h t r o n g k h n g g i a n . C h u y n
n g c a c c n t c m t b n g c c t h a m s g i l b c t d o c a
n t . T h p c c b c t d o c a c c n t t o t h n h m t v c t c c b c 1 1
d o c l p , g i l v c td c h u y n v n t c a h c h o , k h i u l i
u = {j,...,Ar}T. Trng thi ng su't bin dng ca vt th ti cc
im b t k c b iu d in qua vct ch u y n v n t v sa u nh cc
nh lut, nguyn l c bn ca c hc thit lp c h phng trinh
vi phn i vi cc chuyn v nt dng
M(t) +cit) + KU(t) = P(t) , (2 .3 .1)
trong M, Cy K ln lt l cc ma trn khi lng, h s" cn v

cng v p l v c t t i t r n g a v n t (g i t t l v c t t i t r n *
nt). Cc ma trn M, c, K to thnh mt m hnh khng gian (nh
ni phn 1.2) ca mt h hu hn bc t do, m y ta gi u
m hnh PTHH ca h lin tc cho. Nh vy, r rng l phng
php PTHH thc hin mt php ri rc ho v hu hn ho cc h
v s bc t do. y chnh l t tng ch o ca phng php
PTHH. Ni dung ca phng php PTHH dc bc l trong quy trnh
chung ca n, bao gm cc bc sau y:
1 . C h n h t o t n g t h t r o n g k h n g g i a n c" n h t r o n g v t th
ch i m m t m i n D.
2. Chia li PTHH bao gm cc nt v do s to ra cc phn t
c xc nh bi cc im nt.
3. Xc nh cc bc t do ti cc nt v do s c vc t chuyn v
n t c a c h. y c h n c c i u k i n b i n v c c r n g b u :
to ra vc t chuyn v nt l t hp cc bc t do c lp.
4. Xt tng phn t nh mt vt th n hi vi mc ch thit lp
m i l i n h g i a t r n g t h i n g s u t b i n d n g b n t r o n g p h n t
vi cc chuyn V nt (tm cc hm dng).
5. S dng cc nh lut ca c hc cng vi mi lin h c x/
dng bc 4 thit lp cc ma trn khi lng, h s" cn v
c n g c a t n g p h n t, n g t h i x c n h v c t t i t r n g n g o i
a v nt.
6 . G h p n i c c m a t r n c a p h n t t r n c s c c l i n k t g i a c :
phn t sao cho tnh lin tc ca chuyn v nt c m bo.
7 . S d n g c c i u k i n b i n h a y c c r n g b u c k h c c n c gia
tr bng 0 hay bit. Cui cng ta c cc ma trn M, c, K va
vc t p tng th to thnh m hnh PTHH ca h cho dng
(2.3.1).
Nhng phng php c bn ca ng lc hc cng trinh 69
2.3.2 M t ton hoc phng php PTHH

V i c ch n cc h m d n g c a m i p h n t h u h n p h i m bo
vuxgc c h m n y x p x ti t r n g c h u y n v , b i n d n g v n g s u t
tro n g m i p h n t v m b o i u k i n li n t c c a c c tr n g n y
ti cc b i n g i a cc p h n t h u h n li n k n h a u .
G i t h i t t r n g c h u y n v t i c c i m b n t r o n g p h n t h u
h n c k h a i tri n d n g
{u(x,y,z)} = [< K x ,y ,e ) ] {a } , (2 .3 .2 )
t r o n g [ ( x * > \ z )] l v c t c c h m c a t a c k h n g g i a n v !a ( l
v c t c c t h a m s c x c n h t c c i u k i n c h u y n v t i c c
i m n t c a p h n t. T i n t i (i= l,2 ,..,n ) b t k , v c t c c t h n h
p h n c h u y n v c d n g
{, } = { u ( x , , y, , z , )} = y
[<j>(x,, , , 2 , )]{a} ,
tron g {xifyuz,} l t a c c i m n t. K h i u {UJ l v c t b a o g m

c c t h n h p h n c h u y n v {(/,} c a t t c c c n t n h n t , t a c
{tf, }= [<&]{}, (2.3.3)

t r o n g [ o ] l m a t r n c d n g
x29y2lz2)
M =
(xn1yn1zn)_
S th am s {a } t r o n g b i u t h c c a c c h m c h u y n v ( 2 . 3 . 2 ) p h i
b n g v i s b c t d o c a p h n t d m h o m a t r n [O] l c
n g h ch o.
T d c t h b i u d i n tr n g c h u y n v q u a c c c h u y n v n t d n g
u(x,y,z)} = [<|)(x,y,2 )][<D]'I { <!} = [N(x,y,z)fue} (2 .3 .4 )

vi
[N(x, y, z)\ = [ (x, y, z)][a>] 1 , (2 .3 .5 )
c gi l cc hmdng ca p h n t h u h n .
K h i c h m d n g , t a x c n h c t r n g b i n d n g t r o n g p h n
t h u h n d n g
{e(.r,>',2 )}= = [5 f (x,y,2)]{J (2.3.6)

vi [J3 J l m a t r n g m c c p h n t l kt q u c a v i c d o h m c c
h m d n g th e o c c t a k h n g g ia n v m t b i n d n g t r o n g h ta
a ph ng.
Khi trng ng sut trong phn t hu hn c xc nh

thng qua trng bin dng theo nh lut Hook c dng
{o(x,y,z)} =[D' ){s(x,y,z)} =[D ] \B \{r } , (2 .3 .7 )
trong [DJ l ma trn cc hng s vt l ca phn t. Phn t hu

h n c t h l m b n g v t l i u k h c n h a u n n [pj. [D ] c t h t h a y i
theo tng phn t.
ng nng T v th nng V ca phn t e c xc nh nh sau
T '= \ \ ] s > 'W v > (2.3.8)
V, = J { er { }rfv = i J j E f [ / ) { EriV'
D' 1 Df
Vi [p(.] l ma trn phn b khi lng.

T h a y b i u t h c c a c h u y n v , b i n d n g v n g s u t t h e o c h u y n v
nt vo cng thc (2.3.8) ta c
j,., (2.3.9)
V<=\{UJ[Ke]{Ut} (2 .3 .10 )
vi c c m a t r n
[ ,]= J M r lp ,l[ N lr fV ': ( 2 .3 .11)
[K ,]= \{B,\DjB,)iV. (2 .3 .12 )
M t k h c , v n g n n g v t h n n g c a c h b n g t n g n g
n n g v t h n n g c a t n g p h n t h u h n r i n g b i t n n n g n n g
v th nng ca c h bng
e * (9 *3 1
v = v e^ { u [ K e){ue}
e ^ e
v i el ch s c a p h n t h u h n e.
K h i u [T,.] l m a t r n c h u y n i t h t a a p h n g c a p h n
t e v h t a t n g th . m th c c h t l m a t r n c s in c h p h n g
n i a c c t r c t o a p h n g g n l i n vi p h n t c t n h t r c g i a o ,
t c c m i l i n h vi v c t c h u y n v n t t n g t h { n h s a u
W = [T,.]{t/} . [ ; = [ 7 ; n j . (2 .3 .14 )
Khi c! ta c
T - \ M . >\Mp\: ( 2 .3 .15 )
V = K I r . ] V } = i( t f } T[-]}.
V e ) 1
t r o n g c c m a t r n k h i l n g v c n g t n g t h c a h c d n g
Ilr Jk Jr J [*] = I t r T M r J . (2.3.16)
Cc m a t r n [M,.], [jFCJ c x c n h t r o n g ( 2 . 3 . 1 1 ) v ( 2 . 3 . 1 2 ) .
B y g i t a t n h c n g c a c c t i t r n g n g o i . N i c h u n g c c c l o i t i
t r n g s a u y t c d n g l n h : t i b m t t c d n g l n c c p h n t
{/s cc lc khi {fy ( x ,y ,z,t)}c v lc tp trung ti nt
/v (.vf . >y , , 2 J , / ) . N g o i r a , t r o n g c c l c k h i v m t t a t c h r i n g
thnh p h n t l v i v n tc
(/<}, = [C,.]{(x,3 \)}.
T n h c n g c a c c l c n g o i n h s a u . T r c h t c n g c a c c l c m t
bng
As = I i{/-s }r M w )} rfS = X
S' S'
= I J / ' s )r | W l s [ T , ] { ! d S = {Ps. } r { }
* S'
vi v c t l c m t a v n t l {ps } = ]jr J[T*4. [NcI s {fs } dS .

* S
C n g c a l c k h i
A v = I \ \ f v }T { u ( x , y , z ) ] d V = I | { A ,} r [ iV ] { f } rfV =
** vt * S,
I J / , ) V u n 1(}<V = ! / > , )
vi {pv }= ^ \[Te]r [N]7 {fv Tip n l cng lc cn nht

* K
Ac X J{/r}r { i/ ( w ) } d S = - X | J r [ i V ] 7' [ C i. [ i V ) { ; J r f V =
* Dc e Dt
= - I J 7 r [ r . ] 7'[7V]r [c j[N ][T . i{ } r fv = - { P c Y u
e D'
c n g vi l c c n n h t a v n t b n g {p r } = [ C ] j | , t r o n g m a t r n
h S c n [c]= [tJ[N ] t[C,\N][T,)IV .

* 0,
Cui c n g l c n g c a l c n t b n g AN= ] T {PN } {[/}.
i
Nh vy, s dng nguyn l Hamilton cho h ta c phng trnh

[ M p } + f c p } + [ K p } = { p } = { p v } + {p s } + {PN } . ( 2 .3 .17 )
2.1.1 M t s p h n t h u h a n t h n g d u n g
T a x t m t v i v d t r o n g v i c x y d n g c c m a t r n d c n g ,
khi lng ca cc phn t n gin thng dng trong thc t nh
phn t thanh, phn t dm v phn t bn.
a. Phn t thanh
X t m t t h a n h c c h i u d i L , t i t d i n A ch l m v i c tro n g
t r n g th i k o n n . G i s m u n n hi c a v t li u l E v m t
phn b l c n g o i dc th eo t h a n h l q(x,t). C h n h a i c h u y n v dc
trc lm hai bc t do (Hnh 2.3.1).
* u>> + >
^ 0 H nh 2 .3 .1
Nh th 'phn trn, vn then cht l chn hm dng. Theo

nh ngha hm dng m t mi quan h gia trng chuyn v bn
trong phn t vi cc chuyn v nt. Trong trng hp ny ta s chn
hm dng da trn mt biu din mang ngha c hc r rng nh
sau: hm dng cn tm l nghim phng trnh m t bin dng dc
trc
E A ^ = 0
CX
vi cc iu kin bin
!(0,O = /,(O
\ u { L j ) = U t)
Hin nhin l ta s c ngay nghim

u(Xt) = 1-
X
u ' * u
v xc nh c cc hm dng
(2.3.18)
Ma trn hnh hc B c dng

(5I r 2
= '
N [I -1],
c CX
Ma trn hng svt l ca phn t c dng [] - E . Khi d, ma trn
khi lng v cng ca phn t thanh bng
[2 1 EA 1 -l"
M,.= ; K . = (2.3.19)
[l 2 . L -1 1
Lc quy v nt ca phn t c dng
I. L
P f(t)= jU-00 - )(x; P (t) = q {x ,t) d x (2.3.20)
0 0
Ta c th xy dng cc nia trn phn t cho trng hp thanh 3 nt

hoc nhiu hn. Nhng v thut ton khng c g thay i nhiu.
6 . Phn t dm hai chiu
Xt phn t thanh ch chu un trong mt phng, trng hp

ny gi l phn t dm hai chiu. Chn cc chuyn v ngang v gc
xoay hai u lm cc bc t do (hnh v 2.3.2).
v , u,
a 4
Hnh 2.3.2
74 Nguyn TinKhim. nglchccngtrnh
C c h m d n g c t m t v i c g i i p h n g t r n h
cAw(x,t)
EI = 0
CX
vi c c d i u k i n b i n
j w{
CX/V0 yt) Iw'(
V^v0_/,j)^ = Uu >2(t
= L/
U(t);
I V / ; );
,
\w(L,t) = .)\ w'(L,t) = UA).
N g h i m c a b i t o n b i n n u t r n c d n g
w(x,t) - ixy) +<\>x)t) +<>J(x)Uy(t) + 4( x ) 4 (/)

t r o n g c c h m d n g l c c h m H c'1' i m t e
,( x ) = 1 - 3
' x' X
Ly L) (2 .3 .2 1)
; 4>4( a:) = -
: <>i rf: 2 r: ()4

M a tr n h n h hc B= v m a trn
dx2 dx2 dx2 dx2
h n g s v t l c a p h n t [d] = EI . Cui c n g , m a t r n k h i ln:
v c n g p h n t c d n g
156 22L 54 -13 L

L L
Mr = pAL
22 4L 13 -3L 2
(2 .3 .2 2 a )
420 54 13 L 156 -22 L
-13 L - 3L- -22 L 4L:
12 6L -12 6L
K =
E_l 6L 4L- - 6L 2L
(2 .3 .2 2 b )
L -12 -6 L 12 -6 L
6L 2L - 6L 4L 2
c. Phn tdm ba chiu

P h n t d m h a i c h i u c h p d n g c h o t h a n h ph n g. T ron g
k h n g g ia n c n p h i c d n g p h n t d m y hn. P h n t d m
b a c h i u l t h p c a p h n t t h a n h , h a i p h n t d m h a i c h i u v
p h n t x o n . C c p h n t t h a n h v d m c x y d n g t r n .
d y t r c k h i x y d n g p h n t d m b a c h i u , c h n g t a n i i li v
p h a n t x o n . T r o n g th c t n g i t a k h n g ( l n g k h i n i m p h n t
x o a n n y , n h n g vi k h i x t d m t r o n g k h n g g i a n t h n h i u k h i k h n g
t h e b q u a b i n d n g x o n dc. V v y t r o n g p h n t d m khng
g i a n c n p h a i x t c c h u y n d n g x o n c a (h im . V h n h t h c p h n g
trin h b i n d n g x o a n g i n g n h p h n g t r n h b i n d n g dc tr c , v
p h n g t r n h m t c h u y n d n g c n g c d n g
X
(%'
D o , n u d a v o h a i b c t d o l g c x o n c a t h a n h h a i u l
()., 0 : , t h c c h m d n g t n g n g vi b i n d n g x o n s c d n g
( 2 . 3 . 1 8 ) . K h i , t n g t n h t r n g h p d c t r c t r n t a c t h x y
( l n g c m a t r n k h i l n g v c n g c a p h n t x o n c d n g
GJX 1 -1
L -1 1
B y gi t a c h u y n s a n g v i c x y d n g c c m a t r n k h i l n g v
c n g c a p h n t d m 3 c h i u . T a a v o c c b c t d o ( H n h 2 .3 .3 )
sau y:
UyMi c h u y n v dc t r c c a t h a n h hai u p h n t ;
u2Sc h u y n v u n ngang t h e o trc V hai u phn t;
UyyU. c h u y n v u n n g a n g t h e o t r c 2 h a i u p h n t ;
4 , 10 l g c x o n h a i u p h n t;
5 , M l c c g c x o a y h a i u th a n h th eo q u a n h tr c y;
UbyU{2 l c c g c x o a y q u a n h t r c z.
Nh vy, vct chuyn v nt gm 1 2 thnh phn u = ,,...,[/l2 .

Ay
11
u
H n h 2 . 3 . 3 . C h u y n v n t c a p h n t d m 3 c h i u
T a a v o k h i u cc hm d n g sa u y
p,(*) = p,(x) = 1- ' P tU ) * Pio<*) = .
p2 (x) = Pj(x) = 13| + l

L \L J
- ( X \1) X 3
pj(x) = -p(x) = L x - 2o + (2.3.24)
L U J VL J
X X
p,(*) = p,(x) = 3 -2
\L J
*
/ \
> / \ 3*
X } X

p,i(x) = -p,2(jc) = L +
UJ U ;
v cc o hm ca hm dng
-S 2
m p,
x -p =
Thit lp cc ma trn
/ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pl 0 0 0 p7
0 0 0 0 0 0 PlU 0 0
0 0 p4
H(x) = 0 0 0
0 p2 0 0 0 Po 0 p8 Pl
0 0 0 0 p0 0 p.l 0
,0 0 pj Ps
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
V, 0 0 0 P7
0 0 0 0 0 0 Po 0 0
0 0 p4 H
H(x) = tt 0
0 p2 0 0 0 P* 0 p8 0 0 P\1
rt
0 0 0 0 0 p9 0 P.I 0
,0 p P
(2 .3 /2 5 )
(EF 0 0 0 ' rpF 0 0 0 "

0 GJX 0 0 0 pJ x 0 0
[E] = ; [m] =
0 0 EJZ 0 0 0 pF 0
, 0
0 0 EJy> V 0 0 pF t
S dng cc cng thc trnh by trong phn chung trn, ta c th
nhn c cc ma trn ca phn t hu hn nh sau
l. I. _
M t = H r (x)[m]H(x)dx; K t = H T(x)[E}H(x)dx.
0 0
Kt qu tnh ton ma trn khi lng M,. (a phn t c dng

140F
0 ! 5ftp
0 0 156P
0 0 0 140/
0 0 22FL 0 m
0 22FL 0 0 0 4 FI
420 7QF 0 0 0 0 0 14QP
0 54F 0 0 0 I3FL 0 1 5(F
0 0 54F 0 -1 FL 0 0 0 156P
0 0 0 70/, 0 0 0 0 0 140/,
0 0 UFL 0 -3A7; 0 0 0 . 22FL 0 FI
4
0 - I.TL
-I3 FL u
0 0 \0J jrL/
--3FL2 u
0 - .LF
- 22 TL, 0 u0 u L,
(2.3.26)
v ma trn cng /f(. ca phn t c dng nh (2.3,27). Hai ma trn
ny u i xng qua ng cho nn ta khng cn vit cc thnh
phn i xng. i vi khung khng gian th vic ghp ni cc ma
trn khi lng v cng phn t thnh cc ma trn tng ng ca
c h c tin hnh Iih trnh by phn chung nu trn.
F
L
12EJ,
0
V
0 0
12 EJ
V
GJ
0 0
L
0 0 -
6 EJ
^ 0
EJ,
4
^
0 ^ 0 0 0 ^
0 0 0 0 0
L _ L
12EJ, bEJ , I2J.
0 ------ T-1 () 0 0 - 0
L' V V
12EJ. 0EJ. I2EJ
0 0 - 0 ^7 0 0 )
L' V L'
0 0 0 - ^
GJ.
0 0
. 0 0 0
G/.
L _ L
6EJ, 2EJ OEJ 4EJ
0 0 - - . 0 0 0 0 0
0 ^ .* 0 0 ^ 0 ; 0 ^
L: L L
(2.3.27)
78 Nguyn TinKhim. nglchccngtrinh
2.3.4 Mt s v d
a) Dm cng xn c h u un tron g m t p h n g (Oxy) vi u t r i b
n g n i c h t v u p h i t (lo. K h i / j = t / 2 = 0 v h a i b c t clo cn
l i l c h u y n v n g a n g v g c x o a y t i u p h i , k h i u U:%
(t),U) .
T c c m a t r n k h i l n g v c n g ( 2 .3 .2 2 ) c a d m 2 c h i u , k h
c c h n g v c t t n g n g vi b c t d o U = U2= 0 , t a t h u c m a
t r n k h i l n g v c n g c a d m c n g x n
15 6 -22 L :K - 12 L -6
M . "FL
420 -22 L 4V L - 6 L 4 L-
P h n g t r n h t n s" d a o n g r i n g c d n g
6 -3 L 78 -11 L]1
\Lk - c o : A f J| s det- -X U o
- 3 L 2 V - 11 L 2 V
vi c c k h i u
3 p FV 0) '4 2 0
Eli
420/ pF
h a y n g i n l
35X 2 - 102X + 3 = 0 .
P h n g t r n h c u i c h o t a h a i n g h i m , = 0 .0 2 9 4 7 , k2 = 2 18 8 5 , t c
t h t n h c h a i t n s ' b n g
(0, = 3 . 5 3 2 7
EI E1
Ci>2 = 3 4 .8 0 6 9
p FV F
S o vi n g h i m g i i t c h
(O = 3 . 5 1 6
El CD, = 2 2 .0 3 4

FL4 * pF
t a t h y n g h i m u t i n c c h n h x c t n g i tt, cn n g h i m th
h a i c s a i s* ln. l d o t r o n g v d t r n t a x e m d m c n g x n c h l
m t p h n t h u h n . K h i c h i a d m c n g x n t h n h n h i u p h n t
n h h n t h k t q u t n h t n s " s t c c h n h x c c a o h n . i u
n y c m i n h h a b n g st r o n g v d 1 c a m c ( 2 . 4 . 4 . a ) d i d y .
b) V d khung khnggian s c x e m x t t r o n g p h n p d n g m y
t n h i n t v o p h n t c h n g l c h c c n g t r n h ( 2 .4 .4 .b ) .
Nhng phng php c bn co ng lc hc cng trinh 79
2.4 P h n g p h p m a t r n c n g n g
P h n g p h p p h n t h u h n ( P T H H ) , d c t r n h b y t m t t
trn cl lm thay i hon ton b mt ca c hc kt. cu, c bit l
ng lc hc cng trnh. C ngi cho rng kh c th c mt phng
php phn tch kt cu hu hiu hn phng php PTHH. c l phi
th h tip sau mi c th tr li dc cu hi ny. Tuy nhin, cng c
nhiu ngi bn khon vi chnh xc ca phng php PTHH. H
c gng i tm mt nh gi no v sai s"ca phng php. Nhng
kh c th nh gi c sai s"ca mt phng php, m thc cht l
mt m hnh khi chng ta khng bit c li gii chnh xc. Ch c
mt cch duy nht mng tng sai s'ca phng php PTHH l
so snh vi thc nghim i vi cc kt cu phc tp v trong trng
hp kt cu n gin c th so snh vi kt qu gii tch mc d c
thc nghim ln gii tch cng u c sai s ca mnh.
Tht l th v l gn y, khi nghin cu pht trin phng
php ma trn cng dng cho cc h lin tc, ngi ta pht hin ra
rng, phng php PTHH ch l mt s gn ng ca phng php
ma trn cng ng. Tht vy, trong c quy trnh ng dng phng
php PTHH, ch c mt ch "gn ng " duy nht l chng ta phi
"xp xi" t r n g chuyn v t r o n g p h n t b n g t r n g c h u y n v t n h .
Tc l b qua yu toTng lc hc ca trng chuyn v. Nu cc
hm dng trong phng php PTHH chn l trng chuyn v ng,
th phng php PTHH tr nn "chinh xc" m thc cht s cho kt
qu nh phng php gii tch. Khi khng cn phi nh gi sai s
ca phng php PTHH na. Chnh phng php ma trn cng
n g c h o k t c u c q u a n t m v p h t t r i n t r n c s t n g
ny. Nh vy, c th nh ngha rt ngn gn: Phng php ma trn
cng ng l phng php phn t hu hn, trong cc hm
dng c chn l trng chuyn v ng ca phn t. Tuy nhin,
c th chn hm dng ng mt cch n gin v kh thi, th ta phi
xt bi ton ng ca phn t trong min tn s", tc l xt chuyn
ng vi bin phc ph thuc vo tn s. V vy, thc cht quy
trn h p h n g p h p m a tr n c n g n g v h n h th c k h n g k h c g\
phng php PTHH, nhng gii thiu phng php ny cng cn
th i t p h i n h n m n h m t s c i m ri n g b i t c a n.
2.4. K h i n i m m a t r n c n g n g
Trc ht ta xem xt khi nim ma trn cng ng i vi h

hu hn bc t do
M(t) + C ) + KU(t) = P(t)
80 Nguyn TinKhim. nglchccngtrnh
c d n g
k(() = -a2M+i(C+ K .
y l m a t r n h m c a t n s v p h t h u c t u y n tn h v o c c m a
trn khi lng, cng, h s cn. C th ch ra rng
k ( 0) = K ,
c n g h a l m a t r n c n g n g t i g i t r gic c a t n sc h o La m a
t r n c n g t h n g th n g m t y t a g i l ma trn cng tnh
K0 vi eh s 0 di. Nu xt tron g m i n tn s, t c g i s
(co), P(co) l b i n p h c c a c h u y n v v t i t r n g , t h t a c q u a n
h
k ( ) ( to) = p.(a>). (2 .4 .1)
y c h n h l m i l i n h g i a l c t c d n g v c h u y n v b i u d i n b n
cht ca ma trn cng ng. T y, bi ton ng lc hc n n
g i i p h n g t r n h i s i vi c h u y n v . C h c d i u , p h n g t r n h
i s ny phi gii trong min tn s, c ngha l cho tt c cc tn
s' trong mt di tn no . T tng ca phng php ma trn
cng ng cho kt cu cng trnh chnh l thit lp mi lin h (2.4.1),
tron g K(() gi l ma trn cng ng cho kt cu, cn
((o),P(() ln lt l bin phc ca chuyn v nt v ti trng a

v n t. M c ti u c h n h l x y d n g m a t r n K(0)) v v c t P(().
2.4.2 Quy trnh phng php ma trn cng ng cho kt
cu
Trc khi trnh by quy trnh chung ca phng php ina trn
cng ng, chng ta dng li trnh by tm tt v phng php
cng thng thng vi ni dung l xy dng ma trn cng trong
vic phn tch cc kt cu n gin nh thanh, dm. Nh nhc n
m c 2 . 1 , p h n g p h p c n g c n i d u n g c b n l x y d n g m i
lin h gia cc lc v chuyn v ti cc nt, chnh v th n cn c
gi l phng php chuyn v.
T a x t m t t h a n h n g i n c c c t h a m s' h n h h c v v t l i u
hng s E, p, A, L. G i s t i h a i n t X= 0,x = L c c h u n v l uI,
U2. T r n g c h u y n v t n h c a t h a n h c d n g q u e n t h u c
u(x) = c + c,x .
D dng nhn thy
Nhng phng php c bn cci ng lc hc cng trnh 81
c0 = u(h0) =
..II ..
/, , c, =u
( L ) ~ c Kt
= U2 -U.

Nh vy ta s c
Khi ta c th tnh dc lc ti hai u nt bng

pt = -EA (x = 0) = (A / L)(, - , ),
x
p, = EA (x = L) = (EA/ L)(-U +U.).
x
Nu vit li cc phng trnh cui vo dng ma trn ta c
p EA 1 ~ r '
I u'\
p, J 1 -1 I 2J
v khi ma trn
EA 1 -1
-1 1
dc gi l ma trn d cng cho thanh hai nt. Ma trn ny cng

chnh bng ma trn cng ca thanh dc xy dng bng phng
php PTHH, cng thc (2.3.19). Xt trng hp thanh c chia lm
hai phn t bng 3 nt, hai nt u thanh v mt nt ti v tr chia
thanh thnh hai phn c chiu di L^L,. Gi s hai phn t ca
thanh c cc c trng hnh hc v vt liu khc nhau vi cc ch s 1
v 2 , ta s xy dng ma trn cng cho h vi 3 bc t do u u Uz, /3.
Theo cc cng thc trn i vi phn t th nht ta c
p\ EAx -1 -!' A ' 1
\ u K
i vi phn t th hai mi quan h ny c dng
1 21 E2A2 1 -1 u2
Pr. L, -1 1 Uy
Ti nt trong thanh, ta c iu kin cn bng lc Pn + p2 1 = 0 , nn
c th vit li cc phng trnh cui dng
K A
T suy ra ma trn cng (cha p dng iu kin bin) cho

thanh l
A _ ex
a
0
h __ K
gii quyt trn vn bi ton ko nn cho thanh ta phi p dng

iu kin bin v tnh cc ti trng a v nt, m y khng trnh
by m ch m t vic xy dng ma trn cng cho h.
Hon ton tng t c th xt bi ton un cho dm hai chiu.
Khi cng s nhn c ma trn cng cho mt phn t dm hai
chiu ging ht nh ma trn cng xy dng c bng phng
php PTHH. Vic ghp ni cc ma trn cng c thc hin bng
cch cn bng lc nt v m bo s lin tc ca chuyn v nt.
Quy trnh chung ca phng php ma trn cng ng c
pht biu nh sau:
Bc 1. Chia vt th n hi (hay kt cu cng trnh) thnh cc phn
t bng tp hp cc im nt (li) v chn vc t chuyn v nt U(t)
nh trong phng php PTHH.
Bc 2. Xt tng phn t ring bit vi vc t chuyn v nt phn t
trong h ta a phng Ue. Gii bi ton ng cho phn t trong
min tn s vi iu kin bin l cc chuyn v nt t/t.((o) thit lp
mi lin h
Nv(<d) = Kt,((0) (, (>) + P' (co), (2.4.2)
trong N t.({o) l bin phc ca cc lc u nt, k r(co) l ma
trn cng ng v Pe(co) l bin phc ca ti trng ngoi cho
phn t trong h to a phng. Thc cht y l xy dng ma
trn cng ng v vc t ti trng phn t k t,(co) v P. (co).
Rc 3. G h p ni m a t r n (i c n g n g v v c t t i t r n g c h o t t c
c c p h n t b n g c c h c h u y n p h n g t r n h ( 2 . 4 . 2 ) v h t o a t n g
t h v c n b n g t t c c c l c n t , t h o m n c c i u k i n b i n . C u i
c n g ta d c p h n g t r n h ( 2 . 4 . 1 ) vi
k(to) = ât.k,Xi)ae\ P{co) =2 -âePtX(o)a^. (2 .4 .3)

tf e
Khc v i p h n g p h p p h n t h u h n , s d n g n g u y n l
n n g l n g d t h i t l p p h n g t r n h c h u y n n g , q u y t r n h c a
p h n g p h p m a t r n c n g n g t n g t n h p h n g p h p
c n g t r o n g c h c k t c u . T u y n h i n , k t q u g h p n c c m a t r n
c n g n g p h n t t h n h m a t r n c n g n g t n g t h c h o c k t
c u c n g g i n g n h tro n g ph n g p h p P T H H . c b i t l ngi ta
c n c h n g m i n h c r n g , m a t r n c n g v m a t r n k h i l n g
c a P h n g p h p P T H H c t h n h n c m t c c h d d n g t m a
t r n c n g n g . i u n y s c t h y r t r o n g c c t r n g h p c
th sau .
2.4.3 Mt sphn tthng dng

a. Phn tthcinh konn trc xon
X t m t p h n t t h a n h c t i t d i n l F , m u n n h i E, m t
k h i p, c h i u d i j = Xj ~Xj_ ( h n h v 2 . 4 . 1 ) c h u m t t i p h n b'
Q(x, t).
Un
* X
Hnh 2 .4 .1 . C hu yn v nt v lc u n t cho phn t thanh
P h n g t r n h d a o n g d c c a t h a n h c d n g
d2U(xyt) dU{x,t)
EF d2U(x,t) . *U(x,t) + Q(x,t) = p F + H
VX2 x2dt dt2 t
tro n g l h s c n nh t c a v t li u , X l h s c n c a m i
tr n g.
B n g cch t:
U(x,t) = uxyc)e; Q(xJ) = q(xy()e

vi u{xyc)v q(x,) l b i n c a c h u y n V d c t r c v t i t r n g d c
t r n t h a n h , t a th u c p h n g t r n h
d 2/(jc,co)
4- X2u(xy0)) = q(x,<) ,
dx2
t r o n g
~
q q(x,<). , 2 , -hp-
= ----- . _ ; = b 1
U
:i2 = -1
F (!)
l th a m s n g l c h c (co l t n s' v n g - r a d / g i y ) v
= JE(l + ija,to)
l m o u n n hi ph c, di y cho d th eo di ta v n d n g k
h iu E nh k h i k h n g c c n .
C h u y n v d c t r c t n g q u t c d n g
u(x) - A s i n Xx + B COS Xx + 1 ^
-- j s i n X(x - z)q(xJ + 1 ,(0 ) r i i
^ 0
t r o n g
X= X- Xj_J ; Xj_i < X< Xj

vi A , B l cc h n g s"ph th u c v o cc i u k i n h a i u n t.
G i s c c c h u y n v n t l uyA v Upc c l c u p h n t l NJ
C c i u k i n b i n s l
u( xj _) = UH \ u(Xj) = Uj\
-EF du du
EF = Nr
dx x
T c c i u k i n n y t a c m li n h
COS X j -(\EF)~]sin Xj' ( UH 1I M , (2AA)

V
- XEFs i n M i
- COS X .
J /
trong k hiu

q} = js in - x)q(Xj_, + T,i))dt;
0
r )
q'j = J c o s X .( J - T)(jCj.| + T,co)dT.
0
Nhng phng php c bn ca dng lc hc cng trinh 85
T phng trnh (2.4.4) ta c th r t ra cc quan h
(N J> cot X - CSC)J ,) / u, . \ /JF CSC)J 0 /

= XEF\ +
[ N; { - CSCXIJ cot X( / u > J y~kEF cotX j 1
vi cc k hiu
COS2
cot. z =
sin 2
Nh vy ma trn cng ng v vc t ti trng cho phn th thanh
chu ko hay nn c dng
X cot )J kcscXP
Kj(<) = EF
XcscX( . XcotXP
(2 .4 .5 )
).EF CSC\ f t 0
p '
- K E Fcotkij 1
D dng n h n th y khi cho tn s"CD t i n n 0, m a t r n c n g ng

c h o t a m a t r n c n g n h n c b n g p h n g p h p P T H H c a
phn t t h a n h tro n g cng t hc ( 2 . 3 . 1 9 ) , hay
EF 1 -1
=lim
K () /T((i>)
J oj'Vo J =
-1 1
Tng t, trong trng hp xon ma trn cng ng v vct ti

ngoi vn c dng nh (2.4.5), nhng thay vo ch E l , v ch ca
F l /.
b. Phn t dm hai chiu chu un
Xt mt dm chu un trong mt phng x-y (h to c a
phng, Hnh 2.4.2.) c cc tham s: moun dn hi EZ1 din tch mt
ct ngang F, mmen qun tnh tit din /,, mt khi lng p, chiu
i dm L trong mt phng Oxy ca h to a phng.

Ty n3 n4
N,
G
n 2
A
u2 u
A
Hnh 2.4.2
K h i , p h n g t r n h t n g q u t m t c h u y n n g u n c a d m c
dng:
E1 dAw (x,t)
CV
*w(xft) + p A d2w dw
X4
^1 xAt t*+l2t
t r o n g m l h s c n n h t c a v t l i u , Ji2 l h s c n c a m i
tr ng.
B n g cch t:
w(xft) - <>(xfc)eUt; Q(x,t) = q(x,i)eii t

vi ( x , 0)) v q(x,co) l b i n c a c h u y n v n g a n g v t i trn g n g an g
t r n t h a n h , t a th u c p h n g t r n h
d*O(x,o:>) - 40 ( * , 6 ) ) = ( x , ( o ) , (2.4.6)
dxA
t r o n g
q(Xyco)V = (*,co)
; K4 - (O2 pA 1-
Ijh
I I (
l t h a m s n g l c h c ((1) l t n s" v n g - r a d / g i y ) , n u X= 0 t c
(0 = 0 t a c t r n g h p b i n d n g t n h , v i (0 * 0 t h O(x,co) l b i n
c h u y n v n g v
- Ez(1 + tj!(o)
l m o u n n h i p h c , d i y c h o d t h e o d i t a v n d n g k
h iu E nh k h i k h n g c c n .
a vo cc ch u yn v n t nh sau
, = 0 (0 ) ; U, = O '( o ) ; u,= j)\lt = O '( 0
K h i t a c v c t t o s u y r n g U={UUu. Ui, / , } T. n g o i ra , ta
a v o c c l c n t s a u y
Nt = EI: " ( 0 ) ;
n \ = -E I t0 '( 0);
n ]= - E i ]0 "(,);
[Nt = EI j)
l v c t l c u n t . B n c h t c h c c a c c l c Nvu c I11 t
tro n g H n h 2 .4 .2 .
Nhngphngphp cbncanglchc cngtrinh 87
K h i , t a c n g h i m t n g q u i c a p h n g t r n h
vi X e [ 0 . (] v
. , , V n \TT
0 ( a ' ) = K , (/JC), + u2+-K,jc)
- Af|
K 4(?jc) K 3 ()jc)
- iV ,,
/A 5 7,
/ , ( . t ) : / \ ( x ) : / f 3 (.t): l n h n g h m K r l v a v o t r n .
N g o i r a a v o c c h m s"
\ ^j ) = 7T ]K(Cj -x)](t,to)rfT;
K
Q 2W j ) = -r -t)](t,(0)ct;
0
q 3 j ) = - E I K j - x ) ] ( T , ( 0 )dx;
0
E I '}
q 4 j ) = J-K"2 [x.( f j - T)](T, 0 ))dT
^ 0
v v c t
{9 } = fa(f-j)><(t j)} >j = 1 ,2 ,...,n+ 1

K h i t h e o p h n g p h p m a t r n t r u y n t a c
u 3 ut
= [T\ U, >+ ( 2 .4 .7 )
N, N,
t r o n g m a t r n
KAWj) K^Xij)
Kx(Uj) r'K2(Xj)
EI^ EIX
K3ij) K2(Uj )
XK4(M,) K,(X( :)
4 j 1 j E IX E I t\
- X E I K ( M j ) - X E L K ^ M j ) - K t( k t j ) K , ( X ( j )
tfE I'K jW j) l E I t K t (kf.j) r ' K 2( \ j ) - K , ( U j )

S dng (2.4.7) biu din cc lc u nt qua cc chuyn v nt

tng t nh trong mc trc ta c
{w } = [Kj (co)]{} + [ G ] { } ,
trong
rk \ K tK 2 - K , K , ) U C-K tK ,) - k sK : };K t
=k, X \ K ; - K,K,) U K 2K< - K tK t ) -}.2k kK4

- k'K, - ):K }
k! K } }JK4 XiK.K^K) MK.Ky-K^,))
(2.4.8)
;...g -
K -K ,K .
K , = V , ( M y ).
y chnh l ma trn cng ng ca phn t dm (chu un)

hai chiu. Tht th v l c th s dng MATLAB tm c biu
din sau y ca ma trn cng ng trong trng hp khng cn
[ X ,.] = [ t f 0] - a r [ M 0] + o ( o 4 )
vi
12 6L -12 6L N
L
6 L 4L2 -6 L 2L-
[*]=
V -12 -6 L 12 -6 L
\ 6L 2L2 -6 L 4L2 ,
/ 156 22L 54 - 1 3L N
pAL 22L 4L2 13L -3 L 2
420 54 13L 156 -22 L
-13L -3L2 -22L 4L2

D dng nhn thy hai ma trn cui l ma trn cng v ma trn
khi lng ca phng php PTHH (cng thc (2.3.22)).
c. Phn t dm ba chiu
Dm ba chiu thc cht l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc trng hp
sau y: mt l bin dng dc trc, tc l phn t thanh nh xy
dng trn; hai l bin dng xon; ba l un trong mt phang XOY,
m thc cht l phn t dm hai chiu trn v bn l un trong mt
phng XOZ (nh trong Hnh 2.3.3). Ma trn cng ng v vc t
ti trng ca phn t dm ba chiu s l kt qu php cng i s ca
cc ma trn tng ng ca cc phn t c lit k trn.
c t h t h c h i n p h p c n g n y t a c n q u y n h t r t t c a
c c b c t. d o c a c p h n t t n g h p. i u n y c t h c h i n b n g
v i c c h n c c b c t do c a p h n t d m b a c h i u n h s a u
( c o ) = , , , ...... . 1: 7' ,
t r o n g n g h a c h c c a c c b c t d o n y c c h r t r o n g H n h
2 . 3 . 3 . N h v y , c c p h n t t h a n h , x o n v p h n t d m 2 c h i u t r o n g
m t p h a n g X O Y c x y d n g . t h u n t i n v k h n g n h c l i
ta a v o c c k h i u c a m a t r n c n g n g ch o p h n t t h a n h
v t r c x o n l n l t l
D'\ >"I
D Ly D" D 129
^ 11
[0 ,]=
DI d::: J K D
M a t r n p h n t d m h a i c h i u t r o n g m t p h n g X O Y c k h i u l
K Di Dy
14
22 D;,
Dy Dy
M - Dy
D dI dI 34
D D-l DL
44
N N, N:
a
u .
u2 u.
Hnh 2.4.3. Un trong m t phng xz
By gi, t a x c n h m a t r n c n g d n g c h o p h n t 'd m h a i
ch i u tro n g m t p h n g XOZ. T r c h t , t a c t h t c h c c b c t do
c a p h n t n y t p h n t d m b a c h i u m t t r o n g H n h 2 . 3 . 3 v
t a c p h n t d m h a i c h i u t r o n g m t p h n g XOZ t r o n g H n h
2 . 4 . 3 . S o v i p h n t d m h a i c h i u c m t t r o n g H n h 2 . 4 . 2 , t a
t h y i vi p h n t cui h a i m m e n h a i u v h a i gc x o a y h a i
u c d u n g c l i . V v y , c t h c h n g m i n h c m a t r n c n g
n g c a p h n t d m t r o n g m t p h n g XOZ n h n c t m a t r n
c n g n g c a p h n t d m t r o n g m t p h n g X O y b n g c c h t h a y
v o ch m m e n q u n tn h m t c t I2b n g ly v n h n t h e o h a i p h a vi
m a tr n d u nh sau:
90 Nguyn TinKhim. nglchccngtrinh
vi
1 0 0 0
0 -1 0 0
[c]=[c]-' =
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 -1
Cu cng ta c ma trn
~DX d ;: D;< l
r ) V - D y D1
y3 -D
^1 1 12
, d D a Dl 7)'V l- D 2y1 D1
[D ,]-
D r_ DI Dy - D ^34y
l - D :
D I d ;: DU D l D - D y D 44y J
ng thi, cng nh phng php phn t hu hn ta c ma trn
cng ng ca phn t dm ba chiu dng
K
0 Dy 0
0 0 D I
0 0 0 D
lJ\\
0 0 0 D, X
0 Dy 0 0 0 Dk
D=
Dl 0 0 0 0 0 N
0 D
L/Jty 0 0 0 Dy 0 D3
y3
0 0 D'n 0 n 0 0 0 U
0 0 0 D29 0 0 0 0 0 D.
0 0 0 d :2 0 0 0 Dl 0 Dl
0 Dy 0 0 0 D
^42y 0 Dy 0 0 0 D
xc nh trong cc phn trc.

Thut ton cho phng php ma trn cng ng ny c
lp trnh trn ngn ng MATLAB dng mt chng trnh my tnh
mang tn DIALAB. Vic s dng chng trnh ny c minh ho
trong cc v d tnh ton di y.
2.4.4 Mt sv d tnh ton
a) Dmn hi
S" liu ca dm ngm mt u (cng xn) c:
c h i u d i L = 0 . 2 5 (m ),
t i t d i n n g a n g F = 0 . 0 2 X 0 . 0 1 ( m 2),
m t k h i p = 7 8 2 7 . 1 0 1 1 ( k g / m 3),
m u n n h i E = 1 . 9 9 9 x l 0 11 (N /m ), v h s P o i s s o n 0 = 0 . 3 .
K t q u t n h t o n 1 0 t n s" r i n g u t i n ( r a d / s ) c a d m c n g
x n n u t r n b n g D I A L A B , S A P 2 0 0 0 v so s n h v i n g h i m g i i t c h
c c h o t r o n g B n g 2 . 4 . 1 . N h n v o b n g t a t h y i v i d m n h i
p h n g p h p m a t r n c n g n g c h o k t q u t r n g v i n g h i m g i i
t c h ( s a i s" x p x 0 . 0 1 % ) . S o vi p h n g p h p P T H H , c s a i s c n g
l n i v i c c t n s' c n g c a o ( t n s' t h 1 0 c t h l n n t r n 6 % ) ,
th p h n g p h p m a t r n c n g n g c h n h x c h n n h i u .
Bng 2.4.1.
TS ANAL D IA L A B ERRO R SAP2000 ERROR
1 8 .2 0 7 9 8 .2 0 7 0 3 1 0 .0 10 5 9 % 8 .16 9 4 0 .4 7 13 %
2 16 .4 15 16 .4 14 0 6 0 .0 0 5 7 3% 16 .3 3 8 0 .4 6 8 8 %
3 5 1.4 3 5 5 1.4 3 2 5 8 0 .0 0 4 7 0 % 5 0 .6 2 5 1.6 0 0 8 %
4 10 2 .8 7 10 2 .8 6 5 2 0 .0 0 4 7 0 % 10 1.2 3 -1.6 2 11%
5 14 4 .0 2 14 4 .0 12 7 0 .0 0 5 0 6 % 14 0 .3 2 2 .6 3 8 4 %
6 2 8 2 .2 3 2 8 2 .2 0 7 4 0 .0 0 7 9 9 % 2 7 2 .0 6 3 .7 3 7 2 %
7 2 8 8 .0 3 2 8 8 .0 2 5 4 0 .0 0 15 9 % 2 8 0 .5 0 2 .6 8 4 2 %
8 4 6 6 .5 9 4 6 6 .5 0 9 1 0 .0 17 3 3 % 4 4 4 .6 5 4 .9 3 5 1%
9 5 6 4 .4 3 564.4149 0 .0 0 2 6 8 % 5 4 3 .2 6 3 .8 9 6 3 %
10 6 9 6 .9 5 6 9 6 .8 8 3 9 0 .0 0 9 4 9 % 6 5 5 .0 7 6 .3 9 2 9 %
b) Khung khnggian
X t m t k h u n g k h n g g i a n c c h t o v t h n g h i m [ 1 4 ] .
C c t n s o c a k h u n g t r o n g b n g 2 . 4 . 2 c c h o c t c u i c n g .
K t q u tn h to n b n g D I A L A B (ph ng p h p m a t r n c n g n g)
v S A P 2 0 0 0 ( p h n g p h p P T H H ) v i k h u n g c so s n h v i
thc n g h i m ( B n g 2 .4 .2 ) ch o t h y , tro n g tr n g h p n y p h n g
p h p m a tr n c n g n g v n cho n g h i m c h n h x c hn p h n g
php P T H H r t n h i u . S a i s" c a D I A L A B n i c h u n g l d i 1 % ,
t r o n g k h i S A P 2 0 0 0 c s a i s" g n 1 0 % . N h n g k t q u n y c n g
c so s n h vi k t q u t n h t o n c a m t t c g i n c n g o i d n g
p h d n g p h p m a t r n c h u y n t i p v p h n g p h p P T H H v i s l n g
p h n t k h c n h a u . K t q u c h o t h y D I A L A B t c c h n h x c
nh c a tc gi nu.
Bng 2.4.2.
Tn D M .L A B S A I S SAP2000 S A I S (%) T h c n g h i m
s (Hz) (%) (Hz) (H z)
1 10 .8 117 0 .8 10 1% 10 .5 14 1 3 .5 4 0 % 10 .9
.................. .
2 15 .8 112 1.3 5 3 8 % 15 .6 9 5 8 0 .6 14 % 15 .6
3 17 .7 5 0 6 0 .8 5 5 7 % 17 .5 4 7 3 0 .2 9 9 % 17 .6
4 3 2 .7 2 0 7 0 .6 7 9 1% 3 1.9 2 2 7 1.7 7 6 % 3 2 .5
5 5 1.19 4 6 i.5 7 6 6 % 4 5 .7 0 3 6 9 .3 18 % 5 0 .4
6 6 4 .7 4 3 7 0 .5 4 7 3 % 6 1.4 7 2 3 5 .5 7 3 % 6 5 .1
,t
ry 6 8 .6 8 2 8 0.5605% 6 5 .8 9 0 6 3.528% 6 8 .3
......... .
8 79.5393 0 .2 0 16 % 7 3 .10 7 5 8 .2 7 2 % 7 9 .7
r ....................
9 9 3 .6 7 7 1 0.3435% 8 5 .7 10 3 8 .8 19 % 94
10 95.6737 0 .7 5 3 4 % 8 8 .4 7 6 0 8 .2 2 0 % 9 6 .4
2.5 Cng c my tinh trong ng lc hc cn g trnh
2.5.1 C h n g t r n h p h n t c h k t c u S A P 2 0 0 0
a) S lc v SAP 2000
S A P 2 0 0 0 (Structural A n a ly sis Program) l p h n m m p h n t c h k t
c u b n g p h n g p h p P T H H , c p h t t r i n t S A P 9 0 . C h n g
t r n h S A P 2 0 0 0 l p h i n b n u t i n c a S A P h o n t h i n v i c t c h
h p c n g v i p h n m m W i n d o w s . T h m n h u t i n c a S A P 2 0 0 0
l g ia o d i n h o c n g v i v i c t o r a m h n h , th c h i n q u t r n h
p h a n t c h , k i m t r a v t i u h o t r o n g t h i t k , u c t h c h i n
t r n c n g m t g ia o d in . K h n n g p h n tc h c a c h n g t r n h c n g
l m t t h m n h , c b s u n g k t q u n g h i n c u g n y n h t c a
k t h u t s . S o v i S A P 9 0 , S A P 2 0 0 0 c t h m p h n t p h i t u y n v
c k h n n g k i m t r a , ti u h o t r o n g v n t h i t k .
H i n n a y c 3 d n g c h n g t r n h S A P 2 0 0 0 (S A P 2000 E, S A P
2 0 0 0 P L U S , S A P 2 0 0 0 N o n lin e a r ) c n g s d n g m t d n g g ia o d i n
h a , n h n g t n h n n g c a m i c h n g t r n h k h c n h a u . L n l t l
P h i n b n d n g t r o n g v i c g i n g d y ; ti p n l th h i n mi c a
S A P 90; cu i c n g , S A P 2 0 0 0 N o n lin e a r , l p h i n b n m r n g c a
S A P 2 0 0 0 P L U S c th m p h n t p h i t u y n .
S A P 2 0 0 0 t n h to n v p h n tc h ch o 6 lo i p h n t c h n h : P h n
t t h a n h h a i n t F R A M E ; P h n t t m , v, v m n g 3 c h i u 3 ,4 h o c
8 n t S H E L L ; P h n t p h n g b a c h i u 4 n t P L A T E ; P h n t k h i
h a i c h i u 3 n 9 n t A S O L I ; P h n t k h i b a c h i u x c n h t h n g
qua 8 nt SOLID; NLLINK - phn t phi tuyn.
b) Nhng thao tc c bn khi s dng SAP 2000
Cng vic u tin mt ngi k s bt u vi SAP 2000
c h n h l m h n h h a k t c u ch o b i t o n c n p h n tc h . V i c m
h n h h a k t c u t r n g i a o d i n h a S A P 2 0 0 0 c t h t h c h i n t h e o
c c b c s a u : n h d n g h t r c t a , l i p h n c h i a , n v o
l n g ; K h a i b o c t r n g v t l i u ; K h a i b o n t p h n t v p h n t
c trong kt cu; Khai bo tnh cht c bit ca nt (Restrains,
s p r in g s , m a ss..); K h a i b o t i t c n g vi k t c u v t hp t i
t r n g . T u y n h i n S A P 2 0 0 0 c s n m t s" m h n h , t a c t h l a c h n ,
s a u c h n h s a c h o p h h p vi m h n h c a m n h . i u n y l m
c h o v i c t h i t l p m t k t c u tr n n n g i n v n h a n h c h n g . V i c
c h n h s a li c n g r t n g i n (Draw/Edit Grid c h o t h a m s t h e o
c c t r c X , Y , Z '). M t t n h c h t c a S A P 2 0 0 0 t r o n g v n t o m
h n h m ng i s d n g c n c h , l k h n n g p h t s in h . i v i
S A P 9 0 v i c p h t s i n h p h n t c h o p h p h o n t h i n m h n h n h a n h
chng hn, nht l vi cc kt cu c phn t ging nhau. SAP
2 0 0 0 n g o i v i c p h t s i n h p h n t , n c n c h o p h p p h t s i n h c m t
c u trc.
K h i c n g v i c to m h n h h o n th i n , v i c ti p th eo l p h n
t c h v h i n t h k t q u . V i c p h n t c h k t q u c a b i t o n i vi
S A P 2 0 0 0 th c h i n tr n c n g m t g ia o d i n , y l m t i u r t ti n
li c h o v i n g i s d n g . i v i S A P 9 0 v i c p h n t c h b i t o n g y
r t n h i u k h k h n ( m t t h i g i a n ) bi v i c p h n t c h p h i t h c h i n
trn mi trng MS-DOS. Trc khi phn tch ta cn phi chn kiu
p h n t c h v a r a k t q u . i u n y l r t c n t h i t , n h t l i vi
kt cu c n h i u t h p t i. Thc h in l a chn thng qua
Analysis/Set Options . Sau khi la chn kiu phn tch thch hp,
ta thc hin phn tch bi ton Analysis/Run. Trong khi chng
t r n h th c h i n p h n tc h , t a c t h n h n q u t r n h p h n t c h t r n
m n h n h , v k h i ch n g t r n h th c h i n p h n tc h x o n g t a c t h x e m
t r c t i p b o l i c a c h n g t r n h d o t a c t h c h n h s a l i c a b i
ton.
P h n h i n t h c a S A P 2 0 0 0 r t t i n c h , b a o g m v i c k i m t r a
m h n h v h i n th k t q u p h n tc h . K i m t r a m h n h t h i t l p
l k h u h t s c q u a n t r n g v c n t h i t i v i n g i s d n g , t r n h
n h n g s a i s t c h o q u t r n h p h n t c h . M h n h c t h c k i m t r a
sl i u t h n g q u a c c l n h : Display!Show
v m t h n h hc c n g n h
Underformed Shape, Show Load, Show Input Tables i vi
S A P 9 0 s a u k h i th c h i n p h n tc h , m u n h i n th k t q u p h i th c
h i n q u a m t c h n g t r n h k h c v v i c h i n th k h n g n g i n .
S A P 2 0 0 0 c h o p h p h i n th tr n g ia o d i n h a v v i c h i n th k t
q u n y t h h i n s t i n ch c a ch n g t r n h . C h n g t r n h c h o p h p
h i n t h t t c c c c t r n g c h c c a k t c u c n g n h c a p h n t:
C c d n g d a o n g ri n g , b i n d n g c a k t c u ; C h u y n v c a nt;
C c c t r n g s c b n c a p h n t ( n i l c, n g su a 't ) ; n g n h
hng .
c) Kh nngphn tchnglchc kt cu cng trinh ca SAP 2000
N i c h u n g k h n n g p h n tc h c a S A P 2 0 0 0 c n g t n g t S A P
90, n ch th m p h n p h n tc h p h i t u y n c h o p h n t p h i t u y n .
N g o i p h n p h n t c h t n h q u e n t h u c , p h n p h n t c h n g l c h c
c a S A P 2 0 0 0 g m b a lo i:
Cl. Phn tch dng dao ng ( m o d a l a n a l y s is fo r v ib r a t io n m od es)

c h i u l p h n tc h d a o n g r i n g c a k t c u . K t q u c a b i
t o n n y l d n g d a o n g v t n s" r i n g c a k t c u . C c d n g d a o
n g t h h i n n g x ( a k t c u , c h n g c n g c s d n g l n n
t a n g c h o p h n t c h ph p h n n g ( r e s p o n s e s p e c t r u m ) v m i n th i
g ia n (tim e h isto r y ). T r o n g S A P 2 0 0 0 s d n g h a i t h u t t o n R i t z v e c t o r
v E ig e n v e c to r phn tc h dng dao ng ri n g . Thut ton
Ritzvector c h o p h p tn h to n x p x tr r i n g v v e c to r r i n g th e o
ph n g p h p Lan czoc. T h u t ton Eigenvector l v i c g i i b i to n tr
ri n g (K - M)<>= 0 , t r o n g Xl c c g i t r r i n g v o l v ecto r
r i n g b n g p h n g p h p n h th c h o c k h n g g ia n con t u t h e o k c h
thc b i to n .
C2. Phn tch phn ng ng trong min thi gian, l v i c tm p h n

n g c a k t c u ( c h u y n v v n i l c) di t c n g c a t i t r n g b t
k . P h n g p h p c h y u l ch n g c h t d n g d a o n g t c t r n h b y
tr o n g ch n g 1 cho ph ng trn h
KU{t)+C{t)+ M(t) = P(t).

C3. Phn tchphphn nga chn, t h c c h t l g i i ph n g trn h
KU(t)+ c(t)+ M{t) = mxUKr(t)+myJt) + m.,Jt).

tm p h p h n n g t h e o n g h a c t r n h b y t r o n g c h n g 3 . P h
p h n n g n g t r o n g t r n g h p n y k h n g p h i l b i n p h c c a
c h u y n v , n i l c n h t r n h b y t r o n g p h n p h n g p h p m a t r n
c n g n g . V i c p h n tch p h p h n n g n g c a k t c u c n g
t r n h n g t h e o n g h a c a n c t r n h b y d i y , s a u p h n m i n h
ha s d n g S A P 2000.
2.5.2 Phn tch ng lc hc kt cu khung bng SAP 2000

Ta s minh ha cho r vic s dng SAP 2000 ln phng php
P T H H t r o n g p h n tc h n g l c h c k h u n g k h n g g i a n v i m h n h
c m t t r o n g H n h 2 .5 .1.
K h u n g b a o g m 8 p h n t d m (4 c t v 4 t h a n h g i n g ) v 8 n t ,
trong 4 nt 1 , 3, 5, 7 c ngm cht. Tt c cc phn t c c
tr n g v t li u E = 2 . 4 8 2 . 1 0 l0N / m 2, p = 2 4 0 0 k g / m 3, v = 0 . 2 v ti t d i n
A = 0 . 2 5 x 0 . 2 5 m 2. C h i u d i c a c c c t 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 v t h a n h g i n g 5 , 6
b n g 2 m . C c t h a n h cn l i 7 v 8 c c h i u d i 2 .5 m .
T a n g h i n cu b i to n dao ng ri n g v p h n n g th i g ia n c a k t
c u d i t c d n g c a t i t r n g p = 1 0 0 0 s i n t (N ) t t i n t 2 , t h e o
p h n g c a p h n t 5.
Cc bc tin hnh phn tch ng lc hc trn SAP 2000 n h sau.

Hnh 2 .5 .1 . M hnh khung khng g ian
Bc 1: nh dng h trc ta, li phn chia v n v o lng

T r c t i n t a c h n n v o l n g p h a d i g c t r i N - m \
T r n m e n u c h n h (H n h 2 .5 .2 ) ch n F i l e > N e w M o d e l v chn cc
t h a m s" n h d n g h t r c v li p h n c h i a d a t h e o m h n h k t
cu.
E SAP7000 testl ; f x;\fry' f'n iiS !u jiL 3

E* View Define Draw Select Asan Anaiyre Display Design Options Help
D la ilH l M /I &\ | 3-dI xy I y ft, ?W |E
o * II w - I ~\M ol
1
l I
L
..... .-V..............
Y <
>s A
C7
-Q
s V 7
X
0
ffl
I ' I : .
1
M,
x-an Y-0-53 20.00 [S m VJl
I * v fw a H K
Hnh 2.5.2
C c th am sc a m h n h c t h h i n t r n c a s , c t h l
liislkrf
File Edrt: View Define C*W Assign Analyze Display Design options Help
V w"1
ISX-PU. mk 7 fi W
1________ ^
t _______ V________ ;
9
i
A
---------- > X
41 1-- 1 1 1 - 5t __
X-Ol11 V-0.53 20.00 Nm
Hnh 2.5.2
C c t h a m s c a m h n h c t h h i n t r n c a s , c t h l
S"khong chia li: theo cc trc X, Y, z ;

Bc chia li: trc X l 2,5m cn li theo hai trc Y, z l 2m.
K t q u l t a c m t li c h i a l m t k h i c h n h t c n h 2 , 5 2 x 2 .
Bc 2: Khai bo c trng vt liu

V i c k h a i bo thng q u a D e f i n e > M a t e r i a l s , tro n g b i to n s
dng vt liu Thp do ta chn Steel v chn M odify/Show
M a t e r i a l , s a u t h a y i c c t h n g s " c h o p h h p
V t li u n g h ng Isotropic\
Moun n hi E =2.428e+10 N/m 4Modulus of Elasticity.
H sPosson 1 '= 0.2 'Poisson's Ratio'.
K h i l n g r i n g p- 2400kgIm3 *Mass per unit Volume .
T r n g l n g r i n g / = 9 . $ * p Weightper unit Volume .
C c t h a m s" k h c c h n m c n h n h h s d n n n h i t , m u n
tr t.
Bc3: Thit lp ccphn tkt cu

V i c k h a i b o m t p h n t y t r n g ia o d i n S A P 2 0 0 0
t h n g q u a 3 bc:
K h a i b o t i t d i n p h n t, c t r n g p h n t Define > Frame

Section / Modify
To (v) phn t trn giao din Draw > Frame hoc Draw >
Quick draw Frame (Hnh 2.5.2)
G n c t r n g m t c t c h o p h n t Assign>Frame>Section.
N u k t c u c h c m t l o i t i t d i n t h c h n g t r n h m c n h
lun c trng ca cc phn t va c thit lp theo bc trn
l l o i t i t d i n c k h a i b o . D o t r o n g t r n g h p b i t o n
n y t a c t h b q u a b c n y .
Q u a 3 b c t r n t a t h i t l p c h n h d n g c a m h n h
Bc4: Khai bo rng buc hoc ti trng ti nt phn t

Dng con tr nh du cc nt 1,3 ,5 ,7 ri chn
Assign!Joint/Restraints s h i n l n c a s c h o p h p t a l a c h n
r n g bu c th eo h a i c c h : th n h t l n h d u v o c c h n c h
b c t d o h o c c h n b i u t n g g m 4 l o i n g m , g i, t a v t do. K t
q u cc n t 1 ,3 ,5 ,7 l n g m ch t.
Bc5: Khai bo ti trngca kt cu

H m t i t r n g F=1000sinct t c n g v o n t 2 th eo phng X,
d c t c h t h n h 2 t h n h p h n : h m c a k h n g g i a n v h m c a th i
gian F=P(x).G(t). Hm khng gian P(x) ph thuc vo v tr ca ti
t r n g , c k h a i b o l t i t r n g t n h t p t r u n g ( t h n g t h n g n
c h n h l b i n c a t i tr n g ) t h n g q u a c c v i c :
- n h n g h a t i tr n g b n g Define/Static Load Casel s a u k h a i

b o c c t h a m s c n t h i t ( t n t i loadk i u t i *type\ h s" t r n g
l n g b n t h n ) . C h khi phn tch ng l c hc ti trng bon
thn cnckhai bo Setf Weight Multiplier = 1.
G n g i t r t i t r n g : c h n n t 2 s a u t h c h i n : Assign> Join
Static Loads> Force, trong bc ny cn ch phng chiu ca
l c t c d n g , P ( x ) = 1 0 0 0 , c n l i b n g 0.
Hc 6. Phn tchdaodng
i u d u t i n l ch n k i u b i t o n p h n t c h , c t h c h i n
la chn thng qua Analysis/Set Options. y ta chn Dynamic
Analysis v Set Dynamic Paranietes d khai bo cc tham s: s
l n g m o d e s ; p h n g p h p E i g e n v e c t o r h a y R i t s v e c t o r ; t n s" t r u n g
lm; Tn s cc i, sai s',... . xut kt qu cn chn Generate
Output v Select Output Options. bt u gii bi ton ta chn
Analsis/Run(hoc F5).
Bc 7. Hin th kt quphn tch.
a) Xem cc dng dao ng ring (m od e) c th c h in nh
Display/Show Mode Shape. Trong Scale fa cto r l h s"khuch
Mode Number -
( l i h i n t h ; s h i u d n g d a o n g c n h i n t h ;
Wire Shadow t h e h i n b n g dng m k t c u c h a b i n d n g ....
T r n h n h v d n g r i n g c k m t h e o c h u k t n g n g c a n . N h n g
n u m u n x e m g i tr cc t n s r i n g n g th i ta p h i v o file k t
qu .out v l y r a b n g g i t r t n s " n h t r o n g b n g 2 . 5 . 1 .
b) Biu din kt qu phn tch p ng b n g v i c c h n Display!
Show Time History Traces. B i u d i n t h c a h m t i t r n g ,
c h u y n v , v n t c ., t h e o h m th i g i a n : Fit) vs t h o c g i a c c h m
vi n h a u : F(t) S F{t). y c n k h a i b o Time range- m i n t h i

g i a n b i u d i n ; Axis range override - m i n g i t r b i u d i n t r n
t r c ; Define Function - c h i n h h m c n b i u d i n ; Line Option -
c h n h n g c o n g t h h i n ; Line Color - c h i n h m u c a n g
c o n g t h h i n ; Scale Factor h s p h n g d i n g c o n g t h h i n ;
Axis Labels - g h i c h t r n c c t r c t o .
La chn cc hm hin th: bng Define Functions. V d, hin
th p ng ca nt 8 , Chn Add Jo in t Disps/Forces> , ta c ca
s trong chn s hiu nt Joint ID v dng Vector Type hin
th p h n n g ( c h u y n v Disp, v n t c - Vel, g i a t c Accel v i cc
h n h t h c k h c n h a u ) h o c l c c n g l x o - Spring Force, p h n l c
Reaction). Cui cng l chn hng ca p ng cng nh ca lc
b n g C om p on en t.
c) Hin thi ng sut ni lc ca kt cu. Dspay>Show Element

Forces/Stresses. Trn ca s Member Force D iagram fo r fram e
c h n l o i l c c n h i n th n h Axial Force - l c d c t r c , Shear 2-2
hoc Shear 3-3 t h e o c c m t c t , c c m m e n x o n v u n . B i u

c h i n r a n g a y b n c n h .
Bng2.5.1.
C h u k T n s vng T n s gc
D a n g d ao
ng (T IM E ) (C Y C L /T IM E ) (R A D /T IM E )**2
1 0 .0 5 0 112 19 .9 5 5 2 0 7 12 5 .3 8 2 2 6 4
2 0 .0 4 8 8 2 9 2 0 .4 7 9 5 6 9 12 8 .6 7 6 9 2 5
3 0 .0 4 5 17 5 2 2 .13 6 3 1 13 9 .0 8 6 5 3 7
4 0 .0 2 7 5 0 1 36 .3 6 2 8 7 6 2 2 8 .4 7 4 6 9
5 0 .0 0 4 9 8 1 2 0 0 .7 5 14 6 4 12 6 1.3 5 9
6 0 .0 0 4 9 6 4 2 0 1.4 6 2 3 6 1 12 6 5 .8 2 5
r
7 0 .0 0 4 9 5 1 2 0 1.9 6 4 5 2 7 12 6 8 .9 8 1
8 0 .0 0 4 9 2 7 2 0 2 .9 7 4 334 12 7 5 .3 2 5
9 0 .0 0 3 9 2 9 2 5 4 .4 9 6 0 13 15 9 9 .0 4 6
10 0 .0 0 3 9 17 2 5 5 .3 0 0 0 14 16 0 4 .0 9 7
101
Chng 3
MT S BI TON THC 1 T'

CA NG
L c HC
CNG TRNH
Trong chng ny ta nghin cu mt s" bi ton c bn ca

ng lc hc cng trnh thng gp trong thc t bt u t bi ton
dao dng ca dm cu n gin di tc ng ca ti trng di ng.
y l vn rt quan trng trong vic thit k cng nh s dng cc
cu giao thng trong thc t. Vic gii bi ton ny cho php ta xc
nh dc h s" ng ca dm cu, vn tc ti hn cho php ca cc
phng tin giao thng trn cu trnh cng hng v hiu c
mt s hin tng l th cn phi lu trong thc t s dng khai
thc cu. Bi ton th hai l vic nghin cu phn ng ca cc cng
trnh di tc dng ca ng t, mt vn cng khng km phn
quan trng xy dng cc cng trnh trong vng ng t. Tip theo
chng ta xem xt bi ton ng lc hc cng trnh di tc dng ca
sng dang rt c quan tm hin nay trong vic xy dng cc cng
trnh bin. Cui cng, chng ti xin gii thiu tm lc v ng dng
ng lc hc cng trnh trong chn on k thut cng trnh.
3.1 Dao ng ca dm cu di tc dng ca ti trng di
ng
n gin v hiu r bn cht vn , ta xt mt nhp cu c

m hnh ho nh mt dm n hi c cc c trng vt liu v hnh
hc nh sau: mun n hi E, h s*cn ni n, cn ngoi Cy mt
khi p, tit din ngang b\ mmen qun tnh tit din / v chiu di L.
Cc iu kin bin l gi ta n gin. Ti trng di ng c xt. nh
mt lc hng s"tc dng ln dm c im t di ng vi vn tc V.
X
L
Hnh 3 . 1 . 1 .
Khi phng trnh dao ng un ca dm c dng

tro n g w l v n g c a d m , a(t) =x4- vt, (x) l h m ir c .
i u k i n b i n c d n g
W (0 ,0 = W(L,t) = W(0,t) = W\Lyt) = 0 .

N h t r o n g p h n 1 . 5 . 2 t a x c n h c t n s' v d n g d a o d n g
r i n g c a d m g i t a n g i n b n g
= Cj s i n jvc/L ; Cj - V 2/L,
jn
pF
N u tm n g h i m p h n g t rn h ( 3 . 1 . 1 ) d n g
W(x,t) = j(x ) ,
j
t a s c c c p h n g t r n h t m t a s u y r n g qn h sau
ij j + 2 h J q J + ( ) q = p s i n ( v j t + < P ; ) , (3 .1.2 )
tr o n g
u _ c 2 Po T _ i TO(i
j= = pFVL L ' 9' L
T n g h i m d n g (sa u k h i d a o n g r i n g t t) c a p h n g trin h
( 3 .1.2 ) l
q {t) = Po s i n ( V + <p, - e , )
^(co} - v} ) 2 + 4hj2v2j
2h V J
0 ; = arctan
5-v5
C u i c n g v n g n g l c h c c a d m s b n g
(3 ,1.3 )
p + 4 A> 5
T i m s h e n k c h r a c r n g n u t i t r n g n g y n t i v t r Xo
t h c h u y n v t n h c a d m s c x c n h t c n g t h c ( 3 . 1 . 3 ) b n g
c c h t h a y v o v n tc V= 0. K h i
w0(x) = X - 7 sinO'rc / ) sin( j7tx0 / L j ). (3.1.4)

,/71 jJ
Mt s bi ton thc t ca ng lc hc cng trinh 103
T r o n g v i c n g h i n c u n g l c h c c u , n g i t a q u a n t m n h i u n
h s d n g l c h c , c x c n h m t c c h g i i t c h b n g t s"
W(.Y,0 - W 0( x )
^ = w(x)
hay
W(x,t) = (1 + i()W0(x ) .
D o d b i u t h c t n g q u t c a h s d n g l c h c c d n g
2&in(jnx/L)sii(vjt +j -Qj)
// 2 2 \2 AU - -
, . _ W (X ,) ' v (t " v ) + 4 * ; v ,0 1 C S
I+ M = = ------------------------- ------------------- - . (3 .1.5 )
w.(x) (L jn)* sii(jnx/L)sin(jixILj)
j
Trong thc t h s' ng dc tnh nh l gi tr cc i ca h
s" n g l t h u y t p h t h u c v o th i g i a n . K h i h s n g s p h
t h u c v o t n g v t r t r n c u , c t h l i vi d n g d a o n g c b n
t i v t r l c t c d n g t a c
1+ prrf = - = = = , - i - - -------------- (3.1.6)

Vo - Y ) 2 + 4 / r y 2 sin(7Lr0 / L)
vL
y - a{n
C n g th c cu i ch o th y :
H s n g k h n g x c n h t i c c u d m v n h n g i tr nh
n h t ti v t r g i a d m .
i vi v n t c ca ti tr n g th h s" n g l n n h t k h i V = .
Li
H s n g c t h x c n h c n u b i t t n s d a o n g r i n g v
h s 'c n c a d m .
K t l u n c u i c n g h a t h c t r t c a o , b i v x c n h h s
dng t h c t c a d m c u k h n g n h t th i t p h i th t i tn h v ng,
m c t h b n g c c h o t n s" r i n g v h s c n c a n l .
N g o i h s" n g n u t r n , t r o n g t h c t c n p h i q u a n t m n
h i n t n g c n g h n g c a c u x y r a d o tic c a p h u n g t i n g i a o
th n g di tr n c u . T h e o c n g th c ( 3 .1 .3 ) ta t h y b i n d a o n g c a
d m c u s r t l n n u v n tc c a t i t r n g g n vi m t t r o n g c c t n
s' d a o n g r i n g ( c n g h n g ) , t c l k h i
T r o n g t h c t k h n g x y r a c n g h n g , v n t c c a p h n g t i n
g i a o t h n g t r n c u k h n g c v t q u gii h n
(3 .1.7 )
R r n g l c u c n g c n g v c n g n g n t h v n t c g i i h n c n g c a o .
C u c n g n n g t h v n tc c h o p h p c n g b . y c h n g t a k h n g
x t n h i u n g t c c n g c a g i , t r o n g v i t r n g h p c t h c n g
d n n c n g h n g l m n g u y h i m c h o c u . T r o n g t h c t , c t h
q u y n h t c c h o p h p i vi m t c u c t h , c n p h i t n h n
n h i u y u t" k h c n a n h t c n g c a g i , c a n h u p h n g t i n
c n g m t l c v c h s a n t o n n o . V t h tc c h o p h p t h c
t n h h n n h i u s o vi t c t n h c t c n g t h c ( 3 . 1 . 7 ) .
M t i u ] t h n a k h i n g h i n c u n g l c h c d m c u l
h in t ng cng hngchm s a u y. T h eo (3 .1.3 ), ch u k dao ng
cng bc c a d m c u b n g
T 2n 2L 2 m (3 .1.8 )
tron g T l th i g i a n t i t r n g i h t c h i u d i d m c u . i vi
d n g d a o n g t h n h t , k h i t i t r n g i h t c h i u d i d m c u th
d a o n g c a c u m i t h c h i n c n a c h u k c n g h n g . .
R n g p h n g p h p t n g t, c h n g t a c t h n g h i n c u c c b i
t o n p h c t p h n v d a o n g c a d m c u di t c n g c a t i
tr n g di ng. C th n h tro n g tr n g hdp ti k h n g p h i l h n g s ,
m l h m c a th i g i a n h a y l v t t h c k h i l n g t t r n b g i m
c h n di n g t r n d m . H a y b i to n p h c t p hn n a l v i c n g h i n
c u d a o n g c a c u di t c d n g c a t h p t i t r n g p h n b d i
ng. N h n g b i to n ph c t p n y cho n n a y v n c h a g i i q u y t
c t r n v n m a n g t i p t c c n g h i n c u . D i y c h n g t a
thit, l p p h n g t r n h c h u y n n g c h o h g m m t v t c k h i l n g
ch u y n ng trn dm cu.
X t m h n h n h t r o n g h n h v 3.1.2, g m m t v t k h i lng m
t t r n m t b g i m c h n n h i v n h t, d i n g t r n m t d m n
h i v i v n t c b n g V.
th i t l p ph ng trn h c h u y n n g c a h, ta t c h n th n h
h a i h c o n . M t h g m v t r n c n g b g i m c h n d a o n g di t c
d n g c a d c h c h u y n n n (h m t b c t do). H t h h a i l d m d a n
h i (li t c ( l n g c a t i d i n g . V n l x c n h ln c a t i di
n g n y g y r a d o v t t h d a o d n g c n g vi d m t h e o p h n g t h A n g
n g . ) x c cln h t i n y t a x t m h n h t r o n g h n h v 3 . 1 . 3 . T r n g
lp a ) m t b g i m c h n t r n g t h i t do; t r n g h p b) v t d d t
l n b g i m c h n v t r c n b n g t n h v t r n g h p c) m t tr n g :
t h i h i n ti (la n g x t.
m
1 - ; . I
w
~Z\

Hnh 3 . 1 . 2 . M hnh vt th chuyn ng trn dm cu
K h i u x ] l c h i u d i l x o t do; x {) k h o n g c c h t v t n
n n n g y n t r o n g t r n g th i tn h b a n d u t = 0 ; x n l d ch c h u y n
t u y t h i n t i c a n n , X l l k h o n g c c h t v t n n n b a n u
d n g y n . K h i A x - X l n n t n h c a l x o . N h v y t i
th i i m t a n g x t , t r o n g l x o x u t h i n l c n h i b n g
Fe =k(x-xn- X ) = k(x-xn-Ax-x0). (3 .1.9 )
N u k h iu d c h c h u y n t u y t i c a v t t i th i i m t bng
X = X - x {) , t h l c n h i t c d n g l n v t b n g
I I
y///////////////////////V///////////////vy/m- W /W ///////Z ///////
a) b)
h c)
Hnh 3 . 1 . 3
N g o i r a l c c n n h t b n g
Fr =c(x-xn) (3 .1.10 )
v do s cn bng tn h ca vt ti thi im ban u, nn ta c

mg = kA x. (3.1.11)
ts l
P h n g t r n h c n b n g c a v t t i th i i m
mx + c(x- xn ) + k(x - xn- A x ) + mg = 0.
N h n g v X = x yx = X , n n p h n g t r n h c u i c t h v i t l i n h s a u
rrix+c(x - xn)+k(x - xn- A x) + mg = 0.
H n n a n u k h i u d c h c h u y n t n g i c a v t s o vi n n l
z = x-xn=x-x0- V
v c h n n g th c m g' = kAx , t a s c
mz+CZ+kz ~ -mxn. ( 3 .1.12 )
L c n y c t h t n h p l c l n n n b n g
p = ~c(i - ) - &(x - jcn - - x0) = -ci - kz + .

N u tn h n p h n g t r n h ( 3 . 1 . 1 2 ) , ta c t h v i t l i b i u th c
c a p l c l n n n b n g
p = m(g +Z +xn). (3.1.13)

T r o n g c n g t h c ( 3 . 1 . 1 3 ) , h n g t c d n g c a l c l t t r n x u i g ,
h n g c h u y n d c h c a v t v c a n n l n g c l i (di l n ) . N u
t h a y i h n g c h u y n d ch c a v t v n n t t r n x u n g , t c t h a y
z = - Z , x n = - w , c h r n g y v w l c h u y n d ch c a v t v c a n n
c n g h n g v i l c t c d n g v o n n , t a c
p =m ( g - Z - v ) . (3.1.14)
N h v y , p h n g t r n h d a o n g u n c a c l m d i t c n g c a t i
t r n g di n g vi v n tc Vs c d n g
2W
pf J I - + c
W+ E 5W AW
I - Z ^ + E lZ -j- = m ( g - z - W ) ( y - y 0 -vt).
t2 t y4 y
(3 .1.15 )
C n g v i p h n g t r n h ( 3 . 1 . 1 2 ) , l c n y c d n g
m z + CZ +k z =- m W . (3.1.16)
D d n g n h n t h y , n u g i a t c t n g i c a v t so v i n n b n g 0
( v t c t h k h n g c u y n n g s o vi n n z = const), t h h phng
trn h ( 3 . 1 . 1 5 , 3 . 1 . 1 6 ) s r t gn l i th n h m t p h n g trn h
Mt sbi ton thctcanglchc cngtrinh 107
d2W dW 5W _ d4W 1 *.
vF ~ctr +c~ot +E^
yr a
kt +E~ ray= m<g- - vt)
(3.1.17)
C c p h n g t r n h n u t r n u l c c p h n g t r n h v i p h n o h m
r i n g vi h s b i n t h i n , v i c g i i c h n g c h c t h b n g c c p h n g
php^gn n g hoc phng p h p s.
3.2 P hn ng ca cng trnh trong ng t
3.2.1 S l c v n g t
ng t l mt hin tng c bit ca t nhin, c bit

n t t h i c i . n g t r t n g u y h i m i vi c c c n g t r n h x v
dng. C rt nhiu v d minh chng cho tc hi ca ng t n
cuc sng ca COI ngi, gn y nht l cc trn ng t Armeni,
Th Nh K, Kb (Nht bn). Cho n nay dng t vn l mt hin
tng khng th d bo sm c. V vy, khi thit k xy dng cc
cng trnh quan trng trong vng ng t bt buc phi tnh n
kh nng ng t c th xy ra.
N g u y n n h n s u x a c a n g t c n g v n c h a c s n g t.
N gi ta ch b i t r n g n g t x y r a k h i m t v t r n o tro n g
l n g t p h t r a m t n n g l n g v c n g ln l m c c lp v t r i t
trt tng i so vi nhau. Tm im xy ra s pht tn nng lng
ny gi l chn tm (Epicentre). Nng lng pht ra c c trng
bi m t t h a m s g i ! c n g n g t , m n g i t a c t h s d n g
cc thang o khac nhau. Hin nay thng dng nht l Richter. Tc
ng ca ng t n cng trnh thng dc nh gi bi cc tham
s nh hng ng t, chuyn dch, gia tc ca t v cui cng l
k h o n g t h i g i a n x y r a n g t c n g n h t n s u t c a M.
3.2.2 T n h t o n p h n n g n g c a c n g t r n h i vi n g t
- m h n h r i r c
Nh ta ni trn, tc dng ca ng t ln cng trnh ch

yu thng qua s chuyn dch ngang ca nn c c trng bi gia
tc nn 't ti chn cng trnh. Xt m hnh n gin ca cng trnh
tro n g n g t cho tro n g H n h 3 .2 . 1 . y , t a ch n n= 1 khi l n g
b n g m c g i t h i t t p t r u n g t i n h c n g t r n h , c l h s "c n ni
v k -3 EI
y- l c n g t ng ng, x0(t) l 0
d ch c h u y n n g a n g c u a
L
nn gy ra do ng t.
Vi n h n g g i t h i t n h v y t a c p h n g t r n h c h u y n d n g c a h
mx(t) + cx(t) + kx(t) = -mx0(t) . (3 .2 .1)
P h n g t r n h n y c t h a v d n g c h u n h o n h s a u :
i(f) + 2Cf{)x{t) + G>Jc(f) = -jc0(<), (3 .2 .2 )
t r o n g G) 0 l t n s r i n g c a h k h i k h n g c c n , , l c h s" c n t i
hn
Hnh 3 .2 .1
N g h i m c a p h n g trn h cui b n g t n g n g h i m r i n g v n g h i m
t n g q u t c a p h n g t rn h t h u n n h t t ng ng. H sc n ti h n
^ ph thuc v o d n g k t cu v b n ch t c a v t li u x y d ng. N h
b i t t r o n g l t h u y t d a o n g, t r o n g tr n g hp ^ = 1 v > 1 th h
c h c s c h u y n n g t t d n k h n g d a o n g . N u ^ < 1 t h n g h i m
r i n g c a p h n g t r n h t h u n n h t t ng n g b i u d i n d a o n g t t
d n v s m t i t r o n g th i g ia n n g n . V v y , y t a c h x t n g h i m
r i n g c a p h n g trn h (3 .2 .2 ) n b i u d i n d a o n g b n h n i tc
n g c a n g t . N g h i m n y c b i u d i n di d n g t c h p h n
D uham el
(3 .2 .3 )
o hm l i n t i p ( 3 . 2 . 3 ) t h e o th i g i a n s t h u c v n tc
t n g i v g i a t c t u y t i c a k h i l n g m
x{t)= | i 0( t ) e " ;<>,,u T>[ C0S)'( - t ) + s i n (04(t - t)]c/t , (3 .2 .4 )
0
Mt s bi ton thc t ca ng lc hc cng trnh 109
.v(/)+ (/) = (0* Jw(T)e ;t ! T' (1 - C )sin 0) (t - x) + 2C cosa)*(f - x)]c/x

0
(3 .2 .5 )
vi
* = - r
Thc t i vi nhiu h kt cu, h s"cn ti hn kh nh (<1 0 %) v
(lo d c th iy gn ng
y* r-
CO - (1>0 ; c - C .
T r n c s c c c n g t h c n y t a c t h x c n h cc c tr n g s a u
T a p h p n g d c h c h u y n
s (/( e > ,0 = M a x , | x U ) | . (3 .2 .6 )
Ta ph p ng vn tc v ta ph p ng gia tc c xc:
nh theo cc cng thc sau
Sr((f= Maxf\(x(t)\ = (Sd(iy; (3 .2 .7 )
S w(cof Q = M a s , |(t)2 .*)| = t i r S ti{(0, Q . ( 3 .2 .8 )
N h v y , n g v i g i a t c o c c a n g t v vi m t h s
c n n h t c h o , n g i t a c t h x c n h t a p h p n g n h l m t
h m s" c a t n s" r i n g h a y c h u k clao n g r i n g c a h . M t v d
m i n h h o c h o t a p h d c h c h u y n c t r n h b y t r o n g H n h 3 . 2 . 2 .
Hnh 3.2 .2. Ta ph p ng dch chuyn c a trn ng t El-Centro

S a u k h i x c n h c c c t a p h p h n n g , t a c t h t n h c m t
l c t n h t n g n g t h e o n g h a t h a y l c t n h t c d n g l n h g a y
n n d c h c h u y n b n g d c h c h u y n c c i m l c n g g y n n
F's-k.xm
axiSa.
T n g t c t h t h i t l p m h n h h u h n b c t d o c h o c n g
t r n h (v d b n g p h n g p h p P T H H ) , k h i t a c p h n g t r n h
c h u y n n g c a c n g t r n h c d n g v c t
(3 .2 .9 )
tr o n g c c m a t r n M, c , K b i t , c t h x y d n g c b n g m t
t r o n g c c p h n g p h p t r n h b y c h n g 2 , v c t { l } b i u d i n
h n g t c d n g c a n g t , t c h n g d c h c h u y n n g a n g c a n n
t. N u tm n g h i m p h n g t rn h cu i d n g
tro n g [o ] l m a t r n d n g r i n g v {) = {<7|(0-- > ,v ( ) } 7 l v c t

t o s u y r n g , t a s c p h n g t r n h
+ 2 ^ j(0 i l ( ) + = fX0(t)
vi cc k h iu
K c F
T h e o k t q u p h n t r n , i v i m i t o c h n h t a c t h x c n h
t a p h d ch c h u y n b n g
s kq (G>*. * ) = M axt |* (<)| = f ks d (co* ,<;*).

H i n n h i n y k h n g p h i l t a p h p n g d ch c h u y n c a
c n g t r n h , v n g u y n t c , tm p h p n g n y c h n g t a p h i tn h
b i n cc i c a p h n n g c n g trn h t i m t n t kn o t b i u
thc
/
s i n (0 * (t- t ) dv, j - 1,...., N .
V v y , c h a i c c h n g i n t m p h p n g m t c c h g n n g t
p h c a t a s u y r n g . T h n h t , c t h t n h
Mt s bi ton thc t ca ng lc hc cng trnh 111
Sj (co,0 = MaxqJ ()| = , (3 .2 .10 )
t r o n g
S;*K,C*) = <J>jkS(<aM.
C c h t h h a i c k n t n g q u a n g i a c c d n g r i n g
SjM= E Q mns ( c o m, c , , , ) S < K , ; n ) , ( 3 .2 .11)

V rn.n
Qm
tro n g nl c c h s" t n g q u a n g i a c c d n g r i n g .
3.2.3 Tnh tonphn ng ng ca cng trnh i vi ng t
- m hnh lin tc
X t m t ct n g, n h m t d m n h i vi c c c t r n g E, p,
/, F, L ngm mt u vo n n t. M t cch tng qut, c h u y n n g
c a nn tro n g ng t c g i th i t theo hng xin, t o v i p h n g
n m n g a n g m t g c a v c l n b n g ) . K h i t h n h p h n n m
n g a n g v th n h p h n th n g ng c a ch u y n v n n l n lt c dng:
un(t) = Q(t)cosa;v(t) = c,(t)s i n a . (3 .2 .12 )
K h n g k h k h n c t h t h a y t h c h u y n v c n g b c t h n g n g c a
n n b n g l c n n d c p h n b' u t r n d m v i m t p h n b' b n g
p(t) = - p F ) s i n a .
N h v y , n u coi u(x,t) l un n g a n g c a ct (c h u y n v n g a n g
t n g i c a d m so v i n n , t h p h n g t r n h ( 1 . 4 . 4 ) , c h n g 1 t n h
t h m c n n g o i c h o ta :
p F(x,t) + j1T02u(x,t)
C - ,
1c
u(x,t) du{x, t) = -pF0(t)
x x2 t x / x
(3 .2 .13 )
vi i u k i n b i n
d2u(x,t),
V \(x= L) = 3u(x,t)
~ = L) =du(x,t) I I. _ n x _ A
P \x= 0 =u(x,t)\(x = 0) = 0 .
x frJ x
P h n g t r n h ( 3 . 2 . 1 3 ) c t h n g h i n c u b n g p h n g p h p B p n p -
G a l e r k i n v s d n t i v i c n g h i n c u t c n g n g t h i c a n g o i
l c v k c h n g t h a m s, m t b i t o n p h i t u y n v t r a n g o i k h u n
k h ni d u n g c a g i o t r n h n y . y l m t v n n g h i n c u n h
h n g c a d ch c h u y n n g t r o n g n g t n c n g t r in h , c g i c
t h t m h i u t r o n g c c t i l i u h o c t g i i q u y t .
N u b q u a t h n h p h n c h u y n d c h n g c a n g t , t a c
b i t o n d a o n g u n c a d m di t c d n g c a l c p h n b u
trn c d m
pF u ( x f t) + c
du{x,t) 2 EI
2U(Xyt)
= -p F 0().
dt Hx* x2
L i g i i c a b i to n n y ch o m c 1 . 5 . 3 , c t h l h m m t
p h c a c h u y n v n g a n g ( u n ) c a d m b n g
sw(x,0)) = j(x)k(x), (3 .2 .14 )
tro n g Su (co) l m t p h c a g i a t c n n t h e o p h n g n g a n g v
L
H j ( () = [co - C2 + 2i<;j ( j ( ] ~ ' \ J = j(x)dx\ i =.
0
H m m t p h ( 3 .2 .1 4 ) k h n g p h i l t a p h d c h c h u y n
n g h i n c u tr n . y l h m m t p h c a c h u y n v n g a n g , p h
t h u c v o t o t r n d m v t n s' k c h n g . D I n h i n , c n g g i n g
n h t a p h p n g n u tr n , m t p h p n g p h th u c c v o
t n s" r i n g v h s c n c a c n g t r i n h . T n h p h n g s a i c a d c h
chuyn ngang bng
al(x,(j,c,j)= s w(x,t>)d( =
-co
+00
- I
Sî^Hj(<)Hl(<)d< rjrk j( x ) r k k (x) = ^ S jk$ j(x)<bk (x),
j.k -00 j>k
t r o n g
r -Hx>
rj rk j ( ( ) H 'k (()d(
-co
C u i c n g , l c h t r u n g b n h b n h p h n g c a c h u y n v c d n g
* (*,,?)= l , Sj Aj(x)k(x)
1 1 ;. *
t ng ng vi t a p h d ch c h u y n tn h m t c c h g n n g
tr n . N u tn h l c h t r u n g b n h b n h p h n g c a c h u y n v t i x=xn
v a k h iu orlt(jcnTo tq) = n ((!),<;) t h c n g t h c ( 3 . 2 . 1 5 ) t n g t n h

c n g t h c ( 3 . 2 . 1 1 ) . C h i c i u c n g t h c ( 3 . 2 . 1 5 ) l c h n h x c , c n
( 3 . 2 . 1 1 ) c h l g n n g . T u y n h i n c n g 1 t h c ( 3 . 2 . 1 5 ) c h n h n c
i vi k t c u d m , cn c n g t h c ( 3 . 2 . 1 1 ) c t h n h n c c h o c
k t c u k h u n g , d n ,...
3.3 ng lc hc cng trnh bin
3.3.1 C c c t r n g c b n c a s n g b i n
S n g b i n c h y u c g y r a bi g i , l k t q u c a s t n g
t c g i a g i ( k h q u y n ) v m t n c b i n . V v y , s n g b i n c c
t r n g c h y u bi h n h d n g m t s n g - n g u y n n h n c b n g y n n
c h u y n n g s n g c a nc b i n . e t n h t o n t c n g c a s n g l n
c c c n g t r n h b i n , t h n g t h n g n g i ta g i t h i t c h t l n g l l
t n g , k h n g n n c v k h n g c c h u y n n g x o y . C h u y n n g
c coi l c t h .
X t tr ng hp s n g p h n g tro n g m t p h ngXOZ ( H n h 3 .3 .1).

G i s 2 = (x,t) l ph ng trn h m t s n g . K h i nc l n g t ng n g
l 2 = 0. K h i u Uywl c h u y n d c h c a h t c h t l n g c t o (x, z)y
t h e o p h n g X v z, (XjZyt) l h m t h v n t c, t c
du dx
d t x d t
dw _ _ dz
t z ~ dt
Vi n h n g g i t h i t n u t r n t a c c c p h n g t r n h
A1_ d2<t>, C'4> n.

w T T + 7 ~ T ' f):
& dz' (3.3.1)
+ i[ratf(>]- + - ( p - p j +gz = 0.
t 2 p
P h n g t r n h u l p h n g t r n h L a p l a c e m t t n h l i n t c c a
c h t l n g , p h n g t r n h t h h a i l t c h p h n u B e r n o u l l i .
T i m t t h o n g (m t b i n ti p g i p vi k h q u y n ) z = (x, t), t a c
= (3.3.2)
CZ dx d t dt x dt
v ti y bin z = -d
_= = 0 .
W (3.3.3)
z
Hnh 3 .3 .1 . Mt sng bin iu ha
N u co i z = (x,t) l n h v b q u a c c t h n h p h n b c h a i, k t hp
ph n g trn h th h a i tro n g ( 3 .3 .1) v p h n g trn h (3 .3 .2 ), t i 2 = 0 ta
c
I * . *
(3.3.4)
+g,o,
t z
N h v y , v n d n ti v i c g i i p h n g t r n h L a p l a c e t r o n g ( 3 . 3 . 1 )
c n g v i c c i u k i n b i n ( 3 . 3 . 3 ) , ( 3 .3 .4 ) .
X t tr n g hp s n g i u h o , n g h i m c a b i to n b i n tm d n g
<t>(x,z,t)~ f(z)exp{-i(kx O)}. (3.3.5)

K h i h m f(z) s tho m n
d2f(z) -k2f(z) = 0;
dz2
f'(-d) * 0.
Vy
f(z ) = A cosh k(z + d )
Mt sbi ton thctca nglchccngtrnh 115
vi A l h n g s. S d n g d i u k i n ( 3 .3 .4 ) , t a c
gf'(0)-<2f(0) = A(gsinh-co2 coshkcl) = 0 .

T t a n h n c
0) = yfgkt a n h kd
gi l tn s'sng v
T =
co
gi l c /?k sng.
T h e o n h n g h a , b c s n g b n g X= , do v n tc t r u y n s n g
k
bng
= 2,
r kT k U
vi k l s s n g . X t t r n g h p d - co, k h i t a n h kd - * 1 v o d
-
T n h n i u k i n ( 3 . 3 . 4 ) , t a c
4 (x ,) = - - | 0
g t
A
= -------- c o s h kd. exp{- i(kx - (f)} = a. exp{- i(kx - 0)O}
*
(3 .3 .5 )
t r o n g
a = H i(A
= - c o s h
, ,,
2 *
gi l bin sng v H l c/i* c a o sng.

K h i , h m t h v n t c c d n g
igacoshku + rf) v, .a j c o s h & (2 + d)

Cx , z * t ) = ---------------------- exp{-i (fcr-*)}= - ( x > t )
(c o s h kd co cosh kd
(3 .3 .6 )
T y t a c t h t n h dc v n t c , g i a t c v q u o c h u y n n g
c a h t c h t l n g t r o n g s n g
(*,*,<)=gka^ * : dK M - Hkx - *)}=gkcoit i : d\ (x.ty,

co c o sh kd c o c o sh kd
/ - A igkas\\k{z + d) { ;/L j g A s i n h ( 2 + d ) c/
; ( x , 2 , ) = -2 - ^ 1 1 - 1 - .--------e x p { - i ( k x - Ct) ) = ---------- ------------------ ( x , t
(ocosh k d cocoshAa
... _igkacoshk(z +d) ( v, igkcoshk(z + rf)
u (x , z, ) = ------------------------------------------------------------------ T T -------e x P r )} = -----7 - 7-
kd
cosh cosh &a
- & a sin h (* + d)
w(x,zj) = / ...
------- ----------------- e x p { - i(kx -
\ - gksinhk(z ------
0)0} = 2
+ d)(xj):
c o s h Ala c o s h kd
< , . - d ) e x p { - i( f a -< )} = * ,< > :

0) c o s h a 0) c o s h s a
/ s i n h ( 2 + 0 ( .. . , / s i n h + rf)
u;(x, z, ) = - - ----- e x P - 0 } = - 7 7 7 4 ( * . * )
0) c o s h kd 0) c o s h & a
(3.3.7)
T h a i pHng t r n h cu i tr o n g (3 .3 .7 ), ta t h y q u o c a h t c h t
l n g t r o n g c h u y n n g s n g l h n h e l i p k h i n c n n g v h n h t r n
khi nc su d - > 00 .
3.3.2 C n g t h c M o r s o n
V n q u a n t r n g t r o n g n g l c h c c n g t r n h b i n l x c n h
c t i t r n g s n g t c n g l n c n g t r n h . B i t t r n g v n t c c a
c h t l n g t r o n g c h u y n n g s n g c t h t n h t o n c t c d n g c a
sng ln mt vt th nm trong nc. Cng thc Morison cho php ta
t n h c l c t c d n g c a s n g t r n m t n v c h i u d i h n h t r
t h n g n g c n g c h u y n n g v i v n t c v g i a tc (zj)ji(zj). G i
th i t s n g v n ch t ru y n th eo p h n g X, h n h t r c t r c t h n g n g
tr n g vi tr c z v n g k n h l D. T h e o M o riso n , t i tr n g s n g tc
d n g v o ct l n c n m t c t zc a h n h t r s gm h a i th n h p h n :
m t l l c x c a c h t l n g g y r a d o q u n t n h c a c h t l n g k h i c
v t c h n n g (gi l l c q u n t n h ) v h a i l l c m a s t g i a c h t
l n g v v t g i l l c c n n h t , p h t h u c v o v n t c t n g doi g i a
v t v c h t l n g . M o r i s o n t n h c l c q u n t n h b n g l t h u y t
v n g h c n g t h c t n h l c c n b n g t h c n g h i m . T a s x y d n g
cc c n g th c n y th eo q u a n im c a M o riso n , d a t r n s n g iu
ho trn h b y trn .
a. Lc qun tnh.
v n x t b i ton p h n g tro n g m t p h n g XOY, h m t h v n tc
v n th o m n ph ng trn h
A(x,y,t) = 0
Mtsbi tonthctcanglc hccngtrinh 117
Vfi co i u k i n b in gm x a CI X-> 00,y or
r r
,= 7 7 = ... V = 7 = 0
X ry
v i u k i n t i p x c g i a c h t l n g v ct tr m t c h t l n g k h n g
th x m n h p v o h n h tr, c b i u d i n l v n t c c a c h t l n g
c h i u l n p h n g p h p t u y n c a m t h n h t r b n g 0.
N u x t b i t o n t r n t r o n g h to cc
(r,0) : X = r cosG, V = rsinO,

p h n g t r n h L a p l a c e n u t r n c d n g
(3 .3 .8 )
dr r cr rzrt
v i u k i n b i n x a v c n g r~>co
x= rCOS0 - 0s in O = \
y - rs i n 9 + e cosO = 0,
t r o n g
r;
r - 1

cr r 50
l v n t c p h p v v n tc q u a y c a c h t l n g . T c c q u a n h t r n t a
t h y i u k i n x a v c n g l
'VI
lim (- 0COS t) = 0,
r
(3 .3 .9 .a )
lim ( + Wflr s i n 0 ) = 0.
00
T a i b m t c a h n h t r u r = r0 = , t a c i u k i n
r -/C O S0 = 0
su y ra
ao
COS 0 . ( 3 . 3 . 9 , b)
dr
D d n g n h n t h y p h n g t r n h ( 3 .3 .8 ) vi c c i u k i n b i n ( 3 . 3 . 9 )
cho n g h i m
r"1 r COS0 (3.3.10)

(r,0,*) = Wo + - t ( o - )
r
S dng tch phn Bernoulli, tnh p lc sng ln b mt hnh tr

trong rut n v chiu cao:
p(r = r0) = p(0) = - p -~p[rad<|>]2 =
at 2
= - p [ 2 i 0 i]r 0 COS0 p [ q + ( 0 - )2 + 2 ( - ) co s0 ].
2
L y t n g t h e o c h u v i h n h t r , t a c
2r
Qm = ~ Jp()COSB.rdQ = P7tru2(2ii0 - ) = p A ( 2 0 - )
0
vi A = pr0: l din tch mt ct ngang hnh tr.

Vit li cng thc cho lc qun tnh dng
qM(z,t) = pAu0+pACa(0-) (3 .3 .11)
vi C n l h s a v o i u c h n h h n h d n g c a t i t d i n n g a n g
( b n g 1 i vi h n h t r n ) , p ACa g i l k h i l n g n c k m , 0 l g i a
t c c h u y n n g c a c h t l n g , l g i a t c c h u y n d n g c a v t t h
h n h tr . L c q u n tn h g m h a i t h n h p h n , t h n h ph n th n h t
c h p h t h u c v o q u n t n h c a c h t l n g , t h n h p h n c n l i t l
vi gia tc tng i gia vt v cht lng thng qua h s nc km.
b. Lc cn
Morison ngh lc cn tnh theo cng thc
= \ c DD\ -i|(0 - li)
vi D= 2 r 0 h a y k c h t h c c t r n g c h o m t c h n s n g l n n h t , CD
l h s" x c n h b n g t h c n g h i m . y l l c p h i t u y n i v i v n
tc tng i.
n g i n n g i t a t h n g t u y n t n h h o t h n h p h n l c n y
thnh
Qd = c DpD(0- )
vi CDl h n g s c t n h t h e o p h n g p h p t u y n t n h h o t h n g
k.
T m l i t a c m t p h n b l c s n g t c d n g v o h n h t r
thng ng vung gc vi hng truyn sng bng
Mt s bi toan thc t ca ng lc hc cng trinh 119
/ = qs(z,t) + qt)(z,t) = pAu+pACa(u0- ) +^C0pD((t- ).

( 3 .3 .11''
dc gi l c n g th c M o ris o n t u y n tn h .
N u c h t l n g n g y n , fi = 0= 0 , t a c
q = qs,(zA) + qn(z,t) = -pACuii - -C dD. ( 3 . 3 . 1 2 , a)
K hi ct d n g vn , = = 0 , t a c
q = qM(z,t) i qD(z,t)
1 - 1 _ (3.3.12,b)
= pA (l + c)tl +CDpD0= pACM+~Cl)pDu,J
vi CM = +c a.
3.3.3 T c n g c a s n g n c n g t r n h
a. Ct thngng
X t p h n n g c a m t ct t h n g n g n g m c h t vi y b i n
n h m t d m c n g xn, c h i u d i L , m u n n h i E, ti t d i n A ,
m m e n q u n t n h m t c t 7, m t k h i p. T r n u c c c v t r n
nng M0k g , c h i u s u m c nc b i n d. N u k h iu u(z,t) l chuyn
v n g a n g c a c t t i m t c t 2 ( u n c a d m ) , t h p h n g t r n h d a o
n g u n c a ct c d n g
Z* h dt dz2 * M t2
~ p A C M U q ( 2 , / ) 4- C h u 0 ( 2 , t )
tro n g
Ch = pDC) ;N = M 0g .
G i t h i t g c t a t i y b i n , t c l t i y b i n 2 = 0 , c n t r n
u cc z = L. C n g vi p h n g t r n h t r n t a c i u k i n b i n
u (0 ,0 = 11(0,0 = u\L,t) = um
(L,t) = 0 .
Mt khc, ti b mt ca cc coi X %0 , vn tc ca ht cht lng l
0(z,t) = ](z)(t) = ^ - T )(z)e,u

vi = ae,mr; t|(2 ) = . T
cosh kd
u()(z,t) = ikg](z)(t) = igkar\(z)eot
v v p h i p h n g t r n h t r n c t h v i t g n l i b n g
p ACM+Ch=q{z)e
v i
q(z) = ^ -(C h+iiACM)ti(z) .

)
P h n g t r n h d a o n g t r n c v i t v d n g c h u n n h s a u
EI Qtll + C A du{z,t) + 2 V + p A ( l + C M) = q{z)e'"*

z4 a z2 cV
(3 .3 .13 )
T a s tm n g h i m d n g p h c
u(z,t) = (z)eUl.
K h i , b i n d p h c c h u y n v n g a n g c a c t t h o m n p h n g t r n h
*(z) d 2(z) Ty . / OO A\
- ^ - + 2 n -~-iYU{z)-q{z) (3 .3 .14 )
dz dz
vi
_ N ,= -? C t l ? W ( 1 ) = 2 )
EI EI H El
N g h i m t n g q u t c a p h n g t r n h ( 3 . 3 . 1 4 ) c t h v i t d n g
U(z) = B c o s h X.j2 + B , s i n h x ,2 + By c o s h X2Z

z
+ S 4 s i n h ? v 2z + - T ) (T )d i
0
t r o n g d
X = y fr v ^ Q } - n ; X 2 = - J n 2 + n 2 + tt.
, *
v h m s
X ! sin h X2Z-X2 s i n h X. ,2
A ( 2 ) = -------------------- ------- -----------
l n g h i m p h n g . t r n h ( 3 . 3 . 1 4 ) v i v p h i b n g 0 v c t n h c h t
K { 0) = K \ 0) = "(0) = 0, t f (0) = 1.
Mt s'hi ton thc t ca dng lc hc cng trnh 121
A p d n g ciu k i n b i n c h o n g h i m t n g q u t n u t r n t a s dc
(z) = B (c sh ,z- c o s h 2z)+

> * A( 3 . 3 . 1 5 )
+ Bsi n h /,,2 - s in h > u 2z ) + I K(z - )q{z)dx.
^2 (i
T ron g c c hng s Bf Bo l nghim c a h phng trnh i s

t u y n tn h
Bt(x] coshX}L - \ cosh2L) + B2(X] sinhX.,L - sinhX2 L) =

d
= -K"(d- xT(t)dT = q",
0
B, (X] cosh X L - x\ cosh X, L) + B 2(X] sinh X\ L - X sinh A,2L) =

(1
= -K m
(d- T ) ( t ) d x = ".
0
N h v y , ( 3 . 3 . 1 5 ) ch o t a b i n p h c c a c t t h n g d n g di
t c n g c a s n g i u ho.
b. Tc ngca sng lnctxin

c c p h n t r n c h n g ta ch x t tr n g hp ct t h n g d n g v
h n g s n g t r n g vi h n g t r c .t. i u n y c n g h a l s n g c h t c
d n g t r n m t p h n g v u n g gc v i t r c c a c t. C n g t h c M o r i s o n
c n g c h p d n g c h o t r n g hp k h i v n t c v g i a t c c a h t c h t
l n g c h n g p h p t u y n vi b m t c a p h n t . C h u y n n g d c
t h e o t r c c a c t k h n g g y n n p l c s n g . t n g n y c h o p h p t a
t n h l c s n g t c d n g l n m t t h a n h x i n .
G i s t h a n h h n h ti n m n g h i n g t o t h n h m t v c t n h
h n g s o v i c c t r c to l ( C x f C y y C z ) . Sng v n t r u y n th eo
hng tr c Xs k h i v n tc h t nc v n c h a i t h n h p h n t h e o t r c
X v z t n g n g l ,w. G i s v c t v n t c ht nc l
= {,0 }w}7. K h i u t l t h n h p h n v c t v n t c h n g d c t h e o
tr c th a n h , k h i
t = ( , C ) C .
C n t h n h p h n v n tc p h p t u y n vi t r c t h a n h b n g
v n = V - 5,
v c cc thnh phn theo cc trc to l

vnx =-(CX+wCz)Cx;
<ny = ~(Cx +wCz)Cy;
= W- (Cx + ii;Cz)C,.
Q u y n h tr c X tro n g h to a p h n g c a t h a n h t r n g v i
hng c a vn , c n g t h c M o r i s o n c h o t a v c t l c s n g t c d n g l n
m t n v c h i u d i t h a n h b n g
n =pA + pACa(vn - v r) + 0.5CnD(n - r) t
tro n g ryr l v n t c v g i a tc p h p t u y n c a t h a n h . N h v y
t r o n g h t o t n g t h , l c s n g v n t c d n g l n t h a n h t h e o c b a
h n g ( n h n g t r o n g h t o a p h n g t h c h c t h e o p h n g p h p
t u y n vi t r c t h a n h ) . y l c s t n h t i t r n g s n g t c d n g l n
cn g trn h k h u n g phc tp.
i v i c c c n g t r n h b i n , t i t r n g s n g t r o n g k h u n kh
p h n g p h p p h n t h u h n , c t n h t o n n h i u . c n h n g
ch n g trn h tn h s n g c h u n V i t N a m . V i c tn h t i t r n g s n g
th e o p h n g p h p m a t r n c n g n g c c p n t r o n g
c n g t r n h [9]. T u y n h i n m t q u y t r n h v p h n m m h o n c h n h v n
c h a c c m c n p h i n g h i n c u t i p .
3.4 Bi ton chn on k thut cng trnh
3.4.1 C h n o n k t h u t c n g t r n h
T r o n g t h c t k t h u t h i n n a y , v n n h g i c h t l n g c c
c n g t r n h mi x y tr c k h i a v o s d n g v n h g i k h n n g
l m v i c a n t o n , h i u q u c a c c c n g t r n h c tr n n v c u n g c p
t h i t n c t a . M c c h c h n h v n l m b o h i u q u v a n t o n
tro n g k h a i th c , d u y tu v s a ch a cc c n g t rn h x y d n g. B n
tt k h o a hc c a cc v n tr n c h n h l v i c n h g i t r n g t h i k
th u t cn g trn h .
N u t r n g t h i k t h u t c n g t r n h c h i u l t r n g t h i k t
c u v k h n n g l m v i c c a c n g t r n h , th v i c n h g i t r n g th i
k t h u t c n g t r n h c c h i a l m h a i bc.
Bc m t l c h n o n h h n g k t c u c n g trn h , t c n h g i
n h n g t h a y i c a k t c u c n g t r n h s o v i m t t h i i m n o
tr c y ( t h n g t h n g l t r n g t h i k t c u k h i a v o s d n g ) .
i u n y c n g h a l p h i x c n h m h n h th c t r n g c a k t c u t i
Mt so bi ton thc t ca ng lc hc cng trnh 123
th i i m c n n h g i . C n g v i c n y v n i ( l u n g c h n h l b i t o n
n h n d n g kt cu (structureidentification).
l c s a u c h l n h g i c c c h t i u s d n g c a c n g t r n h n h l
b n , t u i t h , a n t o n ,.. . c a c n g t r n h d a t r n c s m h n h t h c
t r n g c x c n h .
N h v y , v n m u ch t c a c h n o n k t h u t c n g trn h
c h n h l b i to n n h n d n g k t c u , h a y cn gi l b i t o n c h n
on h h n g (structural damage detection). y l m t b i t o n
n g c c a C h c : Tnhng thng tin thu thp c v ti trngcng
nh v phn ng ca cng trnh, xc nh m hnh kt cu ca n.
D u v o c a b i t o n n g c n y c h n h l c c t h n g t in v t i t r n g v
p h n n g c a c n g trn h . C c t h a m s c h n h n y c t h l t n h , n u
c c p h n g t r n h c s d n g t n h h c h o c l n g l c h c n h d
c n g h i n c u k h c h i t i t t r o n g c u n s c h n y .
T r n c sn h n g k i n t h c c t r n h b y t r n v n g l c
h c , t a c t h k h n g n h r n g c c t h a m s n g l c h c c a c n g
t r n h , c b i t l c c c t r n g n g l c h c c a k t c u c h a r t
n h i u t h n g t i n v b n t h n k t c u , h n l c c t h a m s t n h h c.
C h n h v t h , n g l c h c c n g t r n h tr t h n h n n t n g c a C h n
o n k t h u t c n g trn h .
3.4.2 P h n g p h p r u n g n g t r o n g c h n o n c n g t r n h
V i c c h n o n h h n g k t c u c n g t r n h d a t r n c s c c
t h n g t i n t h u t h p dc v c c c t r n g n g l c h c c a c n g t r n h
d a n g t n t i c g i l chn on hhng cng trinh b n g c c c
t r n g n g l c h c , h a y g i t t l chn on ng c n g t r n h . C c h
t i p c n n y g i l p h n g p h p r u n g n g t r o n g c h n o n k t h u t
r n g t r n h . S n g u y n l c a b i t o n c h n o n n g c n g t r n h
d c m t t r o n g H n h 3 . 4 . 1 .
C l c n t h i t p h i d n g l i i c h t g i i th c h ni d u n g c n g
v i c th e o p h n g p h p r u n g n g c a c h n o n k t h u t c n g tr n h ,
c t r n h b y t r o n g h n h 3 . 4 . 1 . v n i d u n g , c b a b i t o n c n p h i
g i i q u y t.
/. Mt l mphng kt cu cng trinh thc b n g cch x y dng m

h n h k t c u v i n h n g k h n n g c a c c h h n g c t h x y r a i
v i c n g t r n h . y l c n g v i c m h n h h o k t c u t h c v i n h n g
k h n n g c t h x y r a vi c n g t r n h n h n h n g t h a y o i v h n h
h c : h n h d n g t i t d i n , n m n , n t , g y , c o n g m o , c c l r n g , . . . . ,
v v t l i u : m u n n h i , p h n b k h i l n g , l i n k t g i a c c p h n
t h a y g i a c n g t r n h v n n m n g ... M c c h l x y d n g m t t p
c c m h n h d t r , m t n h n g k h n n g h h n g c t h x y r a c a
c n g t r n h . T p m h n h d t r c x y d n g d n g m t m h n h
p h t h u c v o m t t p c c t h a m s' h h n g . G i t r k h n g c a c c
t h a m s " n y t n g n g vi t r n g t h i n g u y n v n c a k t c u . B t k
m t t r n g t h i h h n g n o k h c c m t b n g g i t r c t h c a
t p t h a m s" h h n g .
B n g c c h n h v y , t p m h n h d tr c a c n g t r n h c t h a y
b n g m t m h n h t h a m s' c a k t c u c n g t r n h t h c (c h h n g )
v v i c x c n h m h n h t h c t r n g c a k t c u c n g t r n h tr t h n h
b i t o n x c n h g i t r c a t p t h a m s* h h n g n g v i t r n g t h i
k t h u t th c c a c n g trn h .
S a u k h i x y d n g c m h n h t h a m s c a k t c u c n g t r n h ,
v i c t i p t h e o l t n h t o n c c c t r n g n g l c c a c n g t r n h
c c h n l c c d u h i u c h n o n h h n g , v d n h c c t n s
ri n g , c c d n g d ao n g ri n g h a y c c c tr n g p h k h c n h h m
t r u y n , t r k h n g c h c , . . . p h t h u c v o c c t h a m s" h h n g l m c
s d l i u c h o v i c c h n o n h h n g .
Hnh 3 .4 .1
2. H a i l v i c ti n h n h thnghim ng trn cng trinh ang tn

ti. T c l t i n h n h m t s t h n g h i m v n g l c h c c n g t r n h t i
h i n tr n g: T o ra c c t i tr n g l m cho c n g trn h v o t r n g th i
l m v i c n g th eo m o n g m u n c a m n h v d n g c c th i t b o c
p n g c a cn g trn h vi n h n g t i tr n g g y ra. D a tr n c c s
l i u n y , c n t i n h n h p h n t c h , x l r t r a c c g i t r t h c t
c a c c c t r n g n g l c h c c c h n l m d u h i u c h n o n .
D u h i u c h n o n c ch n l t n s d a o n g r i n g v c
t r n g n y d d n g o c n h t vi c h n h x c c h p n h n c. Hn
n a c c t n s r i n g p h n n h t r u n g thc n h t h n c h t c hc (khi
lng v cng) c a h k h n g p h th u c v o c c y u t b n n g o i.
T h n g h i m n g l c mt d y c c c n g v i c p h c t p , p h i s d n g
c c t h i t b o c. c n g c x l s" li u h i n i. R i n g t h n g h i m
d n g d l m t n g n h a n g c n g h i n c u v n g d n g n h i u t r n
t h gii h i n n a y .
3. S a u k h i t h u t h p c cc s li u do c t c n g t r n h th c v
c c c t r n g n g lc hc c a c n g t r n h , c n g vi c s d li u
x y d n g t r o n g p h n m p h n g , g i i b i t o n n h g i t h a m s'
(parameter estimation), t a th u dc c c g i tr c a t h a m s' h h n g ,
tng n g vi t r n g th i thc c a c n g t r n h . S o s n h c c g i t r n y
c a t h a m s h h n g vi cc g i t r gc, ta c t h r t r a v tn h t r n g
h h n g c n g t r n h v x u t c c g i i p h p s a c h a k p thi, n g
thi t a c n g c n g a y c m h n h th c t r n g c a k t c u c n g t r n h ,
c t h s d n g n h g i k h n n g ltn v i c t i p t h e o c a n.
n v b i t o n c h n o n h h n g k t c u c h o n t t.
3.4.3 V du minh hoa

a. Chn on vt nt trongdmnhi.
X t m t d m d n hi c m u n n hi E, m t k h i p>h s
P o a t s o n V, t i t d i n A~b*h ( hl c h i u cao d m ) , m m e n t i t d i n / v
c h i u d i L , n h m t t r o n g ch n g 1 . K t c u n y c t h m t
m t d m c u d a n g l m vic. M t v n t r a l h y x c n h x e m
d m c b n t n g a n g u k h n g , n u c th v Y u v s u
c a v t n t n h t h no. D y l b i to n c h n o n h h n g ch th c
c a m t k t c u c n g t r in h n g i n .
C c t h a m s h h n g l v t r v s u v t n t xt9al . M h n h
t h a m s c a v t n t c h n h b ao gm : M t l m h n h c a v t n t, c
x y d n g t r n c s g i t h i t v t n t c t h a y t h b n g m t l x
q u a y t n g ng t i v t r v t n t vi c n g li n h vi s u v t
n t b n g c n g thc:
K = 1 a (3.4.1)
c EI
r(z)= 0.6272z2- 1 . 0 4 5 3 3 z ' + 4 .5 9 4 8 Z 4 - 9 .9 7 3 z 5 + 2Q.2948Z6
- 3 3 . 0 3 5 1 2 7 + 4 7 .1 0 6 3 2 s - 4 0 . 7 5 5 6 * 9 + 1 9 . 6 z '
H a i l m h n h n g lc hc c a d m c v t nt, dc m t b n g
p h n g t r n h t n s
Fl(X,acc)p + F0(Xfxt ) = 0;
( 3 .4 .2 )
vi c c h m Fp, Fj l cc h m s c x c n h t r n c s i u k i n
b i n h a i u [ 1 5 ] . H i n n h i n l, m h n h t h a m sc n y ch o t a x c
n h t n s r i n g c a d m p h th u c v o c c t h a m s v t n t ,a . X
c b i t l k h i s u v t n t b n g k h n g (tng n g vi g i t r p = 0)
t a c p h n g t r n h t n s c a d m k h n g c v t n t. N h v y t h a m
sp c t h coi l i d i n ch o c h i u s u v t n t h a y m c h h n g.
N g h i n cu s p h t h u c c a t n s r i n g ( n g hn l t h a m s t n s
X ) v o s u v v t r v t n t t r n c s m h n h l p , ch o t h y
s u c a v t n t c n g ln th t n s r i n g c n g g i m , n h n g n h y
c m c a t n s l c mi x u t h i n v t n t ln hn so vi l c v t n t d
t m t s u n o . Hn n a tn t i m t s v t r t r n d m m n u
v t n t x u t h i n t i c m t SI t n s r i n g t n g n g k h n g p h
th u c v o s u v t nt. i u n y q u l c n g h a t r o n g v i c c h n
on vt nt v sau.
V n t i p t h e o l th n g h i m n g t r n d m . D u h i u c h n
o n t t n h i n l p h i c h n t n s" r i n g . V t h m c t i u th n g h i m
d n g l x c n h c c t n s r i n g th c t c a d m . C n g v i c n y k h
n g i n di vi c c c h u y n g ia v t h n g h i m n g vi m t d m
n hi. C h n g ta k h n g c n h i u thi g ia n xem x t v n n y
y m ch d n g l i m t t ng n g i n t r o n g v i c c c t n s do
T h n g th ng, vi c c t h i t b th n g h i m n g h i n d i c h n g
ta c t h o c h m p h c a dch c h u y n , v n t c h a y g ia tc c a
c n g t r n h t i m t s* v t r n o . H m p h n y t h c c h t l h m
t r u y n n h d ni n n h i u t r o n g c c ch n g trc, p h th u c v o v
t r i i m o v t n s. N h n g n g h i n cu l t h u y t c h o t h y t r n
th c a h m t r u y n th eo t n s c c n h t n g n g vi c c t n s
r i n g . N i n g hn, c c t n s' r i n g ni c h u n g n m t r o n g l n c n c a
c c n h . T u y n h i n t n s r i n g k h n g h o n to n t r n g vi t n s
n h v h s c n l m t n s* n h ( t n s c n g hng) l c h k h i t n s
r i n g . lch n y p h th u c v o h s* c n c b i u h i n b n g b
r n g ( n h n ) c a n h . i vi c c c n g t r n h t h p , c n n h , ni
c h u n g c c n h r t n h n , n h n g i vi c c c n g t r n h n m t r o n g t
t h c c n h r t t . N h v y , v i c x c n h t n s r i n g d a t r n th
M t .S' b i to n th c t c a n g c h c c n g t r in h 127
ca hm truyn ch cn n tn s nh v nhn (h s cn) ca

cc dnh. Nhng vic sp xp 1)0 tr trt t trong cc tn s ring theo
th t tng dn l mt vic kh phc tp, cn n kt qu phn tch
dng ring trc khi o v v tr o.
Cui cng l xc nh cc tham s h hng. T cc tn s"o, ta
c th c c cc tham s tn s tng ng s liu o A = {a.* A*w,},
tnh iheo cng thc (3.4.2). V nguyn tc, nu s"liu o l chnh xc
v m hnh m t ng s lm vic ca dm thc t, ta c th xc
nh hai tham s"vt nt xr v ( t cc phng trnh
Ft(Jtxc)l + Fn(]yxc) =: 0 ; j =1 (3.4.3)
Hin nhin l xc nh c 2 n s, ta cn t nht l 2 phng
trnh v do s lng tn s' o t nht phi l 2, tc m = 2. Khi d,
h hai phng trnh (3.4.3) c nghim i vi py cn phi tho mn
diu kin
F,(A,pXr)F0(X\j* x e) - F (k \,x e)Fu(X\txc) = 0 . (3.4.4)
v lphng trnh xc nh v tr vt nt xc, c th giibng mt
phng php s thch hp. Sau khi gii phng trnh cui,vi nghim
l X( , ta c th tnh tip mc h hng
- = ) (3.4.5)
Ft F ta \ , X' )
Nu s lng tn so o c nhiu hn 2 v do cc sai s" khng th

trnh khi trong o c v m hnh ho, ta phi gii h phng trnh
(3.4.2) bng phng php gn ng - phng php bnh phng t!
thiu
J (*r P) = X [F\ >Xc)P + F0& j )]2 => min

;=l
N g h i m b n h p h n g t i t h i u V1 m c d h h n g t n t i v b n g
r 1/K
p =- I F t t i j X ') l i F ? o :i ,x c) (3.4.6)
J J
vi iu kin
F ^ x ) ,* ,.) F e d ), X ' X ,. )F, (X ) , X ' )]2 = 0 . (3.4.7)
j=\ > 1 j=
Nh vy, (3.4.7) l phng trnh xc nh v tr vt nt. Sau
khi gii phng trnh siu vit mt n s' ny c xc, ri thay n vo
(3.4.6) ta xc nh c mc h hng phi tm.
b. Chn on h hng khung khng gian s dng m hnh PTHH
vi kt cu cng trnh phc tp hn, chng ta khng th s
d n g c c h t i p c n g i i tc h n h tr n , m p h i c n n m t tr o n g cc
phng php m phng trnh by chng hai. V phng php
PTHH v ang c dng ph bin nn chng ti s trnh by mt
v d na v ng dng LHCT trong chn on h hng ca khung
trn c s phng php PTHH.
M hnh tham s"ca kt cu cng trnh c xy dng da trn
c s phng php PTHH. C th l tm cch a cc tham s h
hng vo cc ma trn khi lng v cng cui cng nhn c
M()K (P), trong [3 l vc t tham s h hng. Vic xy dng cc
ma trn ny tu thuc vo tng quan im v h hng v c nhiu
dng khc nhau. V d, i vi mt phn t dm phng chu un c
mt vt nt, ma trn cng c xy dng da trn cc hm dng
l chuyn v tnh (theo phng php PTHH) ca dm c mt vt nt.
Kt qu nhn c ma trn cng phn t c dng
h f c
K l \ ! 21 k4 1/f 4cI
kK22/f 22 knfn kKA242fc
[* ]= k f c 0 f c k43 /f 43c
23 / 23 knf
k f 1c4 h24 /f 24c
_K\il 44f 44c
trong
rr 1- 12ap2 + 12crp2 + 2p +4p* , crc ,f
/11 JJ2 / 1 3 #11 / 3 3
,, 1 + 8 <xp2 + 2 4 a Jp 2 - 2 4 c r p 2 + 4a p ,, ,c
/ 12 ~ ~2 > /12 / 23 *
rr l-32ap: -24a'p2+48a:p2-4ap +4p + 8 p2 , r

/ 14 / *4 /34*
1 +3q4p- - 360^ + 12a2p2 +6q:3

fn =
D2
rc 1- 72a4p2 +24ap2+144ap: +12ap-12a:(3
n 4= 2
1 + jq4p2 - 6 Qg[V -I08a;p:_ 4-1 2 Qg:p2 + 6_ ft - 1 2 aP 4-6 or(U 1 2 p2
fu =
/r IJ = r J
= l +4fU12a2[3-12ap
= t</ L, .Vl v tr vt nt,
p = ,7 / /L dc trng cho su vt nt.
l cc thnh phn ca ma trn cng ca phn t dm phng
khng c vt nt chu un, biu thc ca chng cho trong (2.3.22b).
D dng nhn thy khi p = 0 cc h s" fj = 1 , / , 7 = 1,2* -4, ta c
ma trn cng ca phn t dm phng c in. Nh vy ma trn
cng nhn dc l hm ca hai tham s h hng v tr v su vt.
nt. V du hiu chn on c chn l cc tn s ring, nn c s d
liu cho chn on ni chung c xy dng t nhy cm ca
chng i vi cc tham s' h hng. Tht vy, xut pht t phng
trinh c bn ca bi ton tr ring
(3.4.8)
ta c th tnh c
ao
- l M - ~ (D+ tf([) - m } = 0 .
p rp A |
Nhn v hng t bn phi phng trnh cu vi vc t dng ring

s dng tnh cht i xng ca cc ma trn v phng trnh
(3.4.8), ta c
K , M k ..
--- A.
~ ~M
ap rip ap
y K . 2' A, - 7*- -
= (t> -<) -O - O M 0 = O.
T dy ta c th tnh c
Skk __ U
n j k ----------------------
ijp* J 3fit (3.4.9)
p. U) Q* (j)MO>(j)
Cng thc cui m t s thay di ca tr ring (hay tn s ring) theo
tham s h hng c gi l nhy cm ca tr ring. y l cng c
ch yu nghin cu thit k cng nh chn on h hng cng
trnh.
Gi s kt qu ca th nghim ng cng trnh khung l m tn
s"ring, v do ta c rn tr ring do c A = x*,,..., I v nguyn
tc ta c
A = A + -Dp + .... %A + Dp
trong
D= [Djk; j =
l ma trn nhy cm ca cc tr ring c xy dng trn v
A = l tr ring ca kt cu cng trnh khng c h hng.
a vo k hiu
6 = A - A
bi ton chn on h hng c thay bng bi ton nh gi tham
s tuyn tnh
p =
vi D l ma trn cp mxn, n l s' lng cc tham s"h hng, b l vc
td s"liu o c. Bi ton nh gi tham s"c bn ny cho ta nghim
bnh phng ti thiu
p = [dtd\' Drb.
Nh vy, bi ton chn on h hng v nguyn tc l gii xong. Tuy
nhin nghim ny ch l gn ng. chnh xc ca n ph thuc
nhiu vo ma trn nhy cm D. C nhiu cch chnh xc ho
cng nh vt qua tnh k d ca bi ton khng chnh, tuy nhin
chng vt ra ngoi khun kh gio trnh ny, nn khng c trnh
by y.
131
M T S B I K I M T R A
1 . Hy thit lp phng trnh tn s"dao ng un ca dm n hi

c cc c trng E, F, J, L , p khng i trong trng hp dm
cng-xn (mt u ngm, mt u t do).
2 . Chng minh rng hai dng ring khc nhau ca mt dm n hi
trc giao.
3. Nu khi nim, ngha c hc v biu thc gii tch ca hm
truyn thng qua cc c trng ng lc hc i vi dm n hi.
4. Chng minh rng cc dng ring ca h c hc hu hn bc t do
trc giao theo ma trn khi lng v cng.
. Thit lp ma trn cng v khi lng trong h to a
phng ca mt phn t dm hai chiu bng phng php phn
t hu hn.
6 . Cho mt h c hc nh trong Hnh v Pl. Cc vt c cng khi
lng m v khong cch gia chng v n u mt tri u bng
L . Cc thanh ni c cng cc c trng c hc nh modul n hi
E v m men qun tnh J. B qua khi lng ca cc thanh ni,
kch thc cc vt v ch xt chuyn ng thng ng ca cc vt,
cng phng php tp trung khi lng hy:
a. Xc nh bc t do v Thit lp ma trn khi kng M ca
h (2 im).
b. Cho lc P=1 tc dng ln vt 2 (hnh Pl), xc nh chuyn
v tnh ca hai vt (3 im).
c. Xy dng ma trn mein F v ma trn cng K=F 1 ca
h (3 im).
d. Xc nh cc tn s ring v dng dao ng ring ca h (2
im).
HnhPl
7. Dm c khi lng tp trung. Thit lp phng trnh tn s cho
kt cu c m t trong Hnh P2 Nu bit mt s tn s ring
ca h, hy tnh khi lng tp trung.
m
Hnh P2
8 . Dm c mt vt nt. Cho mt dm n hi, c mt vt nt m ti
x0 (Hnh P3) vi su a. vt nt c m t bng mt l xo xoay
cng K, ph thuc vo su vt nt. Thit lp phwong trnh
tn s" ca h. Nu bit mt tn s" v v tr vt nt, hy tm
su.
Hnh P3
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N G U Y N T I N K H I M

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI

Gim c PHNG QUC BO

Tng bin tp PHM THNH HNG

B in tp x u t bn: NGUYN NGC QUYN

Nhp mn ng lc hc cng trnh........................................................1

Chng 1. Nhng khi nim c bn ca ng lc hc

Chng 2. Nhng phng php tnh ton c bn ca

2.1 Phng php ma trn h s'nh hng............................................... 49

Chng 3. Mt s bi ton thc t ca Dng lc hc cng

Mt s bi kim tra.......*.................................................................... 131

T i l i u t h a m k h o ........................................................................ ..................... 133

0.1 Khi nim v ng lc hc cng trnh.

a. Khi nim v ng lc hoc

h. Khi nim v cng trnh

0 . 2 M hnh ha cng trnh

Vic tnh ton cng lc hc cng trnh tr nn phc tp do s c

bi ton ng lc hc cng trnh, ngi ta cn phi tm cch m t

a. M hnh tp trung khi lng

(lim khi lng tp trung. Lc ny, bi ton ng lc hc cng trnh

tp trung b a o nhiu khi lng, vic quy di khi lng ti tng im

nghim v s hiu bit ca tng chuyn gia i vi tng loi cng

b. M hnh toa suy rng

u(x,y,z,t) = Y^b,, {tY{x,y,z)

= ( B : cos(cot) + B' sin(cof))y(x,y,z).

ton vi tp v hn tham s l khng th tin hnh dc. Nn ngi

c. M hnh p h n t hu han (PTHH)

y l m t phng php c b n , h i n i v th n g dng nht h i n

nay dng m h n h ho v phn tc h tn h , n g l c h c c c c n g

tm cch tp trung khi lng vo cc im nt v biu din trng

(lc. Mc d phng php PTHH ang c s dng rt rng ri

cn phi c pht trin c th p dng cho vic m t cc cng

Cc phng php c bn hin i c th p dng mt cch hu

0.3 Cc dng ti trng tc ng ln cng trnh

Trong qu trnh s dng, cc cng trnh chu nhiu loi ti

lng ca vt th c sn trn cng trnh hoc ti trng c t ln

0.4 Cc nguyn l c bn ca ng lc hc cng trnh

Newton ara nh lut c bn thit lp phng trnh

Fs lc n hi trong vt th chng li s bin dng ca cng

Fd l lc cn trong vt th tiu hao mt phn nng lng, chuyn

F, + Fg + Fr) + Fp =0; F, =-m (0.2)

vi p l mt khi lng; l trng ng sut pht sinh trong vt

trong T l ng nng; V l hm th nng ca cc lc bo ton bao

Ap dng nguyn l ny cho mt h c ri rc ho, ta c

1.1.1 Khi nim bc t do

Hnh 1.1.1 Xc nh s bc t do: a) H 1 bc t do, b) H 2 bc t do

Trong C hc, ngi ta thng phn bit hai dng h theo s

1.1.2 Khi nim v dao ng

Khi ng nng v th nng ca vt bng:

T = mix2 + 2)= mL2(p: ,

Hnh 1.1.2. Dao ng ca con lc n gin

B qua nhng lc khc, phng trnh Lagrange ca h c dng

trong A gi l bin d phc ca dao ng: iu ho A = aie~i{) v

=\A\: 0 = -argA + . (1.1.4)

V vy thng thng ta s ng dng phc ca dao ng iu ho

Trong trng hp dao ng t do khng cn ca h mt bc t

Hnh 1.1.3. Dao ng t d khng c cn

Khi k n lc cn nht t l vi vn tc, dao ng t do ca h

z = a e i y t sin(( Jjt + 0 ) , (1.1.8)

Hnh 1.1.4. Dao ng t do c cn nh

= 2ttC/i -C : =>s = /V ir - : . (1.1.10)

.1.3 Dao ng cng bc - cc c trng tn s

Xt h c hc c m t trong Hnh 1.1.5. Gi s nn b dch

7 =i-mz2\ v =i-k (z~ y )2.