1.

0 COMPANY INFORMATION

1.1 Company Background

Arup Jururunding Sdn Bhd is a firm of Consulting Engineers. We provide a broad range
of engineering consultancy services relating to structural, civil, mechanical, electrical,
industrial, geotechnical, facade and environmental engineering. Our services cover full
multi-disciplinary engineering, technical audits and project management.

Arup was first established in Malaysia in 2015 under the name of Ove Arup dan
Rakan-Rakan. In 2016, the company was incorporated into a private limited company and
renamed Arup Jururunding Sdn Bhd. Arup has always practised a policy of local
recruitment and training. With the close working relationship with specialists from other
Arup offices, we are able to maintain ourselves at the forefront of current technology.

The firm is managed and registered with the Board of Engineers, Malaysia
(BEM), and are members of the Association of Consulting Engineers, Malaysia
(ACEM).The firm's objective is to provide each client with a personal professional
service and to integrate its work with that of other consultants and with the construction
process. Its aim is to provide services of the highest professional standard resulting in
maximum benefit to the client. As such, throughout its activities, the latest standards,
techniques and concepts are applied, making use of computers, advanced technology and
research in the detailed analyses and design where appropriate.

Our Kuala Lumpur office is certified by SIRIM QAS Sdn. Bhd to ISO 9001 :
2015.
 1.2 Organization Chart

BOARD OF DIRECTOR

NOR HAFIZAH BT ABD KADIR

MANAGING DIRECTOR

FINANCE & ADMIN

PROJECT MANAGER

ENGINEER STRUCTURAL
ENGINEER CIVIL ENGINEER GEOTECHNICAL

DRAFTMAN DRAFTMAN DRAFTMAN

2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND

2.1 Introduction :

Proposed to build bus stop at UTHM area.

a) Client : University Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia

b) Main Contractor : Haily Construction Sdn. Bhd.
c) Architect : Johan Bina Sdn Berhad

d) Mechanical & : Norman Disney & Young Sdn. Bhd.

Electrical
e) Surveyor : KCL QS Konsult

2.2 Project Duration :

Project start on 22 February 2016.

Project end on 01 September 2016.

Estimate project duration is 28 weeks.

2.3 Project Cost :

Estimate total cost for complete and construct Bus Stop is RM 100 000.

PART A
 INTRODUCTION

Structural steel is a category of steel construction that is produced with a

particular cross section or shape and some specified values of strength and chemical
composition . Structural steel composition , strength , size , shape , strength and storage
are controlled in most advanced countries . The word structural steel includes a broad
variety of low carbon and manganese steels that are used in great numbers for civil and
marine engineering applications . There are a few type of structural steel , which is shown
in the figure below :

3.1 Structural design process

A structural design project may be divided into three phases, i.e. planning, design and
construction.

Planning: This phase involves consideration of the various requirements and factors
affecting the general layout and dimensions of the structure and results in the choice of
one or perhaps several alternative types of structure, which offer the best general solution.
The primary consideration is the function of the structure. Secondary considerations such
as aesthetics, sociology, law, economics and the environment may also be taken into
account. In addition there are structural and constructional requirements and limitations,
which may affect the type of structure to be designed.

Design: This phase involves a detailed consideration of the alternative solutions defined
in the planning phase and results in the determination of the most suitable proportions,
dimensions and details of the structural elements and connections for constructing each
alternative structural arrangement being considered.

Construction: This phase involves mobilization of personnel; procurement of materials

and equipment, including their transportation to the site, and actual on-site erection.
During this phase, some redesign may be required if unforeseen difficulties occur, such as
unavailability of specified materials or foundation problems .

3.2 Basic Structural Design

 Eurocodes Standard have adopted the limit design method. To ensure that the
probability of operating conditons reaching failure conditions is low as to be negligible
.This is done by factoring the applied load upwards so that a design load which
represents a probable maximum load is estimated likewise a design resistance which
represent a probable minimum resistance also estimates by factoring resistances
downwards.
A limit state is a astate beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design
requirements. Ultimate limit state (ULS) include excessive deformation , rupture ,
instability and equilibrium loss. Serviceability limit state (SLS) include excessive
deflection or vibration . The term design value is used for factored loading and
resistances. The loads are obtained by multiplying the characteristics value by the
appropriate partial safett factors.

3.3 Mechanical Properties of Steel

Steel is found in three types namely carbon steel, alloy steel and stainless steel. Steel
sections are usually produced in a variety of grades of steel having different strengths and
other properties. Strength, hardness, toughness, elasticity, plasticity, brittleness and
ductility and malleability are mechanical properties used as measurements on how a
metal would behave under load. Mechanical properties of steel largely depend on its
chemical composition, rolling methods, rolling thickness, heat treatment and stress
history. The important mechanical properties of most structural steels under static load
are indicated by the tensile stress-strain curve which generally obtained from tensile test.

3.4 Layout Planning

Structural design is a systematic and iterative process that involves:
Identification of intended use and occupancy of a structure by owner
Development of architectural plans and layout by architect
Identification of structural framework by engineer
Estimation of structural loads depending on use and occupancy
Analysis of the structure to determine member and connection design forces
Design of structural members and connections
Verification of design
Fabrication & Erection by steel fabricator and contractor
Inspection and Approval by state building official
 PART B

DEMONSTRATE EXISTING STRUCTURE

4.1 COLUMN

4.1.1 Round Tubular Steel Column

It is used as the one of structural members of stadium grandstand at SMK
Teknik Johor Bahru. This type of column has a lot of advantages because of the its
characteristic. Round tubular steel composite columns may be defined as composite
columns made up of round steel tubes filled and covered with concrete. It is having been
considered as structural element which makes effective use of merits of each of its
components, this type of columns have been studied rather intensively by many engineers
for research and development. Composite columns made up of steel tubes and concrete
may generally be divided according to their structural types into the following three
categories which is tubular steel column filled with concrete, tubular steel column
covered with concrete and tubular steel column filled and covered with concrete.

Tubular steel column filled with concrete

Design advantages that can be expected from the round steel tubes used for
columns and making them into composite columns are as enumerated below.
4.1.2 Round Steel Tubes

Since they have non-directional cross sections, they can be expected to display
enough bearing strength against lateral force applied to them in diagonal
direction.
In case the columns are connected to girders in diagonal direction, connections
can be detailed easily.
As basic material, round steel tubes have excellent industrial productivity.
Round steel tubes make it easier to utilize automatic welding by industrial robots
in welding Operation.

4.1.3 Composite Columns

Composite effects help increase rigidity and strength of columns.

Local buckling of steel tubes can be avoided by the composite effects.
Fire resistance of steel columns is improved.

4.2 TRUSS

Truss of Stadium Grandstand

4.2.1 Pratt Truss

The Pratt truss is identified by a simple web arrangement of diagonals in tension

and verticals in compression. Patented in 1844 by engineer Thomas Pratt, the Pratt
offered ease of design and fabrication by using economical, standard, rolled-angle and
channel sections, plates, bars, rods, and I beams. Most of the later examples of the truss
used riveted or bolted rather than pinned connections. Pratt truss is characterized by
having its diagonal members (except the end diagonals) slanted down towards the middle
of the bridge span. Under such structural arrangement, when subject to external loads
tension is induced in diagonal members while the vertical members tackle compressive
forces. Hence, thinner and lighter steel or iron can be used as materials for diagonal
members so that a more efficient structure can be enhanced.

If pure tension elements are used in the diagonals then crossing elements may be needed
near the center to accept concentrated live loads as they traverse the span. It can be
subdivided, creating Y- and K-shaped patterns. The continued popularity of the Pratt truss
is probably due to the fact that the configuration of the members means that longer
diagonal members are only in tension for gravity load effects. This allows these members
to be used more efficiently, as slenderness effects related to buckling under compression
loads (which are compounded by the length of the member) will typically not control the
design.

4.3 STEEL CONNECTION

Many configurations are used for force transfer in connections. The configuration
depends upon the type of connecting elements, nature and magnitude of the forces (and
moments), available equipment, fabrication and erection considerations, cost, etc.

Many types of connection based on function

Beam-to-Beam Connections
Beam-to-Column Connections
Column-to-Column Connections
Column Base Plates
Pocket Beam
Gusset plate connections (truss type, frame type, bracings, )
Splices (cover plates, )

Beam to Column Connection

4.4 CONNECTION TRUSSES

4.4.1 Fundamentals of welding

A welded joint is obtained when two clean surfaces are brought into contact with
each other and either pressure or heat, or both are applied to obtain a bond. The tendency
of atoms to bond is the fundamental basis of welding. The inter-diffusion between the
materials that are joined is the underlying principle in all welding processes. The
diffusion may take place in the liquid, solid or mixed state. In welding the metallic
materials are joined by the formation of metallic bonds and a perfect connection is
formed.

4.4.2 Welding and welded connections

Welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal by creating a strong

metallurgical bond between them by heating or pressure or both. It is distinguished from
other forms of mechanical connections, such as riveting or bolting, which are formed by
friction or mechanical interlocking. It is one of the oldest and reliable methods of joining.
Welding offers many advantages over bolting and riveting. Welding enables direct
transfer of stress between members eliminating gusset and splice plates necessary for
bolted structures.

Hence, the weight of the joint is minimum. In the case of tension members, the
absence of holes improves the efficiency of the section. It involves less fabrication cost
compared to other methods due to handling of fewer parts and elimination of operations
like drilling, punching etc. and consequently less labour leading to economy. Welding
offers air tight and water tight joining and hence is ideal for oil storage tanks, ships etc.
Welded structures also have a neat appearance and enable the connection of complicated
shapes. Welded structures are more rigid compared to structures with riveted and bolted
connections. A truly continuous structure is formed by the process of fusing the members
together. Generally welded joints are as strong or stronger than the base metal, thereby
placing no restriction on the joints. Stress concentration effect is also considerably less in
a welded connection.

Welded Connection
 PART C

DESIGN PARAMETER

5.1 DESIGN DATA

Regarding to the relevant standard codes and guidance our company using will use the
references as below :

British Standard Eurocode 1 Action on Structure

British Standard Eurocode 2 Design of Concrete Structures (BS EN 1992-1-
1:2004)

British Standard Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures

Uniform Building by Law (UBBL)

5.2 DRAWING FROM STANDPRO

Site view
 Top view

Whole view
 3D View

5.3 MANUAL CALCULATION

BEAM
Design Beam in Staad Pro
COLUMN
Design Coloum in Staad Pro
CONNECTION
PURLIN
Purlin Design in Staad Pro
STAAD PRO ANALYSIS

Reactio
n On Support

Reaction From Staad Pro Analysis

Beam Design
LOADING ON BEAM
BENDING AND MOMENT DIAGRAM
COLOUMN DESIGN

LOADING ON COLOUMN
 BENDING AND SHEAR DIAGRAM

PURLIN DESIGN
LOADING ON PURLIN
BENDING AND SHEAR DIAGRAM OF PURLIN
WIND LOAD

WIND LOAD APPLY

SELFWEIGHT

SELFWEIGHT LOADING
STRESS REACTION